Sclerospora Graminicola

	Sclerospora Graminicola ''Sclerospora graminicola'' is a plant pathogen infecting maize and foxtail and pearl millet. ''Sclerospora graminicola'' was originally described by Saccardo in 1879 as ''Protomyces graminicola'' from infected ''Setaria verticillata''. Schroeter examined infected ''Setaria viridis'' and determined that this species should be placed in a new genus that he named ''Sclerospora''. ''Sclerospora graminicola'' primarily infects C4 photosynthetic grasses of the subfamily Panicoideae Panicoideae is the second-largest subfamily of the grasses with over 3,500 species, mainly distributed in warm temperate and tropical regions. It comprises some important agricultural crops, including sugarcane, maize (or corn), sorghum, and swit ..., possibly due to C4 photosynthesis allowing for a greater complexity of carbohydrate substrates. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q7434194 Peronosporales Water mould plant pathogens and diseases Maize diseases Pearl millet diseases Taxa named by Pier ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Maize Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences (or "tassels") and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that when fertilized yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits. The term ''maize'' is preferred in formal, scientific, and international usage as a common name because it refers specifically to this one grain, unlike ''corn'', which has a complex variety of meanings that vary by context and geographic region. Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. In addition to being consumed directly by humans (often in the form of masa), maize is also used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Foxtail Millet Foxtail millet, scientific name ''Setaria italica'' (synonym ''Panicum italicum'' L.), is an annual grass grown for human food. It is the second-most widely planted species of millet, and the most grown millet species in Asia. The oldest evidence of foxtail millet cultivation was found along the ancient course of the Yellow River in Cishan, China, carbon dated to be from around 8,000 years before present. Foxtail millet has also been grown in India since antiquity. Other names for the species include dwarf setaria, foxtail bristle-grass, giant setaria, green foxtail, Italian millet, German millet, and Hungarian millet. Description Foxtail millet is an annual grass with slim, vertical, leafy stems which can reach a height of . The seedhead is a dense, hairy panicle long. The small seeds, around in diameter, are encased in a thin, papery hull which is easily removed in threshing. Seed color varies greatly between varieties. File:Food grain foxtail millet.jpg, Seeds of foxt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Pearl Millet Pearl millet (''Cenchrus americanus'', commonly known as the synonym ''Pennisetum glaucum''; also known as 'Bajra' in Hindi, 'Sajje' in Kannada, 'Kambu' in Tamil, 'Bajeer' in Kumaoni and 'Maiwa' in Hausa, 'Mexoeira' in Mozambique) is the most widely grown type of millet. It has been grown in Africa and the Indian subcontinent since prehistoric times. The center of diversity, and suggested area of domestication, for the crop is in the Sahel zone of West Africa. Recent archaeobotanical research has confirmed the presence of domesticated pearl millet on the Sahel zone of northern Mali between 2500 and 2000 BC. Description Pearl millet has ovoid grains of 3 – 4 mm length, the largest kernels of all varieties of millet (not including sorghum). These can be nearly white, pale yellow, brown, grey, slate blue or purple. The 1000-seed weight can be anything from 2.5 to 14 g with a mean of 8 g. The height of the plant ranges from 0.5 – 4 m. Cultivation Pearl millet is well ad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	C4 Carbon Fixation carbon fixation or the Hatch–Slack pathway is one of three known photosynthetic processes of carbon fixation in plants. It owes the names to the 1960's discovery by Marshall Davidson Hatch and Charles Roger Slack that some plants, when supplied with 14, incorporate the 14C label into four-carbon molecules first. fixation is an addition to the ancestral and more common carbon fixation. The main carboxylating enzyme in photosynthesis is called RuBisCO, which catalyses two distinct reactions using either (carboxylation) or oxygen (oxygenation) as a substrate. The latter process, oxygenation, gives rise to the wasteful process of photorespiration. photosynthesis reduces photorespiration by concentrating around RuBisCO. To ensure that RuBisCO works in an environment where there is a lot of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen, leaves generally differentiate two partially isolated compartments called mesophyll cells and bundle-sheath cells. is initially fixed in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Panicoideae Panicoideae is the second-largest subfamily of the grasses with over 3,500 species, mainly distributed in warm temperate and tropical regions. It comprises some important agricultural crops, including sugarcane, maize (or corn), sorghum, and switchgrass. C4 photosynthesis evolved independently a number of times in the subfamily, which presumably had a C3 ancestor. Description The ligule has a fringe of hairs. The inflorescence is branched around a common axis. The spikelets are all alike with two bisexual florets that are joined below the glumes (the outer floral envelopes). The lower glume is shorter than the spikelet. Systematics and taxonomy Within the PACMAD clade of grasses, the Panicoideae are sister to a clade made of the four subfamilies Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae, Danthonioideae, and Micrairoideae. A modern phylogenetic classification divides the Panicoideae in twelve tribes corresponding to monophyletic clades; two genera, '' Chandrasekharania'' and ''Jansenella ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Peronosporales The Peronosporales are an order of water moulds (class Oomycetes) which can be pathogenic. Many diseases of plants are sometimes classified under this order, but are sometimes considered members of order Pythiales. Some of these pathogenic protists include the organisms responsible for potato blight, eucalyptus dieback, sudden oak death, and blue mold ''Peronospora hyoscyami'' f.sp. ''tabacina'' is a plant pathogen infecting tobacco that causes blue mold. It is an oomycete (a fungus-like organism) that is highly destructive toward seed plants. It is very prevalent in humid farming zones, .... Further genetic studies may place these organisms more definitively in one order or another. References Heterokont orders {{plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Water Mould Plant Pathogens And Diseases Water (chemical formula ) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food, energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, H2O, indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. "Water" is also the name of the liquid state of H2O at standard temperature and pressure. A number of natural states of water exist. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor. Water co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Maize Diseases Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Nematodes, Parasitic Virus and virus-like diseases References Common Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society {{corn * Maize Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The ... ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Pearl Millet Diseases This article is a list of diseases of pearl millet (''Pennisetum glaucum''). Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Viral diseases Nematodes, parasitic Insects Insect pests include: ;Seedling pests shoot fly '' Atherigona approximata'' (major seedling pest) ''Atherigona soccata'', ''Atherigona oryzae'', ''Atherigona punctata'', ''Atherigona ponti'', and '' Atherigona yorki'' anthomyiid flies '' Delia arambourgi'' and '' Delia flavibasis'' (Ethiopia) ;Stem borers lepidopteran borers: ''Chilo partellus'', ''Chilo infuscatellus'', '' Sesamia calamistis'', '' Sesamia cretica'', ''Sesamia inferens'', ''Diatraea grandiosella'', ''Coniesta ignefusalis'', ''Busseola fusca'', ''Eldana saccharina'', ''Ostrinia furnacalis'', and ''Ostrinia nubilalis'' ;Leaf feeders lepidopteran caterpillars: '' Amsacta moorei'', '' Mythimna loreyi'', ''Mythimna separata'', ''Cnaphalocrocis medinalis'', ''Cnaphalocrocis patnalis'', ''Spodoptera exigua'', ''Spodoptera frugiperda'', ''Spodoptera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]