The Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (Paris, National Library of France, Greek 9) designated by the siglum C or 04 {in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament

manuscripts A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten – as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in ...

), δ 3 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a manuscript of the Greek Bible, written on parchment. It contains most of the New Testament and some

Old Testament The Old Testament (often abbreviated OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew writings by the Israelites. The ...

books, with sizeable portions missing. It is one of the

four great uncials The great uncial codices or four great uncials are the only remaining uncial codices that contain (or originally contained) the entire text of the Bible (Old and New Testament) in Greek. They are the Codex Vaticanus in the Vatican Library, the Co ...

(these being manuscripts which originally contained the whole of both the Old and New Testaments). The manuscript is not intact: its current condition contains material from every New Testament book except

2 Thessalonians The Second Epistle to the Thessalonians is a book from the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, with Timothy as a co-author. Modern biblical scholarship is divided on whether the epistle was ...

and

2 John The Second Epistle of John is a book of the New Testament attributed to John the Evangelist, traditionally thought to be the author of the other two epistles of John, and the Gospel of John (though this is disputed). Most modern scholars believ ...

; however, only six books of the Greek Old Testament are represented. It is not known whether 2 Thessalonians and 2 John were excluded on purpose, or whether no fragment of either epistle happened to survive. The manuscript is a palimpsest, with the pages being washed of their original text, and reused in the 12th century for the Greek translations of 38 treatises composed by

Ephrem the Syrian Ephrem the Syrian ( syc, ܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ, Mār ʾAp̄rêm Sūryāyā, ; grc-koi, Ἐφραὶμ ὁ Σῦρος, Efrém o Sýros; la, Ephraem Syrus; am, ቅዱስ ኤፍሬም ሶርያዊ; ), also known as Saint Ephrem, Saint ...

, from whence it gets its name ''Ephraemi Rescriptus.'' The lower text of the palimpsest was deciphered by biblical scholar and palaeographer

Constantin von Tischendorf Lobegott Friedrich Constantin (von) Tischendorf (18 January 18157 December 1874) was a German biblical scholar. In 1844, he discovered the world's oldest and most complete Bible dated to around the mid-4th century and called Codex Sinaiticus a ...

in 1840–1843, and was edited by him in 1843–1845.

Description

The manuscript is a codex (the forerunner to the modern book), written on parchment, measuring 12¼ x 9 in (31.4-32.5 x 25.6-26.4 cm). It has 209 leaves extant, of which 145 belong to the New Testament and 64 to the Old Testament. The letters are medium-sized uncials, in a single column per page, 40–46 lines per page. The text is written continuously, with no division of words (known as ''

Scriptio continua ''Scriptio continua'' (Latin for "continuous script"), also known as ''scriptura continua'' or ''scripta continua'', is a style of writing without spaces or other marks between the words or sentences. The form also lacks punctuation, diacritic ...

''), with the punctuation consisting of only a single point, as in codices

Alexandrinus The Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, Royal MS 1. D. V-VIII), designated by the siglum A or 02 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 4 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a ma ...

and Vaticanus. The beginning sections have larger letters which stand out in the margin (similar to those in codices Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Basilensis). Iota () and upsilon () have a small straight line over them, which serves as a form of diaeresis. The breathings (utilised to designate vowel emphasis) and accents (used to indicate voiced pitch changes) were added by a later hand. The nomina sacra (special names/words considered sacred in Christianity - usually the first and last letters of the name/word in question are written, followed by an overline; sometimes other letters from within the word are used as well) tend to be contracted into three-letter forms rather than the more common two-letter forms. A list of chapters (known as / ''kephalaia'') is preserved before the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John. One may deduce from this that the manuscript originally contained chapter lists for the Gospel of Matthew and

Gospel of Mark The Gospel of Mark), or simply Mark (which is also its most common form of abbreviation). is the second of the four canonical gospels and of the three synoptic Gospels. It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to h ...

too. The chapter titles (known as / ''titloi'') were apparently not placed in the upper margin of the page; however it is possible the upper margins once contained the titles in red ink, which has since completely faded away; another possibility is the upper portions of the pages have been over-trimmed. The text of the Gospels is accompanied by marginal notations indicating the Eusebian canons (an early system of dividing the four Gospels into different sections, developed by early

Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...

writer

Eusebius of Caesarea Eusebius of Caesarea (; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος ; 260/265 – 30 May 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilus (from the grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος τοῦ Παμφίλου), was a Greek historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christia ...

), albeit the numerals for the Eusebian Canons were likely written in red ink, which unfortunately have completely vanished. There are no systematic divisions in the other books. The Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53–8:11) was likely missing from the original codex. The two leaves which contain John 7:3–8:34 are not extant, however by counting the lines and calculating how much space would be required to include John 7:53-8:11 (presuming there’s no other large omission), it can be demonstrated they did not contain sufficient space to include the passage. The text of Mark 16:9–20 is included on folio 148r. It is difficult to determine whether Luke 22:43–44 ( Christ's agony at Gethsemane) was in the original codex; unfortunately the leaves containing the surrounding verses are not extant. is not included. ; Missing Chapters/Verses * Gospel of Matthew: 1:1–2; 5:15–7:5; 17:26–18:28; 22:21–23:17; 24:10–45; 25:30–26:22; 27:11–46; 28:15-fin.; *

: 1:1–17; 6:32–8:5; 12:30–13:19; * Gospel of Luke: 1:1–2; 2:5–42; 3:21–4:25; 6:4–36; 7:17–8:28; 12:4–19:42; 20:28–21:20; 22:19–23:25; 24:7–45 * Gospel of John: 1:1–3; 1:41–3:33; 5:17–6:38; 7:3–8:34; 9:11–11:7; 11:47–13:7; 14:8–16:21; 18:36–20:25; *

Acts of the Apostles The Acts of the Apostles ( grc-koi, Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; la, Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its messag ...

: 1:1–2; 4:3–5:34; 6:8; 10:43–13:1; 16:37–20:10; 21:31–22:20; 23:18–24:15; 26:19–27:16; 28:5-fin.; *

Epistle to the Romans The Epistle to the Romans is the sixth book in the New Testament, and the longest of the thirteen Pauline epistles. Biblical scholars agree that it was composed by Paul the Apostle to explain that salvation is offered through the gospel of J ...

: 1:1–3; 2:5–3:21; 9:6–10:15; 11:31–13:10; *

First Epistle to the Corinthians The First Epistle to the Corinthians ( grc, Α΄ ᾽Επιστολὴ πρὸς Κορινθίους) is one of the Pauline epistles, part of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle and a co-author ...

: 1:1–2; 7:18–9:6; 13:8–15:40; *

Second Epistle to the Corinthians The Second Epistle to the Corinthians is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle and a co-author named Timothy, and is addressed to the church in Corinth and Christians in the ...

: 1:1–2; 10:8-fin. *

Epistle to the Galatians The Epistle to the Galatians is the ninth book of the New Testament. It is a letter from Paul the Apostle to a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia. Scholars have suggested that this is either the Roman province of Galatia in sou ...

: 1:1–20 *

Epistle to the Ephesians The Epistle to the Ephesians is the tenth book of the New Testament. Its authorship has traditionally been attributed to Paul the Apostle but starting in 1792, this has been challenged as Deutero-Pauline, that is, pseudepigrapha written in Pau ...

: 1:1–2:18; 4:17-fin. * Epistle to the Philippians: 1:1–22; 3:5-fin. * Epistle to the Colossians: 1:1–2; * First Epistle to the Thessalonians: 1:1; 2:9-fin.; * Second Epistle to the Thessalonians entirely * First Epistle to Timothy: 1:1–3:9; 5:20-fin.; *

Second Epistle to Timothy The Second Epistle to Timothy is one of the three pastoral epistles traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle.. Addressed to Timothy, a fellow missionary, it is traditionally considered to be the last epistle he wrote before his death. Alth ...

: 1:1–2; *

Epistle to Titus The Epistle to Titus is one of the three pastoral epistles (along with 1 Timothy and 2 Timothy) in the New Testament, historically attributed to Paul the Apostle. It is addressed to Saint Titus and describes the requirements and duties of elders ...

: 1:1–2 * Epistle to Philemon: 1–2 * Epistle to the Hebrews: 1:1–2:4; 7:26–9:15; 10:24–12:15; * Epistle of James: 1:1–2; 4:2-fin. *

First Epistle of Peter The First Epistle of Peter is a book of the New Testament. The author presents himself as Peter the Apostle. The ending of the letter includes a statement that implies that it was written from "Babylon", which is possibly a reference to Rome. T ...

: 1:1–2; 4:5-fin.; *

Second Epistle of Peter The Second Epistle of Peter is a book of the New Testament of the Bible. The text identifies the author as "Simon Peter, a bondservant and apostle of Jesus Christ" and the epistle is traditionally attributed to Peter the Apostle, but most criti ...

: 1:1; * First Epistle of John: 1:1–2; 4:3-fin. * Second Epistle of John entirely; *

Third Epistle of John The Third Epistle of John is the third-to-last book of the New Testament and the Christian Bible as a whole, and attributed to John the Evangelist, traditionally thought to be the author of the Gospel of John and the other two epistles of John. ...

: 1–2; *

Epistle of Jude The Epistle of Jude is the penultimate book of the New Testament as well as the Christian Bible. It is traditionally attributed to Jude, brother of James the Just, and thus possibly brother of Jesus as well. Jude is a short epistle written in ...

: 1–2; * Book of Revelation: 1:1–2; 3:20–5:14; 7:14–17; 8:5–9:16; 10:10–11:3; 16:13–18:2; 19:5-fin. (NA26) In the Old Testament, parts of the

Book of Job The Book of Job (; hbo, אִיּוֹב, ʾIyyōḇ), or simply Job, is a book found in the Ketuvim ("Writings") section of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), and is the first of the Poetic Books in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. Scholars ar ...

, the Proverbs,

Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes (; hbo, קֹהֶלֶת, Qōheleṯ, grc, Ἐκκλησιαστής, Ekklēsiastēs) is one of the Ketuvim ("Writings") of the Hebrew Bible and part of the Wisdom literature of the Christian Old Testament. The title commonly use ...

, Song of Songs, Wisdom, and Sirach survive.

Text

The New Testament text of the codex has been considered primarily as a representative of the

Alexandrian text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Alexandrian text-type is one of the main text types. It is the text type favored by the majority of modern textual critics and it is the basis for most modern (after 1900) Bible translations. Over 5,8 ...

, although this affiliation varies from book to book. The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine. It has a Byzantine affiliation in Matthew, a weak Alexandrian connection in Mark, and is considered an Alexandrian witness in John. In Luke its textual character is unclear. Textual critics

Brooke Foss Westcott Brooke Foss Westcott (12 January 1825 – 27 July 1901) was an English bishop, biblical scholar and theologian, serving as Bishop of Durham from 1890 until his death. He is perhaps most known for co-editing ''The New Testament in the Orig ...

and Fenton J.A. Hort classified it as a mixed text;

Hermann von Soden Baron Hermann von Soden (16 August 1852 – 15 January 1914) was a German Biblical scholar, minister, professor of divinity, and textual theorist. Life Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 16, 1852, Soden was educated at the University of Tübinge ...

classified it as an Alexandrian witness. According to textual critic

Kurt Aland Kurt Aland (28 March 1915 – 13 April 1994) was a German theologian and biblical scholar who specialized in New Testament textual criticism. He founded the '' Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung'' (Institute for New Testament Textua ...

, it agrees with the Byzantine text-type 87 times in the Gospels, 13 times in Acts, 29 times in Paul, and 16 times in the Catholic epistles. It agrees with the Nestle-Aland text 66 times (Gospels), 38 (Acts), 104 (Paul), and 41 (Cath.). It has 50 independent or distinctive readings in the Gospels, 11 in Acts, 17 in Paul, and 14 in the Catholic epistles. Aland placed the text of the codex in Category II of his New Testament manuscript text classification system. Category II manuscripts are described as being manuscripts "of a special quality, i.e., manuscripts with a considerable proportion of the early text, but which are marked by alien influences. These influences are usually of smoother, improved readings, and in later periods by infiltration by the Byzantine text." According to the Claremont Profile Method (a specific analysis method of textual data), its text is mixed in Luke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20. In the Book of Revelation, the codex is a witness to the same form of text as seen in

and . The manuscript is cited in all critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3, UBS4, NA26, NA27). In NA27 it belongs to the witnesses consistently cited of the first order. (NA27) The readings of the codex correctors (C¹, C², and C³) are regularly cited in critical editions.

Notable readings

Below are some readings of the manuscript which agree or disagree with variant readings in other Greek manuscripts, or with varying ancient translations of the New Testament. See the main article Textual variants in the New Testament. ; Interpolations : (''and when the centurion returned to the house in that hour, he found the slave well'' - see ) ::incl. - C * N Θ ƒ 33 545 g sy ::omit - Majority of manuscripts : (''the other took a spear and pierced His side, and immediately came out water and blood'' - see ) ::incl. - C B L Γ 1010 1293 ''pc'' vg ::omit - Majority of manuscripts (UBS3) : - C 6 36 81

104 104 may refer to: *104 (number), a natural number *AD 104, a year in the 2nd century AD * 104 BC, a year in the 2nd century BC * 104 (MBTA bus), Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority bus route *Hundred and Four (or Council of 104), a Carthagini ...

323 Year 323 (Roman numerals, CCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 10 ...

326 {{M1 year in topic __NOTOC__ Year 326 ( CCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Constantinus and Constantinus (or, ...

453 __NOTOC__ Year 453 ( CDLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Opilio and Vincomalus (or, less frequently, year 1206 ...

945 1175 1739 2818 sy : - Majority of manuscripts ; Some corrections Codex Ephraemi Mt 26,52-69

: (''by'') - C* B D P W Z Δ Θ 0233 ƒ{{sup, 13{{sup} 33 :{{lang, grc, δυο (''two'') - C{{sup, 3 L ƒ{{sup, >1 Byz{{r, na26{{rp, 27 {{bibleref, Acts, 20:28 :{{lang, grc, του κυριου (''of the Lord'') - C* {{Papyrus link, 74 D E Ψ 33 36

945

1739 Events January–March * January 1 – Bouvet Island is discovered by French explorer Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier, in the South Atlantic Ocean. * January 3: A 7.6 earthquake shakes the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region ...

1891 :{{lang, grc, του κυριου και του Θεου (''and God'') - C{{sup, c P 049

1241 Year 1241 ( MCCXLI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events * March 18 – Battle of Chmielnik ( Mongol invasion of Poland): The Mongols overwhelm the feudal Polish armi ...

2492 Byz{{r, na26{{rp, 384 For the textual variants in this verse see: Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles. {{bibleref, 1 Corinthians, 12:9 :{{lang, grc, εν τω αυτω πνευματι (''in His spirit'') ::omit - C* ::incl. - C{{sup, 3 Majority of manuscripts{{r, ubs3{{rp, 605 Codex Ephraemi 1 Tim 3,15-16

{{bibleref, 1 Timothy, 3:16 :{{lang, grc, ὅς ἐφανερώθη (''He was manifested'') - C* {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א * A* F G 33 365 1175 :{{lang, grc, θεός ἐφανερώθη (''God was manifested'') - C{{sup, 2 {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א {{sup, 3 A{{sup, 2 Majority of manuscripts{{r, text-com{{rp, 575-576 For the textual variants in this verse see: Textual variants in 1 Timothy. {{bibleref, James, 1:22 :{{lang, grc, λογου (''of the word'') - C* Majority of manuscripts :{{lang, grc, νομου (''of the law'') - C{{sup, 2 88 621 1067 1852{{r, na26{{rp, 589 ; Some other textual variants {{bibleref, Matthew, 22:10 :{{lang, grc, αγαμος - C :{{lang, grc, νυμφων - {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א B* L 0102

892 Year 892 ( DCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Summer – Poppo II, duke of Thuringia (Central Germany), is deposed by King Arnul ...

1010 sy{{sup, h(mg) :{{lang, grc, γαμος - Majority of manuscripts{{r, na26{{rp, 62 {{bibleref, Mark, 10:35 :{{lang, grc, οι δυο υιοι Ζεβεδαιου (''the two sons of Zebedee'') - C B sa bo :{{lang, grc, οι υιοι Ζεβεδαιου (''the sons of Zebedee'') - Majority of manuscripts{{r, na26{{rp, 124 {{bibleref, Acts, 15:23 :{{lang, grc, γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων επιστολην περιεχουσαν ταδε (''they wrote by their hands the letter containing this'') - C gig w geo :{{lang, grc, γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων (''wrote by their hands'') - {{papyrus link, 33{{sup, (vid) {{papyrus link, 45{{sup, (vid) {{papyrus link, 74 {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א * A B bo eth :{{lang, grc, γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων ταδε (''they wrote this by their hands'') - Majority of manuscripts {{r, na26{{rp, 366 {{bibleref, Romans, 16:15 :{{lang, grc, Ιουνιαν, Νηρεα - C* F G :{{lang, grc, Ιουλιαν, Νηρεα - C{{sup, c Majority of manuscripts{{r, ubs3{{rp, 575 {{bibleref, Romans, 16:24 :omit - C {{papyrus link, 46 {{papyrus link, 61 {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א A B 5 811

263 __NOTOC__ Year 263 ( CCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Albinus and Dexter (or, less frequently, year 1016 ' ...

623 Year 623 (Roman numerals, DCXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 623 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calen ...

1739 1838 1962 2127 it{{sup, z vg{{sup, ww sa bo eth{{sup, ro Origen{{sup, lat :incl. - Majority of manuscripts {{bibleref, 1 Corinthians, 2:1 :{{lang, grc, μυστηριον (''secret'') - C {{Papyrus link, 46 א* Α 88

436 __NOTOC__ Year 436 ( CDXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Isodorus and Senator (or, less frequently, year 1189 ' ...

it{{sup, a,r syr{{sup, p bo :{{lang, grc, σωτηριον (''savior'') - ''ℓ'' 598 ''ℓ'' 593 ''ℓ'' 599 :{{lang, grc, μαρτυριον (''testimony'') - Majority of manuscripts{{r, ubs3{{rp, 581 {{bibleref, 1 Corinthians, 7:5 :{{lang, grc, τη προσευχη (''prayer'') - C {{Papyrus link, 11 {{Papyrus link, 46 {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א * A B D G P Codex Athous Lavrensis, Ψ 33 81

Minuscule 181, 181 629 630 1739 1877 1881 1962 it vg co arm eth :{{lang, grc, τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (''fasting and prayer'') - {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א {{sup, c2 Majority of manuscripts{{r, ubs3{{rp, 591 {{bibleref, 2 Timothy, 4:10 :{{lang, grc, Γαλλιαν - C {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א 81

436 sa bo{{sup, pt{{r, ubs3{{rp, 737 :{{lang, grc, Γαλατιαν - Majority of manuscripts {{bibleref, James, 1:12 :{{lang, grc, κυριος (''Lord'') - C :{{lang, grc, ο κυριος (''the Lord'') - Majority of manuscripts :{{lang, grc, ο θεος (''God'') - 4 33{{sup, (vid)

2816{{sup, (vid) 945 1739 vg sy{{sup, p :omit - {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א A B Ψ 81 ff sa bo{{r, na26{{rp, 589 {{bibleref, Revelation, 1:5 :{{lang, grc, λυσαντι ημας εκ (''freed us from'') - C {{Papyrus link, 18 {{larger, {{script, Hebr, א {{sup, c A 2020 2081

2814 2814 (stylized in fullwidth characters as ２８１４) is an English-American collaborative ambient and vaporwave project of the electronic musicians Luke Laurila and David Russo, also known as Telepath テレパシー能力者 (stylized as " ...

:{{lang, grc, λουσαντι ημας εκ (''washed us from'') - Majority of manuscripts{{r, na26{{rp, 632 {{bibleref, Revelation, 13:18 :{{lang, grc, εξακοσιαι δεκα εξ ( six hundred sixteen / 616) - C {{papyrus link, 115; Ir{{sup, lat :{{lang, grc, εξακοσιαι εξηκοντα εξ (666) - Majority of manuscripts{{Cite book , last1=Metzger , first1=Bruce Manning , last2=Ehrman , first2=Bart D. , author-link1=Bruce M. Metzger , author-link2=Bart D. Ehrman , title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration , edition=4th , year=2005 , publisher=Oxford University Press , location=Oxford , isbn=0-19-516667-1 {{rp, 61

History

The codex's place of origin is unknown. Tischendorf tentatively suggested Egypt. Tischendorf also proposed the manuscript was produced by two scribes: one for the Old Testament, and one for the New Testament. Subsequent research indicates there may've been a third scribe involved. The text has been corrected by three correctors, designated by C¹, C², and C³ (Tischendorf designated them by C*, C**, and C***). Sometimes they are designated by C^a, C^b, and C^c.{{r, Aland The first corrector (C¹) worked in a scriptorium, but the exact location where any of the correctors worked is unknown. The first corrector's corrections are not numerous except in the

Book of Sirach The Book of Sirach () or Ecclesiasticus (; abbreviated Ecclus.) is a Jewish work, originally in Hebrew, of ethical teachings, from approximately 200 to 175 BC, written by the Judahite scribe Ben Sira of Jerusalem, on the inspiration of his f ...

.{{Cite book , first=H. B. , last=Swete , title=An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek , pages=128–129 , year=1902 , location=Cambridge , url=https://archive.org/stream/anintrotooldtes00swetuoft#page/128/mode/2up The third and last corrector (C³) likely wrote in the 800's, possibly in Constantinople (modern day Istanbul in Turkey). He conformed readings of the codex to ecclesiastical use, inserting many accents, breathings, and vocal notes. He also added liturgical directions in the margin, and worked extensively on the codex.{{r, Scrivener{{rp, 123 The codex was subsequently washed of its text, had the pages scrapped (howbeit imperfectly), and reused in the twelfth century.{{r, metz-ehrman{{rp, 70 After the

fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople, also known as the Conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city fell on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun o ...

in 1453, the codex was brought to Florence by an émigré scholar. It belonged to Niccolo Ridolpho († 1550), Cardinal of Florence. After his death it was probably bought by Piero Strozzi, an Italian military leader, for

Catherine de' Medici Catherine de' Medici ( it, Caterina de' Medici, ; french: Catherine de Médicis, ; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589) was an Florentine noblewoman born into the Medici family. She was Queen of France from 1547 to 1559 by marriage to King ...

. Catherine brought it to France as part of her dowry, and from the Bourbon royal library it came to rest in the

Bibliothèque nationale de France The Bibliothèque nationale de France (, 'National Library of France'; BnF) is the national library of France, located in Paris on two main sites known respectively as ''Richelieu'' and ''François-Mitterrand''. It is the national repository ...

, Paris. The manuscript was rebound in 1602.{{r, textkritik{{rp, 42 The older writing was first noticed by Pierre Allix, a Protestant pastor. Jean Boivin, supervisor of the Royal Library, made the first extracts of various readings of the codex (under the notation of Paris 9) to

Ludolph Küster Ludolf Küster (german: Ludolph Küster) (1670–1716) was a Westphalian scholar, philologist, textual critic, palaeographer, and editor of Greek ancient texts. Küster was born in Blomberg, Westphalia. He was friends with, and a correspondent of, ...

, who published Mill's New Testament in 1710. In 1834–1835 potassium ferricyanide was used to bring out faded or eradicated ink, which had the effect of defacing the vellum from green and blue to black and brown.{{r, Scrivener{{rp, 121 The first collation of the New Testament was made in 1716 by Johann Jakob Wettstein for

Richard Bentley Richard Bentley FRS (; 27 January 1662 – 14 July 1742) was an English classical scholar, critic, and theologian. Considered the "founder of historical philology", Bentley is widely credited with establishing the English school of Hellen ...

, who intended to prepare a new edition of the ''Novum Testamentum Graece''. According to Bentley's correspondence, it took two hours to read one page, and Bentley paid Wettstein £50. This collation was used by Wettstein in his own Greek New Testament of 1751–1752.{{r, Scrivener{{rp, 122 Wettstein also made the first description of the codex. Wettstein examined the text of the Old Testament only occasionally, but he did not publish any of it.{{r, Swete Various editors made occasional extracts from the manuscript, but Tischendorf was the first who read it completely (Old and New Testament).{{r, Waltz Tischendorf gained an international reputation when he published the Greek New Testament text in 1843, and the Old Testament in 1845. Although Tischendorf worked by eye alone, his deciphering of the palimpsest's text was remarkably accurate. The torn condition of many folios, and the ghostly traces of the text overlaid by the later one, made the decipherment extremely difficult. Even with modern aids like ultraviolet photography, not all the text is securely legible. Robert W. Lyon published a list of corrections to Tischendorf's edition in 1959. This was also an imperfect work.{{r, Waltz According to Edward Miller (1886), the codex was produced "in the light of the most intellectual period of the early Church."Edward Miller, ''A Guide to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament'', Dean Burgon Society Press, p. 27. According to Frederic Kenyon, "the original manuscript contained the whole Greek Bible, but only scattered leaves of it were used by the scribe of St. Ephraem's works, and the rest was probably destroyed".Frederic Kenyon
''Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts''
(London 1896), 2nd edition, p. 138. Swete only examined the text of the Old Testament. According to him the original order of the Old Testament cannot be reconstructed. The scribe who converted the manuscript into a palimpsest used the leaves for his new text without regard to their original arrangement. The original manuscript was not a single volume.{{r, Swete It is currently housed in the

(Grec 9) in Paris.{{r, Aland{{Cite web , url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20004 , title= Liste Handschriften , publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research , access-date=9 November 2011 , location=Münster

Notes

{{reflist, group = "n"

References

{{Reflist

Bibliography

; Text of the codex * {{Cite book , last=Tischendorf , first=Constantin von , title=Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus, sive Fragmenta Novi Testamenti , year=1843 , location=Lipsiae , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWFAAAAAcAAJ * {{Cite book , last=Tischendorf , first=Constantin von , title=Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus, sive Fragmenta Veteris Testamenti , year=1845 , location=Lipsiae , url=https://archive.org/stream/Tischendorf.V.Various/01.CodexEphraemiSyriRescriptus.FragUtriusqTest.1845.#page/n9/mode/2up * {{Cite book , last=Lyon , first=Robert W. , title=A Re-Examination of Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus , series=New Testament Studies , volume=5 , pages=260–272 , year=1959 , url=http://www.biblical-data.org/ON_Codex%2004.htm ; Description of the codex * {{Cite book , last=Comfort , first=Philip , title=Encountering the Manuscripts: An Introduction to New Testament Paleography and Textual Criticism , year=2005 , publisher=Broadman & Holman Publishers * {{Cite book , last=Fleck , first=Ferdinand Florens , title=Ueber die Handschrift des neuen Testamentes, gewoehnlich Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus genannt, in der koeniglichen Bibliothek zu Paris , year=1841 , location=Hamburg , url=http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/diglit/thstkr_1841/0128?sid=ffc7f131e362c1edaee574408f00a53c * {{Cite book , last=Hatch , first=William Henry , author-link=William Hatch (theologian) , title=The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament , year=1939 , publisher=The University of Chicago Press , location=Chicago * {{Cite book , last=Kenyon , first=Frederic G. , author-link=Frederic G. Kenyon , title=Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts , edition=4th , year=1939, location=London * {{Cite book , last=Metzger , first=Bruce Manning , author-link=Bruce M. Metzger , title=Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography , year=1981 , publisher=Oxford University Press , location=Oxford * {{Cite book , last=Swete , first=Henry B. , author-link=Henry Barclay Swete , title=An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, location=Cambridge, year=1902 , url=https://archive.org/stream/anintrotooldtes00swetuoft#page/128/mode/2up, pages=128–129

External links

{{Commons category, Codex Ephraemi
Codex Ephraemi Syri Rescriptus (in Gallica digital library)
* {{citation , chapter-url=http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uC , title=An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism , chapter= New Testament Manuscripts Uncials , access-date=2010-11-12 , author=Waltz, Robert

Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus * Michael D. Marlowe

Bible Research {{Authority control 5th-century biblical manuscripts Bibliothèque nationale de France collections Ephraemi Ephraemi Palimpsests Septuagint manuscripts