Events
January
![Admiralty-yacht-HMS-Iolaire-ship-Amalthaea-1908](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Admiralty-yacht-HMS-Iolaire-ship-Amalthaea-1908.jpg)
*
January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
** The
Czechoslovak Legion
The Czechoslovak Legion (Czech language, Czech: ''Československé legie''; Slovak language, Slovak: ''Československé légie'') were volunteer armed forces composed predominantly of Czechs and Slovaks fighting on the side of the Allies of World ...
s occupy much of the self-proclaimed "free city" of
Pressburg (now Bratislava), enforcing its incorporation into the new republic of
Czechoslovakia
, rue, Чеськословеньско, , yi, טשעכאסלאוואקיי,
, common_name = Czechoslovakia
, life_span = 1918–19391945–1992
, p1 = Austria-Hungary
, image_p1 ...
.
**
HMY ''Iolaire'' sinks off the coast of the Hebrides; 201 people, mostly servicemen returning home to Lewis and Harris, are killed.
*
January 2–
22 –
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: The
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
's
Caspian-Caucasian Front begins the
Northern Caucasus Operation against the
White Army
The White Army (russian: Белая армия, Belaya armiya) or White Guard (russian: Бѣлая гвардія/Белая гвардия, Belaya gvardiya, label=none), also referred to as the Whites or White Guardsmen (russian: Бѣлогв ...
, but fails to make progress.
*
January 3 – The
Faisal–Weizmann Agreement
The Faisal–Weizmann Agreement was a 3 January 1919 agreement between Emir Faisal, the third son of Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashimi, King of the short-lived Kingdom of Hejaz, and Chaim Weizmann, a Zionist leader who had negotiated the 1917 Balfour ...
is signed by
Emir Faisal (representing the Arab
Kingdom of Hejaz) and
Zionist
Zionism ( he, צִיּוֹנוּת ''Tsiyyonut'' after '' Zion'') is a nationalist movement that espouses the establishment of, and support for a homeland for the Jewish people centered in the area roughly corresponding to what is known in Je ...
leader
Chaim Weizmann
Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( he, חיים עזריאל ויצמן ', russian: Хаим Евзорович Вейцман, ''Khaim Evzorovich Veytsman''; 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) was a Russian-born biochemist, Zionist leader and Israe ...
, for Arab–Jewish cooperation in the development of a Jewish homeland in
Palestine, and an Arab nation in a large part of the
Middle East
The Middle East ( ar, الشرق الأوسط, ISO 233: ) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (Europ ...
.
*
January 5
Events Pre-1600
*1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France.
1601–1900
* 1675 – Battle of Colmar: The French a ...
– In Germany:
**
Spartacist uprising
The Spartacist uprising (German: ), also known as the January uprising (), was a general strike and the accompanying armed struggles that took place in Berlin from 5 to 12 January 1919. It occurred in connection with the November Revolutio ...
in Berlin: The Marxist
Spartacus League, with the newly formed
Communist Party of Germany and the
Independent Social Democratic Party
The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (german: Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, USPD) was a short-lived political party in Germany during the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. The organization was establish ...
, begin mass demonstrations, which will be suppressed by armed force within a week.
** The
German Workers' Party
The German Workers' Party (german: Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, DAP) was a short-lived far-right political party established in Weimar Germany after World War I. It was the precursor of the Nazi Party, which was officially known as the National Soc ...
(''Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', DAP), predecessor of the
Nazi Party
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (german: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported t ...
, is formed by the merger of
Anton Drexler
Anton Drexler (13 June 1884 – 24 February 1942) was a German far-right political agitator for the Völkisch movement in the 1920s. He founded the pan-German and anti-Semitic German Workers' Party (DAP), the antecedent of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) ...
's Committee of Independent Workmen with journalist
Karl Harrer
Karl Harrer (8 October 1890 – 5 September 1926) was a German journalist and politician, one of the founding members of the ''Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'' ( German Workers' Party, DAP) in January 1919, the predecessor to the ''Nationalsozialistische ...
's Political Workers' Circle.
*
January 7 –
Estonian War of Independence
The Estonian War of Independence ( et, Vabadussõda, literally "Freedom War"), also known as the Estonian Liberation War, was a defensive campaign of the Estonian Army and its allies, most notably the United Kingdom, against the Bolshevik westw ...
: With
Soviet Russia
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
n forces just 40 km outside of the capital
Tallinn
Tallinn () is the most populous and capital city of Estonia. Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn has a population of 437,811 (as of 2022) and administratively lies in the Harju '' ...
,
Estonia
Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
n forces start a general and successful counter-offensive against the
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
.
*
January 8 – The funeral of
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...
, 26th
President of the United States
The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States ...
, is held at Christ Church Oyster Bay, Long Island; Roosevelt had died in his sleep at the age of 60, two days earlier.
*
January 8–
22 –
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
, Southern Front: The
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
attacks and defeats the White
Don Army under
Pyotr Krasnov
Pyotr Nikolayevich Krasnov ( rus, Пётр Николаевич Краснов; 22 September (old style: 10 September) 1869 – 17 January 1947), sometimes referred to in English as Peter Krasnov, was a Don Cossack historian and officer, promot ...
in the
Voronezh–Povorino Operation
The Voronezh–Povorino Operation, was a battle in January 1919 between the White and Red Armies during the Russian Civil War around the city of Voronezh and the railway station of Povorino. The Red Army defeated the Don Army under Pyotr Krasnov ...
.
*
January 9 –
Friedrich Ebert
Friedrich Ebert (; 4 February 187128 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the first president of Germany from 1919 until his death in office in 1925.
Ebert was elected leader of the SPD on t ...
orders the
Freikorps
(, "Free Corps" or "Volunteer Corps") were irregular German and other European military volunteer units, or paramilitary, that existed from the 18th to the early 20th centuries. They effectively fought as mercenary or private armies, rega ...
into action in Berlin.
*
January 10–
12 – The Freikorps attacks Spartacist supporters around Berlin.
*
January 11
Events Pre-1600
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.
* 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muha ...
**
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...
annexes
Transylvania
Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...
.
**The
Georgian
Georgian may refer to:
Common meanings
* Anything related to, or originating from Georgia (country)
** Georgians, an indigenous Caucasian ethnic group
** Georgian language, a Kartvelian language spoken by Georgians
**Georgian scripts, three scrip ...
genocide occurs in
Alagir
Alagir (russian: Алаги́р; os, Алагир) is an industrial town and the administrative center of Alagirsky District in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia, located on the west bank of the Ardon River, west of the republic's ...
.
*
January 12
Events Pre-1600
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire.
* 1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already rei ...
–
May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
*1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
*1445 &nda ...
–
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: On the Southern Front, the
Armed Forces of South Russia under General
Anton Denikin
Anton Ivanovich Denikin (russian: Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин, link= ; 16 December Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._4_December.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New St ...
fight against the
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
for the possession of the strategic region of the
Donbass
The Donbas or Donbass (, ; uk, Донба́с ; russian: Донба́сс ) is a historical, cultural, and economic region in eastern Ukraine. Parts of the Donbas are controlled by Russian separatist groups as a result of the Russo-Ukrai ...
.
*
January 13 – Workers' councils in Berlin end the
general strike; the Spartacist uprising is over.
*
January 14 –
Estonian War of Independence
The Estonian War of Independence ( et, Vabadussõda, literally "Freedom War"), also known as the Estonian Liberation War, was a defensive campaign of the Estonian Army and its allies, most notably the United Kingdom, against the Bolshevik westw ...
:
Estonia
Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
n forces liberate
Tartu from the
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
.
*
January 15
**
Rosa Luxemburg and
Karl Liebknecht
Karl Paul August Friedrich Liebknecht (; 13 August 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a German socialist and anti-militarist. A member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) beginning in 1900, he was one of its deputies in the Reichstag fro ...
are murdered following the Spartacist uprising.
**
Great Molasses Flood: A wave of
molasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through
Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
, Massachusetts, killing 21 people and injuring 150.
*
January 16
** The
Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States. The amendment was proposed by Congress on December 18, 1917, and was ratified by the requisite number of ...
, authorizing
Prohibition
Prohibition is the act or practice of forbidding something by law; more particularly the term refers to the banning of the manufacture, storage (whether in barrels or in bottles), transportation, sale, possession, and consumption of alcohol ...
, is ratified.
** Pianist
Ignacy Jan Paderewski
Ignacy Jan Paderewski (; – 29 June 1941) was a Polish pianist and composer who became a spokesman for Polish independence. In 1919, he was the new nation's Prime Minister and foreign minister during which he signed the Treaty of Versaill ...
becomes the second
Prime Minister of Poland
The President of the Council of Ministers ( pl, Prezes Rady Ministrów, lit=Chairman of the Council of Ministers), colloquially referred to as the prime minister (), is the head of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland. The responsibi ...
.
*
January 18
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later.
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
* 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chi ...
**
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
: The
Paris Peace Conference opens in
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...
, with delegates from 27 nations attending for meetings at the
Palace of Versailles.
**
Estonian War of Independence
The Estonian War of Independence ( et, Vabadussõda, literally "Freedom War"), also known as the Estonian Liberation War, was a defensive campaign of the Estonian Army and its allies, most notably the United Kingdom, against the Bolshevik westw ...
:
Estonia
Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
n forces liberate
Narva
Narva, russian: Нарва is a municipality and city in Estonia. It is located in Ida-Viru county, at the eastern extreme point of Estonia, on the west bank of the Narva river which forms the Estonia–Russia international border. With 54 ...
, expelling the
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
from Northern Estonia.
**
Bentley Motors Limited is founded in England.
*
January 19
Events Pre-1600
* 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to ''Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.
* 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrend ...
–
28 –
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: The
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
begins the counter offensive in the
Perm area against the
White forces.
*
January 19
Events Pre-1600
* 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to ''Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.
* 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrend ...
** The
Monarchy of the North
The Monarchy of the North ( pt, Monarquia do Norte), officially the Kingdom of Portugal (), was a short-lived counter-revolution against the First Portuguese Republic and a monarchist government that occurred in Northern Portugal in early 1919. ...
is established in Northern Portugal.
**
1919 German federal election
Federal elections were held in Germany on 19 January 1919,Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p762 although members of the standing army in the east did not vote until 2 February. The elections were t ...
, first under the
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (german: link=no, Weimarer Republik ), officially named the German Reich, was the government of Germany from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is ...
and the first in Germany with
female suffrage.
*
January 21
Events Pre-1600
* 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa.
* 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when ...
–
Dáil Éireann meets for the first time in the
Mansion House, Dublin
The Mansion House ( ga, Teach an Ard-Mhéara) is a house on Dawson Street, Dublin, which has been the official residence of the Lord Mayor of Dublin since 1715, and was also the meeting place of the Dáil Éireann from 1919 until 1922.
Histor ...
. It comprises
Sinn Féin
Sinn Féin ( , ; en, " eOurselves") is an Irish republican and democratic socialist political party active throughout both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
The original Sinn Féin organisation was founded in 1905 by Arthur G ...
members elected in the
1918 general election who, in accordance with their
manifesto, have not taken their seats in the
Parliament of the United Kingdom
The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace of Westminster, London. It alone possesses legislative suprema ...
, but chosen to declare an independent
Irish Republic
The Irish Republic ( ga, Poblacht na hÉireann or ) was an unrecognised revolutionary state that declared its independence from the United Kingdom in January 1919. The Republic claimed jurisdiction over the whole island of Ireland, but by ...
. In the first shots of the
Anglo-Irish War
The Irish War of Independence () or Anglo-Irish War was a guerrilla war fought in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army (IRA, the army of the Irish Republic) and British forces: the British Army, along with the quasi-mi ...
, two
Royal Irish Constabulary
The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC, ga, Constáblacht Ríoga na hÉireann; simply called the Irish Constabulary 1836–67) was the police force in Ireland from 1822 until 1922, when all of the country was part of the United Kingdom. A separate ...
(RIC) men are
killed in an ambush at
Soloheadbeg
Sologhead beg or Solohead beg (; , IPA: sˠʊləxoːdʲˈvʲaɡ is a townland and civil parish in County Tipperary, Ireland, lying northwest of Tipperary town.
History
In 968, Soloheadbeg was the location for the Battle of Sulcoit, where the ...
in
Tipperary
Tipperary is the name of:
Places
*County Tipperary, a county in Ireland
**North Tipperary, a former administrative county based in Nenagh
**South Tipperary, a former administrative county based in Clonmel
*Tipperary (town), County Tipperary's na ...
.
*
January 23
Events Pre-1600
* 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor.
* 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
*1264 & ...
–
Khotyn Uprising: partisans capture the city of
Khotyn
Khotyn ( uk, Хотин, ; ro, Hotin, ; see other names) is a city in Dnistrovskyi Raion, Chernivtsi Oblast of western Ukraine and is located south-west of Kamianets-Podilskyi. It hosts the administration of Khotyn urban hromada, one of t ...
in Romania.
*
January 25 – The
League of Nations
The League of Nations (french: link=no, Société des Nations ) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ...
is founded in
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...
,
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...
.
*
January 31
Events Pre-1600
* 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades.
*1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the ...
–
Battle of George Square
The Battle of George Square was a violent confrontation in Glasgow, Scotland between Glasgow City Police and striking Glasgow workers, centred around George Square. The 'battle', also known as "Bloody Friday" or "Black Friday", took place on ...
: The
British Army
The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...
is called in to deal with riots, during negotiations over working hours in
Glasgow
Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...
, Scotland.
February
*
February 1 –
Estonian War of Independence
The Estonian War of Independence ( et, Vabadussõda, literally "Freedom War"), also known as the Estonian Liberation War, was a defensive campaign of the Estonian Army and its allies, most notably the United Kingdom, against the Bolshevik westw ...
:
Estonia
Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
n forces liberate
Valga and
Võru
Võru (; vro, Võro; german: Werro) is a town and a municipality in south-eastern Estonia. It is the capital of Võru County and the centre of Võru Parish.
History
Võru was founded on 21 August 1784, according to the wish of the Empress Cather ...
, expelling the
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
from the entire territory of
Estonia
Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
.
*
February 3 –
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: Soviet troops occupy
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
.
*
February 4–
5 – Pressburg (
Bratislava) becomes the capital of
Slovakia
Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the s ...
.
*
February 5
**
United Artists
United Artists Corporation (UA), currently doing business as United Artists Digital Studios, is an American digital production company. Founded in 1919 by D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, the stud ...
(UA) is incorporated in the United States by
D. W. Griffith,
Charlie Chaplin,
Mary Pickford
Gladys Marie Smith (April 8, 1892 – May 29, 1979), known professionally as Mary Pickford, was a Canadian-American stage and screen actress and producer with a career that spanned five decades. A pioneer in the US film industry, she co-founde ...
and
Douglas Fairbanks
Douglas Elton Fairbanks Sr. (born Douglas Elton Thomas Ullman; May 23, 1883 – December 12, 1939) was an American actor, screenwriter, director, and producer. He was best known for his swashbuckling roles in silent films including '' The Thi ...
as a motion picture producer.
**
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: Soviet troops occupy the city of
Kyiv
Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe.
Kyi ...
after the
Battle of Kiev (January 1919).
*
February 10
Events Pre-1600
* 1258 – Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end.
* 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, spar ...
– The
Inter-Allied Women's Conference
The Inter-Allied Women's Conference (also known as the Suffragist Conference of the Allied Countries and the United States) opened in Paris on 10 February 1919. It was convened parallel to the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Paris Peace Conferenc ...
convenes to compile a list of women's issues to present to the delegates of the
Paris Peace Conference.
*
February 11
**
Friedrich Ebert
Friedrich Ebert (; 4 February 187128 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the first president of Germany from 1919 until his death in office in 1925.
Ebert was elected leader of the SPD on t ...
is elected the first
President of Germany
The president of Germany, officially the Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany (german: link=no, Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland),The official title within Germany is ', with ' being added in international corres ...
(''Reichspräsident''), by the
Weimar National Assembly
The Weimar National Assembly (German: ), officially the German National Constitutional Assembly (), was the popularly elected constitutional convention and de facto parliament of Germany from 6 February 1919 to 21 May 1920. As part of its ...
.
** The
Seattle General Strike
The Seattle General Strike of 1919 was a five-day general work stoppage by more than 65,000 workers in the city of Seattle, Washington from February 6 to 11. Dissatisfied workers in several unions began the strike to gain higher wages, after t ...
ends, when
Federal
Federal or foederal (archaic) may refer to:
Politics
General
*Federal monarchy, a federation of monarchies
*Federation, or ''Federal state'' (federal system), a type of government characterized by both a central (federal) government and states or ...
troops are summoned by the
State of Washington's
Attorney General.
*
February 12
Events Pre-1600
*1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna.
*1429 – English forces under ...
– Ethnic Germans and Hungarian inhabitants of
Pressburg start a protest against its incorporation into
Czechoslovakia
, rue, Чеськословеньско, , yi, טשעכאסלאוואקיי,
, common_name = Czechoslovakia
, life_span = 1918–19391945–1992
, p1 = Austria-Hungary
, image_p1 ...
, but the
Czechoslovak Legion
The Czechoslovak Legion (Czech language, Czech: ''Československé legie''; Slovak language, Slovak: ''Československé légie'') were volunteer armed forces composed predominantly of Czechs and Slovaks fighting on the side of the Allies of World ...
s open fire on the unarmed demonstrators.
*
February 13 – Portugal's
Monarchy of the North
The Monarchy of the North ( pt, Monarquia do Norte), officially the Kingdom of Portugal (), was a short-lived counter-revolution against the First Portuguese Republic and a monarchist government that occurred in Northern Portugal in early 1919. ...
ends as a result of a revolt in Porto by civilians and National Republican Guard members.
*
February 14 – The
Polish–Soviet War
The Polish–Soviet War (Polish–Bolshevik War, Polish–Soviet War, Polish–Russian War 1919–1921)
* russian: Советско-польская война (''Sovetsko-polskaya voyna'', Soviet-Polish War), Польский фронт (' ...
begins, with the
Battle of Bereza Kartuska.
*
February 16
Events Pre-1600
*1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
*1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
–
21 –
Estonian War of Independence
The Estonian War of Independence ( et, Vabadussõda, literally "Freedom War"), also known as the Estonian Liberation War, was a defensive campaign of the Estonian Army and its allies, most notably the United Kingdom, against the Bolshevik westw ...
: Uniformed peasants in
Saaremaa
Saaremaa is the largest island in Estonia, measuring . The main island of Saare County, it is located in the Baltic Sea, south of Hiiumaa island and west of Muhu island, and belongs to the West Estonian Archipelago. The capital of the isla ...
rebel against the government of
Estonia
Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
; the rebellion is crushed by government forces, leaving more than 200 dead.
*
February 25 –
Oregon
Oregon () is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho. T ...
places a one cent per US gallon (0.26¢/liter) tax on
gasoline
Gasoline (; ) or petrol (; ) (see ) is a transparent, petroleum-derived flammable liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in most spark-ignited internal combustion engines (also known as petrol engines). It consists mostly of organi ...
, becoming the first U.S. state to levy a
gasoline tax
A fuel tax (also known as a petrol, gasoline or gas tax, or as a fuel duty) is an excise tax imposed on the sale of fuel. In most countries the fuel tax is imposed on fuels which are intended for transportation. Fuels used to power agricultural ...
.
*
February 26 –
Grand Canyon National Park: An act of the
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...
establishes most of the
Grand Canyon as a
United States National Park.
*
February 28
**
Amānullāh Khān becomes
King of Afghanistan
This article lists the heads of state of Afghanistan since the foundation of the first modern Afghan state, the Hotak Empire, in 1709.
History
The Hotak Empire was formed after a successful uprising led by Mirwais Hotak and other Afghan trib ...
.
** An independence mission to the U.S., funded by the Philippine legislature, sets out from Manila to present its case to
United States Secretary of War
The secretary of war was a member of the U.S. president's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington's administration. A similar position, called either "Secretary at War" or "Secretary of War", had been appointed to serve the Congress of the ...
Newton D. Baker.
March
*
March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor Diocletian ...
– The
March 1st Movement
The March 1st Movement, also known as the Sam-il (3-1) Movement (Hangul: 삼일 운동; Hanja: 三一 運動), was a protest movement by Korean people and students calling for independence from Japan in 1919, and protesting forced assimilation ...
against
Japanese colonial rule in Korea is formed.
*
March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
– The
Founding Congress of the Comintern opens in Moscow.
*
March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 & ...
–
April
April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. It is the first of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the second of five months to have a length of less than 31 days.
April is commonly associated with ...
–
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: Beginning of the Chapan war as peasants of the provinces of
Samara and
Simbirsk
Ulyanovsk, known until 1924 as Simbirsk, is a city and the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River east of Moscow. Population:
The city, founded as Simbirsk (), was the birthplace of Vladimir Lenin (born ...
rebel against Soviet rule.
*
March 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...
** The
Communist International
The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was a Soviet-controlled international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism. The Comintern resolved at its Second Congress to "struggle by ...
(Comintern) is founded.
**
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: The
White forces in Siberia under the command of Admiral
Alexander Kolchak attack the positions of the
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
in the
Spring Offensive. The Whites crush the 5th Red Army under Jan Blumberg, and capture
Okhansk
Okhansk (russian: Оха́нск) is a town and the administrative center of Okhansky District in Perm Krai, Russia, located on the right bank of the Kama River, southwest of Perm, the administrative center of the krai. Population:
History
F ...
,
Osa,
Sarapul
Sarapul ( Udmurt and russian: Сара́пул) is a city and a river port in the Udmurt Republic, Russia, located on the right bank of the Kama River, southeast of Izhevsk, the capital of the republic. Population:
History
Sarapul is one of ...
and finally
Ufa
Ufa ( ba, Өфө , Öfö; russian: Уфа́, r=Ufá, p=ʊˈfa) is the largest city and capital city, capital of Bashkortostan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Belaya River (Kama), Belaya and Ufa River, Ufa rivers, in the centre-n ...
over the next days.
*
March 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...
–
5 –
Kinmel Park Riots
On 4 and 5 March 1919 Kinmel Park in Bodelwyddan, near Abergele, North Wales, experienced two days of riots in the Canadian sector of the local military complex, Kinmel Camp. The riots are believed to have been caused by delays in repatriation a ...
by troops of the
Canadian Expeditionary Force awaiting repatriation at
Kinmel Camp
Kinmel Park Training Area is an army training ground in what was once the grounds of Kinmel Hall, near Abergele, in Conwy county borough, Wales. The camp was built in 1915 to train troops during the First World War and was later used to house tro ...
,
Bodelwyddan
Bodelwyddan () is a village, electoral ward and community in Denbighshire, Wales, approximately 5 miles (8 km) South of Rhyl. The Parish includes several smaller hamlets such as Marli and Pengwern.
Bodelwyddan is home to over sixty liste ...
, in
North Wales
North Wales ( cy, Gogledd Cymru) is a region of Wales, encompassing its northernmost areas. It borders Mid Wales to the south, England to the east, and the Irish Sea to the north and west. The area is highly mountainous and rural, with Snowdonia N ...
. Five men are killed, 28 injured, and 25 convicted of
mutiny.
*
March 5 –
A. Mitchell Palmer
Alexander Mitchell Palmer (May 4, 1872 – May 11, 1936), was an American attorney and politician who served as the 50th United States attorney general from 1919 to 1921. He is best known for overseeing the Palmer Raids during the Red Scare ...
becomes
United States Attorney General
The United States attorney general (AG) is the head of the United States Department of Justice, and is the chief law enforcement officer of the federal government of the United States. The attorney general serves as the principal advisor to the p ...
, through
recess appointment
In the United States, a recess appointment is an appointment by the president of a federal official when the U.S. Senate is in recess. Under the U.S. Constitution's Appointments Clause, the President is empowered to nominate, and with the a ...
.
*
March 8
Events Pre-1600
* 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem ''Shahnameh''.
*1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León.
* 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between bou ...
** The
Rowlatt Act
The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act, was a law that applied in British India. It was a legislative council act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on 18 March 1919, indefinitel ...
is passed by the
Imperial Legislative Council
The Imperial Legislative Council (ILC) was the legislature of the British Raj from 1861 to 1947. It was established under the Charter Act of 1853 by providing for the addition of 6 additional members to the Governor General Council for legislativ ...
in London, indefinitely extending the emergency provisions of the
Defence of India Act 1915
The Defence of India Act 1915, also referred to as the Defence of India Regulations Act, was an emergency criminal law enacted by the Governor-General of India in 1915 with the intention of curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities ...
.
** British authorities in
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...
arrest populist leader
Saad Zaghloul
Saad Zaghloul ( ar, سعد زغلول / ; also ''Sa'd Zaghloul Pasha ibn Ibrahim'') (July 1859 – 23 August 1927) was an Egyptian revolutionary and statesman. He was the leader of Egypt's nationalist Wafd Party.
He led a civil disobedienc ...
, exiling him to
Malta
Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...
, triggering the
Egyptian Revolution of 1919
The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 ( ''Thawra 1919'') was a countrywide revolution against the British occupation of Egypt and Sudan. It was carried out by Egyptians from different walks of life in the wake of the British-ordered exile of the r ...
.
*
March 11
Events Pre-1600
* 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
* 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the ven ...
–
June 8
Events Pre-1600
* 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
* 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern province ...
–
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: The Cossacks of the Upper Don rebel against Bolshevik rule in the
Vyoshenskaya Uprising
The Vyoshenskaya Uprising (or Upper Don rebellion) (March 11 - June 8, 1919) was an uprising of the Don Cossacks during the Russian Civil War led by Pavel Kudinov against the Bolsheviks, which had occupied the Upper Don district in January–Ma ...
and join the
White forces.
*
March 15
Events Pre-1600
*474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce.
* 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place.
* 493 – Odo ...
–
17 – Members of the
American Expeditionary Forces
The American Expeditionary Forces (A. E. F.) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I. The A. E. F. was established on July 5, 1917, in France under the command of General John J. Pershing. It fought along ...
convene in Paris for the first
American Legion caucus.
*
March 17
Events Pre-1600
* 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda.
* 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ei ...
– Birth of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines.
*
March 21
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the ''Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas an ...
– The
Hungarian Soviet Republic
The Socialist Federative Republic of Councils in Hungary ( hu, Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság) (due to an early mistranslation, it became widely known as the Hungarian Soviet Republic in English-language sources ( ...
is established by
Béla Kun
Béla Kun (born Béla Kohn; 20 February 1886 – 29 August 1938) was a Hungarian communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. After attending Franz Joseph University at Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napo ...
.
*
March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
–
Benito Mussolini founds his
Italian Fascist political movement in
Milan
Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...
.
*
March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
–
24 –
Charles I Charles I may refer to:
Kings and emperors
* Charlemagne (742–814), numbered Charles I in the lists of Holy Roman Emperors and French kings
* Charles I of Anjou (1226–1285), also king of Albania, Jerusalem, Naples and Sicily
* Charles I of ...
, the last
Emperor of Austria
The Emperor of Austria (german: Kaiser von Österreich) was the ruler of the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A hereditary imperial title and office proclaimed in 1804 by Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, a member of the Hou ...
, leaves Austria for exile in Switzerland.
*
March 26
Events Pre-1600
* 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
–
Queen of the South F.C.
Queen of the South Football Club is a Scottish professional football club formed in 1919 in Dumfries. The club plays in Scottish League One, the third tier of Scottish football. They are traditionally nicknamed the '' Doonhamers'' but are mo ...
is formed in
Dumfries, Scotland.
*
March 27
Events Pre-1600
*1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom.
* 1329 – Pope John XXII ...
– The name
Bratislava is officially adopted for the city of Pressburg.
April
*
April 5 –
Pinsk massacre: 35 Jews are killed without trial, after being accused of Bolshevism.
*
April 6
Events Pre–1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus.
* 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia.
*13 ...
–
7 – The
Bavarian Soviet Republic
The Bavarian Soviet Republic, or Munich Soviet Republic (german: Räterepublik Baiern, Münchner Räterepublik),Hollander, Neil (2013) ''Elusive Dove: The Search for Peace During World War I''. McFarland. p.283, note 269. was a short-lived unre ...
is founded.
*
April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 140 ...
–
Mexican Revolution leader
Emiliano Zapata
Emiliano Zapata Salazar (; August 8, 1879 – April 10, 1919) was a Mexican revolutionary. He was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920, the main leader of the people's revolution in the Mexican state of Morelos, and the ins ...
is ambushed and shot dead in
Morelos.
*
April 12
Events Pre-1600
* 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I.
* 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to ...
– French
serial killer
A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more persons,A
*
*
*
* with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant period of time between them. While most authorities set a threshold of three ...
Henri Désiré Landru
Henri Désiré Landru (12 April 1869 – 25 February 1922) () was a French serial killer, nicknamed the Bluebeard of Gambais. He murdered at least seven women in the village of Gambais between December 1915 and January 1919. Landru also kill ...
is arrested.
*
April 13
**
Amritsar Massacre
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919. A large peaceful crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab, to protest against the Rowlatt Act and arrest of pro-independence ...
: Under the command of
Reginald Dyer
Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer, CB (9 October 1864 – 23 July 1927) was an officer of the Bengal Army and later the newly constituted British Indian Army. His military career began serving briefly in the regular British Army before tra ...
, detachments of the
9th Gorkha Rifles
The 9th Gorkha Rifles is a Gorkha infantry regiment of the Indian Army and, previously, the British Army. The regiment was initially formed by the British in 1817, and was one of the Gurkha regiments transferred to the Indian Army after independe ...
and the
59th Scinde Rifles massacre 379 Sikh civilians at
Jallianwala Bagh
Jallianwala Bagh is a historic Bāgh (garden), garden and ‘memorial of national importance’ close to the Harmandir Sahib, Golden Temple complex in Amritsar, Punjab, India, Punjab, India, preserved in the memory of those wounded and killed in ...
in
Amritsar, in the
Punjab Province.
**
Eugene V. Debs
Eugene Victor "Gene" Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and five times the candidate of the Soc ...
enters prison at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia for speaking out against
conscription in the United States during World War I.
*
April 15
Events Pre-1600
* 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings.
* 1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guiscar ...
– The
Save the Children Fund
The Save the Children Fund, commonly known as Save the Children, is an international non-governmental organization established in the United Kingdom in 1919 to improve the lives of children through better education, health care, and economic ...
is created in the UK to raise money for the relief of German and Austrian children.
*
April 20
Events Pre-1600
* 1303 – The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII.
1601–1900
*1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's Rump Parliament.
*1657 – English Admiral Robert Blake destroys ...
– The
French Army
The French Army, officially known as the Land Army (french: Armée de Terre, ), is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces. It is responsible to the Government of France, along with the other components of the Armed Force ...
blows up the bridge over the
Dniester
The Dniester, ; rus, Дне́стр, links=1, Dnéstr, ˈdⁿʲestr; ro, Nistru; grc, Τύρᾱς, Tyrās, ; la, Tyrās, la, Danaster, label=none, ) ( ,) is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and th ...
at
Bender, Moldova
Bender (, Moldovan Cyrillic: Бендер) or Bendery (russian: Бендеры, , uk, Бендери), also known as Tighina ( ro, Tighina), is a city within the internationally recognized borders of Moldova under ''de facto'' control of the un ...
, to protect the city from the
Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
.
*
April 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
* 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
*1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern h ...
–
June 20 –
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
:
Counteroffensive of Eastern Front
The Eastern Front counteroffensive (April–July 1919) was an episode of the Russian Civil War.
Background
In 1917, the Russian Bolshevik Party staged a revolution against Alexander Kerensky's Provisional Government that led to a civil war. D ...
– The Reds go on the offensive on the Siberia Front: General
Gaya Gai defeats the White forces near Orenburg after a 3-day battle. Over the next weeks, the Red Army pushes the Whites behind the
Ural mountains
The Ural Mountains ( ; rus, Ура́льские го́ры, r=Uralskiye gory, p=ʊˈralʲskʲɪjə ˈɡorɨ; ba, Урал тауҙары) or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western ...
.
*
April 23 – The
Estonian Constituent Assembly
The Estonian Constituent Assembly ( et, Asutav Kogu) was elected on 5–7 April 1919, called by the Estonian Provisional Government during the Estonian War of Independence.
Estonian Constituent Assembly elections
Activity
The 120 members of t ...
convenes its first session.
*
April 25
Events Pre-1600
*404 BC – Admiral Lysander and King Pausanias of Sparta blockade Athens and bring the Peloponnesian War to a successful conclusion.
* 775 – The Battle of Bagrevand puts an end to an Armenian rebellion against the ...
** The ''
Bauhaus
The Staatliches Bauhaus (), commonly known as the Bauhaus (), was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts.Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 20 ...
'' architectural and design movement is founded in
Weimar
Weimar is a city in the state of Thuringia, Germany. It is located in Central Germany between Erfurt in the west and Jena in the east, approximately southwest of Leipzig, north of Nuremberg and west of Dresden. Together with the neighbouri ...
, Germany.
**
Anzac Day is observed for the first time in Australia.
**
Pancho Villa
Francisco "Pancho" Villa (, Orozco rebelled in March 1912, both for Madero's continuing failure to enact land reform and because he felt insufficiently rewarded for his role in bringing the new president to power. At the request of Madero's c ...
takes
Parral, Chihuahua, in Mexico, and executes the mayor and his two sons.
*
April 30
Events Pre-1600
*311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends.
*1315 – Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged at the instigation of Charles, Count of Valois.
*1492 – Spain gives Christopher Columbus hi ...
– First wave of
1919 United States anarchist bombings
The 1919 United States anarchist bombings were a series of bombings and attempted bombings carried out by followers of the Italian anarchist Luigi Galleani from April through June 1919.
These bombings were one of the major factors contributin ...
: several bombs sent by
followers of the
Italian anarchist Luigi Galleani are intercepted.
May
*
May 1
Events Pre-1600
* 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor.
* 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
*1169 – N ...
** A large left-wing demonstration in France leads to a violent confrontation with the police.
**
May Day Riots break out in
Cleveland, Ohio; 2 people are killed, 40 injured, and 116 arrested.
*
May 2
Events Pre-1600
* 1194 – King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
*1230 – William de Braose is hanged by Prince Llywelyn the Great.
* 1536 – Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, is arrested and imprison ...
–
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (german: link=no, Weimarer Republik ), officially named the German Reich, was the government of Germany from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is ...
troops and the
Freikorps
(, "Free Corps" or "Volunteer Corps") were irregular German and other European military volunteer units, or paramilitary, that existed from the 18th to the early 20th centuries. They effectively fought as mercenary or private armies, rega ...
occupy
Munich
Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Ha ...
and crush the
Bavarian Soviet Republic
The Bavarian Soviet Republic, or Munich Soviet Republic (german: Räterepublik Baiern, Münchner Räterepublik),Hollander, Neil (2013) ''Elusive Dove: The Search for Peace During World War I''. McFarland. p.283, note 269. was a short-lived unre ...
.
*
May 3
Events Pre-1600
* 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne.
* 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties.
...
–
Amānullāh Khān attacks the British government in India.
*
May 4
Events Pre-1600
* 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''.
* 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus ar ...
** The
May Fourth Movement
The May Fourth Movement was a Chinese anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement which grew out of student protests in Beijing on May 4, 1919. Students gathered in front of Tiananmen (The Gate of Heavenly Peace) to protest the Chines ...
erupts in China as a result of the decision at the Paris Peace Conference to transfer former German concessions in
Jiaozhou Bay
The Jiaozhou Bay (; german: Kiautschou Bucht, ) is a bay located in the prefecture-level city of Qingdao (Tsingtau), China.
The bay has historically been romanized as Kiaochow, Kiauchau or Kiao-Chau in English and Kiautschou in German.
Geogra ...
to Japan rather than return sovereign authority to China.
** The
League of Red Cross Societies
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is a worldwide humanitarian aid organization that reaches 160 million people each year through its 192-member National Societies. It acts before, during and after disas ...
is formed in Paris.
*
May 6
Events Pre-1600
* 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance.
* 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Sp ...
– The
Third Anglo-Afghan War
The Third Anglo-Afghan War; fa, جنگ سوم افغان-انگلیس), also known as the Third Afghan War, the British-Afghan War of 1919, or in Afghanistan as the War of Independence, began on 6 May 1919 when the Emirate of Afghanistan inv ...
begins.
*
May 8 –
Edward George Honey
Edward George Honey (18 September 1885 – 25 August 1922) was an Australian journalist who suggested the idea of Moment of silence, five minutes of silence in a letter to a London newspaper in May 1919, about 6 months before the first observanc ...
proposes a moment of silence to commemorate the
Armistice
An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, as it may constitute only a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from the ...
of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
.
*
May 8–
27 –
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...
Curtiss flying boat NC-4
The NC-4 was a Curtiss NC flying boat that was the first aircraft to fly across the Atlantic Ocean, albeit not non-stop. The NC designation was derived from the collaborative efforts of the Navy (N) and Curtiss (C). The NC series flying boats w ...
, commanded by
Albert Cushing Read, makes the first
transatlantic flight
A transatlantic flight is the flight of an aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe, Africa, South Asia, or the Middle East to North America, Central America, or South America, or ''vice versa''. Such flights have been made by fixed-wing air ...
, from
Naval Air Station Rockaway
Naval Air Station Rockaway adjoined Fort Tilden on the western portion of the Rockaway Peninsula in the New York City borough of Queens. It was established on transferred municipal property in 1917 during American involvement in World War I.
T ...
to
Lisbon via
Trepassey,
Newfoundland (departs
May 16) and the
Azores
)
, motto =( en, "Rather die free than subjected in peace")
, anthem= ( en, "Anthem of the Azores")
, image_map=Locator_map_of_Azores_in_EU.svg
, map_alt=Location of the Azores within the European Union
, map_caption=Location of the Azores wi ...
(arrives
May 17
Events Pre-1600
*1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
*1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
* 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Flo ...
). (On
May 30–
31 it flies on to
Plymouth in England.)
*
May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
*1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
– In Belgium, a new electoral law introduces
universal manhood suffrage
Universal manhood suffrage is a form of voting rights in which all adult male citizens within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification. It is sometimes summarized by the slo ...
and gives the franchise to certain classes of women.
*
May 14
Events Pre-1600
*1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
* 1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
*1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and force ...
– The
University College of Wales, Aberystwyth
, mottoeng = A world without knowledge is no world at all
, established = 1872 (as ''The University College of Wales'')
, former_names = University of Wales, Aberystwyth
, type = Public
, endowment = ...
, establishes probably the world's first chair in
International Politics, endowed by
David Davies and his sisters in honour of
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
, with
Alfred Eckhard Zimmern
Sir Alfred Eckhard Zimmern (26 January 1879–24 November 1957) was an English classical scholar, historian, and political scientist writing on international relations. A British policymaker during World War I and a prominent liberal thinker, Z ...
as first professor.
*
May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
**
Greek landing at Smyrna
The Greek landing at Smyrna ( el, Ελληνική απόβαση στη Σμύρνη; tr, İzmir'in İşgali, Occupation of İzmir) was a military operation by Greek forces starting on May 15, 1919 which involved landing troops in the city of S ...
: The
Hellenic Army
The Hellenic Army ( el, Ελληνικός Στρατός, Ellinikós Stratós, sometimes abbreviated as ΕΣ), formed in 1828, is the land force of Greece. The term ''Hellenic'' is the endogenous synonym for ''Greek''. The Hellenic Army is th ...
lands at
Smyrna
Smyrna ( ; grc, Σμύρνη, Smýrnē, or , ) was a Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence, and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to promi ...
assisted by ships of the British
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against ...
.
** A law providing for full
women's suffrage
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...
in the
Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
is introduced.
**
Winnipeg general strike: Workers in
Winnipeg
Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, near the longitudinal centre of North America. , Winnipeg had a city population of 749, ...
, Canada launch a strike for better wages and working conditions.
*
May 17
Events Pre-1600
*1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
*1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
* 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Flo ...
– The Committee of One Thousand forms to oppose the
Winnipeg general strike.
*
May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
*1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
*1445 &nda ...
**
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk lands at
Samsun
Samsun, historically known as Sampsounta ( gr, Σαμψούντα) and Amisos (Ancient Greek: Αμισός), is a city on the north coast of Turkey and is a major Black Sea port. In 2021, Samsun recorded a population of 710,000 people. The cit ...
on the
Anatolia
Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The ...
n
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...
coast, marking the start of the
Turkish War of Independence
The Turkish War of Independence "War of Liberation", also known figuratively as ''İstiklâl Harbi'' "Independence War" or ''Millî Mücadele'' "National Struggle" (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns waged by th ...
. The anniversary of this event is also an official day of Turkish Youth.
** Volcano
Kelud
The Kelud ( jv, ꦏꦼꦭꦸꦢ꧀, Kelud, sometimes spelled as ''Klut'', ''Cloot'', ''Kloet'', ''Kloete'', ''Keloed'' or ''Kelut'') is an active stratovolcano located in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. Like many Indonesian volcanoes and others on ...
erupts in
Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mos ...
, killing about 5,000.
*
May 23
Events Pre-1600
* 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction.
*1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.
* 1533 – The marriage of King Henry VI ...
– The
University of California
The University of California (UC) is a public land-grant research university system in the U.S. state of California. The system is composed of the campuses at Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Merced, Riverside, San Diego, San Franci ...
opens its second campus in Los Angeles. Initially called
Southern Branch of the University of California
The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public land-grant research university in Los Angeles, California. UCLA's academic roots were established in 1881 as a teachers college then known as the southern branch of the California St ...
(SBUC), it is eventually renamed the
University of California, Los Angeles
The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public land-grant research university in Los Angeles, California. UCLA's academic roots were established in 1881 as a teachers college then known as the southern branch of the California S ...
(UCLA).
*
May 25
Events Pre-1600
* 567 BC – Servius Tullius, the king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.
*240 BC – First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile takes Tol ...
–
Estonian War of Independence
The Estonian War of Independence ( et, Vabadussõda, literally "Freedom War"), also known as the Estonian Liberation War, was a defensive campaign of the Estonian Army and its allies, most notably the United Kingdom, against the Bolshevik westw ...
:
Estonia
Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
n forces capture
Pskov from the
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
, and soon hand it over to the
White forces.
*
May 27
**
Fyodor Raskolnikov
Fyodor Fyodorovich Raskolnikov (russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Раскольников; (28 January 1892, Saint Petersburg, Russia – 12 September 1939, Nice, France),Zalessky K.A. ''Stalin Imperia'' Moscow, ''Veche'', 2002 citing by re ...
is exchanged for 14 British prisoners of war.
** Siege of
Spin Boldak
Spin Boldak ( ps, سپین بولدک) is a border town and the headquarters of Spin Boldak District in the southern Kandahar province of Afghanistan, next to the border with Pakistan. It is linked by a highway with the city of Kandahar to the n ...
(
Third Anglo-Afghan War
The Third Anglo-Afghan War; fa, جنگ سوم افغان-انگلیس), also known as the Third Afghan War, the British-Afghan War of 1919, or in Afghanistan as the War of Independence, began on 6 May 1919 when the Emirate of Afghanistan inv ...
). This is the last time the
British Army
The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...
uses an
escalade
{{Unreferenced, date=May 2007
Escalade is the act of scaling defensive walls or ramparts with the aid of ladders. Escalade was a prominent feature of sieges in ancient and medieval warfare, and though it is no longer common in modern warfare ...
.
*
May 29
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
* 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
**
Eddington experiment
The Eddington experiment was an observational test of general relativity, organised by the British astronomers Frank Watson Dyson and Arthur Stanley Eddington in 1919. The observations were of the Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, total solar eclip ...
:
Einstein's theory of
general relativity
General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics ...
is tested by
Arthur Eddington's observation of the "bending of light" during a total
solar eclipse in
Príncipe
Príncipe is the smaller, northern major island of the country of São Tomé and Príncipe lying off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea. It has an area of (including offshore islets) and a population of 7,324 at the 2012 Census; , and by
Andrew Crommelin in
Sobral, Ceará
Sobral is a municipality in the state of Ceará, Brazil.
Sobral is the fifth largest municipality of Ceará, after Fortaleza. Its economy is based on agriculture, services and some manufacturing industries. The city has two public universitie ...
, Brazil (confirmed
November 19
Events Pre-1600
* 461 – Libius Severus is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire. The real power is in the hands of the ''magister militum'' Ricimer.
* 636 – The Rashidun Caliphate defeats the Sasanian Empire at the Batt ...
).
** The
Republic of Prekmurje
The Republic of Prekmurje ( hu, Vendvidéki Köztársaság, Mura Köztársaság; sl, Murska Republika, Republika Prekmurje; Prekmurje Slovene: ''Reszpublika Szlovenszka okroglina'', ''Mörszka Reszpublika'') was an unrecognized state in Prek ...
formally declares independence from
Hungary
Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the ...
.
*
May 30 – By agreement with the United Kingdom, later confirmed by the
League of Nations
The League of Nations (french: link=no, Société des Nations ) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ...
, Belgium is given the
mandate over part of
German East Africa (
Ruanda-Urundi).
June
![Council of Four Versailles](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Big_four.jpg)
*
June
June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the second of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the third of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. June contains the summer solstice in ...
–
Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, along with his father John W. Bascom at
Lethbridge,
Alberta
Alberta ( ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is part of Western Canada and is one of the three prairie provinces. Alberta is bordered by British Columbia to the west, Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Ter ...
, Canada, designs and makes rodeo's first reverse-opening side-delivery bucking chute, which becomes the world standard.
*
June 2
Events Pre-1600
* 455 – Sack of Rome: Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks.
* 1098 – First Crusade: The first Siege of Antioch ends as Crusader forces take the city; the second siege began five days later. 1601 ...
–
1919 United States anarchist bombings
The 1919 United States anarchist bombings were a series of bombings and attempted bombings carried out by followers of the Italian anarchist Luigi Galleani from April through June 1919.
These bombings were one of the major factors contributin ...
: Eight mail bombs are sent to prominent figures.
*
June 4
Events Pre-1600
*1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries.
* 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
–
Women's rights
Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide. They formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the 19th century and the feminist movements during the 20th and 21st centuries. In some countries, ...
: The
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...
approves the
19th Amendment to the United States Constitution
19 (nineteen) is the natural number following 18 and preceding 20. It is a prime number.
Mathematics
19 is the eighth prime number, and forms a sexy prime with 13, a twin prime with 17, and a cousin prime with 23. It is the third full re ...
, which would guarantee
suffrage to women, and sends it to the states for ratification.
*
June 5 –
Estonian and
Latvian Wars of Independence: The advancing pro-German ''
Baltische Landeswehr
The Baltic Landwehr or ("Baltic Territorial Army") was the name of the unified armed forces of Couronian and Livonian nobility from 7 December 1918 to 3 July 1919.
Command structure
The Landeswehr was subordinated to the German VI Reser ...
'' initiates war against
Estonia
Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
in Northern
Latvia.
*
June 6 – The Hungarian Red Army attacks the
Republic of Prekmurje
The Republic of Prekmurje ( hu, Vendvidéki Köztársaság, Mura Köztársaság; sl, Murska Republika, Republika Prekmurje; Prekmurje Slovene: ''Reszpublika Szlovenszka okroglina'', ''Mörszka Reszpublika'') was an unrecognized state in Prek ...
.
*
June 7
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire).
* 879 – Pope John VIII recognizes the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state.
* 1002 – Henr ...
** ''
Sette Giugno
Sette Giugno (from Italian for "Seventh of June") is a Maltese national holiday celebrated annually on 7 June. It commemorates events which occurred on that day in 1919 when, following a series of riots by the Maltese population, British troops ...
'' on Malta: British troops fire on a mob protesting against the colonial government, killing four.
**
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
:
Counteroffensive of Eastern Front
The Eastern Front counteroffensive (April–July 1919) was an episode of the Russian Civil War.
Background
In 1917, the Russian Bolshevik Party staged a revolution against Alexander Kerensky's Provisional Government that led to a civil war. D ...
: The Red army captures the city of
Birsk
Birsk (russian: Бирск; ba, Бөрө, ''Börö''; tt-Cyrl, Бөре, ''Böre'') is a town in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, located on the right bank of the Belaya River, from Ufa, the capital of the republic. Population:
Histor ...
from the
White forces.
*
June 9
Events Pre-1600
*411 BC – The Athenian coup succeeds, forming a short-lived oligarchy.
* 53 – The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia.
* 68 – Nero dies by suicide after quoting Vergil's ''Aeneid'', thus ending th ...
–
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
:
Counteroffensive of Eastern Front
The Eastern Front counteroffensive (April–July 1919) was an episode of the Russian Civil War.
Background
In 1917, the Russian Bolshevik Party staged a revolution against Alexander Kerensky's Provisional Government that led to a civil war. D ...
: The Red army recaptures the city of
Ufa
Ufa ( ba, Өфө , Öfö; russian: Уфа́, r=Ufá, p=ʊˈfa) is the largest city and capital city, capital of Bashkortostan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Belaya River (Kama), Belaya and Ufa River, Ufa rivers, in the centre-n ...
*
June 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1158 – The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar.
* 1216 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soon ...
–
15 – A
Vickers Vimy
The Vickers Vimy was a British heavy bomber aircraft developed and manufactured by Vickers Limited. Developed during the latter stages of the First World War to equip the Royal Flying Corps (RFC), the Vimy was designed by Reginald Kirshaw "Rex" ...
piloted by British aviator
John Alcock, with navigator
Arthur Whitten Brown
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Arthur Whitten Brown, (23 July 1886 – 4 October 1948) was a British military officer and aviator who flew as navigator of the first successful non-stop transatlantic flight with pilot John Alcock in June 1919.
Biogr ...
, makes the first
nonstop transatlantic flight, from
St. John's, Newfoundland
St. John's is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, located on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland.
The city spans and is the easternmost city in North America ...
, to
Clifden
Clifden (, meaning "stepping stones") is a coastal town in County Galway, Ireland, in the region of Connemara, located on the Owenglin River where it flows into Clifden Bay. As the largest town in the region, it is often referred to as "the Capi ...
,
Connemara
Connemara (; )( ga, Conamara ) is a region on the Atlantic coast of western County Galway, in the west of Ireland. The area has a strong association with traditional Irish culture and contains much of the Connacht Irish-speaking Gaeltacht, ...
, Ireland.
*
June 15
Events Pre-1600
* 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history.
* 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II.
* 923 – Battle of So ...
–
Pancho Villa
Francisco "Pancho" Villa (, Orozco rebelled in March 1912, both for Madero's continuing failure to enact land reform and because he felt insufficiently rewarded for his role in bringing the new president to power. At the request of Madero's c ...
attacks
Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. When the bullets begin to fly to the American side of the border, two units of the United States
7th Cavalry Regiment
The 7th Cavalry Regiment is a United States Army cavalry regiment formed in 1866. Its official nickname is "Garryowen", after the Irish air " Garryowen" that was adopted as its march tune.
The regiment participated in some of the largest ba ...
cross the border, to push Villa's forces from American territory.
* June 17 – Epsom Riot by Canadian troops: English Police Sergeant Thomas Green is killed.
* June 18 – The second most popular Association football, football club in Costa Rica, Liga Deportiva Alajuelense, is founded.
* July 1 –
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: Perm Operation (1918–19) begins on the Siberian Front: The 2nd and 3rd armies of Soviet Russia recapture the city of Perm, Russia, Perm.
*
June 20–June 25, 25 –
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
, Southern Front: The White Volunteer Army defeats the exhausted Red forces in the Kharkiv Operation (June 1919), Kharkiv Operation, capturing the industrial city of Kharkiv.
* June 21
** Winnipeg General Strike, Bloody Saturday of the
Winnipeg general strike: Royal North-West Mounted Police fire a volley of bullets into a crowd of unemployed war veterans, killing two.
** Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow: Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttles the German fleet interned at Scapa Flow, Scotland; nine German sailors are killed.
* June 23 –
Estonian and
Latvian Wars of Independence – Battle of Cēsis (1919), Battle of Cēsis: The Estonian army defeats the pro-German ''
Baltische Landeswehr
The Baltic Landwehr or ("Baltic Territorial Army") was the name of the unified armed forces of Couronian and Livonian nobility from 7 December 1918 to 3 July 1919.
Command structure
The Landeswehr was subordinated to the German VI Reser ...
'' in northern
Latvia, forcing it to retreat towards Riga; the event is celebrated subsequently as Victory Day in Estonia.
* June 26 – British Foreign Office official St John Philby and T. E. Lawrence arrive in Cairo for discussions about Arab unrest in
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...
, having been flown by Canadian pilot Harry Yates (pilot), Harry Yates in a Handley Page bomber which set off from England on June 21.
* June 28
** The Treaty of Versailles is signed, formally ending
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
.
[ John Maynard Keynes, who had been present at the conference and is unhappy with the terms of the treaty, brings out his own analysis later in the year, entitled ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace''.
** The International Labour Organization (ILO) is established as an agency of the ]League of Nations
The League of Nations (french: link=no, Société des Nations ) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ...
.
July
* July 2 – The Syrian National Congress in Damascus: Arab nationalists announce independence.
* July 2–July 6, 6 – British airship R34 (airship), R34 makes the first transatlantic flight by dirigible, and the first westbound flight, from RAF East Fortune, Scotland, to Mineola, New York.
* July 3
** Estonian and Latvian Wars of Independence: The pro-German ''Baltische Landeswehr
The Baltic Landwehr or ("Baltic Territorial Army") was the name of the unified armed forces of Couronian and Livonian nobility from 7 December 1918 to 3 July 1919.
Command structure
The Landeswehr was subordinated to the German VI Reser ...
'' signs a peace treaty with Estonia
Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
and Latvia. The pro-German Prime Minister of Latvia Andrievs Niedra resigns, and Latvian forces take over Riga on July 8.
** Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
, Southern Front: General Anton Denikin
Anton Ivanovich Denikin (russian: Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин, link= ; 16 December Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._4_December.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New St ...
of the White Volunteer Army proclaims Directive No. 08878 (the Moscow Directive), defining the operational and strategic target of the White Guard armies, to seize Moscow at this time controlled by the Bolsheviks, beginning the Advance on Moscow (1919).
* July 5–July 20, 20 – Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
, Eastern or Siberian Front, Ekaterinburg Operation: The Red Army captures the city of Ekaterinburg in the Ural mountains
The Ural Mountains ( ; rus, Ура́льские го́ры, r=Uralskiye gory, p=ʊˈralʲskʲɪjə ˈɡorɨ; ba, Урал тауҙары) or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western ...
from the White rule of Admiral Alexander Kolchak.
* July 7 – The United States Army sends a convoy across the continental U.S., starting in Washington, D.C., to assess the possibility of crossing North America by road. This crossing takes many months to complete, because the building of the U.S. Highway System has not commenced.
* July 11 – The eight-hour day and free Sunday become law for workers in the Netherlands.
* July 19 – The Foreign Ministry of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic is established, by decree of the chancellory for foreign affairs.
* July 21 – Wingfoot Air Express crash: The dirigible ''Wingfoot Air Express'' catches fire over downtown Chicago. Two passengers, one aircrewman and ten people on the ground are killed; however, two people parachute to the ground safely.
* July 27 – The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 begins when a white man throws stones at a group of four black teens on a raft.
* July 28 – The International Astronomical Union is founded in Paris, France.
* July 31 – British police strikes in 1918 and 1919, British police strikes in London and Liverpool for recognition of the National Union of Police and Prison Officers; over 2,000 strikers are dismissed.
August
* August 1 – Béla Kun
Béla Kun (born Béla Kohn; 20 February 1886 – 29 August 1938) was a Hungarian communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. After attending Franz Joseph University at Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napo ...
's Hungarian Soviet Republic
The Socialist Federative Republic of Councils in Hungary ( hu, Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság) (due to an early mistranslation, it became widely known as the Hungarian Soviet Republic in English-language sources ( ...
collapses.
* August 3 – The Romanian army liberates Timișoara from Hungarian occupation.
* August 4 – The Romanian army occupies Budapest.
* August 8 – The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, signed in Rawalpindi, ends the Third Anglo-Afghan War
The Third Anglo-Afghan War; fa, جنگ سوم افغان-انگلیس), also known as the Third Afghan War, the British-Afghan War of 1919, or in Afghanistan as the War of Independence, began on 6 May 1919 when the Emirate of Afghanistan inv ...
, with the United Kingdom recognising the right of the Emirate of Afghanistan to manage its own foreign affairs and Afghanistan recognising the Durand Line as the border with British India.
* August 11 – In Germany, the Weimar Constitution is proclaimed to be in effect (ratified).
* August 14–September 12 – Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
, Southern Front: A Southern Front counteroffensive, failed attack of the Red army against the White Volunteer Army of Anton Denikin
Anton Ivanovich Denikin (russian: Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин, link= ; 16 December Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._4_December.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New St ...
.
* August 16–August 26, 26 – First Silesian Uprising: Poles in Upper Silesia rise against the Germans.
* August 18 – Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: North Russia intervention – The Bolshevik fleet at Kronstadt, protecting Petrograd on the Baltic Sea, is substantially damaged by British Royal Navy Coastal Motor Boats (torpedo boats) and military aircraft in a combined operation.
* August 21 – Friedrich Ebert
Friedrich Ebert (; 4 February 187128 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the first president of Germany from 1919 until his death in office in 1925.
Ebert was elected leader of the SPD on t ...
becomes the first president in Germany.
* August 27 – South African Prime Minister Louis Botha dies in office.
* August 24–September 12 – Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: Counteroffensive of Southern Front – The Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
commanded by Vladimir Yegoryev attacks the White Movement, White forces of General Anton Denikin
Anton Ivanovich Denikin (russian: Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин, link= ; 16 December Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._4_December.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New St ...
but is defeated.
* August 29 – Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: The Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
captures Pskov from White forces.
* August 31 –
**The American Communist Party is established.
** Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
, Southern Front: the city of Kyiv
Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe.
Kyi ...
is captured by the White Army
The White Army (russian: Белая армия, Belaya armiya) or White Guard (russian: Бѣлая гвардія/Белая гвардия, Belaya gvardiya, label=none), also referred to as the Whites or White Guardsmen (russian: Бѣлогв ...
.
September
* September 1–October 2 – Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
, Siberian Front: Admiral Alexander Kolchak launches his final offensive in the Tobolsk operation, defeating the Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
.
* September 3 – Jan Smuts becomes the second Prime Minister of South Africa, prime minister of Union of South Africa, South Africa.
* September 6 – The U.S. Army expedition across North America, which started July 7, ends in San Francisco.
* September 10–September 15, 15 – The 1919 Florida Keys hurricane, Florida Keys hurricane kills 600 in the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and Texas.
* September 10 – The Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed, ending World War I with Austria-Hungary and declaring that the latter's empire is to be dissolved. The Republic of German-Austria becomes the First Austrian Republic but retains less than 40% of the prewar imperial territory.
* September 12
** Gabriele D'Annunzio, with his entourage, marches into Fiume and convinces Italian troops to join him.
** First gold fixing takes place in London.
* September 17 – German South West Africa is placed under South African administration.
* September 18–November 14 – Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
, Western Front: Battle of Petrograd: The White general Nikolai Yudenich approaches the city of Saint Petersburg with 18,500 soldiers, but is defeated by the defense organized by Leon Trotsky.
* September 21 – The Steel strike of 1919 begins across the United States.
* September 27 – Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: The last British Army troops leave Arkhangelsk and leave the fighting to the Russians.
* September 30 – Elaine massacre: An estimated 100 to 800 African Americans are killed in Elaine, Arkansas, by white mobs and vigilante militias assisted by federal troops in "the deadliest racial confrontation in Arkansas history and possibly the bloodiest racial conflict in the history of the United States".
October
* October 2 – President of the United States Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
suffers a serious stroke, rendering him an invalid for the remainder of his life.
* October 7 – The Dutch airline KLM is founded (as of 2022, it is the world's List of airlines by foundation date, oldest airline still flying under its original name).
* October 9 – In Major League Baseball, the Cincinnati Reds win the 1919 World Series, World Series, five games to three, over the Chicago White Sox, whose players are later found to have Black Sox Scandal, lost intentionally.
* October 10 – Estonia
Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
adopts a radical land reform, nationalizing 97% of agrarian lands, mostly still belonging to the Baltic German nobility.
* October 11–November 18 – Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
, Southern Front: The Red army defeat the white army in the Orel–Kursk operation, recapturing the cities and stopping the white's offensive to Moscow.
* October 13 – The Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation is signed, in Paris, France.
* October 13–November 16 – Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
, Southern Front: Using massive cavalry forces, The Red army threatened the flank of the white army in the Voronezh–Kastornoye operation (1919).
* October 16
** In Weimar Republic, Germany, Adolf Hitler gives his first speech for the German Workers' Party
The German Workers' Party (german: Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, DAP) was a short-lived far-right political party established in Weimar Germany after World War I. It was the precursor of the Nazi Party, which was officially known as the National Soc ...
(DAP).
** The historic Condado Vanderbilt Hotel is inaugurated, in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
* October 26 – 1919 Luxembourg general election, the first in the duchy with female suffrage, following constitutional amendments of May 15.
* October 28 – Prohibition in the United States: The United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...
passes the Volstead Act, over President Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
's veto. Prohibition goes into effect on January 17, 1920, under the provisions of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution.
November
* November 1 – The First Red Scare#Coal Strike of 1919, Coal Strike of 1919 begins in the United States, by the United Mine Workers under John L. Lewis; a final agreement is reached on December 10.
* November 7
** The first of the Palmer Raids is conducted on the second anniversary of the Russian Revolution; over 10,000 suspected communists and anarchists are arrested in 23 different U.S. cities.
**Inspired by Cape Town's daily Noon Gun Three Minute Pause, King George V institutes the Two-minute silence, Two Minute Silence, following a suggestion by James Percy FitzPatrick, Sir Percy Fitzpatrick, to be observed annually at Armistice Day, the Eleventh Hour of the Eleventh Day of the Eleventh Month.[Royal Canadian Legion Branch # 13]
"2-Minute Wave of Silence" Revives a Time-honoured Tradition
Accessed on 5 June 2014.
* November 9 – Felix the Cat debuts in ''Feline Follies''.
* November 10–November 12, 12 – The first national convention of the American Legion is held in Minneapolis.
* November 10 – ''Abrams v. United States'': The Supreme Court of the United States upholds the conviction Abrams for inciting resistance to the war effort against Soviet Russia
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
.
* November 11
** Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
: The White Movement, Northwestern Army of General Nikolai Yudenich retreats to Estonia
Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...
and is disarmed.
** The Centralia Massacre (Washington), Centralia Massacre in Centralia, Washington (United States), originating at an Armistice Day parade, results in the deaths of four members of the American Legion and the lynching of a local leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).
** First Remembrance Day observed in the British Empire with a two-minute silence at 11:00 hours.
* November 14 – Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
, Siberian Front: Admiral Alexander Kolchak's White forces begin the Great Siberian Ice March from the cities of Omsk and Tomsk to Irkutsk, escaping from the victorious Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
.
* November 16 – After Entente cordiale, Entente pressure, Romanian forces withdraw from Budapest and allow Admiral Horthy to march in.
* November 19
Events Pre-1600
* 461 – Libius Severus is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire. The real power is in the hands of the ''magister militum'' Ricimer.
* 636 – The Rashidun Caliphate defeats the Sasanian Empire at the Batt ...
– The Treaty of Versailles fails a critical ratification vote in the United States Senate. It will never be ratified by the U.S.
* November 22 – An Solar eclipse of November 22, 1919, annular solar eclipse took place at Atlantic Ocean. The greatest eclipse was 6º56'01.68" N, 48º52'42.24" W.
* November 27 – The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine is signed between the Allies of World War I, Allies and Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bulgaria.
* November 30 – Health officials declare the global 1918 flu pandemic, "Spanish" flu pandemic has ceased.
December
* December 1
** American-born Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, becomes the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, having become the second to be elected on November 28.
** XWA (modern-day CINW), in Montreal, becomes the first public radio station in North America to go on the air.
* December 3 – After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, including two collapses causing 89 deaths, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic.
* December 4 – The French Opera House in New Orleans, Louisiana is destroyed by fire.
* December 5 – The Ottoman Empire, Turkish Ministry of War releases Greeks, Armenians and Jews from Conscription, military service.
* December 10–December 16, 16 – Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
, Southern Front, Battle of Kiev (December 1919), Battle of Kiev: Kyiv
Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe.
Kyi ...
is captured by the Red Army.
* December 17 – Uruguay becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
* December 18–December 31, 31 – Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
, Southern Front: The Red army Donbas Operation (1919), captures the Donbas region from the Volunteer Army.
* December 21 – The United States deports 249 people, including Emma Goldman, to Russia on the USAT Buford, USAT ''Buford''.
* December 23 – Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 becomes law in the United Kingdom, removing legal disabilities on women entering the secular professions.
* December 25 – Cliftonhill Stadium in Coatbridge, Scotland, opens as the home of Albion Rovers F.C. They lose the opening match 2–0 to St Mirren F.C., St Mirren.
* December 26 – American baseball player Babe Ruth is traded by the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at this time, a deal made public at the beginning of January 1920.
Date unknown
* John Browning finalizes the design for the M1919 Browning machine gun (.30-06 Springfield, .30 caliber), the first widely distributed and practical air cooled medium machine gun introduced to the United States Military. It receives an official designation, and production is started in the same year.
* Hyperinflation, Severe inflation in Germany sees the German Papiermark, Papiermark rise to 47 Mark (currency), marks against the United States dollar by December, compared to 12 marks in April.
* Foundation of the Yugoslav Women's Alliance.
Births
January
* January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
** Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa, 5th Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 2006)
** Rocky Graziano, American boxer (d. 1990)
** Carole Landis, American actress (d. 1948)
** Daniil Granin, Soviet-Russian author (d. 2017)
** J. D. Salinger, American novelist (d. 2010)
* January 13 – Robert Stack, American actor (d. 2003)
* January 14
** Giulio Andreotti, Italian politician, 3-time Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2013)
** Andy Rooney, American television personality (d. 2011)
* January 15 – George Cadle Price, twice Prime Minister of Belize (1981–84 and 1989–93) (d. 2011)
* January 17 – Mingote, Spanish cartoonist (d. 2012)
* January 19
Events Pre-1600
* 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to ''Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.
* 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrend ...
** Antonio Pietrangeli, Italian film director and screenwriter (d. 1968)
** Wasfi Tal, three times Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1971)
* January 23
Events Pre-1600
* 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor.
* 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
*1264 & ...
** Hans Hass, Austrian zoologist and undersea explorer (d. 2013)
** Ernie Kovacs, American comedian (d. 1962)
** Bob Paisley, English footballer and manager (d. 1996)
* January 26
** Valentino Mazzola, Italian footballer (d. 1949)
** Hyun Soong-jong, 22nd Prime Minister of South Korea (d. 2020)
* January 27 – Ross Bagdasarian Sr., American musician and actor (''Alvin and the Chipmunks'') (d. 1972)
* January 31
Events Pre-1600
* 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades.
*1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the ...
– Jackie Robinson, African-American baseball player (d. 1972)
February
* February 2 – Carlo D'Angelo, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 1973)
* February 4 – Janet Waldo, American actress (d. 2016)
* February 5
** Red Buttons, American actor (d. 2006)
** Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (1981–89 and 1993–96) (d. 1996)
* February 11 – Eva Gabor, Hungarian actress (d. 1995)
* February 12
Events Pre-1600
*1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna.
*1429 – English forces under ...
** Forrest Tucker, American actor (d. 1986)
** Ferruccio Valcareggi, Italian football player and manager (d. 2005)
* February 13 – Tennessee Ernie Ford, American musician (d. 1991)
* February 17 – Kathleen Freeman, American film, television, voice and stage actress (d. 2001)
* February 18 – Jack Palance, American actor (d. 2006)
* February 20 – Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani, Iranian Marja (d. 2022)
* February 26 – Rie Mastenbroek, Dutch swimmer (d. 2003)
March
* March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
– Jennifer Jones, American film actress (d. 2009)
* March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 & ...
** Peter Abrahams, South African-born Jamaican novelist and journalist (d. 2017)
** Tadahito Mochinaga, Japanese stop-motion animator (d. 1999)
* March 5 – Peter Florjančič, Slovenian inventor (d. 2020)
* March 7 – M. N. Nambiar, Indian film actor (d. 2008)
* March 10
** Marion Hutton, American singer and actress (d. 1987)
** Leonor Oyarzún, First Lady of Chile (d. 2022)
* March 11
Events Pre-1600
* 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
* 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the ven ...
– Kira Golovko, Russian actress (d. 2017)
* March 15
Events Pre-1600
*474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce.
* 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place.
* 493 – Odo ...
– Lawrence Tierney, American actor (d. 2002)
* March 17
Events Pre-1600
* 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda.
* 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ei ...
** Nat King Cole, African-American singer (d. 1965)
** Mad Mike Hoare, Indian-born British mercenary of Irish parentage (d. 2020)
* March 18 – Santiago Álvarez (filmmaker), Santiago Álvarez, Cuban filmmaker (d. 1998)
* March 19 – Abdullah Tariki, Saudi politician and government official (d. 1997)
* March 20 – Gerhard Barkhorn, German World War II fighter ace (d. 1983)
* March 24 – Lawrence Ferlinghetti, American poet and publisher (d. 2021)
* March 26
Events Pre-1600
* 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
– B. J. Khatal-Patil, Indian politician (d. 2019)
April
* April 1
** Joseph Murray, American surgeon, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012)
** Jeannie Rousseau, French Allied intelligence agent (d. 2017)
* April 5 – Lester James Peries, Sri Lankan director, screenwriter and producer (d. 2018)
* April 8 – Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (1967–79) (d. 2007)
* April 13 – Howard Keel, American singer and actor (d. 2004)
* April 18 – Esther Afua Ocloo, Ghanaian entrepreneur, pioneer of microlending (d. 2002)
* April 19 – Gloria Marín, Mexican actress (d. 1983)
* April 21
** André Bettencourt, French politician (d. 2007)
** Licio Gelli, Italian financer (d. 2015)
* April 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
* 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
*1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern h ...
– Donald J. Cram, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001)
* April 24
** Glafcos Clerides, Cypriot president (1993–2003) (d. 2013)
** César Manrique, Spanish artist, sculptor, architect and activist (d. 1992)
** Yi Hae-won, South Korean princess (d. 2020)
May
* May 1
Events Pre-1600
* 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor.
* 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
*1169 – N ...
** Manna Dey, Indian playback singer (d. 2013)
** Mohammed Karim Lamrani, Prime Minister of Morocco (d. 2018)
** Dan O'Herlihy, Irish film actor (d. 2005)
* May 3
Events Pre-1600
* 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne.
* 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties.
...
– Pete Seeger, American folk singer and musician (d. 2014)
* May 5 – Georgios Papadopoulos, President of Greece and Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1999)
* May 7 – Eva Perón, wife of Argentine President Juan Perón (d. 1952)
* May 8 – Lex Barker, American actor (d. 1973)
* May 10 – Atmasthananda, Indian Hindu leader (d. 2017)
* May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
– Eugenia Charles, 3rd Prime Minister of Dominica (d. 2005)
* May 16 – Liberace, American pianist, singer and actor (d. 1987)
* May 17
Events Pre-1600
*1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
*1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
* 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Flo ...
– Antonio Aguilar, Mexican singer and actor (d. 2007)
* May 18 – Margot Fonteyn, English ballet dancer (d. 1991)
* May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
*1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
*1445 &nda ...
** Arvid Andersson (weightlifter), Arvid Andersson, Swedish weightlifter (d. 2011)
** Mitja Ribičič, Slovene politician, 25th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (d. 2013)
* May 21 – Vera Altayskaya, Soviet actress (d. 1978)
* May 22 – Paul Vanden Boeynants, twice Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2001)
* May 23
Events Pre-1600
* 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction.
*1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.
* 1533 – The marriage of King Henry VI ...
– Betty Garrett, American actress and dancer (d. 2011)
* May 25
Events Pre-1600
* 567 BC – Servius Tullius, the king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.
*240 BC – First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile takes Tol ...
– Raymond Smullyan, American mathematician, logician and philosopher (d. 2017)
* May 30 – René Barrientos, 47th President of Bolivia (d. 1969)
June
* June 5 – Veikko Huhtanen, Finnish artistic gymnast (d. 1976)
* June 8
Events Pre-1600
* 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
* 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern province ...
– Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, 2nd President and 3rd Prime Minister of Somalia (d. 1969)
* June 12 – Ahmed Abdallah, President of the Comoros (d. 1989)
* June 16 – V. T. Sambanthan, Malaysian politician (d. 1979)
* June 19 – Pál Fábry, Hungarian politician (d. 2018)
* June 21
** K. R. Gowri Amma, Indian politician (d. 2021)
** Tsilla Chelton, French actress (d. 2012)
* June 23
** Mohamed Boudiaf, 4th President of Algeria (d. 1992)
** Hermann Gmeiner, Austrian educator (d. 1986)
* June 27 – Amala Shankar, Indian danseuse (d. 2020)
* June 29 – Slim Pickens, American film and television actor (d. 1983)
July
* July 1
** Malik Dohan al-Hassan, Iraqi politician (d. 2021)
** Mikhail Shultz, Soviet and Russian physical chemist (d. 2006)
** Arnold Meri, Estonian colonel (d. 2009)
* July 3 – Gabriel Valdés, Chilean politician, lawyer and diplomat (d. 2011)
* July 4 – Gerd Hagman, Swedish actress (d. 2011)
* July 8 – Walter Scheel, President of Germany (d. 2016)
* July 10 – Pierre Gamarra, French poet, novelist and literary critic (d. 2009)
* July 13 – Grisha Filipov, leading member of the Bulgarian communist party (d. 1994)
* July 14 – Lino Ventura, Italian actor (d. 1987)
* July 15 – Iris Murdoch, British novelist and philosopher (d. 1999)
* July 16
** Choi Kyu-hah, 19th Prime Minister of South Korea and 4th President of South Korea (d. 2006)
** Hermine Braunsteiner, Austrian SS officer (d. 1999)
* July 18 – Lilia Dale, Italian actress
* July 19 – Patricia Medina, English-born actress (d. 2012)
* July 20 – Edmund Hillary, Sir Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer, conqueror of Mount Everest (d. 2008)
* July 24
** Asadollah Alam, Iranian politician, 40th Prime Minister of Iran (d. 1978)
** Ferdinand Kübler, Swiss racing cyclist (d. 2016)
* July 26 – James Lovelock, English biologist and chemist (d. 2022)
* July 31
** Maurice Boitel, French painter (d. 2007)
** Primo Levi, Italian chemist and writer (d. 1987)
August
* August 2
** Nehemiah Persoff, Israeli-American character actor (d. 2022)
** Carlo Savina, Italian composer and conductor (d. 2002)
* August 4 – Michel Déon, French writer (d. 2016)
* August 8
** Dino De Laurentiis, Italian film producer (d. 2010)
** Hau Pei-tsun, Premier of the Republic of China (d. 2020)
* August 9 – Joop den Uyl, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1973 to 1977 (d. 1987)
* August 11 – Ginette Neveu, French violinist (d. 1949)
* August 12 – Margaret Burbidge, English-American astrophysicist and academic (d. 2020)
* August 13 – George Shearing, Anglo-American jazz pianist (d. 2011)
* August 15 – Dina Wadia, Indian political figure (d. 2017)
* August 20 – Adamantios Androutsopoulos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2000)
* August 24 – Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy, 31st President of Ecuador (d. 2004)
* August 25 – George Wallace, American politician, 45th Governor of Alabama (d. 1998)
* August 28 – Godfrey Hounsfield, English electrical engineer and inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
* August 30
** Maurice Hilleman, American microbiologist and vaccinologist (d. 2005)
** Joachim Rønneberg, Norwegian war veteran (d. 2018)
** Wolfgang Wagner, German opera director (d. 2010)
** Kitty Wells, American country music singer (d. 2012)
* August 31 – Amrita Pritam, Indian poet and author (d. 2005)
September
* September 2 – Marge Champion, American actress (d. 2020)
* September 8
** Maria Lassnig, American painter (d. 2014)
** Meda Mládková, Czech art collector (d. 2022)
* September 9
** Barbara Fiske Calhoun, American cartoonist in WWII and artist; co-founded Quarry Hill Creative Center, where she taught art for many years (d. 2014).
**Pyotr Braiko, Soviet soldier (d. 2018)
* September 11
**Ota Šik, Czech economist and politician (d. 2004)
**Daphne Odjig, Canadian artist (d. 2016)
* September 13
** Olle Anderberg, Swedish wrestler (d. 2003)
** Mary Midgley, English philosopher (d. 2018)
* September 15 – Fausto Coppi, Italian cyclist (d. 1960)
* September 18 – Pál Losonczi, Hungarian politician (d. 2005)
* September 21
** Mario Bunge, Argentine philosopher and physicist (d. 2020)
** Fazlur Rahman Malik, Pakistani Islamic scholar (d. 1988)
* September 26 – Matilde Camus, Spanish poet and researcher (d. 2012)
* September 27
** Jayne Meadows, American actress (d. 2015)
** James H. Wilkinson, English mathematician (d. 1986)
* September 29 – Margot Hielscher, German singer and film actress (d. 2017)
October
* October 3 – James M. Buchanan, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)
* October 5 – Donald Pleasence, English actor (d. 1995)
* October 6 – Siad Barre, President of Somalia (d. 1995)
* October 7 – Zelman Cowen, Governor-General of Australia (d. 2011)
* October 8 – Kiichi Miyazawa, 49th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2007)
* October 11 – Art Blakey, American jazz drummer (d. 1990)
* October 14 – Edward L. Feightner, United States Navy officer (d. 2020)
* October 16 – Kathleen Winsor, American writer (d. 2003)
* October 17
** Isaak Khalatnikov, Ukrainian-Russian physicist and academic (d. 2021)
** Zhao Ziyang, Premier of the People's Republic of China (d. 2005)
* October 18
** Anita O'Day, American jazz singer (d. 2006)
** Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2000)
** Orlando Drummond, Brazilian stage, television and film actor (d. 2021)
* October 22
** Abdulrahim Abby Farah, Somali diplomat and politician (d. 2018)
** Doris Lessing, Persian-born English writer, winner of Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2013)
* October 23 – Manolis Andronikos, Greek archaeologist (d. 1992)
* October 26
** Ashraf Pahlavi, Princess Ashraf of Iran (d. 2016)
** Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (d. 1980)
* October 30 – Stane Kavčič, Prime Minister of Slovenia (d. 1987)
* October 31 – Tong Siv Eng, Cambodian politician (d. 2001)
November
* November 1
** Hermann Bondi, British-Austrian mathematician and cosmologist (d. 2005)
** Russell Bannock, Canadian fighter ace (d. 2020)
* November 4 – Martin Balsam, American actor (d. 1996)
* November 6 – Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Portuguese poet and writer (d. 2004)
* November 9 – Eva Todor, Hungarian-born Brazilian actress (d. 2017)
* November 10
** Mikhail Kalashnikov, Russian firearms inventor (d. 2013)
** Moïse Tshombe, Congolese business and politician (d. 1969)
* November 18 – Andrée Borrel, French World War II heroine (d. 1944)
* November 19
Events Pre-1600
* 461 – Libius Severus is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire. The real power is in the hands of the ''magister militum'' Ricimer.
* 636 – The Rashidun Caliphate defeats the Sasanian Empire at the Batt ...
** Alan Young, British-born Canadian-American actor (d. 2016)
** Lolita Lebrón, Puerto Rican nationalist (d. 2010)
* November 21 – Gert Fredriksson, Swedish canoer (d. 2006)
* November 26
** Ryszard Kaczorowski, President of Poland (d. 2010)
** Frederik Pohl, American science fiction writer (d. 2013)
* November 28 – Keith Miller, Australian sportsman and Air force pilot (d. 2004)
December
* December 4 – I. K. Gujral, Indian politician, Prime Minister of India (d. 2012)
* December 6 – Paul de Man, Belgian-born literary critic (d. 1983)
* December 8 – Mieczysław Weinberg, Polish composer (d. 1996)
* December 9 – William Lipscomb, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)
* December 11 – Paavo Aaltonen, Finnish gymnast (d. 1962)
* December 13 – Hans-Joachim Marseille, German World War II fighter ace (d. 1942)
* December 24 – Pierre Soulages, French artist (d. 2022)
Deaths
January
* January 4 – Georg von Hertling, 7th Chancellor of Germany (German Reich), Chancellor of Germany (b. 1843)
* January 6
** Max Heindel, Christian occultist, astrologer and mystic (b. 1865)
** Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...
, 26th President of the United States
The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States ...
(b. 1858)
** Jacques Vaché, French writer, associated with Surrealism (b. 1895)
* January 8
** Peter Altenberg, Austrian writer (b. 1859)
** J. Franklin Bell, Major General of the US Army (b. 1856)
* January 10 – Wallace Clement Sabine, American physicist (b. 1868)
* January 12
Events Pre-1600
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire.
* 1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already rei ...
– Charles Wyndham (actor), Sir Charles Wyndham, British actor and theatrical manager (b. 1837), Spanish flu
* January 15
** Karl Liebknecht
Karl Paul August Friedrich Liebknecht (; 13 August 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a German socialist and anti-militarist. A member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) beginning in 1900, he was one of its deputies in the Reichstag fro ...
, German communist politician (b. 1871; assassinated)
** Rosa Luxemburg, German communist politician (b. 1871; assassinated)
* January 16 – Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, Brazilian politician, 5th President of Brazil (b. 1848), Spanish flu
* January 17
** Alexis, Prince of Bentheim and Steinfurt (b. 1881)
** Arichi Shinanojō, Japanese admiral (b. 1843)
* January 18
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later.
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
* 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chi ...
** Prince John of the United Kingdom (b. 1905)
** Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria (b. 1842)
* January 21
Events Pre-1600
* 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa.
* 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when ...
– Gojong of Korea, Gojong, first Emperor of Korea (b. 1852)
* January 22 – Carl Larsson, Swedish painter (b. 1853)
* January 24 – Ismail Qemali, Albanian politician, 1st Prime Minister of Albania and 1st President of Albania (b. 1844)
* January 27
** Endre Ady, Hungarian poet (b. 1877)
** French Ensor Chadwick, American admiral (b. 1844)
** Nikolai Iudovich Ivanov, Russian general (b. 1851)
* January 28
** Franz Mehring, German communist politician (b. 1846)
** Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia (b. 1860)
* January 31
Events Pre-1600
* 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades.
*1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the ...
– Nat Goodwin, American actor and comedian (b. 1857)
February
* February 2 – Julius Kuperjanov, Estonian military commander (b. 1894)
* February 4 – John C. Bates, American general (b. 1842)
* February 14 – Pál Luthár, Slovene teacher, cantor and writer (b. 1839)
* February 17 – Wilfrid Laurier, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, 7th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1841)
* February 20
** Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1872; assassinated)
** Augusta Lundin, Swedish fashion designer (b. 1840)
* February 21
** Kurt Eisner, German socialist revolutionary (b. 1867; assassinated)
** Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern (b. 1868)
** Mary Edwards Walker, American physician (b. 1832)
March
* March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
– Melchora Aquino, Filipino revolutionary hero (b. 1812)
* March 5 – Ernest von Koerber, Austrian politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1850)
* March 10 – Amelia Edith Huddleston Barr, American novelist (b. 1831)
* March 16 – Yakov Sverdlov, Bolshevik revolutionary and politician (b. 1885), Spanish flu
* March 26
Events Pre-1600
* 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
– Ernest Henry (explorer), Ernest Henry, British explorer (b. 1837)
April
* April 4
** Francisco Marto, Portuguese saint (b. 1908)
** William Crookes, Sir William Crookes, British chemist and physicist (b. 1832)
* April 5 – Harutiun Alpiar, Ottoman Armenian journalist and humorous writer (b. 1864)
* April 8 – Frank Winfield Woolworth, American businessman (b. 1852)
* April 9 – Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Drew, Sidney Drew, American stage and film actor (b. 1863)
* April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 140 ...
– Emiliano Zapata
Emiliano Zapata Salazar (; August 8, 1879 – April 10, 1919) was a Mexican revolutionary. He was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920, the main leader of the people's revolution in the Mexican state of Morelos, and the ins ...
, Mexican revolutionary (b. 1879)
* April 14 – Auguste-Réal Angers, Canadian judge and politician, 6th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (b. 1837)
* April 15
Events Pre-1600
* 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings.
* 1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guiscar ...
– Jane Delano, American nurse and founder of the American Red Cross Nursing Service (b. 1862)
* April 19 – Andrei Eberhardt, Russian admiral (b. 1856)
* April 20
Events Pre-1600
* 1303 – The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII.
1601–1900
*1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's Rump Parliament.
*1657 – English Admiral Robert Blake destroys ...
– Thomas Egan (gangster), Thomas Egan, American gangster (b. 1874)
* April 21 – Jules Védrines, French pre-war aviator and World War I pilot (b. 1881)
* April 23 – Prince Tsunehisa Takeda (b. 1882), Spanish flu
* April 27
** María Antonia Bandrés Elósegui, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1898)
**Anton Irv, Estonian military officer (b. 1886)
May
* May 2
Events Pre-1600
* 1194 – King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
*1230 – William de Braose is hanged by Prince Llywelyn the Great.
* 1536 – Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, is arrested and imprison ...
– Gustav Landauer, German anarchist (b. 1870; assassinated)
* May 4
Events Pre-1600
* 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''.
* 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus ar ...
– Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Slovak general, politician and astronomer (b. 1880)
* May 6
Events Pre-1600
* 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance.
* 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Sp ...
– L. Frank Baum, American author, poet, playwright, actor and independent filmmaker (''The Wizard of Oz'') (b. 1856)
* May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
*1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
– Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, Dominican political figure, 2-time President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1846)
* May 12 – D. M. Canright, American Seventh-day Adventist minister and author, later one of the church's severest critics (b. 1840)
* May 14
Events Pre-1600
*1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
* 1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
*1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and force ...
– Henry J. Heinz, American entrepreneur (b. 1844)
* May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
– Aaron Aaronsohn, Romanian-born Israeli botanist (b. 1876)
* May 21 – Victor Segalen, French naval doctor, ethnographer, archeologist, writer, poet, explorer, art-theorist, linguist and literary critic (b. 1878)
* May 25
Events Pre-1600
* 567 BC – Servius Tullius, the king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.
*240 BC – First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile takes Tol ...
– Madam C. J. Walker, African-American entrepreneur and philanthropist (b. 1867)
* May 28 – Hermann von Spaun, Austro-Hungarian admiral (b. 1833)
June
* June 1 – Caroline Still Anderson, American physician (b. 1848)
* June 5 – Eugen Leviné, German revolutionary (b. 1883; assassinated)
* June 6 – Frederic Thompson, American architect and showman (b. 1873)
* June 15
Events Pre-1600
* 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history.
* 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II.
* 923 – Battle of So ...
– Prince Francis Joseph of Braganza (b. 1879)
* June 19 – Petre P. Carp, 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1837)
* June 29
**José Gregorio Hernández, Venezuelan medician and Roman Catholic venerable (b. 1864)
**Alexander Ragoza, Russian general and Ukrainian politician (executed) (b. 1858)
* June 30 – John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, British physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1842)
July
* July 2 – Friedrich Soennecken, German entrepreneur and inventor of hole punch and ringbinder (b. 1848)
* July 10
** Edward Abeles, American actor (b. 1869)
** Jean Navarre, French World War I fighter ace (b. 1895)
* July 15 – Emil Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
* July 17 – Charles Conrad Abbott, American naturalist (b. 1848)
* July 18 – Raymonde de Laroche, French aviator, the first woman to receive an aviators license (b. 1882)
* July 21
** Eremia Grigorescu, Romanian general (b. 1863)
** Gustaf Retzius, Swedish physician and anatomist (b. 1842)
* July 26 – Edward Poynter, Sir Edward Poynter, British painter (b. 1836)
August
* August 1 – Oscar Hammerstein I, Polish-born theater impresario and composer (b. 1847)
* August 7 – Felice Abrami, Italian painter (b. 1872)
* August 9
** Ralph Albert Blakelock, American romanticist painter (b. 1847)
** Ernst Haeckel, German biologist, naturalist and philosopher (b. 1834)
** Ruggero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (b. 1857)
* August 11 – Andrew Carnegie, Scottish-born businessman and philanthropist (b. 1835)
* August 23 – Augustus George Vernon Harcourt, English chemist (b. 1834)
* August 24 – Friedrich Naumann, German politician and pastor (b. 1860)
* August 27 – Louis Botha, Boer general, statesman, 1st Prime Minister of South Africa (b. 1862)
September
* September 16 – Alfred Parland, Russian architect (b. 1842)
* September 20 – Ramón Barros Luco, 15th President of Chile (b. 1835)
* September 22 – Alajos Gáspár, Slovene writer in Hungary (b. 1848)
* September 27 – Adelina Patti, Italian opera singer (b. 1843)
* September 28 – Venancio Antonio Morin, Venezuelan military officer and politician (b. 1843).
* September 29 – Masataka Kawase, a.k.a. Kogorō Ishikawa, Japanese political activist and diplomat (b. 1840)
October
* October 1 – Princess Charlotte of Prussia, German royal (b. 1850)
* October 2 – Victorino de la Plaza, Argentinian politician, 18th President of Argentina, leader (b. 1840)
* October 6 – Ricardo Palma, Peruvian writer (b. 1833)
* October 7 – Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1856)
* October 11 – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857)
* October 18 – William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor, American financier and statesman (b. 1848)
* October 22
**W. N. P. Barbellion, English naturalist and diarist (b. 1889)
**John Cyril Porte, Irish-born British flying boat pioneer (b. 1884)
November
* November 3 – Terauchi Masatake, 9th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1852)
* November 7 – Hugo Haase, German Socialist politician and jurist (b. 1863)
* November 9 – Eduard Müller (Swiss politician), Eduard Müller, Swiss Federal Councillor (b. 1848)
* November 15 – Alfred Werner, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1866)
December
* December 2
** Henry Clay Frick, American industrialist (b. 1849)
** Evelyn Wood (British Army officer), Sir Evelyn Wood, British field marshal and Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1838)
* December 3 – Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French painter (b. 1841)
*December 12 - Feng Guozhang, Chinese general (b. 1859)
* December 16 – Julia Lermontova, Russian chemist (b. 1846)
* December 18 – Sir John Alcock, British aviator; pilot of first nonstop transatlantic flight in airplane, June 1919 (b. 1892)
* December 19
** Alice Moore McComas, American suffragist (b. 1850)
** Martin Savage, Irish Republican Army, IRA commander (b. 1898)
* December 22 – Sarah Morgan Bryan Piatt, American poet (b. 1836)
* December 28 – Johannes Rydberg, Swedish physicist (b. 1854)
Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Johannes Stark
* Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – not awarded
* Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Physiology or Medicine – Jules Bordet
* Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler
* Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
References
Sources
*
Further reading
* Klingaman, William K. ''1919, The Year Our World Began'' (1987) world perspective based on primary sources by a scholar.
''New International Year Book 1919'' (1920)
Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 744pp
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:1919
1919,