Timeline of Cluj-Napoca
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The following detailed sequence of events covers the timeline of Cluj-Napoca, a city in Transylvania,
Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...
. Cluj-Napoca (, german: link=no, Klausenburg; hu, Kolozsvár, ;
Medieval Latin Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages. In this region it served as the primary written language, though local languages were also written to varying degrees. Latin functione ...
: ''Castrum Clus'', ''Claudiopolis''; and yi, קלויזנבורג, ''Kloiznburg''), commonly known as ''Cluj'', is located in the Someșul Mic River valley, roughly equidistant from
Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ro, București ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north of ...
(),
Budapest Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population ...
() and Belgrade (). Throughout its long history, the area around Cluj-Napoca was part of many empires and kingdoms, including the
Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediter ...
(as part of the
Dacia Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It ...
province and later a sub-division of Dacia Porolissensis), ''
Gepidia The Gepids, ( la, Gepidae, Gipedae, grc, Γήπαιδες) were an East Germanic tribe who lived in the area of modern Romania, Hungary and Serbia, roughly between the Tisza, Sava and Carpathian Mountains. They were said to share the religion ...
'', '' Avaria'', the
Hungarian Kingdom The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...
, the Habsburg monarchy,
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
and the
Kingdom of Romania The Kingdom of Romania ( ro, Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 13 March ( O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian ...
. From 1790 to 1848 and 1861–1867, it was the official capital of the
Grand Principality of Transylvania Grand may refer to: People with the name * Grand (surname) * Grand L. Bush (born 1955), American actor * Grand Mixer DXT, American turntablist * Grand Puba (born 1966), American rapper Places * Grand, Oklahoma * Grand, Vosges, village and co ...
. In modern times, the city holds the status of ''
municipiu A municipiu (from Latin ''municipium''; English: municipality) is a level of administrative subdivision in Romania and Moldova, roughly equivalent to city in some English-speaking countries. In Romania, this status is given to towns that are lar ...
'', is the seat of
Cluj County Cluj County (; german: Kreis Klausenburg, hu, Kolozs megye) is a county (județ) of Romania, in Transylvania. Its seat ( ro, Oraș reședință de județ) is Cluj-Napoca (german: Klausenburg). Name In Hungarian, it is known as ''Kolozs megye ...
in the north-western part of Romania, and continues to be considered the unofficial capital of the historical province of
Transylvania Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...
. Cluj continues to be one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university,
Babeș-Bolyai University The Babeș-Bolyai University ( ro, Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai , hu, Babeș-Bolyai Tudományegyetem, commonly known as UBB) is a public research university located in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. UBB has a long academic tradition, started by Universitas ...
, with its famous
botanical garden A botanical garden or botanic gardenThe terms ''botanic'' and ''botanical'' and ''garden'' or ''gardens'' are used more-or-less interchangeably, although the word ''botanic'' is generally reserved for the earlier, more traditional gardens, an ...
. The current boundaries of the municipality contain an area of . The
Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area The Cluj metropolitan area is a metropolitan area in Cluj County, which includes Cluj-Napoca and 19 communes nearby: Aiton, Apahida, Baciu, Bonțida, Borșa, Căianu, Chinteni, Ciurila, Cojocna, Feleacu, Florești, Gilău, Gârbau, Jucu, Pet ...
has a population of 411,379 people, while the population of the
peri-urban Peri-urbanisation relates to the processes of scattered and dispersive urban growth that create hybrid landscapes of fragmented and mixed urban and rural characteristics. Origin The expression originates from the French word ' ("peri-urban" ...
area ( ro, zona periurbană) exceeds 420,000 residents, making it one of the most populous cities in Romania.


2nd century

* 101 – After gaining support from the
Roman Senate The Roman Senate ( la, Senātus Rōmānus) was a governing and advisory assembly in ancient Rome. It was one of the most enduring institutions in Roman history, being established in the first days of the city of Rome (traditionally founded in ...
, emperor
Trajan Trajan ( ; la, Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 539/11 August 117) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117. Officially declared ''optimus princeps'' ("best ruler") by the senate, Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presi ...
leads the
Roman legion The Roman legion ( la, legiō, ) was the largest military unit of the Roman army, composed of 5,200 infantry and 300 equites (cavalry) in the period of the Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC) and of 5,600 infantry and 200 auxilia in the period o ...
s across the
Danube The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , p ...
into
Dacia Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It ...
, starting the First Dacian War. * 102 – Hostilities between
Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediter ...
and
Dacian Kingdom Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It t ...
cease and the two parties reach a peace agreement. * 105 – Trajan starts the second Dacian campaign with aim of expansion and conquest. * 105–106 – During the second campaign, the Romans build Castra of Napoca. * 106 – 11 August ** the territories annexed from the Kingdom of Dacia officially become the
imperial province An imperial province was a Roman province during the Principate where the Roman Emperor had the sole right to appoint the governor (''legatus Augusti pro praetore''). These provinces were often the strategically located border provinces. The pro ...
of
Dacia Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It ...
. ** Decimus Terentius Scaurianus, who commanded legions during the Dacian wars, is named the
propraetorian governor A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief administrator of Roman law throughout one or more of the many provinces constituting the Roman Empire. The generic term in Roman legal language was '' Rector provinciae ...
. * 107 ** After a directive from Trajan,
Cohors I Hispanorum miliaria Cohors rimaFlavia Ulpia Hispanorum milliaria equitata civium Romanorum (" stpart-mounted 1000 strong Flavian and Ulpian cohort of Roman citizens Hispani") was a Roman auxiliary regiment containing cavalry contingents. The cohort stationed in Dac ...
begins the work to connect Napoca with Potaissa (as part of ''via Traiana Pataesina''), along the pre-existing
salt road A salt road (also known as a salt route, salt way, saltway, or salt trading route) refers to any of the prehistoric and historical trade routes by which essential salt was transported to regions that lacked it. From the Bronze Age (in the 2nd m ...
. ** June: Trajan returns to
Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...
after the successful Dacian campaign, starting a series of celebrations. * 108 ** Napoca is mentioned as a
vicus In Ancient Rome, the Latin term (plural ) designated a village within a rural area () or the neighbourhood of a larger settlement. During the Republican era, the four of the city of Rome were subdivided into . In the 1st century BC, Augustus ...
, an ''ad hoc'' provincial civilian settlement, which sprang up close to the military castra. ** The work to the Roman road connecting Napoca to Potaissa finishes, increasing significantly the importance of Napoca ** The town becomes the end of the central spine from which all of the Roman forts in Northwest Dacia can be reached. * c.108–124 ** A
bridge A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle (such as a body of water, valley, road, or rail) without blocking the way underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, which is usually somethi ...
is constructed across Samus River. ** A
brooch A brooch (, also ) is a decorative jewelry item designed to be attached to garments, often to fasten them together. It is usually made of metal, often silver or gold or some other material. Brooches are frequently decorated with enamel or with g ...
workshop is built using timber. ** Town starts to extend to the south, and the surveyors begin to lay out the main streets: ''
decumanus maximus In Roman urban planning, a decumanus was an east–west-oriented road in a Roman city or castrum (military camp). The main decumanus of a particular city was the Decumanus Maximus, or most often simply "the Decumanus". In the rectangular street g ...
'' (east-west) and the ''
cardo A cardo (plural ''cardines'') was a north–south street in Ancient Roman cities and military camps as an integral component of city planning. The cardo maximus, or most often the ''cardo'', was the main or central north–south-oriented street. ...
'' (north-south). * 117 ** 8 August: Trajan dies in
Selinus Selinunte (; grc, Σελῑνοῦς, Selīnoûs ; la, Selīnūs , ; scn, Silinunti ) was a rich and extensive ancient Greek city on the south-western coast of Sicily in Italy. It was situated between the valleys of the Cottone and Modion ...
,
Cilicia Cilicia (); el, Κιλικία, ''Kilikía''; Middle Persian: ''klkyʾy'' (''Klikiyā''); Parthian: ''kylkyʾ'' (''Kilikiyā''); tr, Kilikya). is a geographical region in southern Anatolia in Turkey, extending inland from the northeastern coa ...
** 10 August: Hadrian becomes Roman Emperor * 118 – After the battles with Roxolani and the
Iazyges The Iazyges (), singular Ἰάζυξ. were an ancient Sarmatian tribe that traveled westward in BC from Central Asia to the steppes of modern Ukraine. In BC, they moved into modern-day Hungary and Serbia near the Dacian steppe between th ...
where Hadrian himself participates, the provinces of Moesia and Dacia are reorganized, Trajan's original province of Dacia being relabelled ''Dacia Superior''. * 124 ** Emperor Hadrian visits Napoca in
Dacia Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It ...
, grants the title and rank of ''
municipium In ancient Rome, the Latin term (pl. ) referred to a town or city. Etymologically, the was a social contract among ("duty holders"), or citizens of the town. The duties () were a communal obligation assumed by the in exchange for the priv ...
'' (as ''municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napocenses'') and attaches it to his
tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confli ...
, the Sergia. ** Province of Dacia is reorganized, and an additional province called '' Dacia Porolissensis'' is created in the northern portion of ''Dacia Superior'' ** Napoca becomes the location of the military high command in Dacia Porolissensis and its capital. ** Livius Gratus becomes
procurator Procurator (with procuracy or procuratorate referring to the office itself) may refer to: * Procurator, one engaged in procuration, the action of taking care of, hence management, stewardship, agency * ''Procurator'' (Ancient Rome), the title o ...
of Dacia Porolissensis. * 131 – Flavius Italicus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis. * 138 – 11 July:
Antoninus Pius Antoninus Pius ( Latin: ''Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius''; 19 September 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the Five Good Emperors from the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. Born into a senatori ...
becomes emperor at Hadrian's death. * 151 – Marcus Macrinius Vindex becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis. * 157 – Tiberius Clodius Quintianus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis. * 161 – 8 March:
Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: áːɾkus̠ auɾέːli.us̠ antɔ́ːni.us̠ English: ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good ...
succeeds Antoninus Pius as Emperor. * 161–162 – Volu --becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis. * 164 – Lucius Sempronius Ingenuus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis. * 166 ** Pressures building along the Danube frontier force Marcus Aurelius to set up an overarching province, ''Tres Daciae'' (''Three Dacias''), which fuses the three ''Dacia provinces'' into one and is commanded by a consular legate. ** The three provinces, including Dacia Porolissesnsis, still remain as separate entities, each one governed by a praesidial procurator, who then reports to the proconsular governor. **
Sextus Calpurnius Agricola Sextus Calpurnius Agricola was a Roman senator and general active during the 2nd century. He was '' consul suffectus'' with Tiberius Claudius Julianus for the '' nundinium'' of September-October 154. Agricola is known primarily from inscription ...
becomes the first
Legatus Augusti pro praetore A ''legatus Augusti pro praetore'' (literally: "envoy of the emperor – acting for the praetor") was the official title of the governor or general of some Imperial provincess of the Roman Empire during the Principate era, normally the larger ones ...
(consular legate) of the ''Tres Daciae''. * 168 – Marcus Claudius Fronto becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 170 – Sextus Cornelius Clemens becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 173 – Lucius Aemilius Carus becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 176 –
Gaius Arrius Antoninus Gaius Arrius Antoninus was a Roman senator and jurist active in the last half of the second century AD, who held a number of offices in the emperor's service. The date when he was suffect consul is not attested, but has been estimated to be aro ...
becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 177 ** Marcus Aurelius bestows the title of
Augustus Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pr ...
on his son, Commodus, giving him the same status as his own and formally starting to share power. **
Publius Helvius Pertinax Publius Helvius Pertinax (; 1 August 126 – 28 March 193) was Roman emperor for the first three months of 193. He succeeded Commodus to become the first emperor during the tumultuous Year of the Five Emperors. Born the son of a freed slav ...
becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * c.178–179 –
Marcus Valerius Maximianus Marcus Valerius Maximianus was an important Roman general of the period of the Marcomannic Wars during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. He was born (year unknown) in the Roman colony of Poetovio (modern Ptuj, in Slovenia), where his father, also ...
becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis. * 180 ** 17 March:
Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: áːɾkus̠ auɾέːli.us̠ antɔ́ːni.us̠ English: ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good ...
dies and Commodus remains sole emperor ** Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * c.180 – the city gaines the status of a '' colonia'' as ''Colonia Aurelia Napoca''. * c.180–190 – Gaius Valerius Catulinus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis. * c.180–192 **
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
limestone is extracted from the stone quarries around Hoia Hill to the west of the town on a large scale. ** The
city wall A defensive wall is a fortification usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from potential aggressors. The walls can range from simple palisades or earthworks to extensive military fortifications with towers, bastions and gates ...
around the precinct is constructed using large blocks of
limestone Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...
in
opus quadratum ''Opus quadratum'' ("squared work") is an ancient Roman construction technique, in which squared blocks of stone of the same height were set in parallel courses, most often without the use of mortar. The Latin author Vitruvius describes the tec ...
, covering a surface of around 25 hectares. ** A brooch workshop is built using stone. * 182 – Lucius Vespronius Candidus becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 185 ** Dacian revolt in the province,
Free Dacians The so-called Free Dacians ( ro, Daci liberi) is the name given by some modern historians to those Dacians who putatively remained outside, or emigrated from, the Roman Empire after the emperor Trajan's Dacian Wars (AD 101-6). Dio Cassius named ...
living outside the borders also defeated. ** Commodus'
legates A ''legatus'' (; anglicised as legate) was a high-ranking Roman military officer in the Roman Army, equivalent to a modern high-ranking general officer. Initially used to delegate power, the term became formalised under Augustus as the office ...
devastate a territory some deep along the north of the Castrum Gilău (near Napoca) to establish a buffer in the hope of preventing further barbarian incursions. * c.185 – Gaius Pescennius Niger becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * c.190 – G. C(...) Hasta becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 191 – Aelius Constans becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis. * 192 – 31 December: Emperor Commodus is assassinated. * 193 – 14 April:
Septimius Severus Lucius Septimius Severus (; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna (present-day Al-Khums, Libya) in the Roman province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through the customary suc ...
' legion, '' XIV Gemina'', proclaims him Emperor. * c.193–211: The
villa rustica Villa rustica () was the term used by the ancient Romans to denote a farmhouse or villa set in the countryside and with an agricultural section, which applies to the vast majority of Roman villas. In some cases they were at the centre of a large ...
from
Apahida Apahida ( hu, Apahida; german: Bruckendorf; la, Pons Abbatis) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Apahida, Bodrog (''Bodrog''), Câmpenești, Corpadea (''Kolozskorpád''), Dezmir (''Dezmér''), Pat ...
(near Napoca) is in use. * c.193 –
Quintus Aurelius Polus Terentianus Quintus Aurelius Polus Terentianus was a Roman Empire, Roman Roman senate, senator, who held a number of offices in the imperial service. He was Roman consul, suffect consul between the years 188 and 190. Anthony Birley notes, despite the lack of re ...
becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 195 –
Publius Septimius Geta Publius Septimius Geta ( ; 7 March 189 – 19/26 December 211) was Roman emperor with his father Septimius Severus and older brother Caracalla from 209, when he was named ''Augustus'' like his brother, who had held the title from 198. Severus d ...
becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * c.197 – Pollienus Auspex becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 198 –
Caracalla Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname "Caracalla" () was Roman emperor from 198 to 217. He was a member of the Severan dynasty, the elder son of Emperor S ...
is appointed by his father, Septimius Severus, as joint Augustus and full Emperor. * c.198–209 – Publius Aelius Sempronius Lycinus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis. * c.198–209 – Gaius Publicius Antonius Probus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis. * 200 – Lucius Octavius Julianus becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * c.200 – Marcus Cocceius Genialis becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.


3rd century

* c.200–230 – Marcus Veracilius Verus becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 204 – Lucius Pomponius Liberalis becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 205 – Mevius Surus becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 206 – Claudius Gallus becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 208 – Gaius Julius Maximinus becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 211 – 4 February: Caracalla and his brother
Geta Geta may refer to: Places *Geta (woreda), a woreda in Ethiopia's Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region *Geta, Åland, a municipality in Finland *Geta, Nepal, a town in Attariya Municipality, Kailali District, Seti Zone, Nepal *Get ...
reign together after their father's death. * c.211–217 – The road from Napoca to
Porolissum Porolissum was an ancient Roman city in Dacia. Established as a military camp in 106 during Trajan's Dacian Wars, the city quickly grew through trade with the native Dacians and became the capital of the province Dacia Porolissensis in 124. The si ...
is repaired. * 212 –
Lucius Marius Perpetuus Lucius Marius Perpetuus (fl. late 2nd century to early 3rd century AD) was a Roman military officer and senator who was appointed suffect consul sometime between AD 203 and 214. Biography Marius Perpetuus was the son of Lucius Marius Perpetuus, a ...
becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 215 – Gaius Julius Septimius Castinus becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 217 – Marcus Claudius Agrippa becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * c.217 – Ulpius Victor becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis. * 222 – 11 March:
Severus Alexander Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 – 21/22 March 235) was a Roman emperor, who reigned from 222 until 235. He was the last emperor from the Severan dynasty. He succeeded his slain cousin Elagabalus in 222. Alexander himself was ...
becomes Emperor. * c.222 – Iasdius Domitianus becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 235 – 20 March 235:
Maximinus Thrax Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus "Thrax" ("the Thracian";  – 238) was Roman emperor from 235 to 238. His father was an accountant in the governor's office and sprang from ancestors who were Carpi (a Dacian tribe), a people whom Diocleti ...
succeeds to the rule of Roman Empire, after Severus Alexander is assassinated. * c.235–238 – Quintus Julius Licinianus becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * c.235–238 – Marcus Cuspidius Flaminius Severus becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * c.235–238 – Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 236–238 – Maximinus Thrax campaigns in Dacia against the Carpi. * c.238 – Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the ''Three Dacias''. * 242–247 – Carpi are attacking Dacia and Moesia Inferior. * 248–250 – Dacia is attacked by the
Germanic tribes The Germanic peoples were historical groups of people that once occupied Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages. Since the 19th century, they have traditionally been defined by the use of ancient and e ...
of the
Goths The Goths ( got, 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰, translit=''Gutþiuda''; la, Gothi, grc-gre, Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were a Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe ...
,
Taifals The Taifals or Tayfals ( la, Taifali, Taifalae or ''Theifali''; french: Taïfales) were a people group of Germanic or Sarmatian origin, first documented north of the lower Danube in the mid third century AD. They experienced an unsettled and fra ...
and Bastarns together with the Carpi. * 253 ** 22 October:
Gallienus Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (; c. 218 – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260 and alone from 260 to 268. He ruled during the Crisis of the Third Century that nearly caused the collapse of the empi ...
and Valerian start ruling jointly the Roman Empire. ** Monetary circulation starts to decrease in Dacia and Pannonia. * 257 – Gallienus claims the title ''Dacicus Maximus'' after repeated victories over the Carpi and associated Dacian tribes. * 258 – Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths. * 258–260 – A percentage of the cohorts from the
V Macedonica ''Legio V Macedonica'' (the Fifth Macedonian Legion) was a Roman legion. It was probably originally levied in 43 BC by consul Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus (later known as the Emperor Augustus). It was ba ...
and XIII Gemina legions are transferred from Dacia to Pannonia. * 260 – Monetary circulation and raising of inscribed monuments have a dramatic drop in Dacia. * c.260 – Repairs of the castra fortifications are conducted on the northern border of Dacia Porolissensis. * 263 – Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths. * 267 – Dacia is attacked by Goths and
Herules The Heruli (or Herules) were an early Germanic people. Possibly originating in Scandinavia, the Heruli are first mentioned by Roman authors as one of several "Scythian" groups raiding Roman provinces in the Balkans and the Aegean Sea, attacking ...
. * 269 – Dacia is attacked by Goths and Herules. * 270 – September: Aurelian becomes Roman Emperor. * 271–275 – Aurelian evacuates the Roman troops and civilian administration from Dacia, and establishes '' Dacia Aureliana'' with its capital at
Serdica Serdika or Serdica ( Bulgarian: ) is the historical Roman name of Sofia, now the capital of Bulgaria. Currently, Serdika is the name of a district located in the city. It includes four neighbourhoods: "Fondovi zhilishta"; "Banishora", "Orlandov ...
in
Lower Moesia Moesia (; Latin: ''Moesia''; el, Μοισία, Moisía) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River, which included most of the territory of modern eastern Serbia, Kosovo, north-eastern Alb ...
. * c.291 ** Goths, including
Thervingi The Thervingi, Tervingi, or Teruingi (sometimes pluralised Tervings or Thervings) were a Gothic people of the plains north of the Lower Danube and west of the Dniester River in the 3rd and the 4th centuries. They had close contacts with the G ...
, begin to move into the former province of Dacia. **
Victohali The Victohali were a people of Late Antiquity who lived north of the Lower Danube. In Greek their name is ''Biktoa'' or ''Biktoloi''. They were possibly a Germanic people, and it has been suggested that they were one of the tribes of the Vandals. T ...
, a subdivision of
Hasdingi The Hasdingi were one of the Vandal peoples of the Roman era. The Vandals were Germanic peoples, who are believed to have spoken an East Germanic language, and were first reported during the first centuries of the Roman empire in the area which is ...
(themselves southern
Vandals The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland. They established Vandal kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean islands, and North Africa in the fifth century. The Vandals migrated to the area betw ...
), push from north and west into north west of Dacia. **
Taifals The Taifals or Tayfals ( la, Taifali, Taifalae or ''Theifali''; french: Taïfales) were a people group of Germanic or Sarmatian origin, first documented north of the lower Danube in the mid third century AD. They experienced an unsettled and fra ...
join Thervingi to fight
Victohali The Victohali were a people of Late Antiquity who lived north of the Lower Danube. In Greek their name is ''Biktoa'' or ''Biktoloi''. They were possibly a Germanic people, and it has been suggested that they were one of the tribes of the Vandals. T ...
and
Gepids The Gepids, ( la, Gepidae, Gipedae, grc, Γήπαιδες) were an East Germanic tribe who lived in the area of modern Romania, Hungary and Serbia, roughly between the Tisza, Sava and Carpathian Mountains. They were said to share the religion ...
over the possession of Samus valley. ** Gepids mentioned for the first time. * 291–300 – Thervingi continue migrating into north-eastern Dacia but are opposed by the Carpi and the non-Romanized Dacians. * c.295 – Goths defeat the Carpi, pushing them southward.


4th century

* 295-320s – After a peace treaty with the Romans, Goths proceed to settle down in parts of Roman Dacia (starting to be called ''Gothia''), dividing some of the land with the Taifals, and co-existing with the remaining semi-Romanized population. * c.300–350 – Ruralization of the urban life in Dacia. * c.350 – Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov culture/Goths enter intra-Carpathian Transylvania. * 376 –
Huns The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th century AD. According to European tradition, they were first reported living east of the Volga River, in an area that was part ...
arrive, attacking the Thervingi and leading to a collapse of the Gothic dominance in the area.


5th century

* c.401–420 – Gepidic center on the plains north-west of the Meseş Mountains. * 420s – Huns impose their authority over the Gepids, but the latter remain united under the rule of their kings. * c.440 –
Ardaric Ardaric ( la, Ardaricus; c. 450 AD) was the king of the Gepids, a Germanic tribe closely related to the Goths. He was "famed for his loyalty and wisdom," one of the most trusted adherents of Attila the Hun, who "prized him above all the other chi ...
, favored by the Hunic king, becomes the leader of the Gepids. * c.435–453 – Huns fight the
Alans The Alans (Latin: ''Alani'') were an ancient and medieval Iranian nomadic pastoral people of the North Caucasus – generally regarded as part of the Sarmatians, and possibly related to the Massagetae. Modern historians have connected the A ...
, Vandals, and Quadi, forcing them toward the Roman Empire and making Pannonia their center. * 453 – Attila, King of the Huns dies and the Hunnic Empire starts to disintegrate. * c.454 ** Ardaric initiates an uprising of the Gepids against the Huns. ** Gepids defeat the Huns in Pannonia, regain their independence and are able to start to expand eastwards, into Dacia. * c.475–500 ** Gepid power centers start to develop in Transylvania. ** Major, wealthy Gepid center at Apahida, near Napoca, having connections with the
Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantin ...
.


6th century

* c.501–568 ** More Gepid power centers appear in Transylvania. ** New settlements appear along the Someş, Mureş, and
Târnava The Târnava (full name in ro, Râul Târnava; hu, Küküllő; german: Kokel; tr, Kokul or Kokulu) is a river in Romania. It is formed by the confluence of the Târnava Mare and Târnava Mică in the town of Blaj. The Târnava flows into the ...
rivers, reflecting a period of tranquillity in ''Gepidia''. ** A "circle" of Gepid settlements develops around Napoca. ** Gepids start to adopt Arian Christianity through their connection with the Goths. ** Farming is the primary activity, but looms, combs, and other items are produced in local workshops. ** ''Gepidia'' is trading with faraway regions such as
Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...
,
Mazovia Mazovia or Masovia ( pl, Mazowsze) is a historical region in mid-north-eastern Poland. It spans the North European Plain, roughly between Łódź and Białystok, with Warsaw being the unofficial capital and largest city. Throughout the centurie ...
or
Scandinavia Scandinavia; Sámi languages: /. ( ) is a subregion in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. In English usage, ''Scandinavia'' most commonly refers to Denmark, Norway, and Swe ...
. * 568 – The Avar invasion ends the independent ''Gepidia''. * c.568 –
Carpathian Basin The Pannonian Basin, or Carpathian Basin, is a large Sedimentary basin, basin situated in south-east Central Europe. The Geomorphology, geomorphological term Pannonian Plain is more widely used for roughly the same region though with a somewh ...
is incorporated in the Avar Khaganate established by khagan
Bayan I Bayan I reigned as the first khagan of the Avar Khaganate between 562 and 602. As the Göktürk Empire expanded westwards on the Eurasian Steppe during the 6th century, peoples such as the Avars (also known as the ''Pseudo-Avars'', ''Obri'', ...
. * c.599–600 – Gepids under assimilation but settlements still exist within ''Avaria''.


7th century

* c.600–800 – Avars bring with them and allow Slavs to settle inside Transylvania.


8th century

* c. 700–800 – Center and northern Transylvania under Moravian influence. * 791–795 – Plunder of the Avar state by the
Franks The Franks ( la, Franci or ) were a group of Germanic peoples whose name was first mentioned in 3rd-century Roman sources, and associated with tribes between the Lower Rhine and the Ems River, on the edge of the Roman Empire.H. Schutz: Tools, ...
of
Charlemagne Charlemagne ( , ) or Charles the Great ( la, Carolus Magnus; german: Karl der Große; 2 April 747 – 28 January 814), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and the first ...
. * 794 – Avars, in small numbers, and mixed with Slavs, still inhabit parts of Transylvania. * 796 – Avar Khaganate suffers a crippling blow by the Franks.


9th century

* c.796–803 – Bulgars under Khan
Krum Krum ( bg, Крум, el, Κροῦμος/Kroumos), often referred to as Krum the Fearsome ( bg, Крум Страшни) was the Khan of Bulgaria from sometime between 796 and 803 until his death in 814. During his reign the Bulgarian territory ...
unite with Franks to crush the Avar Khaganate. * c.803 ** Transylvanian Avars are subjugated by the Bulgars under Khan
Krum Krum ( bg, Крум, el, Κροῦμος/Kroumos), often referred to as Krum the Fearsome ( bg, Крум Страшни) was the Khan of Bulgaria from sometime between 796 and 803 until his death in 814. During his reign the Bulgarian territory ...
** Transylvania and eastern Pannonia are incorporated into the First Bulgarian Empire. **
Salt mines Salt mining extracts natural salt deposits from underground. The mined salt is usually in the form of halite (commonly known as rock salt), and extracted from evaporite formations. History Before the advent of the modern internal combustio ...
of Transylvania under Bulgar control. * c.850–900 **
Gelou Gelou ( ro, Gelu; hu, Gyalu) was the Vlach ruler of Transylvania at the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin around 900 AD, according to the ''Gesta Hungarorum ''Gesta Hungarorum'', or ''The Deeds of the Hungarians'', i ...
, "a certain
Vlach "Vlach" ( or ), also "Wallachian" (and many other variants), is a historical term and exonym used from the Middle Ages until the Modern Era to designate mainly Romanians but also Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians and other Easter ...
" and "prince of the Vlachs", is ruling in
Transylvania Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...
, the ''
Gesta Hungarorum ''Gesta Hungarorum'', or ''The Deeds of the Hungarians'', is the earliest book about Hungarian history which has survived for posterity. Its genre is not chronicle, but ''gesta'', meaning "deeds" or "acts", which is a medieval entertaining li ...
'' mention indicating that the Vlachs were considered the dominant Transylvanian population. **
Pechenegs The Pechenegs () or Patzinaks tr, Peçenek(ler), Middle Turkic: , ro, Pecenegi, russian: Печенег(и), uk, Печеніг(и), hu, Besenyő(k), gr, Πατζινάκοι, Πετσενέγοι, Πατζινακίται, ka, პა ...
are raiding the Duchy of Gelou.


10th century

* c. 895–902 – Magyars (Hungarians) commence the conquest of the Carpathian Basin defeating and conquering the lands of
Menumorut Menumorut or Menumorout (Modern hu, Ménmarót) was the ruler of the lands between the rivers Mureș, Someș and Tisza at the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin around 900, according to the ''Gesta Hungarorum'', a Hungarian ...
and later Gelou * c. 902–950 – Area falls under the rule of (Tétény) and his descendants (within newly formed
Principality of Hungary The (Grand) Principality of HungaryS. Wise BauerThe history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 586George H. HodosThe East-Central European region: an historical outline ...
) * c. 900–1000 ** A small settlement appears on the ruins of Roman Napoca covering less than 3rd of the ancient site, with Roman fortifications being used as a source of construction materials. ** The settlement has four unequal sides (northern side 250 m, western side 223 m, southern side 300m, eastern side 197 m). ** A cemetery is active 600–1300 m from Napoca. * 1000 – Area becomes part of the
Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...
, as
Stephen I of Hungary Stephen I, also known as King Saint Stephen ( hu, Szent István király ; la, Sanctus Stephanus; sk, Štefan I. or Štefan Veľký; 975 – 15 August 1038), was the last Grand Prince of the Hungarians between 997 and 1000 or 1001, and the ...
is crowned as the first king and adopts Christianity.


11th century

* c. 1001–1038 ** Stephen I establishes an administrative system of counties based on fortresses (or ''comitati'') using the French model, with four of them in
Transylvania Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...
, including the
Kolozs County Kolozs County was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary, of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and of the Principality of Transylvania. Its territory is now in north-western Romania (north-western Transylvania). The capital ...
. ** Each county (or ''
comitatus ''Comitatus'' was in ancient times the Latin term for an armed escort or retinue. The term is used especially in the context of Germanic warrior culture for a warband tied to a leader by an oath of fealty and describes the relations between a lo ...
'' (Latin)) is led by a count (''
comes ''Comes'' ( ), plural ''comites'' ( ), was a Roman title or office, and the origin Latin form of the medieval and modern title "count". Before becoming a word for various types of title or office, the word originally meant "companion", either i ...
'' (Latin) or
Ispán The ispánRady 2000, p. 19.''Stephen Werbőczy: The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517)'', p. 450. or countEngel 2001, p. 40.Curta 2006, p. 355. ( hu, ispán, la, comes or comes parochialis, and sk, župan)Kirs ...
(Hungarian)). ** The new ''Ispán of Kolozs'' (''comes Clusiensis'') is responsible with the protection of the salt production in nearby Koloszokna. ** A fort is erected at Kolozsmonostor (3 km from the ancient Napoca) to serve as the count's residence. * 1009 – Diocese of Transylvania is established. * 1068 – Kolozsmonostor fort and settlement are destroyed by fire during an incursion of the Pechenegs in Transylvania. * 1080s–1090s ** Kolozsmonostor fort reconstructed, having its earth-and-beam wall raised by three metres. **
Ladislaus I of Hungary Ladislaus I ( hu, László, hr, Ladislav, sk, Ladislav, pl, Władysław; 1040 – 29 July 1095), also known as Saint Ladislas, was King of Hungary from 1077 and King of Croatia from 1091. He was the second son of King Béla I of Hungary and ...
settles Benedictine monks on the fort premises, who establish
Kolozsmonostor Abbey The Kolozsmonostor Abbey was a Benedictine Christian monastery at Kolozsmonostor in Transylvania in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary (now Mănăștur in Cluj-Napoca in Romania). According to modern scholars' consensus, the monastery was establish ...
, the first
Benedictine monastery , image = Medalla San Benito.PNG , caption = Design on the obverse side of the Saint Benedict Medal , abbreviation = OSB , formation = , motto = (English: 'Pray and Work') , found ...
in Transylvania. ** First church is constructed in Kolozs.


12th century

* 1111–1113 –
Mercurius Mercury (; la, Mercurius ) is a major god in Roman religion and mythology, being one of the 12 Dii Consentes within the ancient Roman pantheon. He is the god of financial gain, commerce, eloquence, messages, communication (including divinati ...
, a distinguished
nobleman Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteris ...
who held the office during the reign of
Coloman, King of Hungary Coloman the Learned, also the Book-Lover or the Bookish ( hu, Könyves Kálmán; hr, Koloman; sk, Koloman Učený; 10703February 1116) was King of Hungary from 1095 and King of Croatia from 1097 until his death. Because Coloman and his younge ...
(1095–1116), is mentioned in two royal charters as ''"princeps Ultrasilvanus"'' (perhaps the first known
Voivode of Transylvania The Voivode of Transylvania (german: Vojwode von Siebenbürgen;Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 77. hu, erdélyi vajda;Zsoldos 2011, p. 36. la, voivoda Transsylvaniae; ro, voievodul Transilvaniei) was the highest-ranking official in Transylvania wit ...
) * 1143 – The colonization of Transylvania by Germans commences under the reign of King
Géza II of Hungary Géza II ( hu, II. Géza; hr, Gejza II; sk, Gejza II; 113031 May 1162) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1141 to 1162. He was the oldest son of Béla the Blind and his wife, Helena of Serbia. When his father died, Géza was still a child a ...
(1141–1162) * 1173 – ''Clus'' as a county name is recorded for the first time, in a document which mentions ''Thomas comes Clusiensis'' * 1176 – Leustach of the Rátót clan becomes Voivode of Transylvania. * 1178 – Site "colonized" by newly arrived "Saxons". * 1199 –
Legforus Legforus (died after 1200) was a Hungarian distinguished nobleman, who served as voivode of Transylvania The Voivode of Transylvania (german: Vojwode von Siebenbürgen;Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 77. hu, erdélyi vajda;Zsoldos 2011, p. 36. la, ...
becomes Voivode of Transylvania.


13th century

* 1213 – The first written mention of the city's current name – as a Royal Borough – under the
Medieval Latin Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages. In this region it served as the primary written language, though local languages were also written to varying degrees. Latin functione ...
name ''Castrum Clus''. * 1241 – Both Kolozs and Kolozsmonostor are destroyed during
First Mongol invasion of Hungary The first Mongol invasion of Hungary ( hu, tatárjárás) started in March 1241, and the Mongols started to withdraw in late March 1242. Background Mongol invasion of Europe The Hungarians had first learned about the Mongol threat in 1229, when ...
, with very few survivors. * 1246 – The first recording for the Hungarian form ''Kolozsvár'' (''uar'' / ''vár'' means "castle" in Hungarian). * c. 1242–1275 – More German colonists arrive from
Rhineland The Rhineland (german: Rheinland; french: Rhénanie; nl, Rijnland; ksh, Rhingland; Latinised name: ''Rhenania'') is a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section. Term Historically, the Rhinelands ...
and
Flanders Flanders (, ; Dutch: ''Vlaanderen'' ) is the Flemish-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium. However, there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to cultu ...
, and are working to rebuild the fortress of Kolozs. * 1275 – In a document of King
Ladislaus IV of Hungary Ladislaus IV ( hu, IV. (Kun) László, hr, Ladislav IV. Kumanac, sk, Ladislav IV. Kumánsky; 5 August 1262 – 10 July 1290), also known as Ladislaus the Cuman, was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1272 to 1290. His mother, Elizabeth, wa ...
, the village (''Villa Kulusvar'') is granted to
Peter Monoszló Peter (II) from the kindred Monoszló ( hu, Monoszló nembeli (II.) Péter; 1240s – 27 November 1307) was a Hungarian prelate, who served as the Bishop of Transylvania from 1270 until his death. The current St. Michael's Cathedral in Gyulafehé ...
, the
Bishop of Transylvania :''There is also a Romanian Orthodox Archbishop of Alba Iulia and a Greek Catholic Archdiocese of Făgăraş and Alba Iulia.'' The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Alba Iulia ( hu, Gyulafehérvári Római Katolikus Érsekség) is a Latin Church Cat ...
. * c. 1260–1290 – A new church in built in Kolozs in Late Romanesque style, on the site of the destroyed first church, and then starts to serve as the parochial church. * 1285–1286 –
Second Mongol invasion of Hungary The Second Mongol invasion of Hungary ( hu, második tatárjárás) led by Nogai Khan and Tulabuga took place during the winter of 1285–1286. Prelude The first invasion In 1241, a Mongol army under Subutai and Batu Khan invaded central and ...


14th century

* 1316 ** 19 August: King
Charles I of Hungary Charles I, also known as Charles Robert ( hu, Károly Róbert; hr, Karlo Robert; sk, Karol Róbert; 128816 July 1342) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1308 to his death. He was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou and the only son of ...
grants the status of a city (
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
: ''civitas''), as a reward for the Saxons' contribution to the defeat of the rebellious Transylvanian voivode,
Ladislaus Kán Ladislaus ( or according to the case) is a masculine given name of Slavic origin. It may refer to: * Ladislaus of Hungary (disambiguation) * Ladislaus I (disambiguation) * Ladislaus II (disambiguation) * Ladislaus III (disambiguation) * Ladi ...
. **
Groundbreaking Groundbreaking, also known as cutting, sod-cutting, turning the first sod, or a sod-turning ceremony, is a traditional ceremony in many cultures that celebrates the first day of construction for a building or other project. Such ceremonies are ...
for the St. Michael's Church * 1332 – The first appearance of the Hungarian form ''Koloswar'', as it underwent various phonetic changes over the years. * 1348 – First usage of the
Transylvanian Saxon The Transylvanian Saxons (german: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjer Såksen''; ro, Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni/transilvani; hu, Erdélyi szászok) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania ...
name of ''Clusenburg''/''Clusenbvrg'' appeared. * 1349 – A document signed by the
archbishop of Avignon The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Avignon ( Latin: ''Archidioecesis Avenionensis''; French: ''Archidiocèse d'Avignon'') is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The diocese exercises jurisdiction over the t ...
and fifteen other bishops grants the indulgence for those contributing to the illumination and furniture of the St. Michael's Church. * 1377 – King Louis I of Hungary grants to Cluj the coat of arms and seal, consisting of three towers, a city wall with a gate in silver on a blue background. * 1390 ** The
altar An altar is a table or platform for the presentation of religious offerings, for sacrifices, or for other ritualistic purposes. Altars are found at shrines, temples, churches, and other places of worship. They are used particularly in paga ...
of St. Michael's Church is inaugurated and the church starts to be used as the new parochial church of Kolozs. ** The original church from the Old Town is given to friars of the
Dominican Order The Order of Preachers ( la, Ordo Praedicatorum) abbreviated OP, also known as the Dominicans, is a Catholic mendicant order of Pontifical Right for men founded in Toulouse, France, by the Spanish priest, saint and mystic Dominic of ...
.


15th century

* 1405 – Through the privileges granted by Sigismund of Luxembourg, Cluj becomes a
royal free city Royal free city or free royal city (Latin: libera regia civitas) was the official term for the most important cities in the Kingdom of Hungary from the late 12th centuryBácskai Vera – Nagy Lajos: Piackörzetek, piacközpontok és városok Magy ...
, is opting out from the jurisdiction of voivodes, vice-voivodes and royal judges, and obtains the right to elect a twelve-member jury every year. * 1408 – First mention of the
Transylvanian Saxon The Transylvanian Saxons (german: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjer Såksen''; ro, Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni/transilvani; hu, Erdélyi szászok) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania ...
form ''Clausenburg''. * 1432 – St. Michael's Church is completed. * 1442 –
Dominican friars The Order of Preachers ( la, Ordo Praedicatorum) abbreviated OP, also known as the Dominicans, is a Catholic mendicant order of Pontifical Right for men founded in Toulouse, France, by the Spanish priest, saint and mystic Dominic of Cal ...
begin the construction of their monastery and to rebuild the old church in
Gothic style Gothic or Gothics may refer to: People and languages *Goths or Gothic people, the ethnonym of a group of East Germanic tribes **Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths ** Crimean Gothic, the Gothic language spoken ...
. * 1443 – 23 February:
Matthias Corvinus Matthias Corvinus, also called Matthias I ( hu, Hunyadi Mátyás, ro, Matia/Matei Corvin, hr, Matija/Matijaš Korvin, sk, Matej Korvín, cz, Matyáš Korvín; ), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1458 to 1490. After conducting several m ...
is born in Cluj. * 1445 –
John Hunyadi John Hunyadi (, , , ; 1406 – 11 August 1456) was a leading Hungarian military and political figure in Central and Southeastern Europe during the 15th century. According to most contemporary sources, he was the member of a noble family of ...
starts supporting the construction efforts of the Dominican friars, offering a guaranteed income of 50 cubes of salt from the
salt mine Salt mining extracts natural salt deposits from underground. The mined salt is usually in the form of halite (commonly known as rock salt), and extracted from evaporite formations. History Before the advent of the modern internal combustio ...
of Szék. * 1464 – 29 April: Matthias Corvinus becomes
King of Hungary The King of Hungary ( hu, magyar király) was the ruling head of state of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 (or 1001) to 1918. The style of title "Apostolic King of Hungary" (''Apostoli Magyar Király'') was endorsed by Pope Clement XIII in 175 ...
. * 1481 – First record of the presence of
Jews Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
living in Cluj.


16th century

* 1511–1545 – Tower of St. Michael's Church is built. * 1541 – City stays in Eastern Hungarian Kingdom after the Ottoman Turks occupied the central part of the
Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...
. * 1543 – Bonțida Bánffy Castle built near city. * 1544 – Kaspar Helth ( hu, Gáspár Heltai), a
Transylvanian Saxon The Transylvanian Saxons (german: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Siweberjer Såksen''; ro, Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni/transilvani; hu, Erdélyi szászok) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania ...
who studied at
Wittenberg University Wittenberg University is a private liberal arts college in Springfield, Ohio. It has 1,326 full-time students representing 33 states and 9 foreign countries. Wittenberg University is associated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ...
, comes to Kolozsvár as a Lutheran preacher, marking the arrival of
Reformation The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in ...
in the city. * 1550 –
Printing press A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the ...
is established in the city by Kaspar Helth. * 1565 –
Witch trials A witch-hunt, or a witch purge, is a search for people who have been labeled witches or a search for evidence of witchcraft. The Witch trials in the early modern period, classical period of witch-hunts in Early Modern Europe and European Colon ...
begin. * 1568 –
Unitarian Church of Transylvania The Unitarian Church of Transylvania ( hu, Erdélyi Unitárius Egyház; ro, Biserica Unitariană din Transilvania), also known as the Hungarian Unitarian Church ( hu, Magyar Unitárius Egyház; ro, Biserica Unitariană Maghiară), is a Christian ...
is founded by Dávid Ferenc, who was previously a
Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
priest, later a
Lutheran Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Cathol ...
one and then a
Calvinist Calvinism (also called the Reformed Tradition, Reformed Protestantism, Reformed Christianity, or simply Reformed) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Ca ...
bishop * 1570 – City becomes part of the independent Principality of Transylvania, established through the Treaty of Speyer * 1572 – built in Big Market Square. * 1581 – Gymnasium (school) founded. * 1593 – Witch trials end, with thirteen people being burned.


17th century

* 1615 –
Witch-hunt A witch-hunt, or a witch purge, is a search for people who have been labeled witches or a search for evidence of witchcraft. The classical period of witch-hunts in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America took place in the Early Modern per ...
starts. * 1629 – Witch-hunt ends. * 1695 – Hungarian ''Szakácskönyv'' (cookbook) published. * 1699 – City becomes part of the Habsburg monarchy per
Treaty of Karlowitz The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed in Karlowitz, Military Frontier of Archduchy of Austria (present-day Sremski Karlovci, Serbia), on 26 January 1699, concluding the Great Turkish War of 1683–1697 in which the Ottoman Empire was defeated by th ...
.


18th century

* 1715 – Construction of the begins. * 1785 ** Bánffy Palace built. **
Gherla Prison Gherla Prison is a penitentiary located in the Romanian city of Gherla, in Cluj County. The prison dates from 1785; it is infamous for the treatment of its political inmates, especially during the Communist regime. In Romanian slang the generic wo ...
begins operating in vicinity. * 1790 – City becomes capital of the
Grand Principality of Transylvania Grand may refer to: People with the name * Grand (surname) * Grand L. Bush (born 1955), American actor * Grand Mixer DXT, American turntablist * Grand Puba (born 1966), American rapper Places * Grand, Oklahoma * Grand, Vosges, village and co ...
. * 1792 – Hungarian Theatre founded. * 1798 – Large parts of the city destroyed by fire.


19th century

* 1803 – Bob Church consecrated. * 1812 – built. * 1828 – expanded. * 1829 – Evangelical-Lutheran Church built. * 1830s – Népkertnek Park (Central Park) opens. * 1845 – Town Hall built. * 1848 – 25 December: City taken by Hungarian forces. * 1869 – Institute of Agronomic Studies founded. * 1870 ** Railway to Budapest begins operating. ** Population: 26,382. * 1872 –
Franz Joseph University Royal Hungarian Franz Joseph University ( hu, Magyar Királyi Ferenc József Tudományegyetem) was the second modern university in the Hungarian realm of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Founded in 1872, its seat was initially in Kolozsvár (Clu ...
and
Botanical Garden A botanical garden or botanic gardenThe terms ''botanic'' and ''botanical'' and ''garden'' or ''gardens'' are used more-or-less interchangeably, although the word ''botanic'' is generally reserved for the earlier, more traditional gardens, an ...
founded. * 1880 – Population: 29,923 (70% of Hungarian ethnicity). * 1887 – Neolog Synagogue built. * 1890 – Population: 32,739. * 1895 – built. * 1900 – Population: 46,670.


20th century

* 1902 ** Palace of Justice built. **
Matthias Corvinus Monument The Matthias Corvinus Monument ( ro, Monumentul Matia Corvin; hu, Mátyás király emlékmű) is a monument in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. This classified historic monument, conceived by János Fadrusz and opened in 1902, represents Matthias Corvinus ...
unveiled in Big Market Square. * 1906 –
Cluj-Napoca National Theatre The Lucian Blaga National Theatre (Romanian: Teatrul Național ''Lucian Blaga'') in Cluj-Napoca, Romania is one of the most prestigious theatrical institutions in Romania. The theatre shares the same building with the Romanian Opera. Building Th ...
opens. * 1907 –
CFR Cluj Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj, commonly known as CFR Cluj ( or ), is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, which competes in the Liga I. It was founded in 1907 as ''Kolozsvári Vasutas Sport Club'', whe ...
(football club) formed. * 1910 –
Hungarian Theatre of Cluj The State Hungarian Theatre of Cluj ( hu, Kolozsvári Állami Magyar Színház; ro, Teatrul Maghiar de Stat din Cluj) is a theatre in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Performances are played in Hungarian, with simultaneous translation into Romanian or Engli ...
building constructed. * 1911 – Ion Moina Stadium opens. * 1913 – built in Big Market Square. * 1918 ** 1 December:
Union of Transylvania with Romania The union of Transylvania with Romania was declared on by the assembly of the delegates of ethnic Romanians held in Alba Iulia. The Great Union Day (also called ''Unification Day''), celebrated on 1 December, is a national holiday in Roman ...
is declared ** 24 December: City taken by Romanian forces; Hungarian rule ends. * 1919 **
Iulian Pop Iulian Pop (12 March 1880 – 22 November 1923) was an Austro-Hungarian and Romanian lawyer and politician, who became the first Romanian mayor of Cluj on 19 January 1919, a month after Transylvania became part of the Romanian state. He remaine ...
becomes the first Romanian mayor. **
U Cluj Fotbal Club Universitatea Cluj (), commonly known as Universitatea Cluj or simply as U Cluj, is a Romanian professional association football, football club based in the city of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, that competes in the Liga I, the first ...
football club formed. **
Gheorghe Dima Music Academy Gheorghe Dima National Music Academy is an educational institution located in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The institution was founded in 1919, and currently comprises various departments including composition, conducting, musicology, musical pedagogy, c ...
founded. **
Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy ( ro, Universitatea de Medicină și Farmacie "Iuliu Hațieganu", or UMF Cluj) in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, is the oldest medical education institution in Transylvania, a continuation of the Faculty ...
(Romanian: Universitatea de Medicină și Farmacie "Iuliu Hațieganu", or UMF Cluj) in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, is the oldest medical education institution in Transylvania, a continuation of the Faculty of Medicine which was founded in 1919, as a part of the Superior Dacia University. * 1920 ** Based on the
Treaty of Trianon The Treaty of Trianon (french: Traité de Trianon, hu, Trianoni békeszerződés, it, Trattato del Trianon) was prepared at the Paris Peace Conference and was signed in the Grand Trianon château in Versailles on 4 June 1920. It forma ...
, Cluj becomes part of the
Kingdom of Romania The Kingdom of Romania ( ro, Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 13 March ( O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian ...
. ** Population: 85,509. * 1921 – 28 September: Capitoline Wolf Statue, a gift from Italy to Romania as a symbol for its
Latinity Latinity (''Latinitas'') is proficiency in Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then kn ...
, unveiled in Unirii Square. * 1922 – Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania founded. * 1925 – Fine Arts School founded. * 1930 **
Greek Catholic Diocese of Cluj-Gherla The Romanian Greek Catholic Eparchy of Cluj-Gherla is an eparchy of the Byzantine Rite of the Romanian Greek Catholic Church. It is a suffragan of the Romanian Greek Catholic Major Archeparchy of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia. Eparchs * Ioan Alexi ( ...
established. ** Population: 100,844. * 1933 – Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral (
Romanian Orthodox The Romanian Orthodox Church (ROC; ro, Biserica Ortodoxă Română, ), or Patriarchate of Romania, is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian churches, and one of the nine patriarchates ...
) built. * 1934 – Goldmark Jewish Symphonic Orchestra founded. * 1940 – City becomes part of Hungary again. * 1944 ** 27 March: City occupied by German forces. ** 25 May: Deportation of Jews begins. ** 11 October: City captured by
Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania **Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language *** Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language ** Romanian cuisine, tradition ...
and
Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nation ...
forces; Hungarian rule ends. * 1948 ** Protestant Theological Institute established. ** Population: 117,915. * 1966 – Population: 185,663 (56% of Romanian ethnicity; 42% of Hungarian ethnicity). * 1968 – ' literary magazine begins publication. * 1973 – CFR Cluj Stadium opens. * 1974 ** City renamed to "Cluj-Napoca". ** Population: 218,703. * 1989 – December:
Romanian Revolution The Romanian Revolution ( ro, Revoluția Română), also known as the Christmas Revolution ( ro, Revoluția de Crăciun), was a period of violent civil unrest in Romania during December 1989 as a part of the Revolutions of 1989 that occurred ...
. * 1992 **
Gheorghe Funar Gheorghe Funar (; born September 29, 1949 in Sânnicolau Mare, Timiș County, Socialist Republic of Romania) is a nationalist Romanian politician, who rose to fame as a controversial mayor of Cluj-Napoca between 1992 and 2004. Biography He became ...
becomes mayor. ** Population: 328,602 (75% of Romanian ethnicity). * 1994 – Association for Interethnic Dialogue established in Cluj.


21st century

* 2001 – Peace Action, Training and Research Institute of Romania (PATRIR) founded. * 2004 –
Emil Boc Emil Boc (; born 6 September 1966) is a Romanian politician who was Prime Minister of Romania from 22 December 2008 until 6 February 2012 and is the current Mayor of Cluj-Napoca, the largest city of Transylvania, where he was first elected in Ju ...
becomes mayor. * 2008 ** Sorin Apostu becomes mayor. **
Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area The Cluj metropolitan area is a metropolitan area in Cluj County, which includes Cluj-Napoca and 19 communes nearby: Aiton, Apahida, Baciu, Bonțida, Borșa, Căianu, Chinteni, Ciurila, Cojocna, Feleacu, Florești, Gilău, Gârbau, Jucu, Pet ...
created. ** 20 November: Demolition of Ion Moina Stadium starts. * 2009 – 16 July: Construction of the new stadium,
Cluj Arena Cluj Arena () is a multi-purpose stadium in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. It serves as the home of Universitatea Cluj of the Liga II and was completed on 1 October 2011. It is also the home of the Untold Festival. The facility, owned by the county coun ...
, begins on the site of demolished Ion Moina Stadium. * 2011 ** Population: 324,576 city; 411,379
metro Metro, short for metropolitan, may refer to: Geography * Metro (city), a city in Indonesia * A metropolitan area, the populated region including and surrounding an urban center Public transport * Rapid transit, a passenger railway in an urb ...
. ** 11 October:
Cluj Arena Cluj Arena () is a multi-purpose stadium in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. It serves as the home of Universitatea Cluj of the Liga II and was completed on 1 October 2011. It is also the home of the Untold Festival. The facility, owned by the county coun ...
opens * 2012 –
Emil Boc Emil Boc (; born 6 September 1966) is a Romanian politician who was Prime Minister of Romania from 22 December 2008 until 6 February 2012 and is the current Mayor of Cluj-Napoca, the largest city of Transylvania, where he was first elected in Ju ...
becomes mayor again. * 2015 – Holds the title of
European Youth Capital Turin (2010) Antwerp (2011) Braga (2012) Maribor (2013) Thessaloniki (2014) Ganja (2016) The 'European Youth Capital'' (abbreviated EYC) is the title awarded by the European Youth Forum to a European city, designed to empower ...
. * 2016 –
Emil Boc Emil Boc (; born 6 September 1966) is a Romanian politician who was Prime Minister of Romania from 22 December 2008 until 6 February 2012 and is the current Mayor of Cluj-Napoca, the largest city of Transylvania, where he was first elected in Ju ...
reelected mayor yet again. * 2018 – Holds the title of European City of Sport.


See also

*
History of Cluj-Napoca The history of Cluj-Napoca covers the time from the Roman conquest of Dacia, when a Roman settlement named ''Napoca'' existed on the location of the later city, through the founding of Cluj and its flourishing as the main cultural and religious ...
* Historical chronology of Cluj (in Romanian) * Napoca (castra) * Roman Dacia * List of mayors of Cluj-Napoca *
List of places in Cluj-Napoca {{short description, None This is a list of the most important tourist sites in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Historical places Places of worship * Bob Church * Calvaria Church * Church on the Hill * Evangelical Church * Franciscan Church * Gre ...
* Other names of Cluj-Napoca *
Timeline of Romanian history __NOTOC__ This is a timeline of Romanian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Romania and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Romania. Millennia: 1 ...


References


Sources


Primary sources

* * *


Secondary sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


Tertiary sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


External links

* Europeana
Items related to Cluj
various dates. *
Digital Public Library of America The Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) is a US project aimed at providing public access to digital holdings in order to create a large-scale public digital library. It officially launched on April 18, 2013, after two and a half years of dev ...

Items related to Cluj
various dates {{Years in Romania
Cluj ; hu, kincses város) , official_name=Cluj-Napoca , native_name= , image_skyline= , subdivision_type1 = County , subdivision_name1 = Cluj County , subdivision_type2 = Status , subdivision_name2 = County seat , settlement_type = City , le ...
Years in Romania