The Baeomycetales are an

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

of mostly

lichen A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.fungi in the subclass

Ostropomycetidae The Ostropomycetidae are a subclass of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. The subclass was circumscribed in 2004 by Catherine Reeb, François M. Lutzoni, and Claude Roux. It contains ten orders and 36 families. Arctomiace ...

, in the class

Lecanoromycetes Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi. It belongs to the subphylum Pezizomycotina in the phylum Ascomycota. The asci (spore-bearing cells) of the Lecanoromycetes most often release spores by rostrate dehiscence. Genera of unc ...

. It contains 8 families, 33

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

and about 170 species. As a result of

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

s research published in the late 2010s, several orders were folded into the Baeomycetales, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of taxa.

Taxonomy

The family Baeomycetaceae was originally proposed by

Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier (; 3 April 1797 in Tournai – 9 July 1878) was a Belgian who conducted a parallel career of botanist and Member of Parliament. Biography Barthélemy Dumortier was a son of the merchant and city councillor Ba ...

in 1829 (under the spelling ''Baeomyceae''); he included two genera, ''Baeomyces'' and ''

Calicium ''Calicium'' is a genus of leprose lichens. It is in the family Caliciaceae. The sexual reproduction structures are a mass of loose ascospores that are enclosed by a cup shaped exciple sitting on top of a tiny stalk, having the appearance of ...

''. Baeomycetaceae was initially classified in the Lecanorales, and Baeomycetaceae and Cladoniaceae were thought to be closely related, sharing a phylogenetic origin in Lecideaceae. It was transferred to the order Helotiales based on the structure of its ascus, which is similar to those in genus ''

Leotia ''Leotia'' is a genus of cup fungi of the division Ascomycota. ''Leotia'' species are globally distributed, and are believed to be ectomycorrhizal. They are commonly known as ''jelly babies'' because of the gelatinous texture of their fruiting b ...

''. However, the Helotiales consists of mostly non-lichenised fungi. The first DNA studies conducted with ''Baeomyces'' species did not suggest any phylogenetic relatedness with ''Leotia''. Later studies demonstrated a

sister group In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and t ...

relationship between ''Baeomyces'' and the order

Ostropales The Ostropales are an order of fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. The order was circumscribed by Swedish botanist John Axel Nannfeldt in 1932. The order contains 4 families and 46 genera, including 6 genera of uncertain familial placement. Fa ...

, and Baeomycetales was informally suggested as a suitable name for this

lineage Lineage may refer to: Science * Lineage (anthropology), a group that can demonstrate its common descent from an apical ancestor or a direct line of descent from an ancestor * Lineage (evolution), a temporal sequence of individuals, populati ...

. After additional molecular studies confirmed the placement of the Baeomycetaceae in the subclass

, the order Baeomycetales was formally

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every polyg ...

in 2007 by

H. Thorsten Lumbsch Helge Thorsten Lumbsch (born 1964) is a German-born lichenologist living in the United States. His research interests include the phylogeny, taxonomy, and phylogeography of lichen-forming fungi; lichen diversity; lichen chemistry and chemotax ...

, Sabine Huhndorf, and Francois Lutzoni. They suggested that '' Ainoa'', ''

Baeomyces ''Baeomyces'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Baeomycetaceae. Members of ''Baeomyces'' are commonly called cap lichens. The genus was circumscribed by German mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1794. Although Persoon did not de ...

'', and ''

Phyllobaeis ''Phyllobaeis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Baeomycetaceae. It has six species. The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by lichenologists Klaus Kalb and Claudia Gierl in 1993, with ''Phyllobaeis imbricata'' as ...

'' were exemplar genera in the order. The composition of the Baeomycetales has been amended several times since its original circumscription, as

analyses have helped to resolve the phylogenetic relationships amongst its members. In 2011, the order was considered to contain two families, Baeomycetaceae and Anamylopsoraceae. The latter family, proposed by Lumbsch and Thomas Lunke in 1995, was later shown with molecular phylogenetics to nest within the Baeomycetaceae, and is now placed in synonymy with that family. In 2018, the class

was revised using a temporal approach that uses time-calibrated chronograms to define temporal bands for comparable ranks for orders and families. In this work, the orders Arctomiales, Hymeneliales, and Trapeliales were synonymized with Baeomycetales. In a later review of the use of this method for biological classification of lichens,

Robert Lücking Robert Lücking (born 1964) is a German lichenologist. He is a leading expert on foliicolous lichens–lichens that live on leaves. Life and career Born in Ulm in 1964, Lücking earned both his master's (1990) and PhD degree (1994) at the Univer ...

considered this merge justified. This synonymy was also accepted in a 2020 review of fungal classification.

Classification

According to a 2020 review on fungal classification, the Baeomycetales contain 8 families and 33 genera. The following list give the families, their

taxon authority In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are give ...

and year of publication, a brief synopsis of some major characteristics of the family, the genera in each family, and estimated number of species in each genus. ;

Arctomiaceae The Arctomiaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota, class Baeomycetales. The family was named by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1861, with '' Arctomia'' as the type genus. Species in this family are found in arctic and subarctic habitat ...

:Thallus crustose or fruticose, gelatinized, and with rhizoids. Arctic and subarctic distribution, usually associated with bryophytes. Photobiont partner is

cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria (), also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis. The name ''cyanobacteria'' refers to their color (), which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, blu ...

l, from genus ''

Nostoc ''Nostoc'', also known as star jelly, troll’s butter, spit of moon, fallen star, witch's butter (not to be confused with the fungi commonly known as witches' butter), and witch’s jelly, is the most common genus of cyanobacteria found in vari ...

''. No secondary chemicals produced. :*''

Arctomia ''Arctomia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arctomiaceae. The genus was originally circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1861. ''Arctomia'' has a circumpolar distribution. Species *''Arctomia del ...

'' – 14 spp. :*''

Gregorella ''Gregorella'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Arctomiaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ''Gregorella humida''. The genus and species were circumscribed by Helge Thorsten Lumbsch Helge Thorsten Lum ...

'' – 1 sp. :*''

Steinera ''Steinera'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Koerberiaceae. It was circumscribed in 1906 by Austrian-Hungarian botanist Alexander Zahlbruckner, who dedicated the genus name to his friend Julius Steiner, an Austrian teacher and li ...

'' – 14 spp. :*''

Wawea ''Wawea'' is a genus of lichenized fungi within the Arctomiaceae family. This is a monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does ...

'' – 1 sp. ;

Arthrorhaphidaceae ''Arthrorhaphis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the monotypic family Arthrorhaphidaceae. It has 13 species. The genus was circumscribed by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1860. The family was proposed by lichenologists Josef Poelt and Josef ...

:Thallus either crustose, or immersed within the host. Widespread in temperate and montane regions, growth on soil, with

green alga The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alga as ...

l photobiont partner; some species are lichenicolous. Secondary chemicals are depsides and

pulvinic acid Pulvinic acids are natural chemical pigments found in some lichens, derived biosynthetically from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, via dimerization and oxidative ring-cleavage of aryl pyruvic acids, a process that also produ ...

derivatives. :*''

Arthrorhaphis ''Arthrorhaphis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the monotypic family Arthrorhaphidaceae. It has 13 species. The genus was circumscribed by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1860. The family was proposed by lichenologists Josef Poelt and Josef Hafe ...

'' – 13 spp.

; Baeomycetaceae :Thallus crustose or squamulose, apothecia either sessile or sometimes on pink or brown stipes that are special extensions of the thallus that are not lichenized. Widespread distribution with growth typically on rock or soil. :*'' Ainoa'' – 2 spp. :*''

Anamylopsora ''Anamylopsora'' is an ascomycota, ascomycete genus of lichenized fungi. In 1991 the Norwegian mycologist Einar Timdal decided to create this new genus for the species previously called ''Lecidea pulcherrima'' (named by Edvard August Vainio in ...

'' – 3 spp. :*''

'' – 10 spp. :*'' Parainoa'' – 1 sp. :*''

'' – 6 spp. ;

Cameroniaceae ''Cameronia'' is a genus of crustose lichens in the monotypic family Cameroniaceae. It has two species. Both the genus and its two species were described as new to science in 2011 by Australian lichenologist Gintaras Kantvilas. Characteristics o ...

:Thallus crustose with chlorococcoid photobiont and perithecioid, immersed ascomata. Four spores per ascus. Secondary chemicals are dibenzofurans and triphenyls. Found in temperate Tasmania, growth on rocks. :*'' Cameronia'' – 2 spp. Tremolecia atrata

;

Hymeneliaceae Hymeneliaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Baeomycetales. It contains three genera and about 40 species. The family was circumscribed by German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1855. Lichens in the Hymeneliaceae are s ...

:Thallus usually crustose, lacking rhizoids, sometimes evanescent. Widespread distribution with growth usually on rocks and green algal photobiont. No secondary chemicals produced. :*''

Hymenelia ''Hymenelia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi belonging to the family Hymeneliaceae. Collectively, the genus has a cosmopolitan distribution. Species *'' Hymenelia aigneri'' *'' Hymenelia ceracea'' *'' Hymenelia cyanocarpa'' *'' Hymenelia ...

'' – 26 spp. :*'' Ionaspis'' – 7 spp. :*''

Tremolecia ''Tremolecia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. Members of the ''Tremolecia'' are commonly called disc lichens, which may also refer to members of the genus ''Buellia ''Buellia'' is a genus of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the family Ca ...

'' – 6 spp. ; Protothelenellaceae :Thallus crustose, but sometimes poorly developed, or even absent. Ascomata intermediate in form between apothecial and perithecial, immersed, sometimes becoming erumpent, dark green to black, and opened by a broad pore. Widely distributed in northern temperate regions. Some species grow as saprobes on bark, while others are lichenised with green algae, rarely lichenicolous. Subcosmopolitan distribution; habitats include acidic rocks and soil, bryophytes and detritus, wood, or other lichens. No secondary chemicals are produced. :*'' Mycowinteria'' – 3 spp. :*''

Protothelenella ''Protothelenella'' is a genus of fungi in the family Protothelenellaceae. It contains 11 species, some of which form lichens. ''Protothelenella'' species have a crustose thallus with spherical to pear-shaped, dark brown to blackish . Micros ...

'' – 11 spp. :*'' Thrombium'' – 5 spp. Placopsis lambii - Flickr - pellaea

;

Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species. Taxonomy Trapeliaceae was originally circumscribed by French lichenologist Maurice Choisy in 1929. Hannes Hertel emended the f ...

:Thallus crustose to squamulose in form. Collectively, a cosmopolitan distribution, but mostly concentrated in temperate regions.

Depside A depside is a type of polyphenolic compound composed of two or more monocyclic aromatic units linked by an ester bond. Depsides are most often found in lichens, but have also been isolated from higher plants, including species of the Ericaceae, L ...

s, depsidones, and anthraquinones produced as secondary chemicals. :*''

Amylora ''Amylora'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. This is a monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does ...

'' – 1 sp. :*'' Aspiciliopsis'' – 1 sp. :*''

Coppinsia ''Coppinsia'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ''Coppinsia minutissima''. The genus name of ''Coppinsia'' is in honour of Brian John Coppins (b.1949), British b ...

'' – 1 sp. :*''

Ducatina ''Ducatina'' is a genus of umbilicate lichen in the family Trapeliaceae. It is monotypic, containing the single species ''Ducatina umbilicata''. Both the genus and species were described as new to science in 2017 by Damien Ertz and Ulrik Søchti ...

'' – 1 sp. :*''

Lignoscripta ''Lignoscripta'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. This is a monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that ...

'' – 1 sp. :*''

Orceolina ''Orceolina'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species. Taxonomy Trapeliaceae was originally circumscribed ...

'' – 2 spp. :*''

Placopsis ''Placopsis'' (bullseye lichen) is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. Species , Species Fungorum (via the Catalog of Life) accepts 29 species of ''Placopsis''. *'' Placopsis ampliata'' *'' Placopsis antarctica'' *'' Pla ...

'' – ca. 60 spp. :*''

Placynthiella ''Placynthiella'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Russian lichenologist Alexander Elenkin in 1909, with '' Placynthiella arenicola'' designated as the type species In zoological nomenc ...

'' – 7 spp. :*'' Rimularia'' – 4 spp. :*''

Sarea ''Sarea'' is a genus of small, non-lichenized, inoperculate discomycete fungi in the family Zythiaceae. ''Sarea'' species are found growing on the resin of conifers in the Cupressaceae Cupressaceae is a conifer family, the cypress family, ...

'' – 2 spp. :*''

Trapelia ''Trapelia'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species. Taxonomy Trapeliaceae was originally circumscribed ...

'' – 24 spp. :*''

Trapeliopsis ''Trapeliopsis'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. It contains 20 species. The genus was circumscribed in 1980 by Hannes Hertel and Gotthard Schneider, with '' Trapeliopsis wallrothii'' designated as the type species I ...

'' 20 spp. ; Xylographaceae :Thallus immersed in the wood substrate with rounded to lirellate fruiting bodies that are pale to blackening. Family resurrected for use following molecular analysis published in 2015. :*''

Lambiella ''Lambiella'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Xylographaceae. The genus was circumscribed by German botanist Hannes Hertel in 1984, with '' Lambiella psephota'' assigned as the type species. The genus name of ''Lambiella'' is i ...

'' – 12 spp. :*''

Lithographa ''Lithographa'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Xylographaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1857 by Finnish botanist William Nylander, with ''Lithographa petraea'' assigned as the type species In zoological nomenclature, a typ ...

'' – 10 spp. :*''

Ptychographa ''Ptychographa'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Xylographaceae. It is a monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that ...

'' – 1 sp. :*''

Xylographa ''Xylographa'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Xylographaceae. The genus was first taxonomically described and named by Elias Magnus Fries Elias Magnus Fries (15 August 1794 – 8 February 1878) was a Swedish mycologist ...

'' – 2 spp.

Notes

References

Cited literature

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q636577 Baeomycetales Ascomycota orders Lichen orders Taxa described in 2007 Taxa named by Helge Thorsten Lumbsch