Aryadeva
Ä€ryadeva (fl. 3rd century CE) (; , Chinese: ''Tipo pusa'' 婆 è©è–© = Deva Bodhisattva, was a Mahayana Buddhist monk, a disciple of Nagarjuna and a Madhyamaka philosopher.Silk, Jonathan A. (ed.) (2019). ''Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume II:Lives,'' pp. 60-68. Brill. Most sources agree that he was from "Siṃhala", which some scholars identify with Sri Lanka. After Nagarjuna, he is considered to be the next most important figure of the Indian Madhyamaka school.Ruegg (1981), p. 50.''Women of Wisdom'' by Tsultrim Allione, Shambhala Publications Inc, p. 186. Ä€ryadeva's writings are important sources of Madhyamaka in both East Asian Buddhism and in Tibetan Buddhism. His '' Catuḥśataka'' (''Four Hundred Verses'') was influential on Madhyamaka in India and Tibet and his ''*Åšataka'' (''Bailun'', 百論, T. 1569) and ''DvÄdaÅ›amukhaÅ›Ästra'' (both translated by KumÄrajÄ«va in the 4th century) were important sources for the East Asian Madhyamaka school. Ä€ryadeva ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Aryadeva
Ä€ryadeva (fl. 3rd century CE) (; , Chinese: ''Tipo pusa'' 婆 è©è–© = Deva Bodhisattva, was a Mahayana Buddhist monk, a disciple of Nagarjuna and a Madhyamaka philosopher.Silk, Jonathan A. (ed.) (2019). ''Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume II:Lives,'' pp. 60-68. Brill. Most sources agree that he was from "Siṃhala", which some scholars identify with Sri Lanka. After Nagarjuna, he is considered to be the next most important figure of the Indian Madhyamaka school.Ruegg (1981), p. 50.''Women of Wisdom'' by Tsultrim Allione, Shambhala Publications Inc, p. 186. Ä€ryadeva's writings are important sources of Madhyamaka in both East Asian Buddhism and in Tibetan Buddhism. His '' Catuḥśataka'' (''Four Hundred Verses'') was influential on Madhyamaka in India and Tibet and his ''*Åšataka'' (''Bailun'', 百論, T. 1569) and ''DvÄdaÅ›amukhaÅ›Ästra'' (both translated by KumÄrajÄ«va in the 4th century) were important sources for the East Asian Madhyamaka school. Ä€ryadeva ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Madhyamaka
MÄdhyamaka ("middle way" or "centrism"; ; Tibetan: དབུ་མ་པ ; ''dbu ma pa''), otherwise known as ŚūnyavÄda ("the emptiness doctrine") and NiḥsvabhÄvavÄda ("the no ''svabhÄva'' doctrine"), refers to a tradition of Buddhist philosophy and practice founded by the Indian Buddhist monk and philosopher NÄgÄrjuna (c. 150 – c. 250 CE).Wynne, Alexander (2015) ''Early Buddhist Teaching as Proto-śūnyavÄda.'' Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, 6. pp. 213-241. The foundational text of the MÄdhyamaka tradition is NÄgÄrjuna's ''MÅ«lamadhyamakakÄrikÄ'' ("Root Verses on the Middle Way"). More broadly, MÄdhyamaka also refers to the ultimate nature of phenomena as well as the non-conceptual realization of ultimate reality that is experienced in meditation. MÄdhyamaka thought had a major influence on the subsequent development of the MahÄyÄna Buddhist tradition. It is the dominant interpretation of Buddhist philosophy in Tibetan Buddhism and ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Madhyamaka Scholars
MÄdhyamaka ("middle way" or "centrism"; ; Tibetan: དབུ་མ་པ ; ''dbu ma pa''), otherwise known as ŚūnyavÄda ("the emptiness doctrine") and NiḥsvabhÄvavÄda ("the no ''svabhÄva'' doctrine"), refers to a tradition of Buddhist philosophy and practice founded by the Indian Buddhist monk and philosopher NÄgÄrjuna (c. 150 – c. 250 CE).Wynne, Alexander (2015) ''Early Buddhist Teaching as Proto-śūnyavÄda.'' Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, 6. pp. 213-241. The foundational text of the MÄdhyamaka tradition is NÄgÄrjuna's ''MÅ«lamadhyamakakÄrikÄ'' ("Root Verses on the Middle Way"). More broadly, MÄdhyamaka also refers to the ultimate nature of phenomena as well as the non-conceptual realization of ultimate reality that is experienced in meditation. MÄdhyamaka thought had a major influence on the subsequent development of the MahÄyÄna Buddhist tradition. It is the dominant interpretation of Buddhist philosophy in Tibetan Buddhism and ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Nagarjuna
NÄgÄrjuna . 150 – c. 250 CE (disputed)was an Indian MahÄyÄna Buddhist thinker, scholar-saint and philosopher. He is widely considered one of the most important Buddhist philosophers.Garfield, Jay L. (1995), ''The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way'', Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jan Westerhoff considers him to be "one of the greatest thinkers in the history of Asian philosophy." NÄgÄrjuna is widely considered to be the founder of the Madhyamaka (centrism, middle-way) school of Buddhist philosophy and a defender of the MahÄyÄna movement. His ''MÅ«lamadhyamakakÄrikÄ'' (Root Verses on Madhyamaka, or MMK) is the most important text on the madhyamaka philosophy of emptiness. The MMK inspired a large number of commentaries in Sanskrit, Chinese, Tibetan, Korean and Japanese and continues to be studied today. History Background India in the first and second centuries CE was politically divided into various states, including the Kushan Empire and the Satavaha ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Chandrakirti
Chandrakirti (; ; , meaning "glory of the moon" in Sanskrit) or "Chandra" was a Buddhist scholar of the madhyamaka school and a noted commentator on the works of Nagarjuna () and those of his main disciple, Aryadeva. He wrote two influential works on madhyamaka, the '' PrasannapadÄ'' and the ''MadhyamakÄvatÄra''. Chandrakirti does not seem to have been very influential during the 7th to 10 centuries, and his works were never translated into Chinese. However, by the 11th and 12th centuries, his work became influential in the north, especially in Kashmir and in Tibet. Over time, Chandrakirti became a major source for the study of madhyamaka philosophy in Tibetan Buddhism. As noted by Kevin A. Vose, Chandrakirti is seen by many Tibetan Buddhists as offering "the most thorough and accurate vision of NÄgÄrjuna's emptiness, which, in turn, most fully represents the final truth of the Buddha's teaching."Vose 2015, pp. 2, 6. He is considered by Tibetans to be the main exponent ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Nagarjuna And Aryadeva As Two Great Indian Buddhist Scholastics - Google Art Project
NÄgÄrjuna . 150 – c. 250 CE (disputed)was an Indian MahÄyÄna Buddhist thinker, scholar-saint and philosopher. He is widely considered one of the most important Buddhist philosophers.Garfield, Jay L. (1995), ''The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way'', Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jan Westerhoff considers him to be "one of the greatest thinkers in the history of Asian philosophy." NÄgÄrjuna is widely considered to be the founder of the Madhyamaka (centrism, middle-way) school of Buddhist philosophy and a defender of the MahÄyÄna movement. His ''MÅ«lamadhyamakakÄrikÄ'' (Root Verses on Madhyamaka, or MMK) is the most important text on the madhyamaka philosophy of emptiness. The MMK inspired a large number of commentaries in Sanskrit, Chinese, Tibetan, Korean and Japanese and continues to be studied today. History Background India in the first and second centuries CE was politically divided into various states, including the Kushan Empire and the Satavaha ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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East Asian MÄdhyamaka
East Asian Madhyamaka refers to the Buddhist tradition in East Asia which represents the Indian Madhyamaka (''Chung-kuan'') system of thought. In Chinese Buddhism, these are often referred to as the ''SÄnlùn'' ( Ch. 三論宗, Jp. ''Sanron'', "Three Treatise") school, also known as the "emptiness school" (''K'ung Tsung''),Hsueh-li Cheng, Empty Logic: MÄdhyamika Buddhism from Chinese Sources, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1991 p. 9. although they may not have been an independent sect. The three principal texts of the school are ''the Middle Treatise'' (''Zhong lun''), ''the Twelve Gate Treatise'' (''Shiermen lun''), and ''the Hundred Treatise'' (''Bai lun''). They were first transmitted to China during the early 5th century by the Buddhist monk KumÄrajÄ«va (344−413) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The school and its texts were later transmitted to Korea and Japan. The leading thinkers of this tradition are KumÄrajÄ«va's disciple SÄ“ngzhà o (Seng-chao; 374−414), and the later Jà ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Nalanda
Nalanda (, ) was a renowned ''mahavihara'' (Buddhist monastic university) in ancient Magadha (modern-day Bihar), India.Nalanda University Government of India Considered by historians to be the world's first residential university and among the greatest centers of learning in the ancient world, it was located near the city of Rajagriha (now ) and about southeast of Pataliputra (now ). Operating from 427 until 1197 CE, Nalanda played a vital role in promoting the patronage of arts and academics during the 5th and 6th century CE, a period that has since been described as the " [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Mahayana
''MahÄyÄna'' (; "Great Vehicle") is a term for a broad group of Buddhist traditions, texts, philosophies, and practices. MahÄyÄna Buddhism developed in India (c. 1st century BCE onwards) and is considered one of the three main existing branches of Buddhism (the other being ''TheravÄda'' and Vajrayana).Harvey (2013), p. 189. MahÄyÄna accepts the main scriptures and teachings of early Buddhism but also recognizes various doctrines and texts that are not accepted by Theravada Buddhism as original. These include the MahÄyÄna SÅ«tras and their emphasis on the ''bodhisattva'' path and ''PrajñÄpÄramitÄ''. ''VajrayÄna'' or Mantra traditions are a subset of MahÄyÄna, which make use of numerous tantric methods considered to be faster and more powerful at achieving Buddhahood by VajrayÄnists. "MahÄyÄna" also refers to the path of the bodhisattva striving to become a fully awakened Buddha (''samyaksaṃbuddha'') for the benefit of all sentient beings, and is thus als ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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KumÄrajÄ«va
KumÄrajÄ«va (Sanskrit: कà¥à¤®à¤¾à¤°à¤œà¥€à¤µ; , 344–413 CE) was a Buddhist monk, scholar, missionary and translator from the Kingdom of Kucha (present-day Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang, China). KumÄrajÄ«va is seen as one of the greatest translators of Chinese Buddhism. According to Lu Cheng, Kumarajiva's translations are "unparalleled either in terms of translation technique or degree of fidelity". KumÄrajÄ«va first studied teachings of the Sarvastivadin schools, later studied under BuddhasvÄmin, and finally became an adherent of Mahayana Buddhism, studying the MÄdhyamaka doctrine of NÄgÄrjuna. After mastering the Chinese language, KumÄrajÄ«va settled as a translator and scholar in Chang'an (c. 401 CE). He was the head of a team of translators which included his amanuensis Sengrui. This team was responsible for the translation of many Sanskrit Buddhist texts into Chinese. KumÄrajÄ«va also introduced the Madhyamaka school of Buddhist philosophy into China which ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Dharmapala Of Nalanda
DharmapÄla (traditional Chinese: è·æ³•, pinyin: HùfÇŽ) (530–561 CE). A Buddhist scholar, he was one of the main teachers of the Yogacara school in India. He was a contemporary of Bhavaviveka (清辯, c. 490-570 CE.), with whom he debated. Xuanzang, the famous Chinese pilgrim, tells that DharmapÄla was born in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu. He was a son of a high official, and betrothed to a daughter of the king, but escaped on the eve of the wedding feast, entered the order, studied all views, from Hinayana as well as Mahayana, and attained to reverence and distinction. He studied in Nalanda as a student of DignÄga. Later he succeeded him as abbot of the University. He spent his last years near the Bodhi tree, where he died. DharmapÄla developed the theory that the external things do not exist and consciousness only exists. He explains the manifestation of the phenomenal world as arising from the eight consciousness. Through the teachings of his disciple Silabhadra to Xuanz ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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MÅ«lamadhyamakakÄrikÄ
The ''MÅ«lamadhyamakakÄrikÄ'' ( sa, मूलमधà¥à¤¯à¤®à¤•à¤•à¤¾à¤°à¤¿à¤•à¤¾, ''Root Verses on the Middle Way''), abbreviated as ''MMK'', is the foundational text of the Madhyamaka school of MahÄyÄna Buddhist philosophy. It was composed by the Indian philosopher NÄgÄrjuna (approximately around 150 CE).Siderits and Katsura (2013), p. 1. The MMK makes use of reductio arguments to show how ''all'' phenomena (''dharmas'') are empty of ''svabhava'' (which has been variously translated as essence, own-being, or inherent existence). The MMK is widely regarded as one of the most influential and widely studied texts in the history of Buddhist philosophy. The MMK had a major impact on the subsequent development of Buddhist thought, especially in Tibetan Buddhism and East Asian Buddhism. Background The MMK is the work of NÄgÄrjuna, an Indian Buddhist monk and philosopher writing in Sanskrit. Very little is known about this figure, including exactly where he lived (somewher ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |