The Royal Theatre of La Monnaie (french: Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie, italic=no, ; nl, Koninklijke Muntschouwburg, italic=no; both translating as the "Royal Theatre of the Mint") is an
opera house
An opera house is a theater (structure), theatre building used for performances of opera. It usually includes a Stage (theatre), stage, an orchestra pit, audience seating, and backstage facilities for costumes and building sets.
While some venu ...
in central
Brussels
Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...
, Belgium. The National Opera of Belgium, a federal institution, takes the name of this theatre in which it is housed—La Monnaie in French or De Munt in Dutch—referring both to the building as well as the opera company. As Belgium's leading opera house, it is one of the few cultural institutions which receive financial support from the
Federal Government of Belgium
The Federal Government of Belgium ( nl, Federale regering, french: Gouvernement fédéral, german: Föderalregierung) exercises executive power in the Kingdom of Belgium. It consists of ministers and secretary of state ("junior", or deputy-min ...
. Other opera houses in Belgium, such as the
Vlaamse Opera and the
Opéra Royal de Wallonie, are funded by regional governments.
La Monnaie is located on the
Place de la Monnaie/Muntplein, not far from the
Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat and the
Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein. The current edifice is the third theatre on the site. The facade dates from 1818 with major alterations made in 1856 and 1986. The
foyer
A lobby is a room in a building used for entry from the outside. Sometimes referred to as a foyer, reception area or an entrance hall, it is often a large room or complex of rooms (in a theatre, opera house, concert hall, showroom, cinema, etc ...
and
auditorium
An auditorium is a room built to enable an audience to hear and watch performances. For movie theatres, the number of auditoria (or auditoriums) is expressed as the number of screens. Auditoria can be found in entertainment venues, communit ...
date from 1856, but almost every other element of the present building was extensively renovated in the 1980s. It is served by the
metro
Metro, short for metropolitan, may refer to:
Geography
* Metro (city), a city in Indonesia
* A metropolitan area, the populated region including and surrounding an urban center
Public transport
* Rapid transit, a passenger railway in an urban ...
and ''
premetro'' (underground tram) station
De Brouckère on lines
1,
3,
4 and
5.
History
The theatre of Gio-Paolo Bombarda (1700–1818)
The first permanent public theatre for
opera
Opera is a form of theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a libre ...
performances of the court and
City of Brussels was built between 1695 and 1700 by the
Venetian
Venetian often means from or related to:
* Venice, a city in Italy
* Veneto, a region of Italy
* Republic of Venice (697–1797), a historical nation in that area
Venetian and the like may also refer to:
* Venetian language, a Romance language s ...
architects Paolo and Pietro Bezzi, as part of a rebuilding plan following the
bombardment of Brussels of 1695 by the French army. It was erected on the site of a building which had served to
mint coins. The name of this site—''La Monnaie'' (originally spelled ''La Monnoye'') in French or ''De Munt'' in Dutch (both meaning "The Mint")—remained attached to the theatre for the centuries to come. The construction of the theatre had been ordered by
Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria
Maximilian, Maximillian or Maximiliaan (Maximilien in French) is a male given name.
The name "Max" is considered a shortening of "Maximilian" as well as of several other names.
List of people
Monarchs
*Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1459– ...
, at that time
Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands
The governor ( nl, landvoogd) or governor-general () of the Habsburg Netherlands was a representative appointed by the Holy Roman emperor (1504-1556), the king of Spain (1556-1598, 1621-1706), and the archduke of Austria (1716-1794), to administ ...
. The Elector had charged his
treasurer
A treasurer is the person responsible for running the treasury of an organization. The significant core functions of a corporate treasurer include cash and liquidity management, risk management, and corporate finance.
Government
The treasury o ...
and architect, the Italian
Gio Paolo Bombarda, with the task of financing and supervising the enterprise.
The date of the first performance in 1700 remains unknown, but the first showing mentioned in the local newspapers was
Jean-Baptiste Lully
Jean-Baptiste Lully ( , , ; born Giovanni Battista Lulli, ; – 22 March 1687) was an Italian-born French composer, guitarist, violinist, and dancer who is considered a master of the French Baroque music style. Best known for his operas ...
's, ''
Atys'', which was given on 19 November 1700. The
French operatic repertoire would dominate the Brussels stage throughout the following century, although performances of
Venetian operas and other non-French repertoire were performed on a regular basis. Until the middle of the 19th century, plays were performed along with opera,
ballet
Ballet () is a type of performance dance that originated during the Italian Renaissance in the fifteenth century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia. It has since become a widespread and highly technical form ...
and concerts.
By the 18th century, La Monnaie was considered the second French-speaking stage after the most prominent theatres in Paris. Under the rule of
Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine
Prince Charles Alexander Emanuel of Lorraine (french: Charles Alexandre Emanuel, Prince de Lorraine; german: Karl Alexander von Lothringen und Bar; 12 December 1712 in Lunéville – 4 July 1780 in Tervuren) was a Lorraine-born Austrian general ...
, who acted as a very generous patron of the arts, the theatre greatly flourished. At that time, it housed an opera company, a ballet and an
orchestra
An orchestra (; ) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which combines instruments from different families.
There are typically four main sections of instruments:
* bowed string instruments, such as the violin, viola, c ...
. The splendour of the performances diminished during the last years of the Austrian rule, due to the severe politics of the Austrian
Emperor Joseph II
Joseph II (German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; English: ''Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam''; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands from November 29, 1780 u ...
.
After 1795, when the French revolutionary forces occupied the Belgian provinces, the theatre became a French departmental institution. Amongst other cuts in its expenses, the theatre had to abolish its ''Corps de Ballet''. During this period, many famous French actors and singers gave regular performances in the theatre whilst touring the provinces of the Empire. Still a consul,
Napoleon, on his visit to Brussels, judged the old theatre too dilapidated for one of the most prestigious cities of his Empire. He ordered plans to replace the old building with a new and more monumental edifice, but nothing was done during the Napoleonic rule. Finally, the plans were carried out under the auspices of the new
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands ( nl, Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden; french: Royaume uni des Pays-Bas) is the unofficial name given to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as it existed between 1815 and 1839. The United Netherlands was cr ...
and Bombarda's building was demolished in 1818.
The theatre of Louis Damesme (1818–1855)
The old theatre was replaced by a new
neoclassical building designed by the French architect
Louis Damesme. Unlike Bombarda's building, which was situated along the street and completely surrounded by other buildings, the new theatre was placed in the middle of a newly constructed square. This gave it a more monumental appearance, but it was primarily the result of safety concerns since it was more accessible to firemen, reducing the chance that fire would spread to surrounding buildings. The new auditorium was inaugurated on 25 May 1819 with the opera ''La Caravane du Caire'' by the Belgian composer
André Ernest Modeste Grétry.
As the most important French theatre of the newly established
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands ( nl, Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden; french: Royaume uni des Pays-Bas) is the unofficial name given to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as it existed between 1815 and 1839. The United Netherlands was cr ...
, La Monnaie had national and international significance. The theatre came under the supervision of the City of Brussels, which had the right to appoint a director charged with its management. In this period, famous actors like
François-Joseph Talma and singers like
Maria Malibran
Maria Felicia Malibran (24 March 1808 – 23 September 1836) was a Spanish singer who commonly sang both contralto and soprano parts, and was one of the best-known opera singers of the 19th century. Malibran was known for her stormy personalit ...
performed at La Monnaie. The ''Corps de Ballet'' was reintroduced and came under the supervision of the dancer and choreographer
Jean-Antoine Petipa
Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Petipa (16 February 1787, Paris – 28 July 1855, Saint Petersburg) was a French ballet dancer and the father of Marius Petipa.
Life
Aged 8 he was in the revived production of the ballet ''Psyché'' by Pierre Gardel, put ...
, father of the famous
Marius Petipa
Marius Ivanovich Petipa (russian: Мариус Иванович Петипа), born Victor Marius Alphonse Petipa (11 March 1818), was a French ballet dancer, pedagogue and choreographer. Petipa is one of the most influential ballet masters and ...
.
La Monnaie would play a prominent role in the formation of the
Kingdom of Belgium
Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the ...
.
Daniel Auber
Daniel-François-Esprit Auber (; 29 January 178212 May 1871) was a French composer and director of the Paris Conservatoire.
Born into an artistic family, Auber was at first an amateur composer before he took up writing operas professionally when ...
's opera ''
La Muette de Portici
''La muette de Portici'' (''The Mute Girl of Portici'', or ''The Dumb Girl of Portici''), also called ''Masaniello'' () in some versions, is an opera in five acts by Daniel Auber, with a libretto by Germain Delavigne, revised by Eugène Scri ...
'' was scheduled in August 1830 after it had been banned from the stage by
King William I of the Netherlands, fearing its inciting content. At a performance of this opera on the evening of 25 August 1830, a riot broke out which became the signal for the
Belgian Revolution
The Belgian Revolution (, ) was the conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces (mainly the former Southern Netherlands) from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium.
...
and which led to Belgian independence.
Damesme's building continued to serve for more than two decades as Belgium's principal theatre and opera house until it burnt to the ground on 21 January 1855, leaving only the outside walls and
portico
A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many c ...
.
The theatre of Joseph Poelaert (1856–present)
After the fire of January 1855, the theatre was reconstructed after the designs of
Joseph Poelaert within a period of fourteen months. The
auditorium
An auditorium is a room built to enable an audience to hear and watch performances. For movie theatres, the number of auditoria (or auditoriums) is expressed as the number of screens. Auditoria can be found in entertainment venues, communit ...
(with 1,200 seats) and the
foyer
A lobby is a room in a building used for entry from the outside. Sometimes referred to as a foyer, reception area or an entrance hall, it is often a large room or complex of rooms (in a theatre, opera house, concert hall, showroom, cinema, etc ...
were decorated in a then-popular
Eclectic style; a mixture of
neo-Baroque,
neo-Rococo
The Rococo Revival style emerged in Second Empire France and then was adapted in England. Revival of the rococo style was seen all throughout Europe during the 19th century within a variety of artistic modes and expression including decorati ...
and
neo-Renaissance
Renaissance Revival architecture (sometimes referred to as "Neo-Renaissance") is a group of 19th century Revivalism (architecture), architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival architecture, Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival ...
styles.
The lavish decoration made excessive use of gilded
''carton-pierre'' decorations and sculptures, red
velvet
Weave details visible on a purple-colored velvet fabric
Velvet is a type of woven tufted fabric in which the cut threads are evenly distributed, with a short pile, giving it a distinctive soft feel. By extension, the word ''velvety'' means ...
and
brocade
Brocade is a class of richly decorative shuttle-woven fabrics, often made in colored silks and sometimes with gold and silver threads. The name, related to the same root as the word " broccoli", comes from Italian ''broccato'' meaning "em ...
. The auditorium was lit by the huge crystal chandelier made of gilded bronze and Venetian crystals, which still hangs in the centre of the domed ceiling today.
The original dome painting, representing "Belgium Protecting the Arts", was painted in the Parisian workshop of François-Joseph Nolau (Paris, 1804–1883) and
Auguste Alfred Rubé
Auguste Alfred Rubé (20 June 1817 – 13 April 1899) was a French painter.
Biography
Born in the 9th arrondissement of Paris, Rubé was an innovator in the field of theatrical set design. This "decorator of rare ingenuity", focused on a loca ...
(Paris, 1815–1899), two famous decorators of the
Paris Opera House. In 1887, this dome painting was completely repainted by Rubé himself and his new associate Philippe-Marie Chaperon (Paris, 1826–1907), because it was mostly tainted by the emissions from the chandelier. This dome painting stayed untouched until 1985, when it was taken down during extensive rebuilding activities and replaced by a bad copy, painted by the Belgian painter Xavier Crolls. From 1988 until 1998, the dome painting of Rubé and Chaperon was in restoration, until its final reinstatement in 1999. The sober
whitewash
Whitewash, or calcimine, kalsomine, calsomine, or lime paint is a type of paint made from slaked lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2) or chalk calcium carbonate, (CaCO3), sometimes known as "whiting". Various other additives are sometimes used. ...
ed exterior we see today was done many decades later. Poelaert never intended to whitewash these outer walls. In 1856, the exterior did not have any whitewashing at all, as proved by many photographs of that time.
The new ''Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie'' opened on 25 March 1856 with
Fromental Halévy's ''
Jaguarita l'Indienne''. In the middle of the 19th century, the repertoire was dominated by the popular French composers such as Halévy,
Daniel Auber
Daniel-François-Esprit Auber (; 29 January 178212 May 1871) was a French composer and director of the Paris Conservatoire.
Born into an artistic family, Auber was at first an amateur composer before he took up writing operas professionally when ...
, and
Giacomo Meyerbeer
Giacomo Meyerbeer (born Jakob Liebmann Beer; 5 September 1791 – 2 May 1864) was a German opera composer, "the most frequently performed opera composer during the nineteenth century, linking Mozart and Wagner". With his 1831 opera '' Robert le d ...
, and the Italian composers,
Gioachino Rossini
Gioachino Antonio Rossini (29 February 1792 – 13 November 1868) was an Italian composer who gained fame for his 39 operas, although he also wrote many songs, some chamber music and piano pieces, and some sacred music. He set new standards f ...
,
Gaetano Donizetti
Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 – 8 April 1848) was an Italian composer, best known for his almost 70 operas. Along with Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini, he was a leading composer of the ''bel canto'' opera style dur ...
,
Vincenzo Bellini
Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini (; 3 November 1801 – 23 September 1835) was a Sicilian opera composer, who was known for his long-flowing melodic lines for which he was named "the Swan of Catania".
Many years later, in 1898, Gi ...
and
Giuseppe Verdi, who had considerable success in Paris.
The opera house in the 20th century
Renovations on Poelaert's building were required shortly after opening due to faulty foundation work. The early 20th century saw an additional story added, and in the 1950s, a new stage building was added. By 1985, it was determined that complete renovation was needed. Features such as raising the roofline by and scooping out the stage building area—in addition to creating a steel frame to strengthen the load-bearing walls and increasing backstage space—characterised this two-year project. However, the red and gold auditorium remained largely identical. The canvas of the ceiling painting was temporarily removed for restoration and only put back in 1999. It was temporarily replaced by a copy in much brighter colours, which was painted directly on the stucco ceiling.
The entrance hall and the grand staircase underwent a radical makeover, although original features such as the monument by Belgian sculptor
Paul Du Bois honouring manager and Music Director Dupont (1910), and a number of monumental paintings (1907–1933) by
Emile Fabry were preserved. The
Liège architect
Charles Vandenhove created a new architectural concept for the entrance in 1985–1986. He asked two American artists to make a contribution:
Sol LeWitt
Solomon "Sol" LeWitt (September 9, 1928 – April 8, 2007) was an American artist linked to various movements, including conceptual art and minimalism.
LeWitt came to fame in the late 1960s with his wall drawings and "structures" (a term he pre ...
designed a fan-shaped floor in black and white marble, while
Sam Francis
Samuel Lewis Francis (June 25, 1923 – November 4, 1994) was an American painter and printmaker.
Early life
Sam Francis was born in San Mateo, California, painted a triptych mounted to the ceiling. Vandenhove also designed a new interior decoration for the ''Salon Royal'', a reception room connected to the
Royal Box. For this project he collaborated with the French artist
Daniel Buren. Now seating 1,125, the renovated opera house was inaugurated on 12 November 1986 with a performance of
Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classic ...
's
Symphony No. 9.
In 1998, the major part of the vacant Vanderborght Department Store building () and a neoclassical mansion, both situated directly behind the opera house, were acquired by La Monnaie. The edifices were renovated and adapted to house La Monnaie's technical and administrative facilities, previously spread all over the city. The building also contains large rehearsal halls for opera, the ''Malibran'', and orchestra, the ''Fiocco''. They can also be adapted for presenting public performances.
La Monnaie in the 21st century
In the last three decades, La Monnaie has reclaimed its place amongst the foremost opera houses in Europe thanks to the efforts of the successive directors
Gerard Mortier and
Bernard Foccroulle and Music Directors
Sylvain Cambreling and
Antonio Pappano.
The opera house was renovated again from May 2015 to September 2017; the stage was levelled, a new fly system was put in place and two scene lifts were installed. This allowed the opera house to stage more technically-demanding productions. Although most of the renovations took place backstage, the opera house used this opportunity to replace all of its worn out seats with new velour seats.
Directors
During the 1980s,
Gerard Mortier was General Director of La Monnaie. Bernard Foccroulle succeeded Mortier in 1991 and served for fifteen seasons, maintaining and even expanding the reputation Mortier had gained in the 1980s. The current General Director is Peter de Caluwe, who has been holding office since 2007.
La Monnaie's Music Directors have always played a major role in Belgium's musical life, since the orchestra also performed in regularly organised concerts, and the quality of the orchestra reached a peak at the end of the 19th century under the baton of composer and musicologist
Sylvain Dupuis
Joseph Michel Sylvain Dupuis (; 9 October 1856 – 28 September 1931) was a Belgian conductor, composer, oboist, and music educator.
Life
Born in Liège, Dupuis was trained at the Royal Conservatory of Liège. After graduating in 1878, he w ...
. La Monnaie gave regular performances of the major works of
Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most o ...
as well. During the late 19th century, important French composers such as
Jules Massenet and
Vincent d'Indy directed the world premieres of some of their operas at this theatre. The high musical quality of renditions was maintained under
Corneil de Thoran between the two World Wars, but diminished gradually from the 1950s onwards.
At the beginning of the 1980s,
Gérard Mortier
Gerard Alfons August, Baron Mortier (25 November 1943 – 8 March 2014) was a Belgian opera director and administrator of Flemish origin.
Biography
Born in Ghent, the son of a baker, Mortier attended in youth the Jesuit private school Sint-Barbar ...
hired the French conductor
Sylvain Cambreling as La Monnaie's Music Director, and Cambreling restored the orchestra to its former playing level. From 1990,
Bernd Loebe was Artistic Director.
Antonio Pappano became Music Director in 1991, and during his tenure, the orchestra's symphonic repertoire was further extended and it appeared more often in concerts outside the opera. In addition, Pappano made several recordings with the orchestra. He left in 2002 to become Music Director of the
Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London.
From 2002, the Japanese conductor
Kazushi Ono
Kazushi (written: 和志, 和司, 和士, 和史, 一志 or 一至) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
*, Japanese manga artist
*, Japanese rugby sevens player
*, Japanese writer
*, Japanese footballer
*, Jap ...
served as Music Director. At the end of the 2007–2008 season, Ono was scheduled to relinquish his position as La Monnaie's Music Director to
Mark Wigglesworth, with Ono and Wigglesworth working together in the 2007–2008 season. However, in April 2008, La Monnaie announced that Wigglesworth would not take up the position of Music Director, after reports of opposition to him from the orchestra. In June 2011, the company announced the appointment of
Ludovic Morlot as its next Music Director, as of the 2012–2013 season, with an initial contract of 5 years. In December 2014, citing artistic differences, Morlot resigned from the La Monnaie's music directorship, effective 31 December 2014. In September 2015, the company announced the appointment of
Alain Altinoglu as its next Music Director, effective January 2016.
For performances of
Baroque operas, La Monnaie mostly engages guest orchestras specialising in authentic performances on period instruments. Over the past decades,
René Jacobs and his
Concerto Vocale have been regular guests at the theatre.
Dance at La Monnaie
Dance and ballet always had their place on the stage of La Monnaie, and during a major part of its history, the theatre housed its own ''Corps de Ballet''. Several members of the
Petipa family left their mark in Brussels in the 19th century, but the enthusiasm of the public for traditional ballet performances diminished in the 1950s.
In 1959, director
Maurice Huisman embarked on a cooperation with the young
avant-garde
The avant-garde (; In 'advance guard' or ' vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretical ...
choreographer
Maurice Béjart
Maurice Béjart (; 1 January 1927 – 22 November 2007) was a French-born dancer, choreographer and opera director who ran the Béjart Ballet Lausanne in Switzerland. He developed a popular expressionistic form of modern ballet, talking vast ...
. This resulted in the creation of the new
Ballet of the 20th Century which became the theatre's new ballet company until 1987, when Béjart and his Ballet left La Monnaie after a conflict with
Gerard Mortier. In 1988, Mortier hired the New York choreographer
Mark Morris and his Mark Morris Dance Group. For three years, they were known as the Monnaie Dance Group Mark Morris. Morris directed several productions in Brussels until 1991. Under Bernard Foccroulle,
Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker
Anne Teresa, Baroness De Keersmaeker (, born 1960 in Mechelen, Belgium, grew up in Wemmel) is a contemporary dance choreographer. The dance company constructed around her, , was in residence at La Monnaie in Brussels from 1992 to 2007.
Biography ...
and her company
Rosas became the dance company in residence.
Notable world premieres
*
Jules Massenet: ''
Hérodiade'' (19 December 1881)
*
Ernest Reyer: ''
Sigurd
Sigurd ( non, Sigurðr ) or Siegfried (Middle High German: ''Sîvrit'') is a legendary hero of Germanic heroic legend, who killed a dragon and was later murdered. It is possible he was inspired by one or more figures from the Frankish Merovi ...
'' (7 January 1884)
*
Emanuel Chabrier
Alexis-Emmanuel Chabrier (; 18 January 184113 September 1894) was a French Romantic music, Romantic composer and pianist. His Bourgeoisie, bourgeois family did not approve of a musical career for him, and he studied law in Paris and then worked ...
: ''
Gwendoline'' (10 April 1886)
*
Benjamin Godard
Benjamin Louis Paul Godard (18 August 184910 January 1895) was a French violinist and Romantic-era composer of Jewish extraction, best known for his opera ''Jocelyn''. Godard composed eight operas, five symphonies, two piano and two violin concer ...
: ''
Jocelyn
Jocelyn is a surname and first name. It is a unisex (male/female) name. Variants include Jocelin, Jocelyne, Jocelynn, Jocelynne, Joscelin, Josceline, Joscelyn, Joscelynn, Joscelynne, Joseline, Joselyn, Joselyne, Joslin, Joslyn, Josselin, Josselyn, ...
'' (25 February 1888)
*
Ernest Reyer: ''
Salammbô'' (10 February 1890)
*
Vincent d'Indy: ''
Fervaal
''Fervaal'', Op. 40, is an opera (''action musicale'' or lyric drama) in three acts with a prologue by the French composer Vincent d'Indy. The composer wrote his own libretto, based in part on the lyric poem ''Axel'' by the Swedish author Esaias ...
'' (12 March 1897)
*
Vincent d'Indy: ''L'Etranger'' (7 January 1903)
*
Ernest Chausson
Amédée-Ernest Chausson (; 20 January 1855 – 10 June 1899) was a French Romantic composer who died just as his career was beginning to flourish.
Life
Born in Paris into an affluent bourgeois family, Chausson was the sole surviving child of a ...
: ''
Le Roi Arthus'' (30 November 1903)
*
Darius Milhaud
Darius Milhaud (; 4 September 1892 – 22 June 1974) was a French composer, conductor, and teacher. He was a member of Les Six—also known as ''The Group of Six''—and one of the most prolific composers of the 20th century. His compositions ...
: ''
Les Malheurs d'Orphée'' (7 May 1926)
*
Arthur Honegger
Arthur Honegger (; 10 March 1892 – 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. A member of Les Six, his best known work is probably '' Antigone'', composed between 1924 and 1927 ...
: ''
Antigone
In Greek mythology, Antigone ( ; Ancient Greek: Ἀντιγόνη) is the daughter of Oedipus and either his mother Jocasta or, in another variation of the myth, Euryganeia. She is a sister of Polynices, Eteocles, and Ismene.Roman, L., & Roma ...
'' (28 December 1927)
*
Sergei Prokofiev
Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev; alternative transliterations of his name include ''Sergey'' or ''Serge'', and ''Prokofief'', ''Prokofieff'', or ''Prokofyev''., group=n (27 April .S. 15 April1891 – 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer, p ...
: ''
Igrok'' (The Gambler), 29 April 1929)
*
Philippe Boesmans: ''
La Passion de Gilles
LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second largest city in the United States.
La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment Music
* La (musical note), or A, the sixth note
* "L.A.", a song by Elliott Smith on ''Figure ...
'' (18 October 1983)
*
Mark Morris: ''
L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato'' (22 November 1988)
* Mark Morris: ''
The Hard Nut'' (1991)
*
John Adams
John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. Befor ...
: ''
The Death of Klinghoffer'' (19 March 1991)
* Philippe Boesmans: ''
Reigen'' (4 March 1993)
* Philippe Boesmans: ''
Wintermärchen'' (10 December 1999)
* Philippe Boesmans: ''
Julie'' (8 March 2005)
*
Nicholas Lens
Nicholas Lens Noorenbergh (born 1957) is a Belgian composer of contemporary music, particularly known for his operas. His work is published by Schott Music and Mute Song and distributed by Universal Music Group and Sony BMG. In 2020 Nicholas L ...
: ''
Shell Shock
Shell shock is a term coined in World War I by the British psychologist Charles Samuel Myers to describe the type of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) many soldiers were afflicted with during the war (before PTSD was termed). It is a rea ...
'' (24 October 2014)
References
Notes
Bibliography
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External links
www.lamonnaie.beCARMEN – La Monnaie's digital archivesLa Monnaie on Google Arts & Culture
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Theatres in Brussels
Theatres completed in 1700
Music venues completed in 1700
Theatres completed in 1819
Music venues completed in 1819
Opera houses in Belgium
City of Brussels
1700 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Organisations based in Belgium with royal patronage