|
Free Aceh Movement
The Free Aceh Movement (, GAM; ) was a separatism, separatist group seeking independence for the Aceh region of Sumatra, Indonesia. GAM fought against Indonesian government forces in the Insurgency in Aceh, Aceh insurgency from 1976 to 2005. Estimates of the death toll total over 15,000 people killed. The organisation surrendered its separatist intentions and dissolved its armed wing following the 2005 peace agreement with the Indonesian government, and subsequently changed its name into Aceh Transition Committee (, KPA). The Indonesian government called the group the ''Aceh ''. Background The conflict in Aceh stems from several major factors including historical mistreatment, disagreements over Islamic law, discontent over the distribution of Aceh's natural resource wealth, and the increase in the numbers of Javanese people in Aceh. During the era of Dutch East Indies, Dutch colonisation in the 1800s Aceh was a centre of resistance against Dutch colonial rule. They were one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flag Of Free Aceh Movement
A flag is a piece of textile, fabric (most often rectangular) with distinctive colours and design. It is used as a symbol, a signalling device, or for decoration. The term ''flag'' is also used to refer to the graphic design employed, and flags have evolved into a general tool for rudimentary signalling and identification, especially in environments where communication is challenging (such as the Maritime flag, maritime environment, where Flag semaphore, semaphore is used). Many flags fall into groups of similar designs called flag families. The study of flags is known as "vexillology" from the Latin , meaning "flag" or "banner". National flags are patriotic symbols with widely varied interpretations that often include strong military associations because of their original and ongoing use for that purpose. Flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for decorative purposes. Some military units are called "flags" after their use of flags. A ''flag'' (Arabic: ) is equival ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teuku Daud Beureueh
Teuku is an Indonesian masculine name of Acehnese descent that may refer to: * Teuku Jacob (1929–2007), Indonesian paleoanthropologist * Teuku Mohammad Hamzah Thayeb (born 1952), Indonesian diplomat * Teungku Nyak Arif (1899–1946), Acehnese nationalist and National Hero of Indonesia * Teuku Rifnu Wikana (born 1980), Indonesian actor *Teuku Umar Teuku Umar (1854 – 11 February 1899) was a leader of a guerrilla campaign against the Dutch in Aceh during the Aceh War. He died when Dutch troops launched a surprise attack in Meulaboh. His body was buried in the Mugo area. Afterward, his ... (1854–1899), leader of a guerrilla campaign against the Dutch in Aceh, Indonesia *Teuku Wisnu (born 1985), Indonesian soap opera actor * Teuku Zakaria (1929–1973), Malaysian artist of Acehnese descent. {{given name Indonesian masculine given names ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Counter-insurgency
Counterinsurgency (COIN, or NATO spelling counter-insurgency) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces". The Oxford English Dictionary defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionaries" and can be considered war by a state against a non-state adversary. Insurgency and counterinsurgency campaigns have been waged since ancient history. Western thought on fighting 'small wars' gained interest during initial periods of European colonisation, with modern thinking on counterinsurgency was developed during decolonization. During insurgency and counterinsurgency, the distinction between civilians and combatants is often blurred. Counterinsurgency may involve attempting to win the hearts and minds of populations supporting the insurgency. Alternatively, it may be waged in an attempt to intimidate or eliminate civilian populations suspected of loyalty to the insurgency through indiscri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mobil
Mobil Oil Corporation, now known as just Mobil, is a petroleum brand owned and operated by American oil and gas corporation ExxonMobil, formerly known as Exxon, which took its current name after history of ExxonMobil#merger, it and Mobil merged in 1999. A direct descendant of Standard Oil, Mobil was originally known as the Standard Oil Company of New York (shortened to Socony) after Standard Oil was Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, split into 43 different entities in a 1911 Supreme Court decision. Socony merged with Vacuum Oil Company, from which the Mobil name first originated, in 1931 and subsequently renamed itself to "Socony-Vacuum Oil Company". Over time, Mobil became the company's primary identity, which prompted a renaming in 1955 to the "Socony Mobil Oil Company", and then in 1966 to the "Mobil Oil Corporation". Mobil credits itself with being the first company to introduce Pay at the pump, paying at the pump at its gas stations, the first company to pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Darul Islam (Indonesia)
Darul Islam ( meaning ''Divisions of the world in Islam, House of Islam''), also known as Darul Islam/Islamic Armed Forces of Indonesia (, DI/TII), is an Islamism, Islamist group whose goal is to fight for the establishment of an Islamic state in Indonesia. It was established in 1942 by a group of Muslim militias, coordinated by the Muslim politician, Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo. The group recognises only ''Shari'a'' as the valid source of law. The movement has produced splinters and offshoots that range from Jemaah Islamiyah to non-violent religious groups. Establishment During the Indonesian National Revolution, Kartosoewirjo founded his own band of fighters in West Java, called Hizbullah and Sabilillah. As a protest toward the Renville Agreement signed by Indonesian leaders in 1948, which State of Pasundan, ceded West Java to the Dutch, Kartosoewirjo proclaimed a ''Darul Islam'' (meaning "Islamic State") in West Java on 7 August 1949. Darul Islam did not disband itsel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lhokseumawe
Lhokseumawe (; , Jawi script, Jawoë: ), is the second largest city (by population, after Bandar Aceh, Banda Aceh) in Aceh province, Indonesia, having recently overtaken Langsa. The city covers an area of 181.06 square kilometres, and had a population of 171,163 at the 2010 censusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 188,713 at the 2020 census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 196,067 (comprising 97,339 males and 98,728 females).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Lhokseumawe Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1173) The city is a key regional centre important for the economy of Aceh. History The name Lhokseumawe comes from the words ''lhok'' and ''seumawe''. ''Lhok'' means "deep", "bay", and "ocean trenches", and Lhokseumawe means the swirling water in the sea along the offshore of Banda Sakti and its surroundings. The city was formerly part of North Aceh Regency, from which it was separated to form an in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Separation Of Church And State
The separation of church and state is a philosophical and Jurisprudence, jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the State (polity), state. Conceptually, the term refers to the creation of a secular state (with or without legally explicit church-state separation) and to disestablishment, the changing of an existing, formal relationship between the church and the state. The concept originated among early Baptists in America. In 1644, Roger Williams, a Baptist minister and founder of the Rhode Island, state of Rhode Island and the First Baptist Church in America, was the first public official to call for "a wall or hedge of separation" between "the wilderness of the world" and "the garden of the church." Although the concept is older, the exact phrase "separation of church and state" is derived from "wall of separation between Church & State," a term coined by Thomas Jefferson in his 1802 letter to members of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sukarno
Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independence from the Dutch East Indies, Dutch colonialists. He was a prominent leader of Indonesian National Party, Indonesia's nationalist movement during the colonial period and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the Dutch East Indies campaign, invading Empire of Japan, Japanese forces in World War II. Sukarno and his fellow nationalists Collaboration with Imperial Japan#Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), collaborated to garner support for the Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas. Upon Surrender of Japan, Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, and Sukarno was appoin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daud Beureueh
Teungku Mohammad Daud Beureueh (17 September 1899 – 10 June 1987) was an Indonesian military Governor of Aceh (1945–1953) and leader of the Free Aceh Movement rebellion in the province (1953–1963). Born in the Keumangan chiefdom of Pidie regency, he began in 1930 to champion a more modern form of Islamic school and became a popular reformist preacher. In 1939 he established and led the '' Persatuan Ulama Seluruh Aceh'' (PUSA), or All Aceh Islamic Scholars Association. PUSA was not initially anti-Dutch but emerged as the principal critic of the Dutch-supported hierarchy of '' ulèëbalang'' (aristocrat-officials). Its members contacted the Japanese before their 1942 invasion, in the hope of overturning ''ulèëbalang'' rule as a reward for their support. As the Japanese saw a greater need for popular support in 1944, they transferred many judicial functions from the ''ulèëbalang'' to religious courts headed by Daud. After the Japanese surrender, this conflict between r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purposes of economic development. The World Bank is the collective name for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA), two of five international organizations owned by the World Bank Group. It was established along with the International Monetary Fund at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. After a slow start, its first loan was to France in 1947. In its early years, it primarily focused on rebuilding Europe. Over time, it focused on providing loans to developing world countries. In the 1970s, the World Bank re-conceptualized its mission of facilitating development as being oriented around poverty reduction. For the last 30 years, it has included NGOs and environmental groups in its loan portfolio. Its loan strategy is influenced by environmental and social sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aceh War
The Aceh War (), also known as the Dutch War or the Infidel War (1873–1904), was an armed military conflict between the Sultanate of Aceh and the Kingdom of the Netherlands which was triggered by discussions between representatives of Aceh and the United States in Singapore in the Straits Settlements, Singapore during early 1873.Ricklefs (2001), p. 184–88 The war was part of a series of conflicts in the late 19th century that consolidated Dutch East Indies, Dutch rule over modern-day Indonesia. The campaign drew controversy in the Netherlands as photographs and accounts of the death toll were reported. Isolated bloody insurgencies continued as late as 1914 and less violent forms of Acehnese resistance continued to persist until World War II and the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Japanese occupation. Background For much of the 19th century, Aceh's independence had been guaranteed by the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. During the 1820s, Aceh became a regional pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Native Indonesians
Native Indonesians, also known as ''Pribumi'' () are Indonesians whose ancestral roots lie mainly in the archipelago and consist of various ethnic groups, predominantly of Austronesian and Melanesian descent. In contrast are Indonesians of known (partial) foreign descent, like Chinese Indonesians, Arab Indonesians, Indian Indonesians, Japanese Indonesians, and Indo-Europeans (Eurasians). Etymology and historical context The term was popularized after Indonesian independence as a respectful replacement for the Dutch colonial term (normally translated as "native" and seen as derogatory). It derives from Sanskrit terms ''pri'' (before) and ''bhumi'' (earth). Following independence, the term was normally used to distinguish indigenous Indonesians from citizens of foreign descent (especially Chinese Indonesians). Common usage distinguished between ''pribumi'' and ''non-pribumi''. Although the term is sometimes translated as "indigenous", it has a broader meaning than that a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
