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First Mongol Invasion Of Hungary
The first Mongol invasion of Hungary ( hu, tatárjárás) started in March 1241, and the Mongols started to withdraw in late March 1242. Background Mongol invasion of Europe The Hungarians had first learned about the Mongol threat in 1229, when King Andrew II granted asylum to some fleeing Russian boyars. Some Magyars (Hungarians), left behind during the main migration to the Pannonian basin, still lived on the banks of the upper Volga (it is believed by some that the descendants of this group are the modern-day Bashkirs, although this people now speaks a Turkic language, not Magyar). In 1237 a Dominican friar, Julianus, set off on an expedition to lead them back, and was sent back to King Béla with a letter from Batu Khan. In this letter, Batu called upon the Hungarian king to surrender his kingdom unconditionally to the Tatar forces or face complete destruction. Béla did not reply, and two more messages were later delivered to Hungary. The first, in 1239, was sent by the d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mongol Invasion Of Europe
From the 1220s into the 1240s, the Mongols conquered the Turkic states of Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, Alania, and the Kievan Rus' federation. Following this, they began their invasion into heartland Europe by launching a two-pronged invasion of then-fragmented Poland, culminating in the Battle of Legnica (9 April 1241), and the Kingdom of Hungary, culminating in the Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241). Invasions also were launched into the Caucasus against the Kingdom of Georgia and the Chechens and Ingush, as well as into the Southeast Europe against Bulgaria, Croatia, and the Latin Empire. The operations were planned by General Subutai (1175–1248) and commanded by Batu Khan ( 1207–1255) and Kadan (d. 1261). Both of the latter were grandsons of Genghis Khan. Their conquests integrated much of Eastern European territory into the empire of the Golden Horde. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Knights Templar
, colors = White mantle with a red cross , colors_label = Attire , march = , mascot = Two knights riding a single horse , equipment = , equipment_label = , battles = The Crusades, including: , anniversaries = , decorations = , battle_honours = , commander1 = Hugues de Payens , commander1_label = First Grand Master , commander2 = Jacques de Molay , commander2_label = Last Grand Master , commander3 = , commander3_label = , notable_commanders = The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon ( la, Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici), also known as the Order of Solomon's Temple, the Knights Templar, or simply the Templars, was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Geregye
Paul from the kindred Geregye ( hu, Geregye nembeli Pál; ''c''. 1206 – 1270 or 1271) was an influential Hungarian baron following the Mongol invasion of 1241. He served as Judge royal twice during the reign of Béla IV of Hungary. Family Paul was born around 1206 into the ''gens'' Geregye as the son of Eth I, wo was Voivode of Transylvania earlier in 1200. He also had a younger brother, Geregye I, the ancestor of the Egervári family from Vas County. Paul married to an unidentified granddaughter of Palatine Pat Győr around 1228 (while her sister was the wife of Stephen Csák, Ban of Severin). Historian Attila Zsoldos considers Pat was among those noblemen, who were plotting to dethrone Andrew and crown his eldest son, the eight-year-old Béla in 1214. Following that he became disgraced in the royal court and was among the young Béla's supporters. The marriage between Paul and Pat's granddaughter was due to strengthen the relationship between Béla's partisans. They had f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicholas Szák
Nicholas from the kindred Szák ( hu, Szák nembeli Miklós; died March 1241) was a powerful Hungarian baron in the first decades of the 13th century. As a confidant of King Andrew II, he served as Palatine of Hungary from 1219 to 1222 and for a brief period in 1226. During his first term, he initiated a comprehensive reform of the judicial system. He lost political influence when King Béla IV ascended the Hungarian throne in 1235. Nicholas was killed on the eve of the First Mongol invasion of Hungary in March 1241, confronting the Cumans, who decided to leave Hungary and destroyed many villages on their way towards the Balkan Peninsula after the assassination of their ''khan'' Köten. Early life and career Nicholas was born into the Gyalán branch of the ''gens'' (clan) Szák, which possessed lands in Central Transdanubia, primarily in Tolna and Komárom counties, centered around the namesake estate Szák. He was the only known son of Barc. Nicholas' marriage with an unide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benedict Osl
Benedict from the kindred Osl ( hu, Osl nembeli Benedek; died June/October 1244) was a Hungarian prelate in the 13th century, who served as Bishop of Várad from 1231 to 1243, then briefly Bishop of Győr from 1243 until his death. He was also called Benedict of Lendva ( hu, Lendvai Benedek). Family Benedict was born into the ''gens'' (clan) Osl, which originated from Sopron County, but also acquired lands in Győr County.Engel: ''Genealógia'' (Genus Osl 1.) He was one of the seven sons of Osl I, the first known member of the kindred, who founded a Premonstratensian monastery in Csorna. Benedict's brothers were Beled, who was Master of the cupbearers in the court of Duke Béla and ancestor of the Vicai family, which existed until 1873; Osl II, who served as Master of the treasury and Ban of Severin, and was also ancestor of the Ostfi family; Herbord, an important royal courtier in the 1270s; Nicholas, who functioned as ''ispán'' of Győr County; Thomas, who did not hold ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pousa, Son Of Sólyom
Pousa, son of Sólyom ( hu, Sólyom fia Pósa; died 31 March 1241) was a Hungarian nobleman, who served as voivode of Transylvania twice, in 1227 and 1235 to 1241.Engel 2001, p. 381.Zsoldos 2011, p. 38. Pousa served as ispán (''comes'') of Vas County in 1225.Zsoldos 2011, p. 223. During the reign of Andrew II, he was a faithful supporter of crown prince Béla, who held the title of Duke of Transylvania after 1226, following the agreement between the king and his son after a series of conflicts for the throne. Sometime Duke Béla acted independently of his father, as it is demonstrated by his grant of tax exemption to Transylvanian knights in 1231 and by his donation of lands situated in Wallachia in 1233. Pousa served as master of the treasury (''camerarius'') for Béla in 1225.Zsoldos 2011, p. 74. He was appointed voivode of Transylvania in 1227. According to László Markó, he held the office between 1226 and 1229, however existing charters only prove the term of voivodeship ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Denis Tomaj
Denis from the kindred Tomaj ( hu, Tomaj nembeli Dénes; died 11 April 1241) was a Hungarian influential baron in the first half of the 13th century, who served as the Palatine of Hungary under King Béla IV from year 1235 to 1241, until his death at the Battle of Mohi. Family Denis (II) was born into the ''gens'' (clan) Tomaj of Pecheneg origin. The kindred descended from chieftain Tonuzoba, who settled with his people in the Principality of Hungary during the reign of Taksony in the mid-10th century. The eponymous ancestor of the kindred Tomaj – Tonuzoba's grandson – lived in the time of King Stephen I of Hungary (r. 1000–1038). The clan initially possessed lands in Heves County, but later acquired estates in Zala, Szabolcs and Szolnok counties too. His father was Denis (I), whose name is known only. He had three brothers, Privartus (Pelbárt), Csák and possibly Urkund (Örkénd or Örkény). The marriage of Denis (II) with an unidentified noblewoman produced four ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ugrin Csák, Archbishop Of Kalocsa
Ugrin from the kindred Csák ( hu, Csák nembeli Ugrin; ''c''. 1190 – 11 April 1241) was a Hungarian prelate and military leader in the first half of the 13th century, who served as Archbishop of Kalocsa from 1219 until his death at the Battle of Mohi (Sajó River) on 11 April 1241. He was also chancellor of the royal court from 1217 to 1219 and from 1230 to 1235. Family Ugrin (I) (also known as Ugolin or Hugolin) was born into the Újlak branch of the ''gens'' Csák as the son of ''ispán'' Bás (I). His brothers were Bás (II) and Pós (or Pous), who served as Master of the treasury and Ban of Severin in 1235, and was considered an influential courtier of Duke Béla of Transylvania. The Csák clan was one of the most ancient and powerful kindreds in Hungary. According to the ''Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum'' ("Deeds of the Huns and Hungarians"), the ancestor of the kindred was Szabolcs, son of chieftain Előd, the leader of one of the seven Magyar tribes, who participated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coloman Of Galicia-Lodomeria
Coloman of Halych ( hu, Kálmán; uk, Коломан; 1208 – 1241) was the rulerfrom 1214 prince, and from 1215 or 1216 to 1221 kingof Halych, and duke of Slavonia from 1226 to his death. He was the second son of Andrew II of Hungary and Gertrude of Merania. His father and Leszek the White, Duke of Poland, concluded an agreement about the marriage of Coloman and Leszek's daughter, Salomea, and the division of Halych, allotting its western regions to Leszek, the remaining lands to Coloman. The Hungarian and Polish armies occupied the principality in late 1214. Andrew II appointed a Hungarian nobleman, Benedict the Bald, to administer it on Coloman's behalf. Coloman was crowned the first king of Halych with the pope's authorization in early 1216. After the Hungarian troops occupied the western Galician territories, Leszek made an alliance with Mstislav Mstislavich, Prince of Novgorod. Mstislav invaded Halych, forcing Coloman and his supporters to flee to Hungary, most probably ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, extending northward into parts of the Arctic; eastward and southward into parts of the Indian subcontinent, attempted invasions of Southeast Asia and conquered the Iranian Plateau; and westward as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains. The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Temüjin, known by the more famous title of Genghis Khan (–1227), whom a council proclaimed as the ruler of all Mongols in 1206. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants, who sent out invading armies in every direction. The vast transcontinental empire connected the East with the West, and the Pacific to the Mediterranean, in an enforced ''Pax Mongol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire after 1259 it became a functionally separate khanate. It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or as the Ulus of Jochi, and replaced the earlier less organized Cuman–Kipchak confederation. After the death of Batu Khan (the founder of the Golden Horde) in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai Khan, Nogai instigated a partial civil war in the late 1290s. The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of Uzbeg Khan (1312–1341), who adopted Islam. The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak extended from Siberia and Central Asia to parts of Eastern Europe from the Ural Mountains, Urals to the Danube in the west, and from the Black Sea to the Caspian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Golden Horde Flag 1339
Golden means made of, or relating to gold. Golden may also refer to: Places United Kingdom *Golden, in the parish of Probus, Cornwall *Golden Cap, Dorset *Golden Square, Soho, London *Golden Valley, a valley on the River Frome in Gloucestershire *Golden Valley, Herefordshire United States *Golden, Colorado, a town West of Denver, county seat of Jefferson County *Golden, Idaho, an unincorporated community *Golden, Illinois, a village *Golden Township, Michigan *Golden, Mississippi, a village *Golden City, Missouri, a city *Golden, Missouri, an unincorporated community *Golden, Nebraska, ghost town in Burt County *Golden Township, Holt County, Nebraska *Golden, New Mexico, a sparsely populated ghost town *Golden, Oregon, an abandoned mining town *Golden, Texas, an unincorporated community *Golden, Utah, a ghost town *Golden, Marshall County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community Elsewhere *Golden, County Tipperary, Ireland, a village on the River Suir *Golden Vale, Munster, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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