The Gran Chaco or Dry Chaco is a sparsely populated, hot and semiarid lowland

natural region A natural region (landscape unit) is a basic geographic unit. Usually, it is a region which is distinguished by its common natural features of geography, geology, and climate. From the ecological point of view, the naturally occurring flora an ...

of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, western

Paraguay Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to t ...

, northern

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest ...

, and a portion of the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, where it is connected with the Pantanal region. This land is sometimes called the Chaco Plain.

Toponymy

The name Chaco comes from a word in Quechua, an indigenous language from the

Andes The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...

and highlands of South America. The Quechua word ''chaqu'' meaning "hunting land" comes probably from the rich variety of animal life present throughout the entire region.

Geography

The Gran Chaco is about 647,500 km² (250,000 sq mi) in size, though estimates differ. It is located west of the

Paraguay River The Paraguay River (Río Paraguay in Spanish, Rio Paraguai in Portuguese, Ysyry Paraguái in Guarani) is a major river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. It flows about from its headwaters i ...

and east of the

, and is mostly an alluvial sedimentary plain shared among Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina. It stretches from about 17 to 33°S latitude and between 65 and 60°W longitude, though estimates differ. Historically, the Chaco has been divided in three main parts: the ''Chaco Austral'' or Southern Chaco, south of the Bermejo River and inside Argentinian territory, blending into the Pampa region in its southernmost end; the ''Chaco Central'' or Central Chaco between the Bermejo and the

Pilcomayo River Pilcomayo (in Hispanicized spelling) ( Quechua Pillkumayu or Pillku Mayu, ''pillku'' red, ''mayu'' river, "red river", Guarani Ysyry Araguay ) is a river in central South America. At long, it is the longest western tributary of the Paraguay Riv ...

to the north, also now in Argentinian territory; and the ''Chaco Boreal'' or Northern Chaco, north of the Pilcomayo up to the Brazilian Pantanal, inside Paraguayan territory and sharing some area with Bolivia. Locals sometimes divide it today by the political borders, giving rise to the terms Argentinian Chaco, Paraguayan Chaco, and Bolivian Chaco. (Inside Paraguay, people sometimes use the expression Central Chaco for the area roughly in the middle of the Chaco Boreal, where

Mennonite Mennonites are groups of Anabaptist Christian church communities of denominations. The name is derived from the founder of the movement, Menno Simons (1496–1561) of Friesland. Through his writings about Reformed Christianity during the R ...

colonies are established.) The Chaco Boreal may be divided in two: closer to the mountains in the west, the ''Alto Chaco'' (Upper Chaco), sometimes known as ''Chaco Seco'' (or Dry Chaco), is very dry and sparsely vegetated. To the east, less arid conditions combined with favorable soil characteristics permit a seasonally dry higher-growth thorn tree forest, and further east still higher rainfall combined with improperly drained lowland soils result in a somewhat swampy plain called the ''Bajo Chaco'' (Lower Chaco), sometimes known as ''Chaco Húmedo'' (

Humid Chaco The Humid Chaco (Spanish: ''Chaco Húmedo'' or ''Chaco Oriental'') is tropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion in South America. It lies in the basin of the Paraná River, covering portions of central Paraguay and northern Argenti ...

). It has a more open

savanna A savanna or savannah is a mixed woodland- grassland (i.e. grassy woodland) ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground ...

vegetation consisting of palm trees, quebracho trees, and tropical high-grass areas, with a wealth of

insect Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body ( head, thorax and abdomen), three pa ...

s. The landscape is mostly flat and slopes at a 0.004-degree gradient to the east. This area is also one of the distinct

physiographic Physical geography (also known as physiography) is one of the three main branches of geography. Physical geography is the branch of natural science which deals with the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the atmosphere ...

provinces of the Parana-Paraguay Plain division. The areas more hospitable to development are along the

, Bermejo, and

s. It is a great source of timber and tannin, which is derived from the native ''quebracho'' tree. Special tannin factories have been constructed there. The wood of the palo santo from the Central Chaco is the source of oil of guaiac (a fragrance for

soap Soap is a salt of a fatty acid used in a variety of cleansing and lubricating products. In a domestic setting, soaps are surfactants usually used for washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are us ...

). Paraguay also cultivates mate in the lower part of the Chaco. Large tracts of the central and northern Chaco have high soil fertility, sandy alluvial soils with elevated levels of

phosphorus Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15. Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Ea ...

, and a topography that is favorable for agricultural development. Other aspects are challenging for farming: a semiarid to semihumid climate (600–1300 mm annual rainfall) with a six-month dry season and sufficient fresh groundwater restricted to roughly one-third of the region, two-thirds being without groundwater or with groundwater of high salinity. Soils are generally erosion-prone once the forest has been cleared. In the central and northern Paraguay Chaco, occasional dust storms have caused major topsoil loss.

History

The Chaco was occupied by nomadic peoples, notably the various groups making up the Guaycuru, who resisted Spanish control of the Chaco, often with success, from the 16th until the early 20th centuries. Prior to national independence of the nations that compose the Chaco, the entire area was a separate colonial region named by the Spaniards as ''Chiquitos''. The Gran Chaco had been a disputed territory since 1810. Officially, it was supposed to be part of Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, although a bigger land portion west of the Paraguay River had belonged to Paraguay since its independence. Argentina claimed territories north of the Bermejo River until Paraguay's defeat in the

War of the Triple Alliance The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance, was a South American war that lasted from 1864 to 1870. It was fought between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay. It was the deadlies ...

in 1870 established its current border with Argentina. Over the next few decades, Bolivia began to push the natives out and settle in the Gran Chaco, while Paraguay ignored it. Bolivia sought the Paraguay River for shipping oil out into the sea (it had become a land-locked country after the loss of its Pacific coast in the War of the Pacific), and Paraguay claimed ownership of the land. This became the backdrop to the Gran Chaco War (1932–1935) between Paraguay and Bolivia over supposed oil in the Chaco Boreal (the aforementioned region north of the Pilcomayo River and to the west of the Paraguay River). Eventually, Argentine Foreign Minister

Carlos Saavedra Lamas Carlos Saavedra Lamas (November 1, 1878–May 5, 1959) was an Argentine academic and politician, and in 1936, the first Latin American Nobel Peace Prize recipient. Biography Born in Buenos Aires, Saavedra Lamas was a descendant of an early Arge ...

mediated a ceasefire and subsequent treaty signed in 1938, which gave Paraguay three-quarters of the Chaco Boreal and gave Bolivia a corridor to the Paraguay River with the ability to use the Puerto Casado and the right to construct their own port. No oil was found in the region until 2012 when Paraguayan President

Federico Franco Luis Federico Franco Gómez (born 24 July 1962) is a Paraguayan politician who was President of Paraguay from June 2012 until August 2013. A member of the Authentic Radical Liberal Party (PLRA), he was elected as Vice President of Paraguay in th ...

announced the discovery of oil in the area of the Pirity river.

s immigrated into the Paraguayan part of the region from Canada in the 1920s; more came from the

USSR The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nati ...

in the 1930s and immediately following World War II. These immigrants created some of the largest and most prosperous municipalities in the deep Gran Chaco. The region is home to over 9 million people, divided about evenly among Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil, and including around 100,000 in Paraguay. The area remains relatively underdeveloped, In the 1960s, the Paraguayan authorities constructed the Trans-Chaco Highway and the Argentine National Highway Directorate, National Routes 16 and 81, in an effort to encourage access and development. All three highways extend about from east to west and are now completely paved, as is a network of nine Brazilian highways in Mato Grosso do Sul state.

Flora

The Gran Chaco has some of the highest temperatures on the continent. It has high

biodiversity Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic ('' genetic variability''), species ('' species diversity''), and ecosystem ('' ecosystem diversity'') ...

, containing around 3,400 plant species, 500 birds, 150 mammals, and 220 reptiles and amphibians. The floral characteristics of the Gran Chaco are varied given the large geographical span of the region. The dominant vegetative structure is xerophytic deciduous forests with multiple layers, including a

canopy (trees) In biology, the canopy is the aboveground portion of a plant cropping or crop, formed by the collection of individual plant crowns. In forest ecology, canopy also refers to the upper layer or habitat zone, formed by mature tree crowns an ...

, subcanopy,

shrub layer Stratification in the field of ecology refers to the vertical layering of a habitat; the arrangement of vegetation in layers. It classifies the layers (sing. ''stratum'', pl. ''strata'') of vegetation largely according to the different heights to w ...

, and herbaceous layer. Ecosystems include riverine forests, wetlands, savannas, and cactus stands, as well.What is Gran Chaco vegetation in South America? I. A review. Contribution to the study of flora and vegetation of Chaco. V. Candollea, 48: 145-172, 1993. At higher elevations of the eastern zone of the

, mature forests transition from the wet forests of southern Brazil. These woodlands are dominated by canopy trees such as '' Handroanthus impetiginosus'' and characterized by frequent lianas and epiphytes. This declines to seasonally flooded forests, at lower elevations, that are dominated by ''

Schinopsis ''Schinopsis'' is a genus of South American trees in the family Anacardiaceae, also known by the common names quebracho, quebracho colorado and red quebracho. In Brazil it is known as ''baraúna'' or ''braúna''. Description The species within ...

'' spp., a common plains tree genus often harvested for its tannin content and dense wood. The understory comprises bromeliad and cactus species, as well as hardy shrubs such as '' Schinus fasciculata''. These lower areas lack lianas, but have abundant epiphytic species such as '' Tillandsia''. The river systems that flow through the area, such as the

Rio Paraguay The Paraguay River (Río Paraguay in Spanish, Rio Paraguai in Portuguese, Ysyry Paraguái in Guarani) is a major river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. It flows about from its headwaters i ...

and Rio Parana, allow for seasonally flooded semievergreen gallery forests that hold riparian species such as '' Tessaria integrifolia'' and ''

Salix humboldtiana ''Salix humboldtiana'', called Humboldt's willow, is a tree species of willow native to North and South America, growing along watercourses. Some authorities consider it a synonym of '' Salix chilensis'', which Molina described in 1782. Willden ...

''. Other seasonally flooded ecosystems of this area include palm-dominated ('' Copernicia alba'') savannas with a bunch grass-dominated herbaceous layer. To the west, in the Semiarid/Arid Chaco, medium-sized forests consists of white quebracho (''

Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco ''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco'', commonly known as Quebracho blanco, kebrako, or white quebracho, is a South American tree species, native to Brazil, northern Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Orient ...

'') and red quebracho ('' Schinopsis lorentzii'') with a slightly shorter subcanopy made up of several species from the family Fabaceae, as well as several arboreal cacti species that distinguish this area of the Chaco. There is a scrub-like shrub and herbaceous understory. On sandy soils, the thick woodlands turn into savannas where the aforementioned species prevail, as well as species such as ''

Jacaranda mimosifolia ''Jacaranda mimosifolia'' is a sub-tropical tree native to south-central South America that has been widely planted elsewhere because of its attractive and long-lasting violet-colored flowers. It is also known as the jacaranda, blue jacaranda, ...

''. The giant ''

Stetsonia coryne ''Stetsonia coryne'', the toothpick cactus, is the sole species in the cactus genus ''Stetsonia''. The plant is native to the deserts and dry forest (Gran Chaco) of Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. ''Stetsonia coryne'' grows to a height of tall ...

'', found throughout the western Semiarid/Arid region becomes very conspicuous in these sandy savannas. Various upland systems of plant associations occur throughout the Gran Chaco. The Highlands of the Argentinian Chaco are made up of, on the dry, sunny side (up to 1800m), ''

Schinopsis haenkeana ''Schinopsis haenkeana'' is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and ...

'' woodlands. The cooler side of the uplands hosts '' Zanthoxylum coco'' (locally referred to as Fagara coco) and '' Schinus molleoides'' (locally referred to as '' Lithrea molleoides'') as the predominant species. Other notable species include '' Bougainvillea stipitata'', and several species from the Fabaceae. The Paraguyan uplands have other woodland slope ecosystems, notably, those dominated by '' Anadenanthera colubrina'' on moist slopes. Both of these upland systems, as well as numerous other Gran Chaco areas, are rich with

endemism Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found els ...

Fauna

Faunal diversity in the Gran Chaco is also high. The Gran Chaco has around 3,400 plant, 500 bird, 150 mammal, and 220 reptile and amphibian species. Animals typically associated with tropical and subtropical forests are often found throughout the eastern Humid Chaco, including jaguars, howler monkeys, peccaries, deer, and tapirs. '' Edentate'' species, including anteaters and armadillos, are readily seen here, as well.Napamalo: The Giant Anteater of the Gran Chaco, 2003. Being home to at least 10 species, the Argentinian Chaco is the location of the peak diversity for the armadillo, including species such as the nine-banded armadillo (''Dasypus novemcinctus''), whose range extends north to the southern US, and the southern three-banded armadillo (''Tolypeutes matacus'').Conservation ecology of armadillos in the Chaco region of Argentina, 1: 16-17, Edentata, 1994. The pink fairy armadillo (''Chlamyphrous truncatus''), is found nowhere else in the world.Guiá de los Mamiferos Argentinos, 19840. The giant armadillo (''Priodontes maximus''), while not found in the eastern Humid Chaco, can be seen in the drier Arid Chaco of the west. Some other notable endemics of the region include the San Luis tuco-tuco (''Ctenomys pontifex''). This small rodent is only found in the Argentinian Chaco. All of 60 species of '' Ctenomys'' are endemic to South America. The Chacoan peccary (''Catagonus wagneri''), locally known as ''tauga'', is the largest of the three peccary species found in the area. This species was thought to be extinct by scientists until 1975, when it was recorded by Dr. Ralph Wetzel.Catagonous, an "extinct" peccary, alive in Paraguay, 189:379-381, Science, 1975. Due to the climate of the Gran Chaco, herpetofauna are restricted to moist refugia in various places throughout the chaco. Rotting logs, debris piles, old housing settlement, wells, and seasonal farm ponds are examples of such refugia.ECOLOGICAL NOTES ON PARAGUAYAN CHACO HERPETOFAUNA, 12(3), 433-435, Journal of Herpetology, 1978. The

black-legged seriema The black-legged seriema (''Chunga burmeisteri'') is one of two living species of seriemas in the family Cariamidae. It is found from southeastern Bolivia and northern Paraguay south into north-central Argentina. It is a large, mostly grey ...

(''Chunga burmeisteri''), blue-crowned parakeet (''Aratinga acuticadauta''),

Picui ground dove The Picui ground dove or Picui dove (''Columbina picui'') is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay.HBW and BirdLife International (2020) ''Handb ...

(''Columbina picui''), guira cuckoo (''Guira guira''), little thornbird (''Phacellodomus sibilatrix''), and many-colored Chaco finch (''Saltaitricula multicolor'') are notable of the 409 bird species that are resident or breed in the Gran Chaco; 252 of these Chaco species are endemic to South America.''A Zoogeographic Analysis Of The South American Chaco Avifauna'', 154(3), 165-352, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1975.

Conservation issues

The Chaco is one of South America's last agricultural frontiers. Very sparsely populated and lacking sufficient all-weather roads and basic infrastructure (the Argentinian part is more developed than the Paraguayan or Bolivian part), it has long been too remote for crop planting. The central Chaco's Mennonite colonies are a notable exception. Two factors may substantially change the Chaco in the near future: low land valuations and the region's suitability to grow fuel crops. Suitability for the cultivation of '' Jatropha'' has been proven.

Sweet sorghum Sweetness is a basic taste most commonly perceived when eating foods rich in sugars. Sweet tastes are generally regarded as pleasurable. In addition to sugars like sucrose, many other chemical compounds are sweet, including aldehydes, ket ...

as an ethanol plant may prove viable, too, since sorghum is a traditional local crop for domestic and feedstock use. The feasibility of switchgrass is currently being studied by Argentina's Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, as is the Karanda’y palm tree in the Paraguayan Chaco. While advancements in agriculture can bring some improvements in infrastructure and employment for the region, loss of habitat and virgin forest is substantial and will likely increase poverty. Paraguay, after having lost more than 90% of its Atlantic rainforest between 1975 and 2005, is now losing its xerophytic forest (dry forests) in the Chaco at an annual rate of (2008). In mid-2009, a projected law, initiated by the Liberal Party, that would have outlawed

deforestation Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated ...

in the Paraguayan Chaco altogether, "Deforestacion Zero en el Chaco" did not get a majority in the parliament. Deforestation in the Argentinian part of the Chaco amounted to an average of per year between 2001 and 2007. According to Fundación Avina, a local NGO, on average, are cleared per day. The soy plantations not only eliminate the forest, but also other types of agriculture. Indigenous communities are losing their land to agribusinesses. Since 2007, a law is supposed to regulate and control the cutting of timber in the Gran Chaco, but

illegal logging Illegal logging is the harvest, transportation, purchase or sale of timber in violation of laws. The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including using corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission, or from a ...

continues. Among the aggressive investors in the Paraguayan Gran Chaco are U.S.-based agribusinesses

Cargill Inc. Cargill, Incorporated, is a privately held American global food corporation based in Minnetonka, Minnesota, and incorporated in Wilmington, Delaware. Founded in 1865, it is the largest privately held corporation in the United States in ter ...

, Bunge Ltd., and Archer Daniels Midland Co.

Protected areas

A 2017 assessment found that 176,715 km², or 22%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. In September 1995, the Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area was established in an area of the Chaco in Bolivia. It is administered and was established solely by the

indigenous peoples Indigenous peoples are culturally distinct ethnic groups whose members are directly descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular geographic region and, to some extent, maintain the language and culture of those original people ...

, including the Izoceño Guaraní, the Ayoreode, and the

Chiquitano The Chiquitano or Chiquitos are an indigenous people of Bolivia, with a small number also living in Brazil. The Chiquitano primarily live in the Chiquitania tropical savanna of Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia, with a small number also living in B ...

. Other protected areas include Defensores del Chaco National Park and Tinfunqué National Park in Paraguay, and

Copo National Park Copo National Park ( es, Parque Nacional Copo) is a federal protected area in Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina. Established on 22 November 2000, it houses a representative sample of the Dry Chaco biodiversity in average state of conservat ...

and

El Impenetrable National Park El Impenetrable National Park, es, Parque Nacional El Impenetrable, italic=no, is a national park in the Gran Chaco The Gran Chaco or Dry Chaco is a sparsely populated, hot and semiarid lowland natural region of the Río de la Plata ba ...

in Argentina.

Administrative divisions in the Gran Chaco

The following Argentine provinces, Bolivian and Paraguayan departments, and Brazilian states lie in the Gran Chaco area, either entirely or in part.

Indigenous peoples

Abipón The Abipones ( es, Abipones, singular ) were an indigenous people of Argentina's Gran Chaco region, speakers of one of the Guaicuruan languages. They ceased to exist as an independent ethnic group in the early 19th century. A small number of sur ...

, Argentina, historic group * Angaite (Angate), northwestern Paraguay * Ayoreo"Cultural Thesaurus."
''National Museum of the American Indian.'' (retrieved 18 Feb 2011) (Morotoco, Moro, Zamuco), Bolivia and Paraguay * Chamacoco ( Zamuko), Paraguay * Chané, Argentina and Bolivia *

(Chiquito, Tarapecosi), eastern Bolivia * Chorote ( Choroti), Iyojwa'ja Chorote, Manjuy), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay * Guana (Kaskihá), Paraguay * Guaraní, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay ** Bolivian Guarani *** Eastern Guarani (Chiriguano), Bolivia *** Guarayo (East Bolivian Guarani) ** Chiripá (Tsiripá, Ava), Bolivia ** Pai Tavytera (Pai, Montese, Ava), Bolivia ** Tapieté ( Guaraní Ñandéva, Yanaigua), eastern Bolivia ** Yuqui (Bia), Bolivia * Guaycuru peoples, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay ** Mbayá (Caduveo), historic *** Kadiweu, Brazil **

Mocoví The Mocoví ( Mocoví: ''moqoit'') are an indigenous people of the Gran Chaco region of South America. They speak the Mocoví language and are one of the ethnic groups belonging to the Guaycuru peoples. In the 2010 Argentine census, 22,439 peopl ...

(Mocobí), Argentina **

Payaguá The Payaguá people, also called Evueví and Evebe, were an ethnic group of the Guaycuru peoples in the Northern Chaco of Paraguay. The Payaguá were a river tribe, living, hunting, fishing, and raiding on the Paraguay River. The name ''Pay ...

** Pilagá (Pilage Toba) ** Toba (Qom, Frentones), Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay * Kaiwá, Argentina and Brazil *

Lengua people The Enxet are an indigenous people of about 17,000 living in the Gran Chaco region of western Paraguay. Originally hunter-gatherers, many are now forced to supplement their livelihood as laborers on the cattle ranches that have encroached upon ...

( Enxet), Paraguay ** North Lengua ( Eenthlit, Enlhet, Maskoy), Paraguay ** South Lengua, Paraguay * Lulé (Pelé, Tonocoté), Argentina * Maká (Towolhi), Paraguay * Nivaclé ( Ashlushlay, Chulupí, Chulupe, Guentusé), Argentina, and Paraguay * Sanapaná (Quiativis), Paraguay * Vilela, Argentina * Wichí (Mataco), Argentina and Bolivia Many of these peoples speak or used to speak Mataco–Guaicuru languages.

References

External links

The National Museum of Natural History's description of Gran Chaco
*

of the Paraguay Chaco {{Authority control La Plata basin Natural regions of South America Regions of Argentina Regions of Bolivia Regions of Paraguay Ecoregions of South America Ecoregions of Argentina Ecoregions of Bolivia Ecoregions of Brazil Ecoregions of Paraguay Grasslands of Argentina Grasslands of Bolivia Grasslands of Brazil Grasslands of Paraguay Grasslands of South America Geography of Argentina Geography of Bolivia Geography of Mato Grosso Geography of Mato Grosso do Sul Geography of Paraguay Divided regions Environment of Mato Grosso Environment of Mato Grosso do Sul Quechua words and phrases Physiographic provinces Neotropical dry broadleaf forests