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TO-18
In electronics, TO-18 is a designation for a style of transistor metal case. The case is more expensive than the similarly sized plastic TO-92 package. The name is from JEDEC, signifying ''Transistor Outline Package, Case Style 18''. Construction and orientation The typical TO-18 metal can package has a base diameter of , a cap diameter of , a cap height of . The tab is located 45° from pin 1, which is typically the emitter. The lead diameter is nominally . The leads are arranged in a circle with a diameter of . The minimum length of the leads is . Different manufacturers have different tolerances, and the actual form factor may vary slightly, depending on function. Uses and variants The 3-lead TO-18 is used for transistors and other devices using no more than three leads. Variants for diodes, photodiodes and LEDs may have only two leads. Light-sensitive or light-emitting devices have a transparent window, lens, or parabolic reflectors in the top of the case rather than a sea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2N2222
The 2N2222 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) used for general purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. It is designed for low to medium current, low power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. It was originally made in the TO-18 metal can as shown in the picture. The 2N2222 is considered a very common transistor, and is used as an exemplar of an NPN transistor. It is frequently used as a small-signal transistor, and it remains a small general purpose transistor of enduring popularity. The 2N2222 was part of a family of devices described by Motorola at a 1962 IRE convention. Since then it has been made by many semiconductor companies, for example, Texas Instruments.''The Transistor and Diode Data Book for Design Engineers'', Texas Instruments Incorporated, no date, TI publication number CC413 71242-73-CSS, page 4-93 Specifications The JEDEC registration of a device number ensures particular rated values will be met by all p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TO-92
The TO-92 is a widely used style of semiconductor package mainly used for transistors. The case is often made of epoxy or plastic, and offers compact size at a very low cost. History and origin The JEDEC TO-92 descriptor is derived from the original full name for the package: Transistor Outline Package, Case Style 92. The package is also known by the designation SOT54. By 1966 the package was being used by Motorola for their 2N3904 devices among others. Construction and orientation The case is molded around the transistor elements in two parts; the face is flat, usually bearing a machine-printed part number (some early examples had the part number printed on the top surface instead). The back is semi-circularly-shaped. A line of moulding flash from the injection-moulding process can be seen around the case. The leads protrude from the bottom of the case. When looking at the face of the transistor, the leads are commonly configured from left-to-right as the ''emitter'', ''ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BC108 Family
The BC107, BC108 and BC109 are general-purpose low power silicon NPN bipolar junction transistors found very often in equipment and electronics books/articles from Europe, Australia and many other countries from the 1960s File:1960s montage.png, Clockwise from top left: U.S. soldiers during the Vietnam War; the Beatles led the British Invasion of the U.S. music market; a half-a-million people participate in the 1969 Woodstock Festival; Neil Armstrong and Buzz .... They were created by Philips and Mullard in 1963 and introduced in April 1966. Initially in metal (TO-18) packages, the range expanded over time to include other package types, higher voltage ratings, and a better selection of gain (hFE and hfe) groupings, as well as complementary BC548#PNP Versions of BCxxx, PNP types. Some manufacturers have specified their parts with a higher power dissipation rating (Ptot) than others. The BC548 is an example of the modern low-cost member of this family, still in a through-hol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pro Electron
Pro Electron or EECA is the European type designation and registration system for active components (such as semiconductors, liquid crystal displays, sensor devices, electronic tubes and cathode ray tubes). Pro Electron was set up in 1966 in Brussels, Belgium. In 1983 it was merged with the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association (EECA) and since then operates as an agency of the EECA. The goal of Pro Electron is to allow unambiguous identification of electronic parts, even when made by several different manufacturers. To this end, manufacturers register new devices with the agency and receive new type designators for them. Designation system Examples of Pro Electron type designators are: * AD162 – Germanium power transistor for audio frequency use * BY133 – Silicon rectifier * BZY88C5V1 – Silicon 5.1 volt Zener diode * CQY97 – light emitting diode * ECC83 – 6.3 volt heater noval dual triode * A63EAA00XX01 – Color TV pic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ZN414
The ZN414 is a low cost, single-chip AM radio integrated circuit. Launched in 1972, the part was designed and supplied by Ferranti, but was second sourced from GEC-Plessey. The ZN414 was popular amongst hobbyists, as a fully working AM radio could be made with just a few external components, a crystal earpiece and a 1.5 V cell. The original ZN414 chip from Ferranti was supplied in a 3-pin, metal TO-18 'transistor' package, whereas the GEC part and later Ferranti ones (ZN414Z) used the plastic TO-92 encapsulation. Later variants, the ZN415 and ZN416, came in 8-pin DIL packages and included a built-in amplifier that could drive headphones and small speakers directly. The radio circuit inside the ZN414 is based on a design known as Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF). The TRF design is much simpler than the popular, but more complex, superheterodyne radio circuit often used in modern AM receivers. It is principally the use of the TRF circuit that allows almost a whole radio to be fitted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transistor
upright=1.4, gate (G), body (B), source (S) and drain (D) terminals. The gate is separated from the body by an insulating layer (pink). A transistor is a semiconductor device used to Electronic amplifier, amplify or electronic switch, switch electrical signals and electrical power, power. The transistor is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor material, usually with at least three terminals for connection to an electronic circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits. Austro-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld proposed the concept of a field-effect transistor in 1926, but it was not possible to actually constru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EIAJ
Founded in 1948, the Electronic Industries Association of Japan (EIAJ) was one of two Japanese electronics trade organizations that were merged into the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA). Prior to the merger, EIAJ created a number of electronics industry standards that have had some use outside Japan, including: *The EIAJ connectors used for DC power (EIAJ RC-5320A, EIAJ RC-5321, and EIAJ RC-5322 *The D-Terminal connector (RC-5237), used instead of three RCA plugs for component video connections. *The TOSLINK (EIAJ Optical, RC-5720C) optical S/PDIF audio connector. *The EIAJ-1 videotape format, the first standardized format for industrial/non-broadcast video tape recording, released in 1969. Another standard is the multi-channel TV sound system used with the NTSC-J analog TV system. It is often referred to simply as EIAJ, or sometimes as FM-FM audio. Transistor nomenclature The Japanese technical standard JIS-C-7102 provides a method ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TO-39 Vs TO-18 Vs TO-92 Cm
In electronics, TO-5 is a designation for a standardized metal semiconductor package used for transistors and some integrated circuits. The ''TO'' element stands for "transistor outline" and refers to a series of technical drawings produced by JEDEC. The first commercial silicon transistors, the 2N696 and 2N697 from Fairchild Semiconductor, came in a TO-5 package. Construction and orientation The tab is located 45° from pin 1, which is typically the emitter. The typical TO-5 package has a base diameter of , a cap diameter of , a cap height of . The pins are isolated from the package by individual glass-metal seals, or by a single resin potting. Sometimes one pin is connected directly to the metal case. Variants Several variants of the original TO-5 package have the same cap dimensions but differ in the number and length of the leads (wires). Somewhat incorrectly, TO-5 and TO-39 are often used in manufacturer's literature as synonyms for any package with the cap dimensions of T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt
VEB Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt was an important manufacturer of active electronic components in East Germany. It should not be confused with the more well-known VEB Kombinat Robotron Dresden which used integrated circuits from Kombinat Mikroelektronik in its computers. Their products often carried the trademark RFT, but this was used on most electronic products from East Germany from otherwise unrelated companies. History The Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt was formed in 1978 when the ''VVB Bauelemente und Vakuumtechnik'' was split into ''VEB Kombinat Elektronische Bauelemente Teltow'' for passive electronic components and ''VEB Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt'' for active electronic components. However, the history of many of the individual plants reaches back further, in some cases to before the Second World War. In 1971 the first integrated circuits had been manufactured — the D100C (TTL) by Halbleiterwerk Frankfurt (Oder) and the U101D (PMOS logic) by Funkwerk Er ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rosstandart
Federal Technical Regulation and Metrology Agency (Rosstandart) (russian: Федеральное агентство по техническому регулированию и метрологии (Росстандарт)) is the Russian federal government agency that serves as a national standardization body of the Russian Federation. It was previously known as Gosstandart. It is subordinated to the Ministry of Industry and Trade. History On September 15, 1925, by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, an all-Union body in the field of standardization was created, the Committee for Standardization under the Council of Labor and Defense (Gosstandart). The introduction of state management of standardization in the country served as the beginning of systematic work in all sectors of the economy. On May 7, 1926, the first all-Union standard was approved - OST 1 “Wheat. Breeding grades of grain. Nomenclature". In 1946, the International Organization for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GOST
GOST (russian: ГОСТ) refers to a set of international technical standards maintained by the ''Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC)'', a regional standards organization operating under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). All sorts of regulated standards are included, with examples ranging from charting rules for design documentation to recipes and nutritional facts of Soviet-era brand names. The latter have become generic, but may only be sold under the label if the technical standard is followed, or renamed if they are reformulated. The notion of GOST has certain significance and recognition in the countries of the standards' jurisdiction. The Russian government Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology (Rosstandart) has ''gost.ru'' as its website address. History GOST standards were originally developed by the government of the Soviet Union as part of its national standardization strategy. The w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gosstandart
Gosstandart (russian: Госстандарт) was the Soviet government agency responsible for standardization, metrology, and quality management. The name is an abbreviation for ''Gosudarstvennyy standart'' (‘State Standard’). History Established in 1925 as a committee for standardization within the USSR Council of Labor and Defence, ''Gosstandart'' was at first put in charge of inspecting measuring instruments used in industrial and agricultural production and later was tasked with developing, updating, and disseminating GOST standards. Over the course of its existence, the agency was reformed a number of times, receiving a new name with each transformation: the ''National Committee for Standardization''; the ''Committee for Standards, Metrology, and Measuring Instruments''; the ''State Committee for Standards''; the ''State Committee for Standards and Product Quality Management''. The agency received its nickname, ''Gosstandart'', in 1970. Later years After the dissolutio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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