The architecture of Liverpool is rooted in the city's development into a major

port A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as ...

of the

British Empire The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading post ...

.Hughes (1999), p10 It encompasses a variety of

architectural style An architectural style is a set of characteristics and features that make a building or other structure notable or historically identifiable. It is a sub-class of style in the visual arts generally, and most styles in architecture relate closely ...

s of the past 300 years, while next to nothing remains of its medieval structures which would have dated back as far as the 13th century.Hughes (1999), p11 Erected 1716–18, Bluecoat Chambers is supposed to be the oldest surviving building in central Liverpool. There are over 2500 listed buildings in Liverpool of which 27 are Grade I and 85 Grade II* listed. It has been described by

English Heritage English Heritage (officially the English Heritage Trust) is a charity that manages over 400 historic monuments, buildings and places. These include prehistoric sites, medieval castles, Roman forts and country houses. The charity states that i ...

as England's finest

Victorian Victorian or Victorians may refer to: 19th century * Victorian era, British history during Queen Victoria's 19th-century reign ** Victorian architecture ** Victorian house ** Victorian decorative arts ** Victorian fashion ** Victorian literature ...

city. However, due to neglect, some of Liverpool's finest listed buildings are on English Heritage's '' Heritage at Risk'' register. Though listed buildings are concentrated in the centre,

Liverpool Liverpool is a City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the List of English districts by population, 10th largest English district by population and its E ...

has many buildings of interest throughout its suburbs. In accordance with Liverpool's role as a trading port, many of its best buildings were erected as headquarters for shipping firms and insurance companies. The wealth thus generated led to the construction of grand civic buildings, designed to allow the local administrators to "run the city with pride". The historical significance and value of Liverpool's architecture and port layout were recognised when, in 2004,

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. I ...

declared large parts of the city a

World Heritage Site A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for ...

. Known as the '' Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City'', the nomination papers stress the city's role in the development of

international trade International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories because there is a need or want of goods or services. (see: World economy) In most countries, such trade represents a significan ...

and docking technology, summed up in this way under Selection Criterion iv: "Liverpool is an outstanding example of a world mercantile port city, which represents the early development of global trading and cultural connections throughout the British Empire."Nomination of Liverpool - Maritime Mercantile City for Inscription on the World Heritage List
accessed 23 March 2013. Following developments such as Liverpool Waters and Everton Stadium, the

World Heritage Committee The World Heritage Committee selects the sites to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger, defines the use of the World Heritage Fund and allocates financial assistance ...

removed Liverpool's World Heritage Site status in July 2021. As Liverpool grew in population, it absorbed certain surrounding areas which now act as its various inner districts ( Clubmoor, Edge Hill, Everton, Fairfield, Garston, Kensington, Kirkdale, Knotty Ash, Norris Green, Old Swan, Toxteth, Vauxhall, Walton, Wavertree) or outlying suburbs ( Aigburth, Allerton, Anfield, Childwall, Croxteth, Fazakerley, Gateacre, Grassendale, Hunt's Cross, Mossley Hill, St Michael's Hamlet, West Derby, Woolton), with varying architecture in each. Liverpool-Montage

The earth and its inhabitants (1881) (14597627290)

Chronology and styles

Medieval (11th century – 1485)

Liverpool's origins date back to at least c.1192 when it was first mentioned and was made a

borough A borough is an administrative division in various English-speaking countries. In principle, the term ''borough'' designates a self-governing walled town, although in practice, official use of the term varies widely. History In the Middle ...

in 1207 by

King John King John may refer to: Rulers * John, King of England (1166–1216) * John I of Jerusalem (c. 1170–1237) * John Balliol, King of Scotland (c. 1249–1314) * John I of France (15–20 November 1316) * John II of France (1319–1364) * John I o ...

,Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p243 although today nothing remains of the city's medieval architecture. Probably the earliest building of note within Liverpool would have been Liverpool Castle, which was constructed between 1232 and 1235 by William de Ferrers. In 1257 mention of the chapel of St Mary del Key near the water's edge, gave its name to Chapel Street. The church of Our Lady and St Nicholas was originally built c.1360, though none of the fabric of the medieval church survives, Sir John Stanley was granted permission in 1406 to fortify his house at the bottom of Water Street, again this doesn't survive. The oldest surviving building within the city is likely to be

Stanlawe Grange Stanlawe Grange in Aigburth, Liverpool, England, is the remains of a 13th-century monastic grange. Little remains of the original cruck frame A cruck or crook frame is a curved timber, one of a pair, which support the roof of a building, histor ...

in Aigburth, a

Monastic grange Monastic granges were outlying landholdings held by monasteries independent of the manorial system. The first granges were owned by the Cistercians and other orders followed. Wealthy monastic houses had many granges, most of which were largel ...

dating from the 13th century. Frequent modifications throughout its history mean that little of the original building remains, although sections of it are believed to date from 1291.Hughes (1999), p19 The only medieval church within the current bounds of Liverpool is All Saints' Church, Childwall, The chancel dates from the 14th century, and the south aisle and porch are probably from the 15th century, the tower and spire date from 1810 to 1811. The north aisle dates from 1833 and it was partly rebuilt between 1900 and 1905.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), pp397-398 Despite the lack of many physical remnants of this period, the city's medieval history is still evident in the street patterns around Liverpool Town Hall, with all seven of the city's original streets remaining in approximately the same position today. These are Chapel Street, Tithebarn Street, Dale Street, Water Street, Old Hall Street, High Street & Castle Street. In this early period of Liverpool's history trade was confined to coastal trade, trade with Ireland and other European nations.Sharples & Stonard (2008), p1 File:Liverpool Castle - geograph.org.uk - 226.jpg, Full size replica of Liverpool Castle at Rivington, never completed
(1912–25) File:Stanlawe Grange 2.jpg, Stanlawe Grange, Aigburth Hall Avenue, Aigburth
(13th century and later; Grade II*) File:All Saints Church, Childwall.jpg, All Saints' Church, Childwall
(14th, 15th & 19th centuries; Grade I) File:Nave of All Saints Childwall 1.jpg, Interior, All Saints' Church, Childwall
(14th, 15th & 19th centuries; Grade I)

Tudor and Elizabethan (1485–1603)

Liverpool's first Town Hall—the town council used to meet in the common hall from 1350—was built in 1515 at the bequest of Rev. John Crosse,Millington (1955), p3 and was located in the block bounded by High Street, Dale Street and Exchange Street East. The building was replaced in 1673 by a new Town Hall, partly built on the site occupied by the current building. Speke Hall, which is located in the south of the city, is a

manor house A manor house was historically the main residence of the lord of the manor. The house formed the administrative centre of a manor in the European feudal system; within its great hall were held the lord's manorial courts, communal meals with ...

from the 16th century, completed in 1598: much of the building is earlier.Hughes (1999), p20 It is one of the few remaining timber framed Tudor houses in the North of England and it is noted for its

interior. Another large manor house from this period is Croxteth Hall, the ancestral home of the Molyneux family, started in 1575. Just one wing of the building dates from this period, and most of the house was completed during the 18th and 19th centuries.Hughes (1999), p22 It mixes styles including

Elizabethan The Elizabethan era is the epoch in the Tudor period of the history of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603). Historians often depict it as the golden age in English history. The symbol of Britannia (a female personif ...

, Queen Anne Style and Georgian. The Old

Grammar school A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries, originally a school teaching Latin, but more recently an academically oriented secondary school, ...

near

St Mary's Church, Walton-on-the-Hill St Mary's Church is in Walton (formerly Walton-on-the-Hill), Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Walton, the archdeaconry of Liverpool and the diocese of Liverpool. Its benefice is united ...

is dated c.1600. File:Liverpool, Speke Hall - geograph.org.uk - 208833.jpg, Speke Hall
(1530–98; Grade I) File:Oak parlour, Speke Hall 5.jpg, The Great Parlour, Speke Hall
(c.1531; Grade I) File:The Elizabethan House, Croxteth Hall - geograph.org.uk - 930311.jpg, Croxteth Hall
(1575; Grade II*)

Stuart (1603–1714)

The development of the port began in the mid 17th century, with trade being established with the

American colonies The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, or later as the United Colonies, were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. Founded in the 17th and 18th centur ...

and the British West Indies, the first recorded cargo from America being tobacco that arrived in 1648. In 1672 The Corporation of Liverpool took a thousand-year lease of the lordship from Caryll Molyneux, 3rd Viscount Molyneux in order to obtain control of the land to the east of the medieval core. Liverpool's first

Custom house A custom house or customs house was traditionally a building housing the offices for a jurisdictional government whose officials oversaw the functions associated with importing and exporting goods into and out of a country, such as collecting ...

was built in 1680 at the bottom of Water Street.Ritchie Noakes (1984), p22 Imports of tobacco went from virtually nothing in 1665 to 1.75 million pounds weight by the end of the 17th century, over the same period sugar imports went from 700 cwt to 11,600cwt and salt from 6,000

bushel A bushel (abbreviation: bsh. or bu.) is an imperial and US customary unit of volume based upon an earlier measure of dry capacity. The old bushel is equal to 2 kennings (obsolete), 4 pecks, or 8 dry gallons, and was used mostly for agri ...

s to 300,000 bushels.Ritchie Noakes (1984), p3 In 1698 Celia Fiennes described Liverpool as having twenty-four streets, with ''"mostly new built houses of brick and stone after the London fashion.....built high and even"''.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p245 It was in this period that the first recorded slave ship to sail from Liverpool was the ''Liverpool Merchant'', it sailed on 3 October 1699 and arrived in

Barbados Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of the Americas, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It occupies an area of and has a population of about 287,000 (2019 estimate ...

on 18 September 1700 with a cargo of 220 enslaved Africans. With Liverpool's strategic location on the estuary of the River Mersey and in 1710 the start of construction of the world's first commercial wet dock known as Old Dock, designed by Thomas Steers Dock Engineer (1710–50) and opened in 1715,Ritchie Noakes (1984), p19 would see the start of Liverpool's rise as a major

city. In the aftermath of the

English Civil War The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists led by Charles I ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of Kingdom of England, England's governanc ...

Liverpool Castle was partially dismantled and left a ruin, it was finally demolished in the 1720s.Sharples (2004) p4 Liverpool's second town hall of 1673 was raised on stone pillars that formed an arcade that acted as the exchange.Sharples (2004) p6 Several buildings from the Stuart era remain in Liverpool today, with one of the oldest of them, Tuebrook House a former farmhouse, dating from 1615. The Ancient Chapel of Toxteth also dates from this period and was likely started around 1618. The building is today grade I listed and still serves its original purpose as a Unitarian Chapel.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p472 In 1702 the south front of Croxteth Hall was created as the main facade of the building, the architect is not known for certain though master mason Henry Sephton has been suggested.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p407 The Unitarian Chapel in Gateacre was built in 1700, and altered 1719.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p431 One of the period's most notable remaining buildings is Woolton Hall, a grade I listed manor house located in the south of the city. Also built for the Molyneux family, the hall is conceived as a Palladian

villa A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became s ...

and constructed from red

sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates ...

from the local

quarry A quarry is a type of open-pit mining, open-pit mine in which dimension stone, rock (geology), rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate is excavated from the ground. The operation of quarries is regulated in some juri ...

in Woolton. The main facade is a remodelling of c.1774-80 by

Robert Adam Robert Adam (3 July 17283 March 1792) was a British neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer. He was the son of William Adam (1689–1748), Scotland's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his ...

.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p509 Mainly built in 1716–17, but with additions nearly immediately necessary, Bluecoat Chambers is the oldest surviving building in

Liverpool city centre Liverpool city centre is the commercial, cultural, financial and historical centre of Liverpool, England. The inner city districts of Vauxhall, Everton, Edge Hill, Kensington and Toxteth mark the border with Liverpool city centre which consi ...

. Designed in the Queen Anne style, following in the tradition of

Christopher Wren Sir Christopher Wren PRS FRS (; – ) was one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history, as well as an anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churc ...

, it housed the Liverpool Blue Coat School. After the school moved to new premises in 1906, Bluecoat Chamber faced the possibility of being demolished several times. Following war damage in 1941, the reconstructed building was grade I listed in 1952. File:Much Woolton Old School - geograph.org.uk - 48226.jpg, Much Woolton Old School, School Lane, Woolton
(c.1610; Grade II*) Tue Brook House - geograph.org.uk - 37477.jpg, Tue Brook House, West Derby Road, West Derby
(1615; Grade II*) Ancient Chapel of Toxteth 2018.jpg, Toxteth Unitarian Chapel, Park Road, Toxteth
(1618; Grade I) Ancient Chapel of Toxteth - interior (2).JPG, Interior, Toxteth Unitarian Chapel
(1618 altered 1774; Grade I) Schoolhouse, Ancient Chapel of Toxteth.jpg, Schoolhouse next to Toxteth Unitarian Chapel, Park Road, Toxteth
(17th Century) File:Old Wapentake Court, West Derby - geograph.org.uk - 37411.jpg, Old Wapentake Court, Almonds Green, West Derby
(1662; Grade II*) File:Springwood Cottages, Allerton 1.jpg, Springwood Cottages, Brocklebank Lane, Allerton
(1684; Grade II) File:Home Farm, Croxteth Hall - geograph.org.uk - 284919.jpg, Home Farm, Croxteth Hall
(1687; Grade II) File:Sandfield Road and Gateacre Unitarian Chapel - geograph.org.uk - 1204616.jpg, Unitarian Chapel, Gateacre Brow, Gateacre
(1700 altered 1719; Grade II) Croxteth Hall - DSCF5180.JPG, Croxteth Hall, south front
(1702; Grade II*) Woolton Hall.jpg, Woolton Hall, showing facade of c.1780 (1704; Grade I)
(

engraving Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a burin. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or glass are engraved, or may provide an i ...

of 1819) File:Old Dock Liverpool.jpg, Surviving section of Old Dock
(c.1710) Bluecoat Chambers - Liverpool.jpg, Bluecoat Chambers, School Lane
(1717; Grade I) Bluecoat Art Center courtyard 2.jpg, Bluecoat Chambers
garden elevation

Georgian (1714–1837)

The picture of Liverpool; (1808) (14758854446)

The expansion of the city into an international seaport from the 17th century onward and the resulting transatlantic trade, particularly in slaves specifically the Triangular trade, ended by the

Slave Trade Act 1807 The Slave Trade Act 1807, officially An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom prohibiting the slave trade in the British Empire. Although it did not abolish the practice of slavery, i ...

, Liverpool's leading

abolitionist Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism was a historic movement that sought to end the Atlantic slave trade and liberate the enslaved people. The British ...

was William Roscoe. The predicted collapse in trade on the abolition of the slave trade didn't happen, dues from the docks rose from £28,365 in 1801 to £130,911 in 1824.Sharples (2004) p11 The growth of the

cotton industry Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus '' Gossypium'' in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose, and can contain minor p ...

Lancashire Lancashire ( , ; abbreviated Lancs) is the name of a Historic counties of England, historic county, Ceremonial County, ceremonial county, and non-metropolitan county in North West England. The boundaries of these three areas differ significa ...

having a major impact on the growth of Liverpool. In 1715 imports of

tobacco Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus '' Nicotiana'' of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants. More than 70 species of tobacco are known, but the ch ...

were 2 million pounds (weight) and by 1750 6.1 million pounds,Ritchie Noakes (1984), p6 For sugar the figure are in 1715 30,000 cwt and by 1750 100,000cwt. The growth in trade meant a new larger custom house was needed, this was designed by Thomas Ripley in 1717 opened in 1722. The population of Liverpool rose from about 5,700 in 1700 to 165,000 by 1831.Sharples (2004), p10 Revolutions in transport, including dock technology, first the growth of canals especially Mersey and Irwell Navigation (1721–34), Douglas Navigation (1720–42), Sankey Canal (1755–57) and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal built (1770–1816) surveyed by James Brindley, the Bridgewater Canal (1761–62) reached via the Leeds and Liverpool and then the railways starting with the

Liverpool and Manchester Railway The Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR) was the first inter-city railway in the world. It opened on 15 September 1830 between the Lancashire towns of Liverpool and Manchester in England. It was also the first railway to rely exclusively ...

, chief engineer

George Stephenson George Stephenson (9 June 1781 – 12 August 1848) was a British civil engineer and mechanical engineer. Renowned as the "Father of Railways", Stephenson was considered by the Victorians a great example of diligent application and thirst f ...

, built (1826–30), would contribute to the growth of the city. When Old Dock was completed in 1715 the tonnage of shipping into the port was 18,800, this grew to 29,100 in 1752 just before Salthouse Dock opened, by the time George's Dock opened in 1771 it was 59,700. By 1800 the figure for shipping using the docks was around 400,000 tons.Ritchie Noakes (1984), p4 By 1825 1.2 million tons of goods were passing through the port.Ritchie Noakes (1984), p7 This ensured a continuing demand for new docks. The docks created during the Georgian period were: under Thomas Steers Dock Engineer (1710–50): Canning Dock in 1737 as a dry dock open to the river. Built under Henry Berry during his tenure as Dock Engineer (1750–89), some were designed by other engineers: Salthouse Dock opened 1753; George's Dock opened 1771;

Duke's Dock Duke's Dock is a dock on the River Mersey, England, and part of the Port of Liverpool. It is in the southern dock system, connected to Salthouse Dock and Wapping Dock to the east. The Albert Dock is located immediately north, although not direc ...

opened 1773 probably designed by James Brindley; Manchester Dock designer unknown, opened 1785 as a tidal basin open to the river; King's Dock, opened 1785, this catered to the tobacco trade;Ritchie Noakes (1984), p12 Queen's Dock, opened 1785, used for the timber trade. Thomas Morris Dock Engineer (1789–99) during his tenure: Chester Basin opened 1795. John Foster Sr. Dock Engineer (1799–1824) consultation involved in 1800 William Jessop and 1809

John Rennie the Elder John Rennie FRSE FRS (7 June 1761 – 4 October 1821) was a Scottish civil engineer who designed many bridges, canals, docks and warehouses, and a pioneer in the use of structural cast-iron. Early years He was born the younger son of James Re ...

,Ritchie Noakes (1984), p97 dock's built under him were: locks added to the Manchester Dock between 1810 and 1815 to make it a wet dock; Prince's Half-Tide Dock, opened 1810;

Prince's Dock The Port of Hull is a port at the confluence of the River Hull and the Humber Estuary in Kingston upon Hull, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Seaborne trade at the port can be traced to at least the 13th century, originally con ...

, opened 1821. Jesse Hartley dock engineer (1824–60) designed the following docks: Clarence Dock, opened 1830 specifically for the use of steamers; Canning Dock, originally opened 1737 as a dry dock and only became a full wet dock opened 1832 (at the same time Old Dock was filled-in in 1826 and the third

custom house A custom house or customs house was traditionally a building housing the offices for a jurisdictional government whose officials oversaw the functions associated with importing and exporting goods into and out of a country, such as collecting ...

built on the site (1828–39) to the design of John Foster Jr. it was bombed in 1941 and the ruins demolished in 1946);

Brunswick Half Tide Dock Brunswick Half Tide Dock on the River Mersey, England, was a half tide dock and part of the Port of Liverpool. Situated near Brunswick Dock in the southern dock system, it only connected directly to the river. The dock was built by Jesse Hartle ...

, opened 1832;

Brunswick Dock :''Brunswick Dock is also the name of a dock in London, which became part of the East India Docks.'' Brunswick Dock is a dock on the River Mersey, in England, and part of the Port of Liverpool. It is situated in the southern dock system, connec ...

opened 1832 used for the timber trade; Waterloo Dock, opened 1834; Victoria Dock, opened 1836; Trafalgar Dock, opened 1836. The dominant force in Liverpool Architecture from the late 18th century to the 1830s was John Foster Sr. and John Foster Jr. many of their buildings have been demolished, see Demolished Georgian Buildings below for details. File:View south from Barmouth Way Bridge, Liverpool.jpg, Leeds and Liverpool Canal, looking south from Barmouth Way Bridge, Vauxhall
(1770–74) File:South side of Boundary Bridge 1.jpg, Boundary Bridge over Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Boundary Lane, Vauxhall
(1835 widened 1861; Grade II)

Georgian domestic buildings

Over time, the growing wealth of the city manifested itself in a number of elegant townhouses, many of which are still preserved today. The main concentration of Georgian houses in the city is the

Canning Canning is a method of food preservation in which food is processed and sealed in an airtight container ( jars like Mason jars, and steel and tin cans). Canning provides a shelf life that typically ranges from one to five years, althoug ...

and adjacent areas, near the Anglican cathedral. Percy Street & Huskisson Street being two of the main streets. But Rodney Street, Duke Street, Mount Pleasant and Abercromby Square are nearby, and Great George Square is the other side of the cathedral to the west are largely lined with Georgian houses. The west side of Abercromby Square, the first built was designed by John Foster Sr. in 1819.Hollinghurst (2009), p19 File:View from the top of the Anglican Cathedral Tower, Liverpool. - geograph.org.uk - 97964.jpg, Georgian housing, from the Tower of the Anglican Cathedral File:Mount Pleasant, Liverpool (9).jpg, 62 Mount Pleasant
(1767; Grade II) File:RodneyStreetOM.jpg, Georgian townhouses
Rodney Street File:Rodney Street from Upper Duke Street.jpg, Rodney Street
(1784; Grade II)
Number 62, the birthplace of

Gladstone William Ewart Gladstone ( ; 29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British statesman and Liberal politician. In a career lasting over 60 years, he served for 12 years as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, spread over four non-con ...

, is Grade II* File:Detail of Blackburne House, Blackburne Place, Liverpool-geograph-5026149.jpg, Former Liverpool Institute High School for Girls, Hope Street, (Built as a private home)
(1785–90; Grade II) File:Mount Pleasant, Liverpool (6).jpg, 66 Mount Pleasant
(1788; Grade II) File:Houses on Duke Street, Liverpool (2).jpg, 120, 122 and 124, Duke Street
(late 18th century; Grade II) File:15 - 21 Great George Square 2018.jpg, 15-21 Great George Square
(1800–36; Grade II) File:Seymour Street - geograph.org.uk - 1564043.jpg, Seymour Terrace
(1810–23; Grade II) File:Abercrombie Square and Metropolitan Cathedral Liverpool.jpg, Abercromby Square
(1819–36; Grade II) File:Blackburne Terrace 1.jpg, 1-6 Blackburne Terrace, Blackburne Place
(1826; Grade II) File:Princes Park Hospital.jpg, Catherine House, 96 Upper Parliament Street
(c.1830; Grade II) File:Falkner Terrace 2.jpg, Falkner Terrace, Upper Parliament Street
(c.1830; Grade II) File:26 & 28 Huskisson Street.jpg, 26 & 28 Huskisson Street
(1830s; Grade II) File:Canning Street, Liverpool (8).JPG, 4-16 Canning Street
(1830s; Grade II) File:Percy Street Liverpool.JPG, 3-17 Percy Street
(1830s; Grade II*) File:8 - 18 Percy Street 1.jpg, 8-18 Percy Street
(1830s; Grade II*) File:20 - 32 Percy Street 1.jpg, 20-32 Percy Street
(1830s; Grade II*) File:167 & 169 Bedford Street South 2.jpg, 167 & 169 Bedford Street South
(1830s; Grade II) File:Huskisson Street 2.jpg, Huskisson Street
(1830s; Grade II*) Georgian housing is found throughout the city, both Georgian terraces and individual house, Shaw street Everton and Hope Terrace Wavertree being examples. There are several Georgian houses around St Mary's church Edge Hill and around the centre of Woolton. File:135 - 139 Dale Street 1.jpg, 135-139 Dale Street
(c.1788; Grade II) File:1 Trueman Street, Liverpool 2.jpg, 1 Trueman Street
(1788; Grade II) File:Clarke's Basin building, Old Hall Street (1).JPG, Clarke's Basin cottages, Old Hall Street
(1800; Grade II) File:Hope Terrace, Prince Alfred Road, Wavertree - geograph.org.uk - 477845.jpg, Hope Terrace, Prince Alfred Road, Wavertree
(1819; Grade II) File:Houses on Lord Nelson Street, Liverpool (1).JPG, 19-33 Lord Nelson Street
(c.1820; Grade II) File:Shaw Street (109157075).jpg, Shaw Street, Everton, several of the houses individually listed
(c.1826; Grade II) File:Clare Terrace, Marmaduke Street - geograph.org.uk - 386510.jpg, Clare Terrace, Marmaduke Street, Kensington
(c.1830; Grade II) File:3 Islington Square, Liverpool.jpg, 3 Islington Square, Everton
(1830s; Grade II) There are also larger detached Georgian mansions and villas, such as Allerton Hall built c.1736 for slave traders John Hardman and his brother James, is a rare example in Liverpool of Palladian architecture. A rare example of an 18th-century merchant's villa is May Place, Broad Green Road, Old Swan, know to be in existence by 1768.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p483 The former Rectory of St Mary's Walton (c.1800), built in a Gothic style, the porte-cochère was added in 1830.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p491 A fine detached late eighteenth-century house is Olive Mount, Wavertree, built for James Swan grocer and tea dealer.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p498 Sudley House built 1824 for corn merchant Nicholas Robinson and extended in the 1880s that is run as an Historic house museum, although the architect is not known for certain John Whiteside has been suggested as the designer.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p444 The burnt out ground floor of Allerton House (1815) by Thomas Harrison, for Jacob Fletcher whose father made a fortune

privateer A privateer is a private person or ship that engages in maritime warfare under a commission of war. Since robbery under arms was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early 19th century all merchant ships carried arms. A sovereign or deleg ...

ing, survives on Allerton Golf Course, the Lodge also survives and is probably Harrison's work.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p390 A large mansion of 1828 is Calderstones House, built for Joseph Need Walker, a lead shot manufacturer.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p389 Bark Hill, Mossley Hill, is an 1830s villa with a Doric porch, close by is Holmefield, also 1830s with an Ionic Porch.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p442 Beaconsfield House, Beaconsfield (1830s) was built for solicitor Ambrose Lace, but only the Coachman's House and Stables survive as 84 Beaconsfield Road in a Jacobethan style.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p514 Childwall hall (1806) a castellated Gothic mansion by John Nash, built for Bamber Gascoyne and was demolished in 1949, but the gate lodge survives and maybe the work of Nash.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p399 Leyfield House, Honeys Green Lane, West Derby is a fine stuccoed villa with a Doric porch.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p507 Another fine stuccoed villa is Beechley, Harthill Road Allerton.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p388 File:Allerton Hall 2016(2).jpg, Allerton Hall, Clarke's Gardens, Woolton Road, Allerton
(c.1736; Grade II*) File:May Place, Old Swan 1.jpg, May Place, Broad Green Road, Old Swan, Tue Brook
(existing by 1768; Grade II) File:Olive Mount Hospital main building 1.jpg, Olive Mount House, Mill Lane, Wavertree
(1790s; Grade II) File:Old Rectory, St Mary's, Walton 3.jpg, Old Rectory, St Mary's, Queen's Drive, Walton
(c.1800; Grade II) File:Sandheys, West Derby 1.jpg, Sandheys, Mill Lane, West Derby
(early 19th century; Grade II) File:Allerton Park lodge 2017-2.jpg, Lodge to Allerton or Obelisk House, Allerton Road, Allerton
(c.1815; Grade II) File:Ruins of "Allerton" or Obelisk House - geograph.org.uk - 1226181.jpg, Ruins of Allerton or Obelisk House, Allerton Golf Club
(1815; (burnt 1944) Grade II) File:Sudley House Liverpool.jpg, Sudley House, Mossley Hill Road, Mossley Hill
(1824; Grade II) File:Calderstones Park, Liverpool (47).JPG, Calderstones House, Allerton
(c.1828; Grade II) File:Holmefield.jpg, Bark Hill, Mossley Hill Road, Mossley Hill
(c.1830; unlisted) File:Holmefield, Aigburth 2.jpg, Holmefield, Mossley Hill Road, Mossley Hill
(c.1830; Grade II) File:Leyfield House.jpg, Leyfield House, Honeys Green Lane, West Derby
(1830s; Grade II) File:Beaconsfield House, Beaconsfield Road, Woolton - geograph.org.uk - 96996.jpg, 84 Beaconsfield Road, Woolton
(1830s; Grade II) File:Lodge of Childwall Hall.jpg, Lodge of the demolished Childwall Hall, 48 Childwall Abbey Road
(c.1835; Grade II) File:Beechley, Liverpool-1.jpg, Beechley, Harthill Road, Allerton
(c.1835; Grade II)

Georgian public buildings and memorials

Liverpool Town Hall was built in the Palladian style between 1749 and 1754 to a design by John Wood the Elder replacing an earlier town hall nearby. It was significantly extended and altered by James Wyatt from 1785. Its sumptuous interiors also by Wyatt, are highly regarded examples of late Georgian architecture, in refined neoclassical style, the actual building work was overseen by John Foster Sr. who was the Surveyor to the Corporation of Liverpool from 1790 to 1824. The city's stock exchange and financial district are set immediately behind this building, showing the close ties between local government and commerce. Other public buildings in the city of this era are the Liverpool Royal Institution that was constructed in c.1799 as a house and business premises for a merchant called Thomas Parr and was adapted by Edmund Aikin in 1815, who added the

Doric order The Doric order was one of the three orders of ancient Greek and later Roman architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian. The Doric is most easily recognized by the simple circular capitals at the top of ...

porchPevsner & Pollard (2006), p316 and

Edge Hill railway station Edge Hill railway station is a railway station that serves the district of Edge Hill, Liverpool, England and is one of the oldest railway stations in the world There have been two stations of that name. The first stood a short distance south ...

is a rare pre-Victorian (1836) railway station, it was between 1830 & 1836 the original terminus of the

.Pevsner & Pollard (2006), pp413-414 The Wapping Tunnel by

was created (1826–29) to link Edge Hill and the new railway to the southern docks, it initially operated with a static steam engine hauling wagons through it.

John Foster Jr John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second E ...

, succeeded his father as Surveyor to the Corporation of Liverpool 1824–35 and was responsible for the design of St James Cemetery laid out (1827–29), he designed several buildings for the cemetery including the Lodge, entrance arch, the Oratory and Huskisson Monument (see the neo-classical section below for these last two) and is a Grade I Historic Park. Wavertree Botanic Gardens, originally started in the 1830s and a Grade II*, the park has a late Georgian entrance lodge. The facade of the former Grecian (1829) survives in Dale street.Sharples & Stonard (2008), p71 An unusual relic is the Hearse House (1811) in the churchyard of All Saints' Childwall. Another unusual building is the lockup (1787), Shaw Street, Everton,Pevsner & Pollard (2006), p424 used to imprison drunks overnight to sober up or someone awaiting magistrates, there is a second such building in the city

Wavertree Lock-up Wavertree Lock-up is an 18th-century grade II listed village lock-up located in Wavertree, Liverpool, England. History Funded by local residents, the lock-up was constructed in 1796 as a drunk tank to hold intoxicated persons overnight. Prior ...

(1796). File:Town Hall, Liverpool.jpg, South front, Liverpool Town Hall
(1749–54; Grade I), the

portico A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many c ...

is dated 1811 and the dome 1802. File:High Street, Liverpool (1).jpg, High St, front, Liverpool Town Hall, showing 1780s extension on right
(1749–54 & c.1785; Grade I) File:Liverpool Town Hall.jpg, Liverpool Town Hall

Dome A dome () is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere. There is significant overlap with the term cupola, which may also refer to a dome or a structure on top of a dome. The precise definition of a dome has been a ...

(1802; Grade I) File:Liverpool Town Hall 010.jpg, Corner of the Large Ballroom, Liverpool Town Hall
(completed 1820; Grade I) File:Liverpool Town Hall 3.jpg, Main staircase, Liverpool Town Hall
(completed 1820; Grade I) File:Liverpool Town Hall 10.jpg, Corner of Dining Room, Liverpool Town Hall
(completed 1820; Grade I) File:Liverpool Town Hall 6.jpg, Small Ballroom, Liverpool Town Hall
(completed 1820; Grade I) File:Nelson Monument.JPG, North front, Liverpool Town Hall
(c.1785; Gra