Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a

taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

clade of very unusual

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

s and sea and freshwater

slug Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a smal ...

s, aquatic

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s within the large clade

Heterobranchia Heterobranchia, the ''heterobranchs'' (meaning "different-gilled snails"), is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks. Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. Curr ...

. Acochlidia is a variant spelling. Pseudunela cornuta

Description

These are mostly very small animals, without a

shell Shell may refer to: Architecture and design * Shell (structure), a thin structure ** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses ** Thin-shell structure Science Biology * Seashell, a hard o ...

gill A gill () is a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are ...

s, distinguished by the

viscera In biology, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. In the hierarchy of life, an organ lies between tissue and an organ system. Tissues are formed from same type cells to act together in a ...

l mass being sharply set off from the rest of the body. Being a small group with only 30 species worldwide known in 2010, and 32 species described in 2011, and 33 in 2012 (+9 undescribed ''

Pontohedyle ''Pontohedyle'' is a genus of sea slugs, acochlidians, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Microhedylidae. Sea slugs in this genus are highly simplified and uniform. Distribution The genus ''Pontohedyle'' shows a circumtropical ...

'' species), these slugs are morphologically and biologically highly aberrant and diverse, comprising a series of unusual characters (e.g. secondary

gonochorism In biology, gonochorism is a sexual system where there are only two Sex, sexes and each individual organism is either male or female. The term gonochorism is usually applied in animal species, the vast majority of which are gonochoric. Gonochor ...

, lack of copulatory organs, asymmetric

radula The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...

e). Most acochlidians live interstitially in marine sands, while some have conquered limnic systems (uniquely within opisthobranch gastropods).

Taxonomy

Nils Hjalmar Odhner Nils Hjalmar Odhner (6 December 1884 – 12 June 1973) was a Swedish zoologist who studied mollusks, a malacologist. He was professor of invertebrate zoology at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, and a member of the Royal Swedish Aca ...

established this taxon as a family in 1937, when he created the families Microhedylidae and

Acochlidiidae Acochlidiidae are a taxonomic family of shell-less freshwater gastropods (one of them '' Palliohedyle weberi'' lives in brackish water),Schrödl M. & Neusser T. P. (2010). "Towards a phylogeny and evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: ...

. In 1939, he treated this taxon as an order. Rankin (1979)Rankin J. J. (1979). "A freshwater shell-less mollusc from the Caribbean: structure, biotics, and contribution to a new understanding of the Acochlidioidea". ''

Royal Ontario Museum The Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) is a museum of art, world culture and natural history in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is one of the largest museums in North America and the largest in Canada. It attracts more than one million visitors every year ...

, Life Sciences Contributions'' 116: 123 pp., page 83. treated this taxon as an order, the order Acochlidioidea. Salvini-Plawen (1983) wrote this taxon as Acochlidiomorpha. Anderson (1992) treated this taxon as the order Acochlidiida. Burn in Beesley et al. (1998), wrote this taxon as the order Acochlidea. Wawra (1987) and various authors (2007–2010)Schrödl M. & Neusser T. P. (2010). "Towards a phylogeny and evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)". ''

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society The ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering zoology published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Linnean Society. The editor-in-chief is Maarten Christenhusz (Linnean Society). ...

'' 158: 124–154. . spelled this taxon as Acochlidia. Three families (

Hedylopsidae Hedylopsis is a genus of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Acochlidiacea. Taxonomy Hedylopsidae has been classified within the superfamily Hedylopsoidea in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005). Sensu Schrödl & Neus ...

, Microhedylidae and

) are classically recognized. Two controversial classifications (Rankin 1979, Starobogatov 1983) Starobogatov Ya. I. (1983). "Sistema otriada Acochlidiiformes ystem of the order Acochlidiiformes" ''Vsesoiuznoe soveshchanie po izucheniiu molliuskov'', Leningrad, 7: 30–32. have been proposed recently, but they have not been evaluated since. An alternative classification by Burn (in Beesley et al., 1998) for the Australian species recognizes 2 superfamilies and 5 families. Pseudunela cornuta 2

The Acochlidia, a traditional "order" of the Opisthobranchia since their establishment by Odhner have formed one of the unsolved mysteries within

Euthyneura Euthyneura is a taxonomic infraclass of snails and slugs, which includes species exclusively from marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the clade Heterobranchia. Euthyneura are characterised by several autapomorphies, but are n ...

. Their

monophyly In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic grou ...

is widely accepted especially since a proposed sister group relationship of the acochlidian family

Ganitidae Parhedylidae are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parhedyloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register ...

with

Sacoglossa Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "solar-powered sea slugs", are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellular ...

(based on the dagger-shaped radula teeth) could be rejected based on a comprehensive

parsimony analysis In phylogenetics, maximum parsimony is an optimality criterion under which the phylogenetic tree that minimizes the total number of character-state changes (or miminizes the cost of differentially weighted character-state changes) is preferred. ...

of morphological characters. During the last years a series of studies have redescribed key acochlidian taxa in great detail, including

3D reconstruction In computer vision and computer graphics, 3D reconstruction is the process of capturing the shape and appearance of real objects. This process can be accomplished either by active or passive methods. If the model is allowed to change its shape i ...

s, and added considerably to the morphological and biological knowledge of this previously little understood group. Most recent morphological analyses suggested a common origin with either the equally enigmatic Rhodopemorpha, the diaphanid cephalaspidean '' Toledonia'', or with runcinid or philinoid

cephalaspidea The order Cephalaspidea, also known as the headshield slugs and bubble snails, is a major taxon of sea slugs and bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the larger clade Euopisthobranchia.Jörger K. M., Stöger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., ...

ns. Molecular markers independent from direct ecological pressures suggested an unresolved basal opisthobranch origin for Acochlidia (based on nuclear 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA) (Vonnemann et al. 2005). A first combined multi-gene dataset led to the surprising result of Acochlidia clustering in a pulmonate relationship, united in a clade with

Pyramidelloidea Pyramidelloidea is a superfamily of mostly very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks and micromollusks within the clade Panpulmonata. This is a voluminous taxon: above the species level close to 400 named taxa are referred to this gast ...

Amphiboloidea Amphiboloidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails. Distribution Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy According ...

and

Eupulmonata Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions. Linnean taxonomy *Suborder Eupulmonat ...

. However, only three derived acochlids were included into analysis prior to 2010, with partially missing data.

2005 taxonomy

The taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) tentatively follows Starobogatov (1983), but they have downgraded his taxonomic ranks (suborders to superfamilies, superfamilies to families). The group Acochlidiacea is arranged as follows: *Superfamily Acochlidioidea **Family

*Superfamily Hedylopsoidea **Family

**Family

Livorniellidae Parhedylidae are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parhedyloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register ...

**Family Minicheviellidae **Family Parhedylidae **Family

Tantulidae ''Tantulum elegans'' is a species of freshwater slug, an aquatic shell-less gastropod mollusk within the clade Acochlidiacea. This species has no shell. The maximum recorded length is 2 mm.Welch J. J. (2010). "The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea ...

*Superfamily Palliohedyloidea **Family Palliohedylidae *Superfamily Strubellioidea **Family Strubelliidae **Family

Pseudunelidae ''Pseudunela'' is a genus of minute sea slugs, acochlidians, shell-less marine or temporary brackish or brackish gastropod mollusks in the clade Acochlidiacea. ''Pseudunela'' is the only genus in the family Pseudunelidae. ''Pseudunela'' is the ...

2010 taxonomy

A first comprehensive

cladistic analysis Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived chara ...

of their

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

has been established by Schrödl & Neusser (2010), but the identity of their sister group remained uncertain. Morphology-based analyses by Schrödl & Neusser, demonstrated that Acochlidia usually group with other mesopsammic (they live in interstitial spaces of marine sands) taxa, if any were included (i.e. with the sacoglossan '' Platyhedyle'', the rhodopemorph ''

Rhodope Rhodope may refer to: * Rhodope (mythology), a figure of Greek mythology * Rhodope Mountains, in Bulgaria and Greece * Rhodope (regional unit) Rhodope ( el, Ροδόπη, ''Rodópi'' ) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the reg ...

'' or the cephalaspideans '' Philinoglossa'' or '' Philine exigua''). Thus, it is likely that convergent adaptations to the interstitial habitat mask the truly phylogenetic signals. Schrödl & Neusser (2010) split Acochlidiacea into two (unranked) taxa and into six families like this:

Hedylopsacea

Hedylopsacean Acochlidiacea, whose evolution involves several habitat shifts from marine interstitial to amphibious or freshwater benthic habitats, possess complex

excretory Excretion is a process in which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism. In vertebrates this is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys, and skin. This is in contrast with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks aft ...

and reproductive systems. (unranked) Hedylopsacea has no superfamilies defined: *

: '' Acochlidium'', '' Palliohedyle'', including '' Strubellia'' *

: with the only genus '' Pseudunela'' *

: with the only genus '' Hedylopsis'' *

: with the only species '' Tantulum elegans''

Microhedylacea

Microhedylacean Acochlidiacea are exclusively found in interstitial spaces in sediment, and show a tendency toward reduction of complexity in major organ systems. (unranked) Microhedylacea has no superfamilies defined: *

Asperspinidae ''Asperspina'' is a genus of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Acochlidiacea. Taxonomy Asperspinidae has been listed as a synonym of Parhedylidae in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005). Sensu Schrödl & Neusser (2010 ...

: with the only genus '' Asperspina'' – junior synonym: Minicheviellidae * Microhedylidae s.l.: ''

'', '' Parhedyle'', '' Microhedyle'' – including

: '' Ganitus'' and '' Paraganitus''. Inclusion of Ganitidae within Microhedylidae requires further research and higher statistical support. A multi-locus molecular study by Jörger et al. (2010), included six out of seven acochlidian families. It confirmed Acochlidiacea in a pulmonate relationship, as sister to Eupulmonata. Euthyneura, Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata as traditionally defined were found non-monophyletic. The enigmatic amphibious and insectivorous Aitengidae clusters within Acochlidiacea, as sister to

meiofauna Meiobenthos, also called meiofauna, are small benthic invertebrates that live in both marine and fresh water environments. The term ''meiofauna'' loosely defines a group of organisms by their size, larger than microfauna but smaller than macrof ...

l and brackish Pseudunelidae and limnic Acochlidiidae. Inclusion of this small acochlidian group resulted in redefinition of major groups within

, that has led to creation of the new clades

Euopisthobranchia Euopisthobranchia is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs in the clade Heterobranchia within the clade Euthyneura. This clade was established as a new taxon by Jörger et al. in October 2010. Euopisthobranchia is a monophyletic portion of the ...

and

Panpulmonata Panpulmonata is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs in the clade Heterobranchia within the clade Euthyneura. Panpulmonata was established as a new taxon by Jörger et al. in October 2010. The older name "Pulmonata" referred to a group of gast ...

2016 taxonomy

Two more families were established. Both include slugs that are unusual among acochlidians for their anatomy and habitat (amphibious, terrestrial, or benthic in deeper waters): * Aitengidae Swennen & Buatip, 2009 * Bathyhedylidae Neusser, Jörger, Lodde-Bensch, Strong & Schrödl, 2016Neusser T. P., Jörger K. M., Lodde-Bensch E., Strong E. E. & Schrödl M. (2016). "The unique deep sea - land connection: Interactive 3D visualization and molecular phylogeny of ''Bathyhedyle boucheti'' n. sp. (Bathyhedylidae n. fam.) - the first panpulmonate slug from bathyal zones". ''PeerJ'' 4: e2738. .

Phylogeny

There is no fossil record of Acochlidiacea. Application of a

molecular clock The molecular clock is a figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged. The biomolecular data used for such calculations are usually nucleoti ...

allowed estimation of divergence times for these groups. The split between

and Acochlidiacea took place in the

Mesozoic The Mesozoic Era ( ), also called the Age of Reptiles, the Age of Conifers, and colloquially as the Age of the Dinosaurs is the second-to-last era of Earth's geological history, lasting from about , comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceo ...

, between the Triassic and Jurassic periods. The diversification of Acochlidia is estimated to have happened in the Jurassic with the split between

Hedylopsacea Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling. Description These a ...

and

Microhedylacea Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant ...

Cladogram

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ...

showing phylogenetic relations of some genera and species within Acochlidiacea:

Ecology

The life cycle of Acochlidiacea is poorly known. With a typically low reproductive output in Acochlidiacea (max. of 40 eggs in ''

Pontohedyle milaschewitchii ''Pontohedyle milaschewitchii'' is a species of sea slug, an acochlidian, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Microhedylidae.Jörger K. M., Norenburg J. L., Wilson N. G. & Schrödl M. (2012). "Barcoding against a paradox? Combin ...

''), free

veliger A veliger is the planktonic larva of many kinds of sea snails and freshwater snails, as well as most bivalve molluscs (clams) and tusk shells. Description The veliger is the characteristic larva of the gastropod, bivalve and scaphopod ...

larvae are assumed to stay in the interstices of the sand grains rather than entering the water column thereby avoiding long distance dispersal. Fertilized eggs are attached to sand grains and might promote dispersal via current driven sediment transport along shorelines.

Overview of species

# '' Hedylopsis spiculifera'' (Kowalevsky, 1901) (Hedylopsidae) – marine # '' Hedylopsis ballantinei'' Sommerfeldt & Schrödl, 2005 (Hedylopsidae) – marine # ''

Pseudunela cornuta ''Pseudunela cornuta'' is a species of minute sea slug, an acochlidian, a shell-less marine and temporarily brackishNeusser T. P., Jörger K. M. & Schrödl M. (2011). "Cryptic Species in Tropic Sands – Interactive 3D Anatomy, Molecular Ph ...

'' (Challis, 1970) (Pseudunelidae) – marine and temporary brackish # '' Pseudunela eirene'' Wawra, 1988 (Pseudunelidae) – marine # '' Pseudunela espiritusanta'' Neusser & Schrödl, 2009 (Pseudunelidae) – in brackish water # ''

Pseudunela marteli ''Pseudunela marteli'' is a species of sea slug, an acochlidian, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudunelidae. The specific name ''marteli'' is in honour of author's "big-hearted friend and colleague" biologist Martin “Ma ...

'' Neusser, Jörger & Schrödl, 2011 (Pseudunelidae) – marine # ''

Pseudunela viatoris ''Pseudunela viatoris'' is a species of sea slug, an acochlidian, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudunelidae. The specific name ''viatoris'' is after the Latin word “viator” (engl. pilgrim/voyager) according to its su ...

'' Neusser, Jörger & Schrödl, 2011 (Pseudunelidae) – marineNeusser T. P., Jörger K. M. & Schrödl M. (2011). "Cryptic Species in Tropic Sands - Interactive 3D Anatomy, Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Meiofaunal Pseudunelidae (Gastropoda, Acochlidia)". '' PLoS ONE'' 6(8): e23313. . # '' Aiteng ater'' Swennen & Buatip, 2009 (Aitengidae) – marine (and brackish) # '' Aiteng marefugitus'' Kano, Neusser, Fukumori, Jörger & Schrödl, 2015 (Aitengidae) – marine # '' Aiteng mysticus'' Neusser, Fukuda, Jörger, Kano & Schrödl, 2011 (Aitengidae) – from Japan # '' Bathyhedyle boucheti'' Neusser, Jörger, Lodde-Bensch, Strong & Schrödl, 2016 (Bathyhedylidae) - marine # ''

Strubellia paradoxa ''Strubellia paradoxa'' is a species of freshwater slug, a shell-less freshwater gastropod,Strong E. E., Gargominy O., Ponder W. F. & Bouchet P. (2008). "Global Diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in Freshwater". ''Hydrobiologia'' 595 ...

'' (Strubell, 1892) (Acochlidiidae) – freshwater # '' Strubellia wawrai'' Brenzinger, Neusser, Jörger & Schrödl, 2011 (Acochlidiidae) – freshwater # ''

Acochlidium amboinense ''Acochlidium amboinense'' is a species of freshwater gastropod, an aquatic gastropod mollusc within the family Acochlidiidae Acochlidiidae are a taxonomic family of shell-less freshwater gastropods (one of them '' Palliohedyle weberi'' live ...

'' (Strubell, 1892) (Acochlidiidae) – freshwater # '' Acochlidium bayerfehlmanni'' Wawra, 1980 (Acochlidiidae) – freshwater # ''

Acochlidium fijiiensis ''Acochlidium'' is a genus of freshwater slugs, an aquatic gastropod molluscs in the family Acochlidiidae. ''Acochlidium'' species have no shell. Species Species within the genus ''Acochlidium'' include: * '' Acochlidium amboinense'' Strubell, ...

'' Haynes & Kenchington, 1991Haynes A. & Kenchington W. (1991). "''Acochlidium fijiiensis'' sp. nov. (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia: Acochlidiacea) from Fiji". ''The Veliger'' 34(2): 166–171. (Acochlidiidae) – freshwater # ''

Palliohedyle sutteri ''Palliohedyle sutteri'' is a species of gastropods belonging to the family Acochlidiidae Acochlidiidae are a taxonomic family of shell-less freshwater gastropods (one of them '' Palliohedyle weberi'' lives in brackish water),Schrödl M. & N ...

'' (Wawra, 1979) (Acochlidiidae) – freshwater # ''

Palliohedyle weberi ''Palliohedyle'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Acochlidiidae. Species: *''Palliohedyle sutteri'' *''Palliohedyle weberi'' References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q18598079 Gastropods ...

'' (Bergh, 1895) (Acochlidiidae) – in brackish waters # '' Tantulum elegans'' Rankin, 1979 (Tantulidae) – freshwater # '' Asperspina brambelli'' (Swedmark, 1968) (Asperspinidae) # '' Asperspina loricata'' (Swedmark, 1968) (Asperspinidae) # '' Asperspina murmanica'' (Kudinskaya & Minichev, 1978) (Asperspinidae) # '' Asperspina rhopalotecta'' Salvini-Plawen, 1973 (Asperspinidae) # '' Asperspina riseri'' (Morse, 1976) (Asperspinidae) # '' Microhedyle gerlachi'' Marcus & Marcus, 1959 - synonym: ''

Parhedyle gerlachi ''Parhedyle'' is a genus of gastropods The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltw ...

'' (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1959) (Microhedylidae) # '' Microhedyle glandulifera'' (Kowalevsky, 1901) (Microhedylidae) # '' Microhedyle nahantensis'' (Doe, 1974) (Microhedylidae) # '' Microhedyle remanei'' (Er. Marcus, 1953) (Microhedylidae) # '' Ganitus evelinae'' Marcus, 1953 (Microhedylidae s.l. / Ganitidae) # ''

Paraganitus ellynnae ''Paraganitus ellynnae'' is a species of sea slug, an acochlidian, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Microhedylidae. ''Paraganitus ellynnae'' is the only species in the genus ''Paraganitus''. Description ''Paraganitus elly ...

'' Challis, 1968 (Microhedylidae s.l. / Ganitidae) # '' Parhedyle cryptophthalma'' (Westheide & Wawra, 1974) (Microhedylidae) # '' Parhedyle odhneri'' (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1955) - synonym: '' Microhedyle odhneri'' (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1955) (Microhedylidae) # ''

Parhedyle tyrtowii ''Parhedyle'' is a genus of gastropods The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltw ...

'' (Kowalevsky, 1900) (Microhedylidae) # '' Pontohedyle brasilensis'' (Rankin, 1979) (Microhedylidae) # '' Pontohedyle joni'' Jörger & Schrödl, 2013 # '' Pontohedyle kepii'' Jörger & Schrödl, 2013 # ''

Pontohedyle liliae ''Pontohedyle'' is a genus of sea slugs, acochlidians, shell-less marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family Microhedylidae. Sea slugs in this genus are highly simplified and uniform. Distribution The genus ''Pontohedyle'' shows a c ...

'' Jörger & Schrödl, 2013 # ''

Pontohedyle martynovi ''Pontohedyle'' is a genus of sea slugs, acochlidians, shell-less marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family Microhedylidae. Sea slugs in this genus are highly simplified and uniform. Distribution The genus ''Pontohedyle'' shows a c ...

'' Jörger & Schrödl, 2013 # ''

'' (Kowalevsky, 1901) (Microhedylidae) # '' Pontohedyle neridae'' Jörger & Schrödl, 2013 # '' Pontohedyle peteryalli'' Jörger & Schrödl, 2013 # ''

Pontohedyle verrucosa ''Pontohedyle verrucosa'' is a species of sea slug, an acochlidian, a shell-less marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc in the family Microhedylidae.Jörger K. M., Norenburg J. L., Wilson N. G. & Schrödl M. (2012). "Barcoding against a paradox ...

'' (Challis, 1970) (Microhedylidae) # '' Pontohedyle wenzli'' Jörger & Schrödl, 2013 # '' Pontohedyle wiggi'' Jörger & Schrödl, 2013 # '' Pontohedyle yurihookeri'' Jörger & Schrödl, 2013 # '' Helicohedyle dikiki'' Drainas, Carlson, Jörger, Schrödl & Neusser, 2017 (unassigned to family) – marine

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from referencesJörger K. M., Stöger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., Knebelsberger T. & Schrödl M. (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". ''

BMC Evolutionary Biology ''BMC Ecology and Evolution'' (since January 2021), previously ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' (2001–2020), is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering all fields of evolutionary biology, including phylogenetics and palaeontology. It ...

'' 10: 323. .Jörger K. M., Norenburg J. L., Wilson N. G. & Schrödl M. (2012). "Barcoding against a paradox? Combined molecular species delineations reveal multiple cryptic lineages in elusive meiofaunal sea slugs". ''

'' 12: 245. . and CC-BY-SA-3.0 text from the reference.Gofas, S. (2010). Acochlidiacea. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411937 on 2010-11-30

External links

Acochlidea on Sea Slug Forum
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1054947 Panpulmonata