Laredo–Colombia International Railway Bridge 3

Laredo ( ; ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the county seat of Webb County, on the north bank of the Rio Grande in South Texas, across from Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Founded in 1755, Laredo grew from a village to the capital of the short-lived Republic of the Rio Grande to the largest inland port on the Mexican border. Laredo's economy is primarily based on international trade with Mexico, and as a major hub for three areas of transportation: land, rail, and air cargo. The city is on the southern end of I-35, which connects manufacturers in northern Mexico through Interstate 35 as a major route for trade throughout the U.S. It has four international bridges and two railway bridges.

According to the 2020 census, the city's population was 255,205, making it the 11th-most populous city in Texas and third-most populated U.S. city on the Mexican border, after San Diego, California, and El Paso, Texas. Its metropolitan area is the 178th-largest in the
U.S. and includes all of Webb County, with a population of 267,114. Laredo is also part of the cross-border Laredo-Nuevo Laredo metropolitan area with an estimated population of 636,516.

Laredo's Hispanic proportion of 95.15% is one of the highest proportion of Hispanic Americans of any city in the United States outside of Puerto Rico.

Texas A&M International University and Laredo College are in Laredo. Laredo International Airport is within the Laredo city limits, while the Quetzalcoatl International Airport is nearby in Nuevo Laredo on the Mexican side.

The biggest festival, Washington's Birthday Celebration, is held during the later part of January and the majority of February, attracting hundreds of thousands of tourists.

History

The Spanish colonial settlement of Villa de San Agustín de Laredo was founded in 1755 by Don Tomás Sánchez de la Barrera, while the area was part of the Nuevo Santander region in the Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain. Villa de San Agustín de Laredo was named after Laredo, Cantabria, Spain and in honor of Saint Augustine of Hippo. In 1840, Laredo was the capital of the independent Republic of the Rio Grande, set up in opposition to Antonio López de Santa Anna; it was brought back into Mexico by military force.

In 1846 during the Mexican–American War, the town was occupied by the Texas Rangers. After the war, the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ceded the land to the United States. A referendum was taken in the town, which voted to petition the American military government in charge of the area to return the town to Mexico. When this petition was rejected, many who had been in the area for generations, moved across the river into Mexican territory, where they founded Nuevo Laredo. Many others, especially original land grantees on the north side of the Rio Grande remained, becoming Texans in the process. In 1849, the United States Army set up Fort McIntosh (originally Camp Crawford). Laredo was rechartered as a city in 1852.

Laredo is one of the oldest crossing points along the Mexico–United States border, and the nation's largest inland port of entry. In 2005, Laredo celebrated the 250th anniversary of its founding.

The etymology of the name for the Spanish town of Laredo is unclear. Some scholars say the name stems from '' glaretum'', which means "sandy, rocky place". Others state Laredo stems from a Basque word meaning "beautiful pastures". Laredo might also stem from the Latin '' larida'', which means gull.

Cellist Yo-Yo Ma brought his Bach Project to the Juarez–Lincoln International Bridge in April 2019.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 102.6 square miles (265.7 km), of which 1.5 square miles (3.9 km) (1.37%) are covered by water.

Location

Laredo is on the west end of the Rio Grande Plains, south of the Edwards Plateau, west of the Coastal Plains, and east of the Mexican Mountains. The area consists of a few hills and flat land covered with grasses, oaks, and mesquite.

Bodies of water

Notable geographic features are the Rio Grande and Chacon Creek's man-made reservoir, Lake Casa Blanca, in Lake Casa Blanca International State Park. The lake is of land and of water. The six major creeks are Chacon Creek, San Ildefonso Creek, San Ygnacio Creek, Santa Isabel Creek, Sombrerillito Creek, and Zacate Creek, all of which drain into the Rio Grande. Several man-made reservoirs include the San Ildefonso Creek Lake (second-largest reservoir), and the Sombrerillito Creek Lake (third-largest reservoir).

Nearby cities

Climate

Laredo is considered to have a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen, ''BSh''). with sweltering temperatures in the summer and mild temperatures during the winter. Its weather is affected by the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains to the west, the Gulf of Mexico to the east, and the Chihuahuan Desert of Northern Mexico and West Texas. Moisture from the Pacific is cut off by the Mexican mountain range.

The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from in January to in August; official record temperatures range from on December 30, 1983, up to on May 7, 1927, June 17, 1908, and June 19, 2023. On average, temperatures reach or higher on 74.2 afternoons annually, and fall to or below the freezing mark on 4.6 mornings, although, in five seasons, the annual minimum temperature was above freezing.

Rainfall averages annually, with higher amounts typically occurring from May to October, with peaks in May and September separated by a secondary minimum due to a westward shift of the subtropical anticyclone and divergence between the westerlies and trade winds. Actual annual rainfall has ranged from in 2011 to in 1971. The highest monthly rainfalls have been in September 1923, in July 1919, in June 1973 and in September 1971. The heaviest daily rainfall has been on July 28, 1903. In contrast, not even a trace fell for 108 days from May 12 to August 28 of 1917.

Measurable snow in Laredo has occurred in only five seasons since records began in 1902:
# on December 27–28, 1925 and January 22–23, 1926, totalling
# on December 14, 1947, with
# on January 9, 1967, with
# on Christmas Eve 2004, with
# on December 7–8, 2017, with

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, 255,205 people, 72,328 households, and 58,294 families resided in the city.

2010 census

As of the 2010, Laredo is the 81st-largest city in the United States and the 10th-largest in Texas. According to the 2010 census there were 236,091 inhabitants in the city.

According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the racial composition of Laredo was:
* Whites: 87.7%, non-Hispanic Whites: 3.86%
* Black or African American: 0.5%
* Native American: 0.4%
* Asian: 0.6%
* Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.00%
* Two or more races: 1.5%
* other races 9.3%
Ethnically, the city was:

* Hispanic or Latino (of any race) – 95.6% (Mexican 86.9%, Puerto Rican 0.4%, Cuban 0.1%, other Hispanic or Latino 8.3%)

According to respondents' self-identification on the 2010 Census, the vast majority of Laredo's population is of Hispanic origin (95.6%), mostly Mexican (86.9%). Most Hispanics who did not identify themselves as Mexican identified as "other Hispanic or Latino" (8.3% of the total population). About 84.3% of the population identifies as white Hispanic, while only 11.3% identifies as Hispanic but not white; 4.4% of the population was not Hispanic or Latino (3.4% non-Hispanic White, 0.2% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 0.6% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.1% from some other race (non-Hispanic), and 0.1% of two or more races (non-Hispanic)).

The 2005 estimate listed 99,675 males and 108,112 females. The average household contained 3.69 occupants. The population density was .

Of the 60,816 households, 56,247 or 92.5% were occupied: 33,832 were owner-occupied units and 22,415 were renter-occupied units. About 62.0% were married couples living together, 18.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.7% were not families. Around 12.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.69, and the average family size was 4.18.

The city's population is distributed as 35.5% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 15.8% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,019, and for a family was $32,577. The per capita income for the city was $12,269; 29.2% of families were below the poverty line.

According to the United States Census Bureau, at a 2000 census, Laredo was the second-fastest growing city in the United States, after Las Vegas.

In 2016, the violent crime rate in Laredo dropped to 379 per 100,000 inhabitants, according to AreaVibes. The violent crime rate in Dallas was 694 per 100,000 inhabitants. In Houston, it was 967 per 100,000 inhabitants.

Economy

South Texas banking institutions in Laredo include Falcon International Bank, International Bank of Commerce, and Texas Community Bank.

Laredo is the largest inland port in the United States, and Nuevo Laredo the largest in Latin America. This is due to their respective locations, served by Interstate Highway 35 / Mexican Federal Highway 85, the effects of NAFTA, dozens of twin assembly plants on the Mexican side, and dozens of import export agencies to expedite trade. In January 2014, the Laredo customs district processed "$20 billion in two-way trade with Mexico", about half that for the entire US with Mexico for the month. Laredo is a shopping destination for Mexican shoppers from Northern Mexico. In 2015, the ''San Antonio Express-News'' reported the number of Mexican shoppers has declined due to drug war-related violence in Nuevo Laredo.

Trade

More than 47% of United States international trade headed for Mexico and more than 36% of Mexican international trade crosses through the Laredo port of entry. Laredo's economy revolves around commercial and industrial warehousing, import, and export. As a major player in international trade, the Laredo area benefited from passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which has encouraged trade. The Laredo port of entry consists of four international bridges (with a proposed fifth one) crossing the Rio Grande into the Mexican states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León.

Retail sales

Retail sales attract shoppers from Northern Mexico and South Texas. There is one indoor shopping mall in Laredo, Mall del Norte, The Outlet Shoppes at Laredo, and another has not progressed past planning: Laredo Town Center, part of downtown redevelopment. There are dozens of shopping centers. The Streets of Laredo Urban Mall is an association created by businesses on Iturbide Street in the San Agustin historical district to beautify and renovate the area, which has a pedestrian scale.
* Mall Del Norte
*The Outlet Shoppes at Laredo
*Streets of Laredo Urban Mall

Labor market information

As of October 2007, Laredo's labor market was in the following industries by percentage of number employed: Trade, Transportation, and Utilities (32%), Information (1%), Financial Activity (5%), Professional and Business Services (6%), Education and Health Services (15%), Leisure and Hospitality (10%), Government (23%), Mining and Construction (5%), Manufacturing (2%), and Other Services (2%).

Laredo has increased the number of nonagricultural jobs from 55,100 in January 1996 to 86,600 in October 2007. Laredo has had a higher job growth rate (2%–6.5%) than the state as a whole because of expanded international trade through NAFTA. In 2007, Laredo experienced a job growth rate of 2.5% with the unemployment rate as of October 2007, standing at 4.1% or 3,700 unemployed persons, as compared to 3.9% in Texas statewide. This is a significant drop since the mid-1990s, when Laredo's unemployment was over 15%.

Laredo has had positive job market growth since the mid-1990s; setbacks in the mining (oil/gas) industry shifted a few thousand workers to other industries such as international trade and construction. Many large employers in the oil and gas industries shut down operations in Laredo and across Texas, and shifted to foreign countries. The same effect occurred in the garment industry (Levis and Haggar) along the Texas border area. Laredo lost its only garment-producing company (Barry), costing the jobs of about 300 workers. Laredo's strong job growth rate in retail and transportation services limited the adverse effects of long-term unemployment from the few massive layoffs of the late 1990s. Laredo's success with international trade is also a vulnerability; it depends on changes to Mexico's economy, that status of immigration laws (along with daily border crossings: shoppers and commercial trade), and terrorism.

Top employers

Agriculture

Laredo is a major center for the cattle ranching in the state. Cattle here suffer from the cattle fever tick, ''Rhipicephalus microplus'' (syn. ''Boophilus microplus''). Researchers and ranchers are concerned about pyrethroid resistance developing and spreading here, as it has in nearby areas of the state and neighboring Tamaulipas state.This review cites this study Because the situation is so severe, the main office of the country's is located here. This program is operated by USDA APHIS. The of this tick was collected here by Davey ''et al.'', 1980 and is now a commonly used laboratory strain negative for pyrethroid resistance.This review cites this study

Arts and culture

Annual celebrations

The Washington's Birthday Celebration, a month-long event that celebrates George Washington's birthday, is the largest annual celebration of its kind in the United States, with 400,000 attendees. It was founded in 1898 by the Improved Order of Red Men, local chapter Yaqui Tribe No. 59. The first celebration was a success, and its popularity grew rapidly; in 1923, it received its state charter. In 1924, the celebration held its first colonial pageant, which featured 13 girls from Laredo, representing the 13 original colonies. The celebration includes parades, a carnival, an air show, fireworks, live concerts, and a citywide prom during which many of Laredo's elite dress in very formal attire. The related Jalapeño Festival is one of the United States' top 10 eating festivals.

Jamboozie is held in late January in downtown Laredo as part of the Washington's birthday celebrations. Similar to New Orleans' Mardi Gras, the Jamboozie is a colorful event, with many people dressed in beads, masks, and flamboyant outfits.

Museums

The Republic of the Rio Grande Museum is in the downtown historical district next to the historic La Posada Hotel. What was once the Capitol building now showcases memorabilia from the short lived Republic of the Rio Grande. It displays pictures, books, and furniture from the 19th century Laredo area, and offers guided tours for school-aged children and adults year-round. Because of this Republic, Laredo had flown seven flags instead of the traditional Six Flags over Texas.

The Laredo Center for the Arts is located in downtown Laredo. The building houses three galleries: the Goodman Gallery, the Laredo Art League Gallery and the Lilia G. Martinez Gallery. The Center for the Arts, in the former City Hall offices known as "The Mercado", displays regional artwork and provides community events for children and adults. The Laredo Little Theater provides Laredo with live stage performances. The theater also hosts comedians.

Imaginarium of South Texas (formerly Laredo Children's Museum), in Mall del Norte, provides a hands-on experience with science, technology, and art for Laredo's youth. A second museum is planned on the Texas A&M International University campus.

The Nuevo Santander Museum Complex is composed of restored buildings of Fort McIntosh, a historical collection of photographs of the fort, the main guardhouse, which has World War I (1914–1918) memorabilia, and a science and technology museum.

Planetarium

The Lamar Bruni Vergara Science Center Planetarium is on the Texas A&M International University campus. The planetarium surrounds audiences in a dome with an accurate image of the night sky showing all the motions and cycles of the Sun, Moon, planets, and constellations in the sky.

Library

The Joe A. Guerra Laredo Public Library was first housed on the second floor of the City Hall, now known as the Market Hall, in 1916. In 1974, the Laredo Public Library moved to the historic Bruni Plaza in downtown Laredo. In 1993, the citizens of Laredo approved the construction of a new main library at McPherson and Calton Roads, which opened on February 1, 1998. The Laredo Public Library has a . main library and two branches. The main library is in central Laredo; the Bruni Plaza Branch is downtown east of Washington Street, and the Santo Niño Branch is in south Laredo.

Two new libraries opened in 2014, one in northwest Laredo, the Fasken Library on March 14, and another in the south sometime in July.

Churches and architecture

Most of Laredo's architecture is of Spanish Colonial, American, and Mexican flavor. Most of Laredo's Spanish Colonial-style buildings are in downtown Laredo. More modern American architecture can be seen along Interstate Highway 35, as well as in the downtown area

Our Lady of Guadalupe is an imposing structure in Romanesque Revival Lombard (North Italian) style. It was designed by Leo M. J. Dielmann of San Antonio, a popular architect of Catholic buildings, and built for a Mexican-American and Hispanic congregation in the inner city, at San Jorge Avenue and Callaghan St. Dielmann was commissioned by church authorities to design churches for similar congregations in Houston and San Antonio. He also did the San Agustin parish school, and may have had a hand in the San Agustin church, itself.

Both the First United Methodist Church, in 1949, and the Christ Church Episcopal, were designed by Henry Steinbomer, a popular and prolific San Antonio architect who is credited with more than 100 churches and related buildings during the 1940s and 50s, from the Lower Rio Grande Valley mostly in South and West Texas, from the Sacred Heart Cathedral in San Angelo to Union Church in Monterrey, Mexico.

Other Laredo churches include Baptist, Presbyterian, Lutheran, Assembly of God, Mormon, and nondenominational congregations.

National Register of Historic Places sites

* Barrio Azteca Historic District
* Fort McIntosh
* San Agustin de Laredo Historic District
*Hamilton Hotel, architects Atlee B. Ayers and Robert Ayers, the tallest building in Laredo
* U.S. Post Office, Court House, and Custom House
*Webb County Courthouse, finished 1909 to designs in the Beaux-Arts style by renowned architect Alfred Giles

List of the tallest buildings

Laredo in multimedia

Film and television

'' Streets of Laredo'' is a 1949 Western film starring William Holden, Macdonald Carey, and William Bendix as three outlaws who rescue a young girl, played by Mona Freeman. When they become separated, two reluctantly become Texas Rangers, while the third continues on a life of crime.

In 1958, ABC aired the second episode, "Ambush in Laredo", of the 17-part miniseries, '' Texas John Slaughter.''

The 1959 Western film, ''Gunmen from Laredo'', stars Robert Knapp, Walter Coy, Paul Birch, and Ron Hayes. He winds up in prison on a false murder charge, but the marshal allows him to escape to pursue the man who killed his wife.

The 1983 film ''Eddie Macon's Run'', based on a James McLendon novel, features John Schneider as Eddie Macon, who is wrongly convicted of mostly minor crimes. While performing at a prison rodeo in Huntsville, Texas, he escapes and heads for Laredo, where he hopes to join his family in Mexico. Carl "Buster" Marzack (Kirk Douglas) is a cop in hot pursuit of Eddie. Without transportation, Eddie journeys on foot. He ends up in the woods, where he is nearly killed. He meets Jilly Buck (Lee Purcell), a bored rich girl who agrees to help him.

''Lone Star'' is a 1996 American mystery film written and directed by John Sayles and set in a small town in Texas. The ensemble cast features Chris Cooper, Kris Kristofferson, Matthew McConaughey, and Elizabeth Peña and deals with a sheriff's investigation into the murder of one of his predecessors. The movie was filmed in Del Rio, Eagle Pass, and Laredo.

The 2011 series, ''Bordertown: Laredo'', is a 10-episode documentary on the Arts and Entertainment Network based on the work of the narcotics unit of the Laredo Police Department.

Music

Laredo has been the subject of several songs in popular culture. One of the most popular songs is the " Streets of Laredo", originally known as "A Cowboy's Lament" and written by Frank H. Maynard, who lived mostly in Colorado. It has been recorded by artists such as Johnny Cash, Marty Robbins, Waylon Jennings, John Cale, Roy Rogers, and Prefab Sprout (who also made a lyrical reference to Laredo in an early song, "Cue Fanfare"), and is even featured in a ''Charlie's Angels'' episode ("Pretty Angels all in a Row", season two, episode three). On October 28, 1958, in the episode "The Ghost" of the ABC/WB Western series, ''Sugarfoot'', "The Streets of Laredo" is performed by child actor Tommy Rettig. Another song is Laredo Tornado from the British rock band ELO.

The first song on Marty Robbins' 1966 LP ''The Drifter'' was "Meet Me Tonight in Laredo".

From 1959 to 1972, the six-member singing group, The Rondels, dominated the musical scene in Laredo. Carlos Saenz Landin, the lead singer, left the group to work for the Dallas Independent School District, but years later returned to Laredo. Lead guitarist Humberto Donovan served in the United States Marine Corps. The late Roberto Alonzo played the bass guitar. Sammy Ibarra, played the keyboard and composed the song, "Lo Mucho Que Te Quiero (The More I Love You)." He subsequently became a pastor. Singer Noe Adolfo Esparza pursued a college career and became a supervisor for Southwestern Bell Telephone Company. As of 2017, he was still performing with the oldies group, Los Fabulosos in Laredo. Joe Lee Vera served in the United States Navy and played drums for The Rondels. Several of Vera's brothers were drummers too. The Rondels packed the Laredo Civic Center Auditorium. Two other songs characteristic of the group are "Ya-Ya" and "All Night Worker". With their disbanding, Juan Cisneros of Laredo recalls The Rondels "left a large void that will never be forgotten."

Sports

Current teams

Laredo Heat

The Laredo Heat is a United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League team. The team's home stadium is the Texas A&M International University Soccer Complex. The team was founded in 2004. In the 2006 season, the Laredo Heat finished runner-up, yet made it only to the first round of the Open Cup. In the 2007 season, the Laredo Heat were the Southern Conference champions and won the PDL championship. The Heat were on hiatus for the 2016 and 2017 seasons. In November 2017, the Heat announced they will be an expansion team of the National Premier Soccer League in 2018. The Heat recently announced they will also be joining the United Premier Soccer League for the 2020 season.

Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos

The Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos (Owls of the Two Laredos) are a Mexican League baseball team based in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The team splits their home schedule between Parque la Junta in Laredo.

Defunct teams

Laredo Honey Badgers

The Laredo Honey Badgers were a proposed professional indoor soccer team that was founded in April 2013, expected to make its debut in the Professional Arena Soccer League with the 2013–2014 season. The team was to play its home games at the Laredo Energy Arena. The official name and colors (black and chrome) of the team were decided with fan participation. However, after several delays the team postponed its launch and eventually ceased operations.

Laredo Lemurs

The Laredo Lemurs, a professional baseball team, played their first season in the independent American Association in 2012 with home games at Uni-Trade Stadium. They won the South Division in their inaugural season, but were eliminated in the first playoff round. The Lemurs won the league championship in 2015 but ceased operations after the 2016 season.

Laredo Roses

The Laredo Roses were a professional women's full contact football team in the South Texas Sugar N Spice Football League that began play in the 2012 season. The Roses played their home games at the Uni-Trade Stadium. The female players used short-shorts and half-cut jerseys during games.

Laredo Swarm

Laredo Swarm was a semi-professional basketball in the relaunched American Basketball Association. They started playing in 2015 in Laredo Energy Arena. The team was disbanded before the 2017–2018 season.

Stadiums and arenas

Sames Auto Arena

The Sames Auto Arena is at US 59/Loop 20 and Jacaman Road. The arena was strongly pushed to fruition by former Laredo Mayor Betty Flores and was home to the former Laredo Bucks. The , $36.5 million facility seats 8,002 people for ice hockey and arena football, and up to 10,000 for concerts. It has fourteen luxury suites, four meeting rooms and a private club for two hundred charter members. It was completed in mid-2002 through an increase in the Laredo sales tax of .25 percent. Sports that can be played in the arena include ice hockey, arena football, indoor soccer, basketball, wrestling, and boxing. The arena has hosted many events such as The Laredo Hunting and Fishing Show, Miss Texas USA, Laredo Home and Garden Show and the South Texas Collectors Exp's Comic Con. Every year, Laredo College, TAMIU, United ISD and Laredo ISD have their graduation ceremonies here. Well-known artists and bands that have performed in the arena include Lil Wayne, Rihanna, Kesha, Pitbull, Flo Rida, Shakira, Enrique Iglesias, Tool, Aerosmith, Kiss, Elton John, Styx, REO Speedwagon, ZZ Top, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Ricky Martin, George Lopez, T.I., Ludacris, Cher, Hilary Duff, Monster Jam, and WWE.

Uni-Trade Stadium

The Uni-Trade Stadium is Laredo's newest baseball field. The stadium is near the Laredo Energy Arena. The project was approved by the city council and was voted in favor of (with 61.32% of the votes in favor 38.68% against) constructing it with money collected since 2004 by a .25 percent sales tax increase. There is a surplus of about $15 million. The stadium was home to the Laredo Lemurs of the independent American Association from 2012 to 2016. Beginning in 2018, the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos of the Mexican League play half of their home games at the stadium and the other half at Estadio Nuevo Laredo.

Student Activity Complex

United Independent School District's students use the Student Activity Complex on State Highway 359 for football, soccer, and baseball. Opened in the summer of 2002, it has the city's first artificial grass stadium. The SAC was also the home of the Laredo Heat. The capacity is 8,500 spectators.

Texas A&M International University Soccer Complex

Texas A&M International University Soccer Complex (also known as Dustdevil Field and TAMIU Soccer Complex) was built in 2006 and renovated in 2007. The soccer complex is on the Texas A&M International University campus. The complex has two soccer stadiums with a seating capacity of four thousand each. The Dustdevil Field is the new home stadium to the 2007 champion team Laredo Heat member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL) and the TAMIU Dustdevils women and men's soccer teams member of the Lone Star Conference, NCAA Division II.

Shirley Field

The original Shirley Field was next to the Civic Center and R&T Martin High School on San Bernardo Avenue. It was built in 1937, along with Martin High School. Shirley Field was the location for outdoor athletics for Laredo Independent School District and also hosts the annual Border Olympics events. It seats up to about 6,000 fans with additional seating at the 2 endzones. Professional Mexican soccer teams have played various exhibition games here, noting the real grass allows for "better" soccer games. The various sports played on the stadium are football, soccer and track & field events. Major renovations are slated for this historic stadium. In November 2009 Shirley Field was demolished and was rebuilt by the 2011 football season. The total cost of the reconstruction was $12,000,000 and it now seats 8,000 fans and features artificial turf.

Krueger Field

Krueger Field is in north Laredo and is owned by United Independent School District. The stadium has a capacity of 5,000 and is used to play football and soccer high school games. It is home to United High School's football and soccer teams.

Veterans Field

Veterans Field is a 5,000 seat baseball park which was known as West Martin Field. Major renovation is happening to update the 1950 ball park. Veterans Field was also the home to the five-time champion Mexican Baseball League team Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos from 1985 to 2003. Veterans Field is also home to the Texas A&M International University's Lone Star Conference NCAA Division II Dustdevils baseball team.

Laredo Civic Center

Prior to the construction of the Laredo Energy Arena most major concerts and shows were performed at the Laredo Civic Center. The Laredo Civic Center complex has an auditorium with 1,979 seats and a banquet and exhibit hall with 1,635 seats.

Parks and recreation

Lake Casa Blanca

Lake Casa Blanca International State Park, on US 59/Loop 20, has a artificial lake along with bbq, cooking out, camping, picnicking, human swimming, lake swimming, skiing, boating, and mountain biking. The most popular recreational use of the lake is fishing. A boat ramp and fishing pier is available on the lake's eastern side. The lake is a popular destination for winter Texans. The park was operated by the City of Laredo and Webb County before it was acquired by the state in 1990 and opened in March 1991.

Golf

Laredo has three 18-hole golf courses: the Laredo Country Club, the Casa Blanca Golf Course. and Laredo's newest course Max A. Mandel Municipal Golf Course. The Laredo Country Club is an 18-hole private course with of golf. The golf course has a rating of 74.6, a slope rating of 133, and has a par (score), par of 72. The country club was designed by Joseph S. Finger and was opened in 1983. The Casa Blanca Golf Course is an 18-hole course with of golf. The golf course has a rating of 72.5, a slope rating of 125, and has a par (score), par of 72. The golf course was designed by Leon Howard (golf course architect), Leon Howard and was opened in 1967.
The Max A. Mandel Municipal Golf Course is an 18-hole course with of golf. The golf course has a par (score), par of 72. The golf course was designed by Robert Trent Jones II Golf Course Architects and was opened in 2012.

Parks, recreational centers, plazas, and baseball fields

The City of Laredo owns eight recreational centers, thirty-four developed parks, twenty-two undeveloped parks or under construction, five baseball fields, and four plazas. The parks total area is .

David B. Barkley Plaza

A memorial honoring the forty-one Hispanic soldiers who have received the Medal of Honor was built in Laredo, Texas in 2002. The plaza was named after the only Laredo Medal of Honor recipient David B. Barkley. The David B. Barkley Plaza has a bronze statue of David B. Barkley and an American flag measuring 100 ft by 50 ft and is 308 ft tall making it the tallest flagpole in the United States. The memorial is at .

City of Laredo Shiloh Trail

Government

Municipal government

The Laredo city government is a Mayor–council government#Weak-mayor form, strong city council – weak mayor system. The mayor presides over the eight-member city council, but only votes to break a tie. City Council elections are based on single-member districts and campaigns have no party affiliations. Municipal elections are now held in November (formerly in May) of even-numbered years. The municipal government is administered by the city manager hired by the city council. All city elected offices have a four-year term and are Non-partisan democracy, nonpartisan though most officials have a Democratic party preference or affiliation.

City council meetings are held on Mondays and can be viewed on the public-access television cable TV channel or live online at Public Access Channel live stream.

The council then named the assistant city manager, Horacio De Leon, as the acting city manager. Robert Alexander Eads was selected as City Manager on March 4, 2020,

State and federal representation

The United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas Laredo division is a relatively new building adjacent to the Webb County Courthouse.

The United States Border Patrol Laredo Sector Headquarters is at 207 W. Del Mar Blvd, Laredo, Texas.

The United States Postal Service operates its main Post Office at 2700 East Saunders Street south of Laredo International Airport. Postal branches are downtown and at 2395 East Del Mar Boulevard.

The Texas Army National Guard armory is at 6001 E. Bob Bullock Loop 20 Laredo, Texas.

The Colburn Memorial United States Army Reserve Center is at 1 W End Washington St, Laredo, Texas.

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) operates the Laredo Parole Office.

The private prison operator GEO Group runs the Rio Grande Detention Center in Laredo, which opened in 2008 and holds a maximum of 1900 federal detainees.

Education

Elementary and secondary

Two school districts, the Laredo Independent School District and the United Independent School District, and eight private schools serve Laredo.

The Laredo Independent School District (LISD) serves the areas in central Laredo. The LISD high schools are Cigarroa High School, Martin High School (Laredo, Texas), Martin High School, J. W. Nixon High School and the early college high school, Laredo Early College High School. LISD also has three magnet, magnet schools: Martin High School (Laredo, Texas), Dr. Dennis D. Cantu Health Science Magnet School, Cigarroa High School, LISD Magnet for Engineering and Technology Education, and Vidal M. Trevino School of Communications and Fine Arts.

The United Independent School District serves the rest of Laredo and northern Webb County. The UISD high schools are John B. Alexander High School, Lyndon B. Johnson High School (Laredo, Texas), Lyndon B. Johnson High School, Laredo Early College High School, United High School (Laredo, Texas), United High School, and United South High School. UISD has three magnet schools: John B. Alexander High School, John B. Alexander Health Science Magnet, United High School (Laredo, Texas), United Engineering Magnet, and the United South High School, United South Business Magnet. There are thirty-nine schools within UISD and more are under construction or development. United ISD is one of the state's fastest growing districts, serving almost forty thousand students and covering an area the physical size of Rhode Island.

Several private schools also serve the city:
* Saint Augustine High School (Laredo, Texas), Saint Augustine High School, Catholic school, 9th–12th
* Laredo Christian Academy, Assemblies of God, Grades PK–12th
* United Day School, PK–8th
* Mary Help of Christians School, Catholic school, PK–8th
* Blessed Sacrament School, Catholic school, PK–7th
* Our Lady of Guadalupe School, Catholic school, PK–6th
* St. Peter Memorial School, Catholic school, PK–6th
* Saint Augustine School, Catholic school, now elementary and middle, PK–8th, established 1928, enrollment 485 (2008)

The city also has several charter schools, including:
* Gateway Academy (Laredo, Texas), Gateway Academy K–12

Colleges and universities

Laredo is home to Laredo College and Texas A&M International University (TAMIU). The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio has a campus in Laredo.

Laredo College is a two-campus institution which offers two-year Associate Degree, Associate's degrees. The main campus is at the western end of downtown Laredo near the Rio Grande, on the site of the former Fort McIntosh. This fort played a major role in the development of Laredo, as it protected the community from Indian raids in its early history. Several of the old buildings at the fort were converted into classrooms, but after renovation programs nearly all of the campus structures are now modern. The smaller, newer second campus, Laredo College South Campus, is in south Laredo along U. S. Route 83.

Texas A&M International University, one of the member schools of the Texas A&M University System, offers Bachelor's degree, bachelor's, Master Degree, master's, and doctoral degrees. On April 22, 2004, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board in Austin, Texas approved Texas A&M International University to grant its first PhD in International Business Administration. TAMIU's College of Business Administration has been named an outstanding business school in ''The Princeton Review's'' "Best 282 Business Schools", 2007 Edition, and ranked third in the nation for the category: "Greatest Opportunity for Minority Students." The university's campus is in Northeast Laredo along Texas State Highway Loop 20, Loop 20. The university was an extension of Texas A&I-Kingsville and later the former Laredo State University. Prior to its current location along Bob Bullock Loop 20, the university was housed with the Laredo College downtown campus.

The University of Texas Health Science Center campus is in East Laredo near U.S. Highway 59 (Texas), U.S. Highway 59 and the Laredo Medical Center. The campus is an extension university from UTHSC in San Antonio, Texas. The university offers doctoral degrees in the medical and dental fields.

Media

Newspapers

Television

According to Nielsen Media Research, the Laredo region (which includes Webb County, Texas, Webb and Zapata County, Texas, Zapata counties) is ranked 185th market by population size in the United States. The first station to broadcast in Laredo was KGNS-TV, KGNS in 1956, followed by KVTV in 1973, then KJTB (now KLDO-TV, KLDO) in 1985.

The only notable television network missing from Laredo's airwaves is PBS or Cozi TV. Laredo had a full-power local The CW affiliate, KGNS-DT2, but on July 3, 2014, the affiliation switched to ABC. Prior to that KJTB channel 27, from January 1985 to October 1988 was Laredo's ABC affiliate. KJTB was later bought by Entravision and affiliated the station to Telemundo and changed its callsign to KLDO-TV, KLDO. Today KLDO is affiliated to Univision. Before KJTB, KGNS-TV, KGNS, an NBC affiliate had a secondary affiliation to ABC from its founding in 1956 through KJTB's founding in 1985. On November 6, 2013, KGNS reached an agreement to add the ABC affiliation. The ABC affiliate launched in July 2014 when KGNS dropped The CW programming and added ABC programming. In October 2015 KVTV now KYLX-LD, KYLX started broadcasting The CW Programming on its digital subchannel 13.2.

In December 2014, all Nuevo Laredo stations turned off analog television broadcasting and started broadcasting Digital television, digitally only.

Radio

According to Arbitron, the Laredo region (which includes Jim Hogg County, Texas, Jim Hogg, Webb County, Webb, and Zapata County, Texas, Zapata counties) is ranked 191st market by population size.

AM radio

=Long range AM stations

=
The following Clear-channel station, Clear Channel AM stations can be heard in Laredo:

FM radio

^{Pirate radio, PR}:Suspected pirate radio stations since they are not licensed with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States or COFETEL in Mexico. Some pirate stations are suspected, due to the fact other licensed stations nearby share the same frequency, such as 106.5 Radio Voz and KMAE from nearby Bruni, Texas and 103.3 Radio 33 and XHAHU-FM from nearby Anáhuac, Nuevo León, each city less than 50 miles from Laredo.

Infrastructure

Health care

In addition to the University of Texas Health Science Center branch, there are five other principal medical centers in Laredo: the Laredo Medical Center, Doctor's Hospital, Gateway Community Health Center, Providence Surgical & Medical Center, and the Laredo Specialty Hospital.

Doctors Hospital is Laredo's second-largest medical center. The hospital complex is over , with 180 licensed beds on a campus. Affiliated with Universal Health Services, it is on Texas State Highway Loop 20, Loop 20 in north Laredo. The Doctors Regional Cancer Treatment Center offers comprehensive cancer services.

The Providence Surgical & Medical Center is an ambulatory health care center in north-central Laredo and also owned by Universal Health Services.

The Gateway Community Health Center is the third-largest medical center in Laredo. The health center's main building is . The Medical center moved to its new $11,000,000 building in 2006. The main Gateway Community Health Center is in East Laredo, close to U.S. Highway 59 (Texas), U.S. Highway 59. It also has three branches in the Laredo area: the South Clinic, El Cenizo Community Center, and Quad City Community Center.

Gateway Community Health Center services include:

The Laredo Specialty Hospital is the fourth-largest medical center in Laredo. It is owned by Ernest Health Inc. and was founded by Elmo Lopez Jr. on May 22, 2006. It admitted its first patient within hours of operation. The grand opening took place in March 2007.

Transportation

In 2016, 82.3 percent of working Laredo residents commuted by driving alone, 10.2 percent carpooled, 0.9 percent used public transportation, and 1.9 percent walked. About 2 percent of working Laredo residents commuted by all other means, including taxi, bicycle, and motorcycles. About 2.6 percent worked at home.

In 2015, 6.5 percent of city of Laredo households were without a car, which decreased slightly to 5.9 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Laredo averaged 1.85 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.

Air

Laredo is served by the Laredo International Airport. Daily flights are available to Houston (George Bush Intercontinental Airport) and to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Tri-weekly flights to Las Vegas, Nevada are available. After Laredo Air Force Base closed in the mid-1970s, the federal government handed over the old air force base and property to the City of Laredo for a new municipal airport. From the mid-1970s until the mid-1990s, the airport used a small terminal for passenger airline service and several old hangars for air cargo and private aircraft. A new state-of-the art passenger terminal was built along the then newly constructed Loop 20 to accommodate larger jets and to increase passenger air travel through Laredo. Expansion of air cargo facilities, taxiways and aprons, air cargo carriers such as DHL, FedEx, UPS, BAX, and others have responded by adding commercial air cargo jet services. Laredo also has two medical helipads, at Laredo Medical Center and Doctor's Hospital.

Mass transit

El Metro Transit, El Metro is the public transit system that operates in the city with 21 fixed routes and Paratransit services, with approximately 4.6 million passengers per year. El Metro works with a fleet of over 47 fixed route buses, 2 trolleys and 18 Paratransit/El Lift vans. The El Metro hub is in downtown Laredo at El Metro Transit Center. The center also houses Greyhound Lines and provides fee-based daily parking for downtown shoppers and workers.

Rural transit

Rural transportation is provided by the Webb County operated "El Aguila Rural Transportation" (the Eagle) bus services. El Aguila serves fixed daily routes from rural communities (Bruni, Texas, Bruni, El Cenizo, Texas, El Cenizo, Mirando City, Texas, Mirando City, Oilton, Texas, Oilton, and Rio Bravo, Texas, Rio Bravo) to the downtown El Metro Transit Center.

International bridges

Road bridges

Proposed

Rail bridges

Proposed

Major highways

Major highways in Laredo and their starting and ending points:
* Interstate 35 (Texas), Interstate 35 Laredo-Duluth, Minnesota, Duluth
* Interstate 69W Laredo-Victoria, Texas, Victoria following I-69 to Port Huron, Michigan, Port Huron
* Interstate 2 is proposed to be extended to Laredo following US 83. If it is extended, I-2's terminus would be I-69W. It would also serve as the southern end of I-35.
*Interstate 27 is proposed to be extended to Laredo from Lubbock, Tx. following various routes till it meets with US 83. If it is extended, I-27 terminus would be I-35 at marker 18 in north Webb County.
* U.S. Highway 59 (Texas), U.S. Highway 59 Laredo-Lancaster, Minnesota, Lancaster. Included on the I-69W corridor.
* U.S. Highway 83 (Texas), U.S. Highway 83 Brownsville, Texas, Brownsville-Laredo-Westhope, North Dakota, Westhope
* Texas State Highway 255, State Highway 255 Laredo-Colombia, Nuevo León, Colombia
* Texas State Highway 359, State Highway 359 Laredo-Skidmore, Texas, Skidmore
* Texas State Highway Loop 20, State Loop 20 Loop around Laredo
* Farm to Market Road 1472 Laredo – Colombia Solidarity International Bridge

Major highways in Nuevo Laredo and their starting and ending points:
* Mexican Federal Highway 85 Nuevo Laredo-Mexico City
* Mexican Federal Highway 2 Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Matamoros-Nuevo Laredo-Colombia-Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila, Ciudad Acuña
*Tamaulipas State Highway 1 Nuevo Laredo-Monterrey
*Nuevo León State Highway Spur 1 Colombia-Anáhuac, Nuevo León, Anáhuac

Notable people

Born in Laredo

* Pedro "Pete" Astudillo, composer
* David Barkley, David Barkley-Cantu, first Mexican-American to be awarded the Medal of Honor
* Freddie Benavides, former professional baseball player
* Santos Benavides, Confederate States of America Colonel (United States), colonel
* Esther Buckley (1948–2013), member of the United States Commission on Civil Rights from 1983 to 1992; Laredo educator
* Kaleb Canales (born 1978), assistant coach of the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association
* Quico Canseco, Republican U.S. Representative representing Texas's 23rd congressional district from 2010 to 2012
* Orlando Canizales, professional boxing, boxer, Career W 50 L 5 D 1
* Francisco G. Cigarroa, chancellor of University of Texas System
* Henry R. Cuellar, Democrat U.S. Representative from Texas's 28th congressional district since 2005, former Texas Secretary of State (2001) and Texas House of Representatives, state representative (1987–2001)
* Tony Dalton, actor and screenwriter
* Elizabeth De Razzo (born 1980), actress
* Tom DeLay, former U.S. Representative for Texas's 22nd congressional district, former House Majority Leader, Republican from Sugar Land, Texas, Sugar Land, Texas
* Ramón H. Dovalina (born 1943), educator; president of Laredo Community College from 1995 to 2007
* Elma Salinas Ender (born 1953), first Hispanic woman state court judge in Texas; served on the 341st District Court from 1983 until her retirement in 2012
* Audrey Esparza (born 1986), actress
* Megan Frazee (born 1987), women's professional basketball player, (2009–)
* Betty Flores (born 1944), first woman mayor of Laredo, 1998–2006
* Alfonso Gomez-Rejon (born 1973), film and television director
* Rok-C, Carla Gonzalez (born 2001), professional wrestler known as Rok-C and Roxanne Perez
* Armando Hinojosa (born 1944), sculptor, designed Tejano Monument in Austin, Texas, Austin and "Among Friends There Are No Borders" at the Laredo International Airport
* Jovita Idar (1885–1946), was a Mexican-American journalist, political activist and civil rights worker, who fought for the rights of Mexican Americans and women
* John King (baseball), John King, Professional baseball pitcher for The Texas Rangers (baseball), Texas Rangers
* Rodney Lewis (born 1954), oil and natural gas industrialist based in San Antonio
* Sebastián Ligarde (born 1954), actor
* Thomas C. Mann (1912–1999), Pointman for Latin America policy for President Lyndon Johnson.
* J. C. Martin (Texas politician), Jose C. "Pepe" Martin Jr. (1913–1998), mayor of Laredo from 1954 to 1978; convicted federal felon popularly known as ''el patron''
* César Martínez (artist), César A. Martínez (born 1944), artist, prominent in the Chicano world of art
* Carlos Mercado (born 1999), soccer player
* Alicia Dickerson Montemayor, Democratic political activist and educator
* Amado M. Peña Jr., Amado Maurilio Peña Jr. (born 1943), American visual artist and art educator
* Federico Peña, former mayor of Denver, former U.S. Secretary of Transportation, and former U.S. Secretary of Energy, Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
* William Merriweather Peña (1919–2018), architect
* Roel Ramírez (born 1995), professional baseball player
* Ana Rodriguez (Miss Texas USA), Ana Rodriguez, Miss USA finalist, finished third runner up, 2011
* Johnny Rodriguez, Tex-Mex Country music, Country singer
* Pete Saenz (born 1951), mayor of Laredo since November 12, 2014; former trustee of Laredo Community College and Laredo lawyer
* Poncho Sanchez (born 1951), conga player, Latin jazz bandmaster & salsa singer
* Tony Sanchez (politician), Antonio R. "Tony" Sanchez Jr., oilman and banker, 2002 Democratic nominee for governor of Texas
* Edgar Valdez Villarreal (born 1973), nicknamed ''La Barbie'', Mexican-American drug lord and former leader of Los Negros
* Kathleen King von Alvensleben, architect
* Peggy Webber (born 1925), actress
* John P. Wheeler III, Jack Wheeler (1944–2010), co-founder of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund; aide to U.S. Presidents Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and George W. Bush
* Judith Zaffirini (born 1946), First Latina elected to the Texas State Senate.

Other notable people

* Steve Asmussen (born 1965), horse breeder who won three legs of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, Triple Crown
* Norma Elia Cantú (born 1947), Chicana postmodernist writer and a professor of English at the University of Texas at San Antonio
* Thomas Haden Church, actor in film ''Sideways'' and sitcom ''Wings (NBC TV series), Wings''
* Edmund J. Davis (1827–1883), governor of Texas from 1869 to 1873; resided in Laredo during parts of the 1850s
* Ned Kock, information systems professor affiliated with Texas A&M International University
* Jack Lanza, ex-professional wrestler, now World Wrestling Entertainment, WWE producer
* Juan L. Maldonado (born 1948), sixth president of Laredo Community College
* Saul N. Ramirez Jr., mayor of Laredo from 1990 to 1998
* Richard Raymond (Texas politician), Richard Peña Raymond, state representative from Webb County since 2001; previously represented Duval County, Texas, Duval County
* Jerry D. Thompson (born 1943), historian affiliated with Texas A&M International University
* Jeremy Vuolo, (born 1987), is an American former soccer player for Major League Soccer and the North American Soccer League.
* Robert G. Whitehead (1916–2007), businessman/artist who marketed "Blue Star" first-aid ointment
* Roger L. Worsley (born 1937), president of Laredo Community College, 1985 to 1995

Sister cities

During the month of July, Laredo sponsors the Laredo International Sister Cities Festival, which was founded in 2003. The festival is an international business, trade, tourism, and cultural expo. All of Laredo's Sister City, sister cities are invited to participate. In 2004, the Laredo International Sister Cities Festival received the best overall Program award from the Sister Cities International.

Laredo's sister cities are:

* Acámbaro, Mexico (2004)
* Campeche City, Campeche, Mexico
* Cerralvo Municipality, Cerralvo, Mexico
* Chenzhou, China (2001)
* Ciénega de Flores, Mexico (1987)
* Ciudad Valles, Mexico
* La Cruz, Costa Rica, La Cruz, Costa Rica
* Cuernavaca, Mexico
* General Escobedo, Mexico
* General Terán, Nuevo León, General Terán, Mexico
* Guadalajara, Mexico
* Guadalupe, Nuevo León, Guadalupe, Mexico (2000)
* Los Herreras, Mexico
* Lower Hutt, Hutt, New Zealand
* Jerez de García Salinas, Jerez, Mexico (1987)
* Lampazos, Nuevo León, Lampazos de Naranjo, Mexico (2000)
* Laredo, Cantabria, Laredo, Spain (1978)
* Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán, Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexico
* León, Guanajuato, León, Mexico
* Mexticacán, Mexico (2002)
* Monclova Municipality, Monclova, Mexico (2003)
* Montemorelos, Mexico
* Rural City of Murray Bridge, Murray Bridge, Australia (1984)
* Nuevo Laredo Municipality, Nuevo Laredo, Mexico (1986)
* Papantla, Mexico
* San Antonio de Areco Partido, San Antonio de Areco, Argentina
* San Miguel de Allende (municipality), San Miguel de Allende, Mexico (2001)
* Tainan, Taiwan
* Tepatitlán, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Mexico
* Tijuana Municipality, Tijuana, Mexico
* Tlahualilo Municipality, Tlahualilo, Mexico (1988)
* Tonalá, Jalisco, Tonalá, Mexico
* Torreón Municipality, Torreón, Mexico 2004)
* Veracruz (city), Veracruz, Mexico (1992)
* Wenzhou, China
* Wuwei, Gansu, Wuwei, China (2004)
* Zixing, China (2002)

See also

*Laredo–Nuevo Laredo
*Nuevo Laredo
*Webb County, Texas

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

City of Laredo HomepageLaredo Chamber of CommerceLaredo Convention and Visitors BureauLaredo Development Foundation
*
Historic Photos from the Laredo Public Library
hosted by th
Portal to Texas History

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Laredo, Texas,
Cities in Webb County, Texas
County seats in Texas
Laredo–Nuevo Laredo
Divided cities
Mexico–United States border crossings
Capitals of former nations
Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States
Populated places established in 1755
1755 establishments in New Spain
Cities in Texas
Texas populated places on the Rio Grande