This is a list of state leaders in the 20th century (1901–1950) AD, such as the heads of state,

heads of government The head of government is the highest or the second-highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a gro ...

, and the general secretaries of single-party states. These polities are generally

sovereign state A sovereign state or sovereign country, is a polity, political entity represented by one central government that has supreme legitimate authority over territory. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defin ...

s, but excludes ''minor''

dependent territories A dependent territory, dependent area, or dependency (sometimes referred as an external territory) is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a sovereign state, yet remains politically outside the controlli ...

, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 20th century. For completeness, these lists can include

colonies In modern parlance, a colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule. Though dominated by the foreign colonizers, colonies remain separate from the administration of the original country of the colonizers, the '' metropolitan state'' ...

protectorate A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a State (polity), state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over m ...

s, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty. Leaders of constituent states within the British south Asia, are excluded, and found on this list of leaders in the 20th-century British south Asia.

Africa

Africa: Central

''Angola'' * Kasanje Kingdom ( complete list) – :*Ngwangwa, King (1911–1912) *

Kingdom of Kongo The Kingdom of Kongo ( kg, Kongo dya Ntotila or ''Wene wa Kongo;'' pt, Reino do Congo) was a kingdom located in central Africa in present-day northern Angola, the western portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Republic of the ...

( complete list) – :''vassal to

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...

: 1888–1914'' :* Henrique IV, King (1896–1901) :* Pedro VI, King (1901–1910) :* Manuel Nkomba, King (1910–1911) :* Manuel III, King (1911–1914) * Portuguese Angola, ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1575–1951'' :''For details see the

Kingdom of Portugal The Kingdom of Portugal ( la, Regnum Portugalliae, pt, Reino de Portugal) was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. Existing to various extents between 1139 and 1910, it was also kno ...

under Southwest Europe'' ''Cameroon'' * Fondom of Bafut ( complete list) – :* Abumbi I, King (1852–1932) :*

Achirimbi II Achirimbi II was the tenth Fon ("King") who ruled over the town of Bafut and adjoining areas (the Fondom of Bafut) in a semi-autonomous fashion. His reign lasted from 1932 to 1968, and included the time of handover from the British trust territ ...

, King (1932–1961, joined Cameroon) * Duala people ( complete list) – :* Dika a Mpondo, King, Paramount Chief (pre-1879–c.1905) :* Manga Ndumbe Bell, King Paramount Chief (c.1897–?) :*

Rudolf Duala Manga Bell Rudolf Duala Manga Bell (1873 – 8 August 1914) was a Duala king and resistance leader in the German colony of Kamerun (Cameroon). After being educated in both Kamerun and Europe, he succeeded his father Manga Ndumbe Bell on 2 September 1908. ...

, King, Paramount Chief (c.1908–1913) * Kamerun ( complete list) – :''German colony, 1884–1916'' :''For details see the

German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...

under central Europe'' * French Cameroons, part of French Equatorial Africa ( complete list) – :''League of Nations mandate, 1918–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' * British Cameroons part of

British West Africa British West Africa was the collective name for British colonies in West Africa during the colonial period, either in the general geographical sense or the formal colonial administrative entity. British West Africa as a colonial entity was orig ...

( complete list) – :''League of Nations mandate, 1922–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1961'' :''For details see the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Central African Republic'' *

Ubangi-Shari Ubangi-Shari (french: Oubangui-Chari) was a French colony in central Africa, a part of French Equatorial Africa. It was named after the Ubangi and Chari rivers along which it was colonised. It was established on 29 December 1903, from the U ...

part of French Equatorial Africa ( complete list) – :''French colony, 1903–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' ''Chad'' *

Sultanate of Bagirmi The Sultanate or Kingdom of Bagirmi or Baghermi (french: Royaume du Baguirmi) was a realm, kingdom and Islamic sultanate southeast of Lake Chad in central Africa. It was founded in either 1480 or 1522 and lasted until 1897, when it became a French ...

( complete list) – :* Gaourang II, Mbang (1885–1918) :''vassal to France: from 1912'' :*Mahamat Abdelkader, Mbang (1918–1935) *

Wadai Empire The Wadai Sultanate ( ar, سلطنة وداي ''Saltanat Waday'', french: royaume du Ouaddaï, Fur: ''Burgu'' or ''Birgu''; 1501–1912) was an African sultanate located to the east of Lake Chad in present-day Chad and the Central African Repub ...

( complete list) – :*Ahmad Abu al-Ghazali ibn ‘Ali, Kolak (1900–1901) :* Dud Murra, Kolak (1901–1909) :*‘Asil, Kolak (1909–1912) *

French Chad Chad was a part of the French colonial empire from 1900 to 1960. Colonial rule under the French began in 1900 when the Military Territory of Chad was established. From 1905, Chad was linked to the federation of French colonial possessions in Mi ...

, part of French Equatorial Africa ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1900–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' ''Congo: Belgian'' *

Congo Free State ''(Work and Progress) , national_anthem = Vers l'avenir , capital = Vivi Boma , currency = Congo Free State franc , religion = Catholicism (''de facto'') , leader1 = Leopo ...

:*Sovereign – ::* Leopold II of Belgium, Sovereign (1885–1908) :*Governors general ( complete list) – ::*

Théophile Wahis Lieutenant-General Baron Théophile Wahis (; 27 April 1844–26 January 1921) was a Belgian soldier and colonial civil servant who served as Governor-General of the Congo Free State and, subsequently, the Belgian Congo for two terms between 18 ...

, Governor general (1892–1908) *

Belgian Congo The Belgian Congo (french: Congo belge, ; nl, Belgisch-Congo) was a Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960. The former colony adopted its present name, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), in 1964. Colo ...

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1908–1960'' :''For details see the

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...

under Western Europe'' ''Congo: French'' *

French Congo The French Congo (french: Congo français) or Middle Congo (french: Moyen-Congo) was a French colony which at one time comprised the present-day area of the Republic of the Congo and parts of Gabon, and the Central African Republic. In 1910, i ...

part of French Equatorial Africa ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1882–1910'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' * French Equatorial Africa ( complete list) – :''Federation of colonies, 1910–1934; Colony, 1934–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' ''Equatorial Guinea'' *

Spanish Guinea Spanish Guinea (Spanish: ''Guinea Española'') was a set of insular and continental territories controlled by Spain from 1778 in the Gulf of Guinea and on the Bight of Bonny, in Central Africa. It gained independence in 1968 as Equatorial G ...

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1778–1968'' :''For details see Spain in southwest Europe'' ''Gabon'' *

Kingdom of Orungu The Kingdom of Orungu (c. 1700–1927) ( pt, Reino da Orungu, french: Royaume d'Orungu) was a small, pre-colonial state of what is now Gabon in Central Africa. Through its control of the slave trade in the 18th and 19th centuries, it was able to be ...

( complete list) – :* Rogombé-Nwèntchandi, Agamwinboni (?–1927) * French Gabon, part of French Equatorial Africa ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1882–1910'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' ''São Tomé and Príncipe'' * Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1470–1951'' :''For details see the

under Southwest Europe''

Africa: East

''Great Lakes area'' :''Burundi'' * Kingdom of Burundi ( complete list) – :* Mwezi IV, King (c.1850–1908) :* Mutaga IV, King (1908–1915) :*

Mwambutsa IV Mwambutsa IV Bangiricenge (6 May 1912 – 26 March 1977) was the penultimate king of Burundi (or ''mwami'') who ruled between 1915 and 1966. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his father Mutaga IV Mbikije (reigned 1908–15). Born whil ...

, King (1915–1966) :* Ntare V Ndizeye, King (1966) *

Ruanda-Urundi Ruanda-Urundi (), later Rwanda-Burundi, was a colonial territory, once part of German East Africa, which was occupied by troops from the Belgian Congo during the East African campaign in World War I and was administered by Belgium under militar ...

( complete list) – :''League of Nations mandate of Belgium, 1922–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1962'' :''For details see Belgium under western Europe'' :''Kenya'' * Wituland ( complete list) – :*Fumo `Umar ibn Ahmad, Mfalume (1891–1893, 1895–1923) * East Africa Protectorate ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1895–1920'' *

Kenya Colony The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, commonly known as British Kenya or British East Africa, was part of the British Empire in Africa. It was established when the former East Africa Protectorate was transformed into a British Crown colony in ...

( complete list) – :''British colony and protectorate, 1920–1963'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' :''Rwanda'' *

Kingdom of Rwanda The Kingdom of Rwanda was a kingdom in East Africa which grew to be ruled by a Tutsi monarchy. It was later annexed under German and Belgian colonial rule while retaining some of its autonomy. The Tutsi monarchy was abolished in 1961 after et ...

( complete list) – :*

Yuhi V Musinga Yuhi Musinga (Yuhi V of Rwanda, 1883 – 13 January 1944) was a king of Rwanda who came to power in 1896 and collaborated with the German East Africa, German government to strengthen his own kingship. In 1931 he was deposed by Ruanda-Urundi, the Be ...

, King (1896–1931) :*

Mutara III Rudahigwa Mutara III Rudahigwa (March 1911 – 25 July 1959) was King ('' umwami'') of Rwanda between 1931 and 1959. He was the first Rwandan king to be baptised, and Roman Catholicism took hold in Rwanda during his reign. His Christian names were C ...

, King (1931–1959) :*

Kigeli V Ndahindurwa Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (born Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa; 29 June 1936 – 16 October 2016) was the last ruling King (''Mwami'') of Rwanda, from 28 July 1959 until the end of the UN-mandate with Belgian administration and the declaration of an indepen ...

, King (1959–1961) :''Tanzania'' * Sultanate of Zanzibar ( complete list) – :*

Hamoud Hammoud or Hamoud or Hamud (in Arabic حمود) may refer to: Places *Hamud, a village in Angali Rural District, in the Central District of Bushehr County, Bushehr Province, Iran *Bourj Hammoud (or Burj Hammud), a suburb in North-East Beirut, Leba ...

, Sultan (1896–1902) :* Ali II, Sultan (1902–1911) :* Khalifa II, Sultan (1911–1960) :* Abdullah, Sultan (1960–1963) :*

Jamshid Jamshid () ( fa, جمشید, ''Jamshīd''; Middle- and New Persian: جم, ''Jam'') also known as ''Yima'' (Avestan: 𐬫𐬌𐬨𐬀 ''Yima''; Pashto/Dari: یما ''Yama'') is the fourth Shah of the mythological Pishdadian dynasty of Iran acco ...

, Sultan (1963–1964) *

German East Africa German East Africa (GEA; german: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozam ...

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1885–1919'' :''For details see the

under central Europe'' * Tanganyika under Britain ( complete list) – :''League of Nations mandate of Britain, 1922–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1961'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' :''Uganda'' *

Ankole Ankole (Nkore language, Runyankore: ''Nkore''), was a traditional Bantu peoples, Bantu kingdom in Uganda and lasted from the 15th century until 1967. The kingdom was located in south-western Uganda, east of Lake Edward. History Ankole Realm, K ...

( complete list) – :* Kahaya II, Omugabe (1895–1944) :* Gasyonga II, Omugabe (1944–1967) *

Buganda Buganda is a Bantu peoples, Bantu kingdom within Uganda. The kingdom of the Baganda, Baganda people, Buganda is the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day East Africa, consisting of Buganda's Districts of Uganda, Central Region, inclu ...

( complete list) – :*

Daudi Chwa II Daudi Chewa II was Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda from 1897 until 1939. He was the 34th Kabaka of Buganda has a surviving daughter, Princess Addah Balilara lives in Bujjuko, Kampala Life He was born on 8 August 1896, at Mengo. He was the f ...

, Kabaka (1897–1939) :*

Muteesa II Sir Edward Frederick William David Walugembe Mutebi Luwangula Mutesa II (modern spelling: Muteesa) (19 November 1924 – 21 November 1969) was Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda in Uganda from 22 November 1939 until his death. He was the thirty- ...

, Kabaka (1939–1969) *

Bunyoro Bunyoro or Bunyoro-Kitara is a Bantu kingdom in Western Uganda. It was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Central and East Africa from the 13th century to the 19th century. It is ruled by the King (''Omukama'') of Bunyoro-Kitara. The current ...

( complete list) – :* Kitahimbwa, Omukama (1898–1902) :* Duhaga III, Omukama (1902–1924) :* Winyi IV, Omukama (1925–1967) * Uganda Protectorate ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1894–1962'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Horn of Africa area'' :''Djibouti'' *

French Somaliland French Somaliland (french: Côte française des Somalis, lit= French Coast of the Somalis so, Xeebta Soomaaliyeed ee Faransiiska) was a French colony in the Horn of Africa. It existed between 1884 and 1967, at which time it became the French Ter ...

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1896–1946; Overseas territory, 1946–1967'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' :''Eritrea'' *

Italian Eritrea Italian Eritrea ( it, Colonia Eritrea, "Colony of Eritrea") was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy in the territory of present-day Eritrea. The first Italian establishment in the area was the purchase of Assab by the Rubattino Shipping Company in ...

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1890–1936'' :''For details see

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

under southcentral Europe'' :''Ethiopia'' *

Ethiopian Empire The Ethiopian Empire (), also formerly known by the exonym Abyssinia, or just simply known as Ethiopia (; Amharic and Tigrinya: ኢትዮጵያ , , Oromo: Itoophiyaa, Somali: Itoobiya, Afar: ''Itiyoophiyaa''), was an empire that historical ...

( complete list) – :*

Menelik II , spoken = ; ''djānhoi'', lit. ''"O steemedroyal"'' , alternative = ; ''getochu'', lit. ''"Our master"'' (pl.) Menelik II ( gez, ዳግማዊ ምኒልክ ; horse name Abba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው ''abba daññäw''); 17 A ...

, Emperor (1889–1913) :*

Iyasu V ''Lij'' Iyasu ( gez, ልጅ ኢያሱ; 4 February 1895 – 25 November 1935) was the designated Emperor of Ethiopia from 1913 to 1916. His baptismal name was Kifle Yaqob (ክፍለ ያዕቆብ ''kəflä y’aqob''). Ethiopian emperors traditio ...

, Emperor (1913–1916) :* Zewditu I, Empress (1916–1930) :* Haile Selassie I, Emperor (1930–1974) *

Italian East Africa Italian East Africa ( it, Africa Orientale Italiana, AOI) was an Italian colony in the Horn of Africa. It was formed in 1936 through the merger of Italian Somalia, Italian Eritrea, and the newly occupied Ethiopian Empire, conquered in the Seco ...

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1936–1941'' :''For details see

under southcentral Europe'' * Sultanate of Aussa ( complete list) – :*

Mahammad ibn Hanfere Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monothe ...

, Amoyta (1862–1902) :* Mahammad ibn Aydahis ibn Hanfere, Amoyta (1902–c.1910) :* Yayyo ibn Mahammad ibn Hanfere, Amoyta (c.1902–1927) :* Mahammad Yayyo, Amoyta (1927–1944) * Kingdom of Gumma ( complete list) – :*Firisa, Moti (1899–1902) *

Kingdom of Jimma The Kingdom of Jimma ( om, Mootummaa Jimmaa) was an Oromo people, Oromo kingdom in the Gibe region of Ethiopia that emerged in the 18th century. It shared its western border with Limmu-Ennarea, its eastern border with the Sidama people, Sidamo K ...

( complete list) – :*

Abba Jifar II ''Moti'' Abba Jifar II ( om, Mootii Abbaa Jifaar; 1861 – 1932) was King of the Gibe Kingdom of Jimma (r. 1878–1932). Reign Abba Jifar II was king of Jimma, and the son of Abba Gomol and Queen Gumiti. He had several wives: Queen Limmiti, ...

, Moti (1878–1932) :*

Abba Jofir ''Moti'' Abba Jobir Abba Dula is the last King of the Gibe Kingdom of Jimma (reigned 1932), and a member of the Oromo people. He was the grandson of Abba Jifar II. He aligned himself with the Italian occupation of Ethiopia. Reign When King Abb ...

, Moti (1932) *

Leqa Neqemte Leqa Naqamte, also known as Leqa Neqemte, was a polity from 1841 to 1897 in what later became the Welega Province of Ethiopia. It was formed as an outgrowth of the power of the city of Nekemte which remained its capital. Its growth came as a result ...

( complete list) – :*

Kumsa Mereda Kumsa Moroda ( Oromo: ''Kumsaa Morodaa'' was the third and last ''Moti'', or ruler, of the Welega kingdom also known as the Leqa Neqamte state. His father was ''Moti'' Moroda Bekere. Under his rule, Nekemte continued to prosper, despite the re- ...

, Moti (1888–1923) :''Somalia'' * Dervish state – :*

Diiriye Guure Diiriye may refer to: * Diriye Osman, Somali-British writer * Abdillahi Diiriye Guled, Somali scholar * Diiriye Guure, king of the Darawiish sultanate *Asha Gelle Dirie, activist for Puntite and Puntland women *Waris Dirie Waris may refer to: ...

, sultan (1895–1920) :*

Mohammed Abdullah Hassan Sayid Mohamed Abdullahi Hassan ( so, Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan; 1856–1920) was a Somali religious and military leader of the Dervish movement, which led a two-decade long confrontation with various colonial empires including the British, ...

, emir (1899–1920) *

Sultanate of the Geledi The Sultanate of the Geledi ( so, Saldanadda Geledi, ar, سلطنة غلدي) also known as the Gobroon Dynasty Somali Sultanate: The Geledi City-state Over 150 Years - Virginia Luling (2002) Page 229 was a Somali people, Somali kingdom that rul ...

( complete list) – :*

Osman Ahmed Osman Ahmed ( ar, عثمان أحمد) was a Somali ruler. He was the fifth and final Sultan of the Geledi Sultanate. Osman Ahmed is considered less illustrious than his predecessors and Gobroon power weakened considerably under his rule. He was ...

, Sultan (1878–1911) * Sultanate of Hobyo – :* Yusuf Ali Kenadid, Sultan (1870s–early 20th century) :* Ali Yusuf Kenadid, Sultan (early 20th century–1926) * Majeerteen Sultanate ( complete list) – :*

Osman Mahamuud Osman Mahamuud ( so, Cismaan Maxamuud, ar, عثمان محمود), also known as `Uthman III ibn Mahmud, was a Somali king. He led the Majeerteen Sultanate during the 19th century. Majeerteen Sultanate The Majeerteen Sultanate was established b ...

, King (1860–c.1924) *

Italian Somaliland Italian Somalia ( it, Somalia Italiana; ar, الصومال الإيطالي, Al-Sumal Al-Italiy; so, Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaalida), was a protectorate and later colony of the Kingdom of Italy in present-day Somalia. Ruled in the 19th centur ...

part of

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1890–1936'' :''For details see

under southcentral Europe'' :''British Occupied territory, 1941–1949'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' *

British Somaliland British Somaliland, officially the Somaliland Protectorate ( so, Dhulka Maxmiyada Soomaalida ee Biritishka), was a British Empire, British protectorate in present-day Somaliland. During its existence, the territory was bordered by Italian Soma ...

( complete list) – :''Protectorate, 1884–1940, 1941–1960'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' * Trust Territory of Somaliland ( complete list) – :''United Nations trust territory of Italy, 1950–1960'' :''For details see

under southcentral Europe'' ''Indian Ocean'' :''Comoros'' * Sultanate of Mwali ( complete list) – :* Salima Machamba bint Saidi Hamadi Makadara Queen/Sultan (1888–1909) *

Sultanate of Ndzuwani Anjouan (; also known as Ndzuwani or Nzwani, and historically as Johanna or Hinzuan) is an autonomous high island in the Indian Ocean that forms part of the Union of the Comoros. Its chief town is Mutsamudu and, , its population is around 277,500. ...

( complete list) – :*Saidi Mohamed bin Saidi Omar, Sultan (1892–1912) *

French Comoros The history of the Comoros extends to about 800–1000 AD when the archipelago was first inhabited. The Comoros have been inhabited by various groups throughout this time. France colonised the islands in the 19th century, and they became independe ...

( complete list) – :''French protectorate, 1887–1908; colony under

French Madagascar The Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies (french: Colonie de Madagascar et dépendances) was a French colony off the coast of Southeast Africa between 1897 and 1958 in what is now Madagascar. The colony was formerly a protectorate of France kn ...

, 1908–1946; Overseas territory, 1946–1961'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' :''Madagascar'' *

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1897–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' :''Mauritius'' *

British Mauritius Mauritius was a Crown colony off the Southeast coast of Africa. Formerly part of the French colonial empire, British rule in Mauritius was established de facto with the Invasion of Isle de France in November 1810, and de jure by the subsequent T ...

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1810–1968'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' :''Seychelles'' * Colony of Seychelles (1903–1976) :''Part of British Mauritius, 1811–1903; British colony, 1903–1976'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe''

Africa: Northcentral

''Libya'' * Italian Libya ( complete list) – :''Protectorate, 1912–1934; Colony, 1934–1943'' :''For details see Italy under southcentral Europe'' * Tripolitanian Republic – :* Ahmad Tahir al-Murayyid, Chairman (1918–1923) *

Allied administration of Libya The Allied administration of Libya was the control of the ex-Italian colony of Italian Libya by the Allies from 13 May 1943 until Libyan independence was granted in 1951. It was divided into two parts: * British Military Administration of Liby ...

( UK &

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

) – :''Allied military administration, 1942–1951'' *

Cyrenaica Emirate The Emirate of Cyrenaica ( ar, إمارة برقة) came into existence when Sayyid Idris unilaterally proclaimed Cyrenaica an independent Senussi emirate on 1 March 1949, backed by the United Kingdom. Sayyid Idris proclaimed himself Emir of Cyr ...

( complete list) – :*

Idris Idris may refer to: People * Idris (name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname * Idris (prophet), Islamic prophet in the Qur'an, traditionally identified with Enoch, an ancestor of Noah in the Bible * Idris G ...

, Emir (1949–1951), King (1951–1969) ''Tunisia'' *

Beylik of Tunis The Beylik of Tunis (), also known as Kingdom of Tunis ( ar, المملكة التونسية) was a largely autonomous beylik of the Ottoman Empire located in present-day Tunisia. It was ruled by the Husainid dynasty from 1705 until the abolit ...

Bey Bey ( ota, بك, beğ, script=Arab, tr, bey, az, bəy, tk, beg, uz, бек, kz, би/бек, tt-Cyrl, бәк, translit=bäk, cjs, пий/пек, sq, beu/bej, sh, beg, fa, بیگ, beyg/, tg, бек, ar, بك, bak, gr, μπέης) is ...

s ( complete list) – ::*

Ali III ibn al-Husayn Ali Bey ( ar, أبو الحسن علي باشا باي بن الحسين) (14 August 1817 – 11 June 1902) was the Husainid Bey of Tunis from 1882 until his death. He was the first ruler under the French protectorate. He was named Bey al-M ...

, Bey (1882–1902) ::*

Muhammad IV al-Hadi Muhammad El Hadi Bey ( ar, محمد الهادي باي بن علي), commonly referred to as Hédi Bey (Le Bardo, 24 June 1855 – Carthage, 11 May 1906)Omar Khlifi, ''Moncef Bey, le roi martyr'', éd. MC-Editions, Carthage, 2006, p. 12 was ...

, Bey (1902–1906) ::*

Muhammad V an-Nasir Muhammad V an-Nasir ( ar, محمد الناصر بن محمد باي), commonly known Naceur Bey (La Marsa, 14 July 1855 – La Marsa, 8 July 1922)Akram Ellyas et Benjamin Stora, ''Les 100 portes du Maghreb : l'Algérie, le Maroc, la Tunisie. ...

, Bey (1906–1922) ::*

Muhammad VI al-Habib Muhammad VI al-Habib ( ar, محمد الحبيب باي, ), commonly known as Habib Bey (13 August 1858 in Le Bardo – 13 February 1929 in Carthage) was the sixteenth Husainid Bey of Tunis, reigning from 10 July 1922 until 11 February 1929. Hi ...

, Bey (1922–1929) ::*

Ahmad II ibn Ali Ahmad II ibn Ali (13 April 1862 – 19 June 1942) ( ar, أحمد باي بن علي باي, ), commonly known as Ahmed Bey, was the ruler of Tunisia from 11 February 1929 until his death. He was the son of Ali Muddat ibn al-Husayn. He was born ...

, Bey (1929–1942) ::*

Muhammad VII al-Munsif Muhammad VII al-Munsif, ( ar, محمد السابع المنصف; 4 March 1881 in La Manouba – 1 September 1948 in Pau)El Mokhtar Bey, ''De la dynastie husseinite. Le fondateur Hussein Ben Ali. 1705 - 1735 - 1740'', éd. Serviced, Tunis, 1993 ...

, Bey (1942–1943) ::*

Muhammad VIII al-Amin Muhammad VIII al-Amin ( ar, محمد الثامن الأمين; 4 September 1881 – 30 September 1962) commonly known as Lamine Bey ( ar, الأمين باي), was the last Bey of Tunis (15 May 1943 – 20 March 1956),Werner Ruf, ''Introduction ...

, Bey (1943–1956) :*Grand viziers ( complete list) – ::* Aziz Bouattour, Grand vizier (1882–1907) ::*

M'hamed Djellouli M'hamed Djellouli ( ar, امحمد الجلولي; born February 1834 in Tunis and died in June 1908) was a Tunisian politician who served as Prime Minister of Tunisia from 1907 until his death in 1908. Biography He was born into a patrician f ...

, Grand vizier (1907–1908) ::* Youssef Djait, Grand vizier (1908–1915) ::*

Taïeb Djellouli Taïeb Djellouli (1857-1944) was a Tunisian politician. A member of an aristocratic Tunisian family, he served as the last Grand Vizier of the Beylik of Tunis from 1915 until 1922. His son Aziz Djellouli Mohammed Aziz Djellouli (born Tunis, D ...

, Grand vizier (1915–1922) ::*

Mustapha Dinguizli Mustafa ( ar, مصطفى , Muṣṭafā) is one of the names of Prophet Muhammad, and the name means "chosen, selected, appointed, preferred", used as an Arabic given name and surname. Mustafa is a common name in the Muslim world. Given name Mo ...

, Prime minister (1922–1926) ::*

Khelil Bouhageb Khelil Bouhageb (27 August 1863 in Tunis – 8 February 1942 in La Marsa) was a Tunisian politician and reformer. He served as Prime Minister of Tunisia The prime minister of Tunisia ( ar, رئيس حكومة تونس, ra’īs ḥukūmat Tūnis ...

, Prime minister (1926–1932) ::*

Hédi Lakhoua Mohamed Hédi Lakhoua (1872-1949) was a Tunisian politician. A native of Tunis, he died in that city. He served as Prime Minister of Tunisia from 1932 until 1942. Biography Mohamed Hédi Lakhoua comes from a family of the Tunisian upper middle ...

, Prime minister (1932–1942) ::*

Mohamed Chenik Mohamed Chenik also known as M'hamed Chenik (محمد شنيق) (Tunis, May 1889 – Radès, November 20, 1976) was a Tunisian politician and businessman. He served as Prime Minister of Tunisia twice, in 1943 under Muhammad VII al-Munsif, and aga ...

, Prime minister (1943) ::*

Slaheddine Baccouche Slaheddine Baccouche (August 14, 1883 – December 24, 1959) was a Tunisian politician. He served as grand vizier of Tunis under Muhammad VIII al-Amin Muhammad VIII al-Amin ( ar, محمد الثامن الأمين; 4 September 1881 – 30 ...

, Prime minister (1943–1947) ::*

Mustapha Kaak Mustafa ( ar, مصطفى , Muṣṭafā) is one of the names of Prophet Muhammad, and the name means "chosen, selected, appointed, preferred", used as an Arabic given name and surname. Mustafa is a common name in the Muslim world. Given name Mo ...

, Prime minister (1947–1950) ::*

, Prime minister (1950–1952) *

French protectorate of Tunisia The French protectorate of Tunisia (french: Protectorat français de Tunisie; ar, الحماية الفرنسية في تونس '), commonly referred to as simply French Tunisia, was established in 1881, during the French colonial Empire era, ...

( complete list) – :''Protectorate, 1881–1956'' :''For details see France under western Europe''

Africa: Northeast

''Egypt'' *

Khedivate of Egypt The Khedivate of Egypt ( or , ; ota, خدیویت مصر ') was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon Bonaparte's forces which brou ...

:''Under British occupation since 1882'' :*Khedive ( complete list) – ::* Abbas II, Khedive (1892–1914) :* Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*

Mostafa Fahmy Pasha Mustafa Fahmi Pasha (11 June 1840 – 13 September 1914) was an Egyptian military officer and politician who served as the prime minister of Egypt for two times. Early life and education Born in Crete in 1840 to a Turkish family who had earl ...

, Prime minister (1895–1908) ::* Boutros Ghali, Prime minister (1908–1910) ::* Mohamed Said Pasha, Prime minister (1910–1914) ::* Hussein Roshdy Pasha, Prime minister (1914) * Sultanate of Egypt :''British protectorate, 1914–1922'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' :*

Sultan Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it ...

( complete list) – ::* Hussein Kamel, Sultan (1914–1917) ::*

Fuad I Fuad I ( ar, فؤاد الأول ''Fu’ād al-Awwal''; tr, I. Fuad or ; 26 March 1868 – 28 April 1936) was the Sultan and later King of Egypt and the Sudan. The ninth ruler of Egypt and Sudan from the Muhammad Ali dynasty, he became Sulta ...

, Sultan (1917–1922), King (1922–1936) :* Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::* Hussein Roshdy Pasha, Prime minister (1914–1919) ::* Mohamed Said Pasha, Prime minister (1919) ::*

Youssef Wahba Youssef Wahba Pasha (1852-1934) (, ) was an Egyptian Prime Minister and jurist. Biography Youssef Wahba was born in Cairo, Egypt in 1852 of a prominent Coptic family. His father, Wahba Bey had been a founder of the first Coptic charitable society ...

, Prime minister (1919–1920) ::* Mohamed Tawfik Naseem Pasha, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*

Adly Yakan Pasha Adly Yakan Pasha (18 January 1864 – 22 October 1933) ( ar, عدلي يكن باشا), sometimes referred to as Adly Pasha, was an Egyptian political figure. He served as the 14th prime minister of Egypt between 1921 and 1922, again betwee ...

, Prime minister (1921–1922) * Kingdom of Egypt :*

King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the tit ...

( complete list) – ::*

, Sultan (1917–1922), King (1922–1936) ::* Farouk I, King (1936–1952) :*British High Commissioners ( complete list) – ::*

Milne Cheetham Sir Joshua Milne Crompton Cheetham (9 July 1869 – 6 January 1938) was a British diplomat. Born in Preston, the son of Joshua Milne Cheetham, MP, he was educated at Rossall School, from which he won a scholarship to Christ Church, Oxford. ...

, Acting High Commissioner (1914–1915) ::*

Henry McMahon Sir Arthur Henry McMahon (28 November 1862 – 29 December 1949) was a British Indian Army officer and diplomat who served as the High Commissioner in Egypt from 1915 to 1917. He was also an administrator in British India and served twice as ...

, High Commissioner (1915–1917) ::*

Francis Reginald Wingate General Sir Francis Reginald Wingate, 1st Baronet, (25 June 1861 – 29 January 1953) was a British general and administrator in Egypt and the Sudan. He earned the ''nom de guerre'' Wingate of the Sudan. Early life Wingate was born at Port Gla ...

, High Commissioner (1917–1919) ::* Edmund Allenby, High Commissioner (1919–1925) ::* George Lloyd, High Commissioner (1925–1929) ::*

Percy Loraine Sir Percy Lyham Loraine, 12th Baronet, (5 November 1880 – 23 May 1961) was a British diplomat. He was British High Commissioner to Egypt from 1929 to 1933, British Ambassador to Turkey from 1933 to 1939 and British Ambassador to Italy from 1 ...

, High Commissioner (1929–1933) ::* Miles Lampson, High Commissioner (1934–1936) :* Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*

Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha (1873–1928) ( ar, عبد الخالق ثروت باشا) was an Egyptian political figure. Sarwat served as the Prime Minister of Egypt from 1 March 1922 until 30 November 1922, and again between 26 April 1927 and 16 ...

, Prime minister (1922) ::* Mohamed Tawfik Naseem Pasha, Prime minister (1922–1923) ::* Yehya Ibrahim Pasha, Prime minister (1923–1924) ::* Saad Zaghloul, Prime minister (1924) ::*

Ahmed Zeiwar Pasha Ahmed Ziwar Pasha (1864–1945) ( ar, أحمد زيوار باشا) was the prime minister of Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and ...

, Prime minister (1924–1926) ::*

, Prime minister (1926–1927) ::*

, Prime minister (1927–1928) ::* Mostafa El-Nahas, Prime minister (1928) ::* Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha, Prime minister (1928–1929) ::*

, Prime minister (1929–1930) ::* Mostafa El-Nahas, Prime minister (1930) ::*

Ismail Sedky Ismail Sidky Pasha () (15 June 1875 – 9 July 1950) was an Egyptian politician who served as Prime Minister of Egypt from 1930 to 1933 and again in 1946. Life and career He was born in Alexandria and was originally named Isma'il Saddiq but his ...

, Prime minister (1930–1933) ::* Abdel Fattah Yahya Pasha, Prime minister (1933–1934) ::* Mohamed Tawfik Naseem Pasha, Prime minister (1934–1936) ::*

Aly Maher Pasha Aly Maher Pasha ( ar, علي ماهر باشا; 9 November 1882 – 25 August 1960) was an Egyptian political figure. He was Minister of Finance from 1928 to 1929. He served as Prime Minister of Egypt The prime minister of Egypt () is the ...

, Prime minister (1936) ::* Mostafa El-Nahas, Prime minister (1936–1937) ::* Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha, Prime minister (1937–1939) ::*

, Prime minister (1939–1940) ::*

Hassan Sabry Pasha Hassan Sabry Pasha (1890–14 November 1940) was an Egyptians, Egyptian politician who briefly served as Prime Minister of Egypt, prime minister of Egypt in 1940. Career Following his graduation with a teaching degree and a law degree, Hassan Pa ...

, Prime minister (1940) ::*

Hussein Serry Pasha Hussein, Hussain, Hossein, Hossain, Huseyn, Husayn, Husein or Husain (; ar, حُسَيْن ), coming from the triconsonantal root Ḥ-S-i-N ( ar, ح س ی ن, link=no), is an Arabic name which is the diminutive of Hassan, meaning "good", "h ...

, Prime minister (1940–1942) ::* Mostafa El-Nahas, Prime minister (1942–1944) ::*

Ahmad Mahir Pasha Ahmad ( ar, أحمد, ʾAḥmad) is an Arabic male given name common in most parts of the Muslim world. Other spellings of the name include Ahmed and Ahmet. Etymology The word derives from the root (ḥ-m-d), from the Arabic (), from the ve ...

, Prime minister (1944–1945) ::*

Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha Mahmoud Fahmy El Nokrashy Pasha (April 26, 1888 – December 28, 1948) ( ar, محمود فهمى النقراشى باشا, ) was an Egyptian political figure. He was the second prime minister of the Kingdom of Egypt. Early life ...

, Prime minister (1945–1946) ::*

, Prime minister (1946) ::*

, Prime minister (1946–1948) ::*

Ibrahim Abdel Hady Pasha Ibrahim Abdel Hady Pasha (14 February 1896 – 18 February 1981) was an Egyptian politician who was the 28th Prime Minister from 28 December 1948 until 26 July 1949. He was appointed to the post following the assassination of Prime Minister Mahm ...

, Prime minister (1948–1949) ::*

, Prime minister (1949–1950) ::* Mostafa El-Nahas, Prime minister (1950–1952) ''Sudan'' * Sultanate of Darfur ( complete list) – :*

Ali Dinar Ali Dinar ( ar, علي دينار; 1856 – November 6, 1916) was a Sultan of the Sultanate of Darfur and ruler from the Keira dynasty. In 1898, with the decline of the Mahdists, he managed to regain Darfur's independence. A rebellion ...

, Sultan (1898–1916) * Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( complete list / complete list) – :''

Condominium A condominium (or condo for short) is an ownership structure whereby a building is divided into several units that are each separately owned, surrounded by common areas that are jointly owned. The term can be applied to the building or complex ...

of the United Kingdom and Egypt, 1899–1956'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe''

Africa: Northwest

''Algeria'' *

French Algeria French Algeria (french: Alger to 1839, then afterwards; unofficially , ar, الجزائر المستعمرة), also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of French colonisation of Algeria. French rule in the region began in 1830 with the ...

( complete list) – :''French Départements, 1830–1962'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' ''Morocco and Western Sahara'' *Sultanate of

Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to ...

Alaouite dynasty The Alawi dynasty ( ar, سلالة العلويين الفيلاليين, translit=sulālat al-ʿalawiyyīn al-fīlāliyyīn) – also rendered in English as Alaouite, Alawid, or Alawite – is the current Morocco, Moroccan royal family and re ...

( complete list) – :* Abdelaziz, Sultan (1894–1908) :* Abdelhafid, Sultan (1908–1912) :'' French protectorate, 1912–1956; Spanish protectorate, 1912–1956;

Tangier International Zone The Tangier International Zone ( ''Minṭaqat Ṭanja ad-Dawliyya'', , es, Zona Internacional de Tánger) was a international zone centered on the city of Tangier, Morocco, which existed from 1924 until its reintegration into independent Moroc ...

, 1924–1956'' :*

Yusef Yusuf ibn Ya'qub ibn Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ( ar, يوسف ٱبن يعقوب ٱبن إسحاق ٱبن إبراهيم, Yūsuf ibn Yaʿqūb ibn ʾIsḥāq ibn ʾIbrāhīm, ) is a Prophets and messengers in Islam, prophet mentioned in the Quran, and ...

, Sultan (1912–1927) :* Mohammed V, Sultan (1927–1953, 1955–1957), King (1957–1961) * Republic of the Rif – :* Abd el-Krim, President (1921–1926) *

Spanish Sahara Spanish Sahara ( es, Sahara Español; ar, الصحراء الإسبانية, As-Sahrā'a Al-Isbānīyah), officially the Spanish Possessions in the Sahara from 1884 to 1958 then Province of the Sahara between 1958 and 1976, was the name used f ...

, ( complete list) – :''Overseas territory, 1884–1958; Overseas province, 1958–1975'' :''For details see Spain in southwest Europe''

Africa: South

''Botswana'' *

Bechuanaland Protectorate The Bechuanaland Protectorate () was a British protectorate, protectorate established on 31 March 1885, by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (later the United Kingdom, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) in So ...

( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1885–1966'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Eswatini/ Swaziland'' * Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland) :*tiNdlovukati ( complete list) – ::*

Labotsibeni Mdluli Labotsibeni Mdluli, also known as Gwamile (c. 1859 – 15 December 1925), was the Queen Mother and Queen Regent of Swaziland. Early life She was born at Luhlekweni in northern Swaziland around 1859, the daughter of Matsanjana Mdluli. At the tim ...

, Ndlovukati (1894–1925), Queen Regent (1899–1903) Queen Regent under British rule (1903–1921) * Protectorate of Swaziland :''British protectorate, 1906–1968'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' :*Kings ( complete list) – ::* Sobhuza II, Paramount Chief under British rule (1921–1968), King (1968–1982) :*tiNdlovukati ( complete list) – ::*

, Ndlovukati (1894–1925), Queen Regent (1899–1903) Queen Regent under British rule (1903–1921) ::*

Lomawa Ndwandwe laNgolotsheni (Lomawa) Ndwandwe (died September 1938) was the Ndlovukati (Queen Mother) of Swaziland, the wife of King Ngwane V, and the mother of King Sobhuza II. Biography Early life Ndwandwe, of the Esikoteni branch of the Ndwandwe clan, was ...

, Ndlovukati (1925–1938) ::* Nukwase Ndwandwe, Ndlovukati (1938–1957) ''Lesotho'' *

Basutoland Basutoland was a British Crown colony that existed from 1884 to 1966 in present-day Lesotho. Though the Basotho (then known as Basuto) and their territory had been under British control starting in 1868 (and ruled by Cape Colony from 1871), th ...

( complete list) – :''British colony, 1884–1966'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' :*Paramount Chiefs ( complete list) – ::*

Lerotholi Lerotholi Letsie (1836–1905) was the paramount chief of Basotho (modern Lesotho) from November 20, 1891 to August 19, 1905. Leadership of Basotho Lerotholi became leader after his father's death in 1891. In 1898, he fought and defeated his unc ...

, Paramount Chief (1891–1905) ::*

Letsie II Letsie II Lerotholi (Letsienyane) (1867–1913), paramount chief of Basuto (later Lesotho) from 1905–1913. Letsienyane was the son of Lerotholi. He became the ruler upon the death of Lerotholi in 1905, but took little interest in government. He w ...

, Paramount Chief (1905–1913) ::* Nathaniel Griffith Lerotholi, Paramount Chief (1913–1939) ::*

Simon Seeiso Griffith Seeiso, full name Simon Seeiso Griffith (1905 – 26 December 1940) was the paramount chief of Basutoland from 23 June 1939 until his death. He was the father of king Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho and the paternal grandfather of king Letsie III of ...

, Paramount Chief (1939–1940) ::* Gabasheane Masupha, Regent (1940–1941) ::*

'Mantšebo Mantšebo (in full: Mantšebo Amelia 'Matšaba; 1902–1964) was the ruler of Basutoland (present-day Lesotho) from 1941 to 1960, as the regent for her stepson, the future Moshoeshoe II. 'Mantšebo was the first of the three wives of Seeiso, who ...

, Regent (1941–1960) ''Malawi'' * British Central Africa Protectorate ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1893–1907'' * Nyasaland ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1907–1964'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Mozambique'' *

Angoche Sultanate The Angoche Sultanate was established in 1485 along an archipelago off the Northern Mozambique coastline. Centered on the cities of Angoche and Moma, the sultanate also had a number of vassal territories surrounding them. They were finally removed ...

– :*Umar Farelay (also known as Mahamuieva), Sultan (c.1890–1910) * Portuguese Mozambique ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1498–1972; Territory, 1972–1975'' :''For details see the

under Southwest Europe'' ''Namibia'' * German South West Africa ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1884–1915'' :''For details see the

under central Europe'' * South West Africa ( complete list) – :''League of Nations mandate of South Africa, 1915–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1990'' :''For details see the

South African Republic The South African Republic ( nl, Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, abbreviated ZAR; af, Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek), also known as the Transvaal Republic, was an independent Boer Republic in Southern Africa which existed from 1852 to 1902, when it ...

under southern Africa '' ''South Africa'' * British Central Africa Protectorate ( complete list) – :''Protectorate, 1893–1907'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' *

Cape Colony The Cape Colony ( nl, Kaapkolonie), also known as the Cape of Good Hope, was a British Empire, British colony in present-day South Africa named after the Cape of Good Hope, which existed from 1795 to 1802, and again from 1806 to 1910, when i ...

( complete list) – :''British colony, 1795–1910'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' * Colony of Natal ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1843–1910'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' *

Orange Free State The Orange Free State ( nl, Oranje Vrijstaat; af, Oranje-Vrystaat;) was an independent Boer sovereign republic under British suzerainty in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, which ceased to exist after it was defeat ...

( complete list) – :* Martinus Theunis Steyn, State President (1896–1902) :* Christiaan de Wet, Acting State President (1902) *

Orange River Colony The Orange River Colony was the British colony created after Britain first occupied (1900) and then annexed (1902) the independent Orange Free State in the Second Boer War. The colony ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Unio ...

( complete list) – :''British colony, 1902–1910'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' *

( complete list) – :* Schalk Willem Burger, Acting State President (1900–1902) *

Transvaal Colony The Transvaal Colony () was the name used to refer to the Transvaal region during the period of direct British rule and military occupation between the end of the Second Boer War in 1902 when the South African Republic was dissolved, and the ...

( complete list) – :''British colony, 1877–1881, 1902–1910'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' *

Union of South Africa The Union of South Africa ( nl, Unie van Zuid-Afrika; af, Unie van Suid-Afrika; ) was the historical predecessor to the present-day Republic of South Africa. It came into existence on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the Cape, Natal, Trans ...

:* Monarchs ( complete list) – ::*

George V George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until Death and state funeral of George V, his death in 1936. Born duri ...

, King (1910–1936) ::*

Edward VIII Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972), later known as the Duke of Windsor, was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire and Emperor of India from 20 January 19 ...

, King (1936) ::*

George VI George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until Death and state funeral of George VI, his death in 1952. ...

, King (1936–1952) :*Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*

Louis Botha Louis Botha (; 27 September 1862 – 27 August 1919) was a South African politician who was the first prime minister of the Union of South Africa – the forerunner of the modern South African state. A Boer war hero during the Second Boer War, ...

, Prime minister (1910–1919) ::* Jan Smuts, Prime minister (1919–1924) ::*

J. B. M. Hertzog General James Barry Munnik Hertzog (3 April 1866 – 21 November 1942), better known as Barry Hertzog or J. B. M. Hertzog, was a South African politician and soldier. He was a Boer general during the Second Boer War who served ...

, Prime minister (1924–1939) ::* Jan Smuts, Prime minister (1939–1948) ::* Daniel François Malan, Prime minister (1948–1954) ''Zambia'' * Kazembe – :* Kanyembo Ntemena, Mwata (1883–1885, 1886–1904) * Barotseland ( complete list) – :* Lubosi I, Mbumu wa Litunga (1885–1916) :* Mokamba–Regent, Mbumu wa Litunga (1916) :*

Yeta III Yeta III was a king of Barotseland, of the Lozi people in what is now Western Zambia. Family The parents of Yeta were King Lewanika and Queen Ma-Litia. Yeta married a woman called Kumayo who became his consort at Sefula Church in 1892. They w ...

, Mbumu wa Litunga (1916–1945) :* Shemakone Kalonga Wina, Regent (1945–1946) :* Imwiko Lewanika, Mbumu wa Litunga (1946–1948) :*Shemakone Kalonga Wina, Regent (1948) :* Mwanawina III, Mbumu wa Litunga (1948–1968) *

Company rule in Rhodesia The British South Africa Company's administration of what became Rhodesia was chartered in 1889 by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, and began with the Pioneer Column's march north-east to Mashonaland in 1890. Empowered by its charter to ac ...

by the

British South Africa Company The British South Africa Company (BSAC or BSACo) was chartered in 1889 following the amalgamation of Cecil Rhodes' Central Search Association and the London-based Exploring Company Ltd, which had originally competed to capitalize on the expecte ...

( complete list) – :''Company rule, 1890–1924'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' *

Northern Rhodesia Northern Rhodesia was a British protectorate in southern Africa, south central Africa, now the independent country of Zambia. It was formed in 1911 by Amalgamation (politics), amalgamating the two earlier protectorates of Barotziland-North-West ...

( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1924–1964'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Zimbabwe'' *

Southern Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia was a landlocked self-governing British Crown colony in southern Africa, established in 1923 and consisting of British South Africa Company (BSAC) territories lying south of the Zambezi River. The region was informally kn ...

( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1924–1964'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe''

Africa: West

''Benin'' * Kingdom of Agwe – :*State reconstituted under joint Franco-

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

colonial authority (1901) :* Abalo Bajavi, King (1901–1930) :* Kofi Titriwe, King (1930–1935) :* Augustino Olympio, King (1937–1945) :* Kponton II, King (1946–1949) *Kingdom of

Dahomey The Kingdom of Dahomey () was a West African kingdom located within present-day Benin that existed from approximately 1600 until 1904. Dahomey developed on the Abomey Plateau amongst the Fon people in the early 17th century and became a region ...

( Dahomey kings) (

French presidents The president of France is the head of state of France. The first officeholder is considered to be Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who was elected in 1848 and provoked the 1851 self-coup to later proclaim himself emperor as Napoleon III. His coup, w ...

) – :''French Protectorate, 1894–1904'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' * French Dahomey, part of

French West Africa French West Africa (french: Afrique-Occidentale française, ) was a federation of eight French colonial territories in West Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), French Guinea (now Guinea), Ivory Coast, Upper Volta (now Burki ...

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1904–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' * Hogbonu ( complete list) – :* Toffa I, Ahosu (1874–1908) ''Burkina Faso'' * Kingdom of Koala ( complete list) – :*Yenkuaga, King (c.1878–1917) :*Labidiedo, King (1918–1920) :*Yenkpaari, King (1920–1937) :*Yempaabu, King (1941–1986) * Mossi Kingdom of Bilanga ( complete list) – :: Buricimba dynasty :* Yaaparigu, Bilanbedo (1887–1919) :* Boagri, Bilanbedo (1919) :* Hampandi, Bilanbedo (1919–1927) :* Banyikuba, Bilanbedo (1927–1970) * Mossi Kingdom of Bilayanga ( complete list) – :*Yenhamma, ruler (unknown date) :*Wurijuari, ruler (20th century) :*Yentagma, ruler (20th century) * Mossi Kingdom of Bongandini ( complete list) – :*Hampandi, ruler (1899–1923) * Mossi Kingdom of Con ( complete list) – :*Baahamma, ruler (1892–1905) :*Hamicuuri, ruler (1905–1942) :*Yencabri, ruler (1942–1969) * Mossi Kingdom of Gwiriko ( complete list) – :*Pintyeba Wattara, ruler (1897–1909) :*Karamoko, ruler (1909–1915) * Mossi Kingdom of

Kuala Kuala is a town and administrative district of Langkat Regency in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. It borders Selesai to the north, Salapian to the west, and Sei Bingai to the south and east. Most people in Kuala are Javanese people, with a signi ...

(complete list) – :*Yenkuagu, ruler (1878–1917) :*Labidiedo, ruler (1918–1920) :*Yenkpaari, ruler (1920–1937) :*Interregnum, ruler (1937–1941) :*Yempaabu, ruler (1941–?) * Mossi Kingdom of Liptako ( complete list) – :*Brahima Usman, Almami (1891–1915) :*Bubakar bi Amadu Baba Gedal, Almami (1916–1918) :*Abdurahman Diko bi Amadu, Almami (1918–1932) :*Abdullahi Sandu bi Faruku, Almami (1932–1956) * Mossi Kingdom of Macakoali ( complete list) – :*Huntani, Boopo (1897–1902) :*Yenmiama, Boopo (1902–1906) :*Haminari, Boopo (1906–1910) :*Simadari, Boopo (1910–1932) :*Hamicuuri, Boopo (1932–1932) :*Yensongu, Boopo (1932–1932) :*Wurabiari, Boopo (1932–1937) :*Yaaparigu, Boopo (1937–1943) :*Wuracaari, Boopo (1943–1945) :*Yendieri, Boopo (1945–1976) * Mossi Kingdom of Nungu ( complete list) – :*Bancandi, Nunbado (1892–1911) * Mossi Kingdom of Pama – :*Baahamma, Jafuali (1878–1918) :*Hamicuuri, Jafuali (1918–1919) :*Yenkoari, Jafuali (1919–1929) :*Yenhamma, Jafuali (1929–1938) :*Huntani, Jafuali (1938–1952) * Mossi Kingdom of Piéla ( complete list) – :*Yentandi, Pielabedo (1856–1901) :*Kupiendieri, Pielabedo (1901–1932) :*Yentugri, Pielabedo (1932–1949) :*Yensongu, Pielabedo (1949–?) * Mossi Kingdom of Tenkodogo ( complete list) – :*Koom, Naaba (?–1933) :*Yamba Sorgo, Naaba (1933–1957) * Mossi Kingdom of Wogodogo ( complete list) – :*Naaba Sigiri, Moogo-naaba (1897–1905) :*Naaba Koom II, Moogo-naaba (1905–1942) :*Naaba Saaga II, Moogo-naaba (1942–1957) * Mossi Kingdom of

Yatenga Yatenga is one of the provinces of Burkina Faso, located in the Nord Region of the country. In modern Yatenga, the most prominent city is Ouahigouya (also known as Waiguya). This city served as the capital of the kingdom of Yatenga, a powerful kin ...

( complete list) – :*Naaba Ligidi, Yatenga naaba (1899–1902) :*Naaba Kobga, Yatenga naaba (1902–1914) :*Naaba Tigre, Yatenga naaba (1914–1954) * French Upper Volta part of

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1919–1932, 1947–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' ''Cape Verde'' * Portuguese Cape Verde ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1462–1951'' :''For details see the

under Southwest Europe'' ''Gambia'' * Gambia Colony and Protectorate ( complete list) – :''British colony and protectorate, 1821–1965'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Ghana'' *

Kingdom of Ashanti The Asante Empire (Asante Twi: ), today commonly called the Ashanti Empire, was an Akan state that lasted between 1701 to 1901, in what is now modern-day Ghana. It expanded from the Ashanti Region to include most of Ghana as well as parts of Iv ...

( complete list) – :* Prempeh I, Asantehene (1888–1902) :*

Osei Tutu Agyeman Prempeh II Prempeh II (Otumfuo Nana Sir Osei Tutu Agyeman Prempeh II, KBE, – 27 May 1970), was the 14th Asantehene, or king of the Ashanti (Ruler of the Asante), reigning from 22 June 1931 to 27 May 1970. Biography Asantehene Prempeh II of the Asha ...

, Asantehene (1935–1957) *

Gold Coast Gold Coast may refer to: Places Africa * Gold Coast (region), in West Africa, which was made up of the following colonies, before being established as the independent nation of Ghana: ** Portuguese Gold Coast (Portuguese, 1482–1642) ** Dutch G ...

( complete list) – :''British colony, 1821–1957'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Guinea'' *

French Guinea French Guinea (french: Guinée française) was a French colonial possession in West Africa. Its borders, while changed over time, were in 1958 those of the current independent nation of Guinea. French Guinea was established by France in 1891, ...

part of

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1894–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' ''Guinea-Bissau'' *

Portuguese Guinea Portuguese Guinea ( pt, Guiné), called the Overseas Province of Guinea from 1951 until 1972 and then State of Guinea from 1972 until 1974, was a West African colony of Portugal from 1588 until 10 September 1974, when it gained independence as Gu ...

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1474–1951'' :''For details see the

under Southwest Europe'' ''Ivory Coast'' *

French Ivory Coast The date of the first human presence in Ivory Coast (officially called Côte d'Ivoire) has been difficult to determine because human remains have not been well preserved in the country's humid climate. Weapon and tool fragments (specifically, po ...

part of

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1893–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' ''Liberia'' *

Liberia Liberia (), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean ...

( complete list) – :*

Garretson W. Gibson Garretson Warner Gibson (May 20, 1832 – April 26, 1910) was the 14th president of Liberia from 1900 to 1904. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, his family emigrated to Liberia in 1845. After receiving an education in mission school ...

, President (1900–1904) :*

Arthur Barclay Arthur Barclay (31 July 1854 – 10 July 1938) was the 15th president of Liberia from 1904 to 1912. Early life and education Barclay was born at Bridgetown, Barbados, on 31 July 1854, the tenth of twelve children of Anthony and Sarah Barcl ...

, President (1904–1912) :*

Daniel Edward Howard Daniel Edward Howard (4 August 1861 – 9 July 1935) was the 16th president of Liberia, serving from 1912 to 1920. Howard was elected president in 1911 and assumed office on 1 January 1912. With the outbreak of World War I, he attempted t ...

, President (1912–1920) :*

Charles D. B. King Charles Dunbar Burgess King (12 March 1875 – 4 September 1961) was a Liberian politician who served as the 17th president of Liberia from 1920 to 1930. He was of Americo-Liberian and Sierra Leone Creole descent. He was a member of the True Whig ...

, President (1920–1930) :*

Edwin Barclay Edwin James Barclay (5 January 1882 – 6 November 1955) was a Liberian politician, poet, and musician who served as the 18th president of Liberia from 1930 until 1944. He was a member of the True Whig political party, which dominated the poli ...

, President (1930–1944) :*

William Tubman William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman (29 November 1895 – 23 July 1971) was a Liberian politician. He was the 19th president of Liberia and the longest-serving president in the country's history, serving from 1943 Liberian general election, his e ...

, President (1944–1971) ''Mali'' *

French Sudan French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with France ...

part of

( complete list) – :''Colony, 1880–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' ''Mauritania'' *

Colonial Mauritania The period from the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries is the colonial period in Mauritania. Early relationship with Europe Before the nineteenth century, the European powers in West Africa were interested only in coastal trade; they at ...

part of

( complete list) – :''French colony, 1903–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' ''Niger'' *

Dendi Kingdom The Dendi (or Dandi, Dendiganda) was a former province of the Songhai Empire. Its centers today are the cities of Gaya in Niger, Kamba in Nigeria and Malanville in Benin Dendi Kingdom Under the Songhai empire, Dendi had been the easternmost pr ...

Askiya dynasty The Askiya dynasty, also known as the Askia dynasty, ruled the Songhai Empire at the height of that state's power. It was founded in 1493 by Askia Mohammad I, a general of the Songhai Empire who usurped the Sonni dynasty. The Askiya ruled from Gao ...

( complete list) – :*Malla, Askiya (1887–1901) :*Igoumou, Askiya (1901) * Dosso Kingdom ( complete list) – :*Zarmakoy Attikou, King (1897–1902) :*Zarmakoy Aoûta/Awta, King (1902–1913) :*Zarmakoy Moussa, King (1913–1924) :*Zarmakoy Saidou, King (1924–1938) :*Zarmakoy Moumouni, King (1938–1953) *

Upper Senegal and Niger Upper Senegal and Niger () was a colony in French West Africa, created on 21 October 1904 from colonial Senegambia and Niger by the decree "For the Reorganisation of the general government of French West Africa". At its creation, the "Colony of ...

part of

( complete list) – :''French colony, 1904–1921'' * Colony of Niger part of

( complete list) – :''French colony, 1921–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' ''Nigeria'' * Adamawa Emirate – :*

Zubayru bi Adama Zubeiru or Zubayru bi Adama (died 1903) was a ruler of the Adamawa Emirate founded by his father, Modibo Adama. By the time he came to the throne in 1890, the emirate was threatened by the Germans, French and English. Zubeiru attempted "a hopeless, ...

, Baban-Lamido (1890–1901) :*Baba Ahmadu, Baban-Lamido (1901–1903) *

Akwa Akpa Duke Town, originally known as Atakpa is an Efik city-state that flourished in the 19th century in what is now southern Nigeria. The City State extended from now Calabar to Bakassi in the east and Oron to the west. Although it is now absorbed in ...

(Old Calabar) – :*Eyo Etinyin, King (c.1896–c.1903) * Kingdom of Bonny – :*Ate, Regent (1892–1914) *

Egba Ake Egba Ake, otherwise known as Egba Alake, is one of the five sections of Egbaland, the others being Oke-Ona, Gbagura, the Owu and Ibara (historically, Ibara is part of Yewa, not Egba, although it is located in the present day Abeokuta geographic ...

– :*Gbadebo I, Alake (1898–1920) :* Ladapo Samuel Ademola II, Alake (1872–1962), in exile (1948–1950), ruler (1920–1962) *

Ilorin Emirate The Ilorin Emirate is a traditional state based in the city of Ilorin in Kwara State, Nigeria. It is largely populated by the Yoruba-speaking people, though the kingdom is a hybrid state due to the influence of the many other tribes that make up ...

– :*Sulaymanu dan Aliyu, Emir (1896–1914) :*Shuaybu Bawa dan Zubayru, Emir (1915–1919) :* Abdulkadir Dan Bawa, Emir (1920–1959) *

Kano Emirate The Kano Emirate was a Muslim state in Northern Nigeria formed in 1349 during the reign of Sarkin Kano Ali Yaji when Wangarawa brought Islam into Kano and Sarki Ali made Islam as State religion (www.rumburilmi.com.ng). Sarki Muhammadu Rumfa (1 ...

:*Emirs ( complete list) – ::* Aliyu Babba, Emir (1894–1903) :*Grand Viziers ::*Ahmadu Mai Shahada, Grand Vizier (1889–1903) *

Kingdom of Nri The Kingdom of Nri () was a medieval polity located in what is now Nigeria. The kingdom existed as a sphere of religious and political influence over a third of Igboland, and was administered by a priest-king called an ''Eze Nri''. The ''Eze Nri ...

( complete list) – :* Òbalíke, Eze Nri (1889–1911) * Nupe Kingdom ( complete list) – :*

Abu Bakr dan Masaba Abu or ABU may refer to: Places * Abu (volcano), a volcano on the island of Honshū in Japan * Abu, Yamaguchi, a town in Japan * Ahmadu Bello University, a university located in Zaria, Nigeria * Atlantic Baptist University, a Christian university ...

, Etsu (1895–1897, 1899–1901) *

Opobo Opobo is a community in Rivers State, in the South South region of Nigeria. The kingdom was founded in 1870 by Jubo Jubogha, popularly known as JaJa, an Igbo man who owned slaves. The native language of Opobo is the Ibani language that is spoken ...

( complete list)– :*Obiesigha Jaja II (Frederick Sunday), King (1893–1915) :*Dipiri (Arthur Mac Pepple), King (1916–1936) :*Sodienye Jaja III (Douglas Mac Pepple), (1936–1942, 1952–1980) :*Stephen Ubogu Jaja IV, acting King (1942–1946) *

Sokoto Caliphate The Sokoto Caliphate (), also known as the Fulani Empire or the Sultanate of Sokoto, was a Sunni Muslim caliphate in West Africa. It was founded by Usman dan Fodio in 1804 during the Fulani jihads after defeating the Hausa Kingdoms in the Ful ...

:*Sultans ( complete list) – ::*

Abdur Rahman Atiku Abdur Rahman Atiku ( ar, عبد الرحمن أتيكو) sometimes known as, Abdu or Abd al-Rahman bin Atiku was Sultan of Sokoto from 1891 to 1902. In earlier vacancies, he had been a contender from the house of Atiku, but the house had been ...

, Sultan (1891–1902) ::*

Muhammadu Attahiru I Muhammadu Attahiru I (died 1903) was the twelfth Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate from October 1902 until March 15, 1903. He was the last independent Sultan of Sokoto before the Caliphate was taken over by the British. The Sokoto Caliphate leaders ...

, Sultan (1902–1903) :*Grand viziers ( complete list) – ::* Muhammadu al-Bukhari, Grand Vizier (1890–1903) * Suleja Emirate ( complete list) – :*Ibrahim "Iyalai" "Dodon Gwari", Emir (1877–1902) :*Muhammad Gani, Emir (1902–1917) :*Musa Angulu, Emir (1917–1944) :*

Sulaimanu Barau Suleimanu Barau, OBE (1903 – 1979) was the 6th emir of Abuja. Then, the name Abuja implied the name of the emirate controlled by the Habes who had fled Zazzau during the Fulani Jihad. He was born to the family of Mohammed Gani and attended Bi ...

, Emir (1944–1979) * Yauri Emirate – :*Abd Allahi Abarshi dan `Ali dan Yerima, Emir (1888–1904) * Oil Rivers Protectorate/ Niger Coast Protectorate ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1884–1893/ 1893–1900'' * Lagos Colony ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1821–1957'' *

Northern Nigeria Protectorate Northern Nigeria (Hausa: ''Arewacin Najeriya'') was a British protectorate which lasted from 1900 until 1914 and covered the northern part of what is now Nigeria. The protectorate spanned and included the emirates of the Sokoto Caliphate an ...

( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1900–1914'' * Southern Nigeria Protectorate ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1900–1914'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Senegal'' *

Kingdom of Sine The Kingdom of Sine (also: ''Sin, Siine'' or Siin in the Serer-Sine language) was a post-classical Serer kingdom along the north bank of the Saloum River delta in modern Senegal. The inhabitants are called ''Siin-Siin'' or ''Sine-Sine'' (a Serer ...

( complete list) – :* Mahecor Joof, Maad a Sinig (1924–c.1960)Sheridan, Michael J. et Nyamweru, Celia, ''African sacred groves: ecological dynamics & social change'', James Currey, 2008, p. 141 * Saloum ( complete list) – :*Fode N'Gouye Joof, Maad Saloum (1935–c.1960)Klein, Martin A., ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal. Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914'', Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. XV *

Senegambia and Niger Senegambia and Niger was a short-lived administrative unit of the colonial French West Africa possessions, in the region of present-day Niger, Mali and Senegal. It was formed in 1902, and reorganized in 1904 into Upper Senegal and Niger. Stamp ...

part of

( complete list) – :''French colony, 1902–1904'' *

part of

( complete list) – :''French colony, 1904–1921'' *

French Senegal The history of Senegal is commonly divided into a number of periods, encompassing the prehistoric era, the precolonial period, colonialism, and the contemporary era. Paleolithic The earliest evidence of human life is found in the valley of the ...

part of

( complete list) – :''French colony, 1848–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *

( complete list) – :''Federation of colonies, 1895–1958'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' ''Sierra Leone'' * Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate, British colony ( complete list) – :''British colony and protectorate, 1808–1961'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' ''Togo'' *

German Togoland Togoland was a German Empire protectorate in West Africa from 1884 to 1914, encompassing what is now the nation of Togo and most of what is now the Volta Region of Ghana, approximately 90,400 km2 (29,867 sq mi) in size. During the period kno ...

, German protectorate ( complete list) – :''Protectorate, 1884–1916'' :''For details see the

under central Europe'' * British Togoland ( complete list) – :''League of Nations Mandate Territory, 1916–1946; United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1956'' :''For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe'' * French Togoland ( complete list) – :''League of Nations Mandate Territory, 1916–1946; United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1960'' :''For details see France under western Europe''

Americas

Americas: Caribbean

''Antigua'' * Colonial Antigua ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1632–1981'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''The Bahamas'' * Colony of the Bahamas ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1648–1973'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Barbados'' * Colonial Barbados ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1625–1966'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Cuba'' * Second Haitian Republic :* Presidents ( complete list) – ::*

Tomás Estrada Palma Tomás Estrada Palma (c. July 6, 1832 – November 4, 1908) was a Cuban politician, the president of the Cuban Republican in Arms during the Ten Years' War, and the first President of Cuba, between May 20, 1902, and September 28, 1906. His collate ...

, President (1902–1906) ::*''US occupation'' (1906–1909) ::*

José Miguel Gómez José Miguel Gómez y Arias (6 July 1858 – 13 June 1921) was a Cuban politician and revolutionary who was one of the leaders of the rebel forces in the Cuban War of Independence. He later served as President of Cuba from 1909 to 1913. Early ...

, President (1909–1913) ::* Mario García Menocal, President (1913–1921) ::* Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso, President (1921–1925) ::*

Gerardo Machado Gerardo Machado y Morales (28 September 1869 – 29 March 1939) was a general of the Cuban War of Independence and President of Cuba from 1925 to 1933. Machado entered the presidency with widespread popularity and support from the major polit ...

, President (1925–1933) ::*

Alberto Herrera y Franchi General Alberto Herrera y Franchi (September 1, 1874 – March 18, 1954) was the interim President of Cuba from August 12 to August 13, 1933. Biography General Herrera was the Secretary of War & Navy during the presidency of Gerardo Machado. He ...

, Interim President (1933) ::*

Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada (August 12, 1871 – March 28, 1939) was a Cuban writer, politician, diplomat, and President of Cuba. Early life and career He was the son of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and Ana Maria de Quesada y Loinaz. ...

, President (1933) ::*

Pentarchy of 1933 Pentarchy of 1933, formally known as the Executive Commission of the Provisional Government of Cuba, was a coalition that ruled Cuba from September 5 to September 10, 1933 after Gerardo Machado was deposed on August 12, 1933. Prior to the Penta ...

::*

Ramón Grau Ramón Grau San Martín (13 September 1881 in La Palma, Pinar del Río Province, Spanish Cuba – 28 July 1969 in Havana, Cuba) was a Cuban physician who served as President of Cuba from 1933 to 1934 and from 1944 to 1948. He was the last pres ...

, President (1933–1934) ::*

Carlos Hevia Carlos Hevia y de los Reyes-Gavilan (March 21, 1900 – April 2, 1964) was the interim President of Cuba, serving for less than three days. During the third week of 1934, Hevia was President from 5:00 p.m. on Monday, January 15, until 1:20& ...

, Interim President (1934) ::*

Manuel Márquez Sterling Manuel Márquez Sterling (born Carlos Manuel Agustin Márquez Sterling y Loret de Mola on August 28, 1872 in Lima, Peru – December 9, 1934, Washington, DC, United States) was a Cuban diplomat and interim President of Cuba for 6 hours on January ...

, Interim President (1934) ::*

Carlos Mendieta Carlos Mendieta y Montefur (4 November 1873 – 27 September 1960) was a Cuban politician and interim President of Cuba. A chief opponent of Gerardo Machado, Mendieta was installed as interim President of Cuba in 1934 by a coup led by Fulgencio ...

, Interim President (1934–1935) ::*

José Agripino Barnet José Agripino Barnet y Vinajeras (June 23, 1864 – September 18, 1945) was a Cuban politician and diplomat who served as interim President of Cuba from December 11, 1935 to May 20, 1936.Staff report (September 20, 1945). Jose Barnet, Ex-Head ...

, Interim President (1935–1936) ::*

Miguel Mariano Gómez Miguel Mariano Gómez y Arias (October 6, 1889 – October 26, 1950) was a Cuban politician who served as the seventh President of Cuba for just over eight months in 1936. Compared to other administrations, there was general peace and tranquilli ...

, President (1936) ::* Federico Laredo Brú, President (1936–1940) ::* Fulgencio Batista, President (1940–1944) ::*

, President (1944–1948) ::*

Carlos Prío Socarrás Carlos Manuel Prío Socarrás (July 14, 1903 – April 5, 1977) was a Cuban politician. He served as the President of Cuba from 1948 until he was deposed by a military coup led by Fulgencio Batista on March 10, 1952, three months before new elec ...

, President (1948–1952) :* Prime ministers ( complete list) – ::*

Carlos Saladrigas Zayas Carlos Saladrigas Zayas (''Carlos Eduardo Ramón Saladrigas y Zayas''; October 13, 1900 – 15 April 1956) was a Cuban politician and diplomat. Career He was an abogado-notario who served as Senator (1936-1940), Minister of Justice (1934), ...

, Prime minister (1940–1942) ::* Ramón Zaydín, Prime minister (1942–1944) ::*

Anselmo Alliegro y Milá Anselmo Alliegro y Milá (March 16, 1899 – November 22, 1961) was a Cuban politician who served as the Interim President of Cuba for one day (1 – 2 January 1959) after the departure of the President, General Fulgencio Batista, from the country. ...

, Prime minister (1944) ::*

Félix Lancís Sánchez Félix Lancís Sánchez (November 20, 1900 – 1976) was a Cuban politician and Prime Minister of Cuba. He was a lawyer, who served as Senator, Minister of Education and was twice Prime Minister of Cuba (1944–1945 and 1950–1951). He was ...

, Prime minister (1944–1945) ::*

, Prime minister (1945–1947) ::*

Raúl López del Castillo Raúl López del Castillo (1893 in Cuba – 24 July 1963 in Miami, Florida USA) was a Cuban lawyer and government official. Lopez was the Prime Minister of Cuba from 1946 to 1948 during the presidency of Ramon Grau. Previously he served as Unde ...

, Prime minister (1947–1948) ::* Manuel Antonio de Varona, Prime minister (1948–1950) ::*

, Prime minister (1950–1951) ''Dominica'' *

British Dominica The first written records in the history of Dominica began in November 1493, when Christopher Columbus spotted the island. Prior to European contact, Dominica was inhabited by the Arawak. Dominica was a French colony from 1715 until the end of t ...

( complete list) – :''British Colony, 1763–1978'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Dominican Republic'' *

Second The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds ...

Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic ( ; es, República Dominicana, ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares wit ...

( complete list) – :*

Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra (November 15, 1846 – May 9, 1919) was a Dominican political figure. He served as the president of the Dominican Republic between 15 November 1899 and 2 May 1902, and again between 5 December 1914 and 7 May 1916. Ji ...

, President (1899–1902) :* Horacio Vásquez, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1902–1903) :*

Alejandro Woss y Gil Alejandro Woss y Gil (born Alejandro Woss Linares) (May 5, 1856 – January 1, 1932) was a Dominican politician and military figure. He was born in El Seibo on May 5, 1856, to parents, Carlos Woss and María Linares. At a young age he was sent S ...

, President (1903) :*

Carlos Felipe Morales Carlos Felipe Morales Languasco (Puerto Plata, 23 August 1867 – Paris, 1 March 1914) was a Dominican priest, politician and military figure. Carlos Morales Languasco was born in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic on August 23, 1868. He was t ...

, President (1903–1905) ::* Manuel Lamarche García, Emiliano Tejera, Andrés Julio Montolío, Francisco Leonte Vásquez Lajara, Carlos Ginebra,

Eladio Victoria Eladio Victoria y Victoria (July 30, 1864 in Baní – July 27, 1939 in Santiago de los Caballeros) was a Dominican Republic politician. He served as the 32nd president of the Dominican Republic The president of the Dominican Republic ( es ...

, Federico Velásquez y Hernández, Council of Secretaries of State (1905–1906) :*

Ramón Cáceres Ramón Arturo Cáceres Vasquez (15 December 1866, Moca, Dominican Republic – 19 November 1911, Santo Domingo), nicknamed Mon Cáceres, was a Dominican politician and minister of the Armed Forces. He was the 31st president of the Dominican Repu ...

, President (1906–1911) ::* Miguel Antonio Román,

José María Cabral General José María Cabral y Luna (born Ingenio Nuevo; December 12, 1816 in San Cristóbal Province – February 28, 1899 in Santo Domingo) was a Dominican military figure and politician. He served as the first Supreme Chief of the Dominica ...

Manuel de Jesús Troncoso de la Concha Manuel de Jesús María Ulpiano Troncoso de la Concha (April 3, 1878 – May 30, 1955) was an intellectual and President of the Dominican Republic from 1940 until 1942, as a puppet of dictator Rafael Trujillo. Prior to ascending to the Presidenc ...

, Federico Velásquez y Hernández, Manuel Lamarche García,

Emilio Tejera Emilio may refer to: * Emilio Navaira, a Mexican-American singer often called "Emilio" * Emilio Piazza Memorial School, in Port Harcourt, Rivers State * Emilio (given name) * ''Emilio'' (film), a 2008 film by Kim Jorgensen See also * Emílio (dis ...

, Rafael Díaz, Council of Secretaries of State (1911) :*

, President (1911–1912) :*

Adolfo Alejandro Nouel Adolfo Alejandro Nouel y Bobadilla (12 December 1862, Santo Domingo – 26 June 1937) was an archbishop, educator and interim president of the Dominican Republic. Early life and education Nouel was born to Carlos Rafael Nouel y Pierret, a ...

, Provisional President (1912–1913) :* José Bordas Valdez, Provisional President (1913–1914) :*

Ramón Báez Ramón Báez Machado (1858–1929) was a physician and politician from the Dominican Republic. He served as provisional president of the Dominican Republic from 28 August until 5 December 1914. He served as the President of Chamber of Deput ...

, Provisional President (1914) :*

, President (1914–1916) ::* Jaime Mota, Bernardo Pichardo, José Manuel Jimenes, Federico Velásquez y Hernández, Council of Secretaries of State (1916) :*

Francisco Henríquez y Carvajal Francisco Hilario Henríquez y Carvajal (14 January 1859 – 6 February 1935) was a doctor, lawyer, writer, educator and politician from the Dominican Republic, who served as president just prior to the US occupation of the country. Life and car ...

, President (1916) *

Third Third or 3rd may refer to: Numbers * 3rd, the ordinal form of the cardinal number 3 * , a fraction of one third * Second#Sexagesimal divisions of calendar time and day, 1⁄60 of a ''second'', or 1⁄3600 of a ''minute'' Places * 3rd Street (d ...

( complete list) – :*

Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos (19 July 1871 – 25 May 1935) was a Dominican political figure. He served as provisional president of the Dominican Republic between 1922 and 1924 during the U.S. military occupation. Early life Juan Bautista V ...

, Provisional President (1922–1924) :* Horacio Vásquez, President (1924–1930) :*

Rafael Estrella Ureña Juan Rafael Estrella Ureña (born Santiago de los Caballeros, November 10, 1889 – May 25, 1945) was a Dominican politician and lawyer. He served as the last acting president of the Dominican Republic from March 3, 1930 until August 16, 1930, wh ...

, Acting President (1930) :*

Rafael Trujillo Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina ( , ; 24 October 189130 May 1961), nicknamed ''El Jefe'' (, "The Chief" or "The Boss"), was a Dominican dictator who ruled the Dominican Republic from February 1930 until his assassination in May 1961. He ser ...

, President (1930–1938) :*

Jacinto Peynado Jacinto Bienvenido Peynado Peynado (February 15, 1878 – March 7, 1940) was the president of the Dominican Republic from August 16, 1938, until February 24, 1940, during the Trujillo era. During his 31-year regime, dictator Rafael Trujillo appo ...

, President (1938–1940) :*

, President (1940–1942) :*

, President (1942–1952) ''Haiti'' * Republic of Haiti (1859–1957) :* Heads of state ( complete list) – ::*

Tirésias Simon Sam Paul Tirésias Augustin Simon Sam (May 15, 1835 – May 11, 1916) was the President of Haiti from 31 March 1896 to 12 May 1902. He resigned the presidency just before completing his six-year term. Biography Born in the year 1835, Tirésias Sim ...

, President (1896–1902) ::* Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, Provisional President (1902) ::*

Pierre Nord Alexis Pierre Nord Alexis (2 August 1820 – 1 May 1910) was President of Haiti from 17 December 1902 to 2 December 1908. Early life He was the son of a high-ranking official in the regime of Henri Christophe, and Blézine Georges, Christophe's illeg ...

, President (1902–1908) ::*

François C. Antoine Simon François C. Antoine Simon (a.k.a. Antoine Simon) (October 10, 1843 – March 10, 1923) was President of Haiti from 6 December 1908 to 3 August 1911.John Carlos Rowe, ''Literary culture and U.S. imperialism: from the Revolution to World War II'' ...

, President (1908–1911) ::*

Cincinnatus Leconte Jean Jacques Dessalines Michel Cincinnatus Leconte (September 29, 1854 – August 8, 1912) was President of Haiti from August 15, 1911 until his death on August 8, 1912. He was the great-grandson of Jean-Jacques Dessalines—a leader of the Hait ...

, President (1911–1912) ::*

Tancrède Auguste Joseph Antoine Tancrède Auguste (March 16, 1856 – May 2, 1913) as the 20th President of Haiti from August 8, 1912 until his death in office on May 2, 1913. He assumed the presidency the day that Cincinnatus Leconte died in office from a massi ...

, President (1912–1913) ::*

Michel Oreste Michel Oreste Lafontant (April 8, 1859 – October 29, 1918) served as president of Haiti Haiti (; ht, Ayiti ; French: ), officially the Republic of Haiti (); ) and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispan ...

, President (1913–1914) ::*

Oreste Zamor Emmanuel Oreste Zamor (1861–1915) was a Haitian general and politician who served as the president of Haiti in 1914. Biography During the Haitian civil war of 1912, Oreste Zamor and his brother Charles, both generals, supported Caimito R ...

, President (1914) ::* Joseph Davilmar Théodore, President (1914–1915) ::* Vilbrun Guillaume Sam, President (1915) ::* Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave, President (1915–1922) ::* Louis Borno, President (1922–1930) ::* Louis Eugène Roy, President (1930) ::*

Sténio Vincent Sténio Joseph Vincent (February 22, 1874 – September 3, 1959) was President of Haiti from November 18, 1930 to May 15, 1941. Biography Sténio Vincent was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. His parents were Benjamin Vincent and Iramène Brea, w ...

, President (1930–1941) ::*

Élie Lescot Antoine Louis Léocardie Élie Lescot (December 9, 1883 – October 20, 1974) was the President of Haiti from May 15, 1941 to January 11, 1946. He was a member of the country's mixed-race elite. He used the political climate of World War II to s ...

, President (1941–1946) ::*

Franck Lavaud Franck Lavaud (February 16, 1903 – February 27, 1988) was a Haitian general and politician who was an acting head of state during two terms: from January 11, 1946 until August 16, 1946 and from May 10, 1950 until December 6, 1950. Both times he ...

, Chairman of the Military Executive Committee (1946) ::* Dumarsais Estimé, President (1946–1950) ::*

, Chairman of the Government Junta (1950) ::*

Paul Magloire Paul Eugène Magloire (July 19, 1907 – July 12, 2001), nicknamed Kanson Fe, was the Haitian president from 1950 to 1956. Early life Paul Eugène Magloire ne Paul Vincent Magloire, 30th president of Haiti and 33rd head of state (ephemeral milit ...

, President (1950–1956) ''Netherlands'' * Curaçao and Dependencies ( complete list) – :''Dutch colony 1634–1828, 1845–1954'' :''For details see the

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

under western Europe'' ''Saint Kitts and Nevis'' * Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1882–1983'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Saint Lucia'' * Colonial Saint Lucia ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1802–1979'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Saint Vincent and the Grenadines'' * Colonial Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( complete list) – :''British Colony, 1763–1979'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Trinidad and Tobago'' * Colonial Trinidad and Tobago ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1797–1962'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe''

Americas: Central

''Belize'' * British Honduras/ Colonial Belize ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1862–1981'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Costa Rica'' * First Costa Rican Republic ( complete list) – :*

Rafael Yglesias Castro Rafael Anselmo José Yglesias Castro (18 April 1861 – 10 April 1924) was a Costa Rican politician who served as President of Costa Rica for two consecutive periods from 1894 to 1902. Biography He was born to Demetrio Yglesias Llorente a ...

, President (1894–1902) :* Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra, President (1902–1906) :*

Cleto González Víquez Cleto de Jesús González Víquez (13 October 1858 – 23 September 1937) was, on two occasions, the President of Costa Rica, firstly as the 18th president in 1906 and lastly as the 26th president in 1928. ''Don Cleto'' was born in Barva, Her ...

, President (1906–1910) :*

Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno Romualdo Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno (February 6, 1859 – January 4, 1945) served as president of Costa Rica on three occasions: 1910–1914, 1924–1928 and 1932–1936. He was one of the best known lawyers in Costa Rican history and a Universi ...

, President (1910–1914) :*

Alfredo González Flores Alfredo González Flores served as President of Costa Rica from 1914 to 1917. He was unable to complete his presidential mandate following a coup d'état on 27 January 1917, led by Federico Tinoco, his secretary for War and the Navy. González ...

, President (1914–1917) :* Federico Tinoco Granados, President (1917–1919) :* Juan Quirós Segura, President (1919) :*

Francisco Aguilar Barquero Francisco Ramón de Jesús Aguilar Barquero (21 May 1857 – 11 October 1924) served as provisional President (government title), President of Costa Rica for eight months between 1919 and 1920. He was Governor of Cartago, Deputy for Limón (188 ...

, President (1919–1920) :*

Julio Acosta García Julio Acosta García (23 May 1872 – 6 July 1954) served as 24th President of Costa Rica from 1920 to 1924. Early life Rafael Julio del Rosario Acosta García was born on 23 May 1872 in San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica to Jesús de la Rosa Ga ...

, President (1920–1924) :*

, President (1924–1928) :*

, President (1928–1932) :*

, President (1932–1936) :* León Cortés Castro, President (1936–1940) :*

Rafael Calderón Guardia Rafael may refer to: * Rafael (given name) or Raphael, a name of Hebrew origin * Rafael, California * Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, Israeli manufacturer of weapons and military technology * Hurricane Rafael, a 2012 hurricane Fiction * ''R ...

, President (1940–1944) :* Teodoro Picado Michalski, President (1944–1948) :* Santos León Herrera, Interim President (1948) *Republic of

Costa Rica Costa Rica (, ; ; literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( es, República de Costa Rica), is a country in the Central American region of North America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the no ...

( complete list) – :*

José Figueres Ferrer José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer (25 September 1906 – 8 June 1990) served as President of Costa Rica on three occasions: 1948–1949, 1953–1958 and 1970–1974. During his first term in office he abolished the country's army, nationa ...

, President (1948–1949) :*

Otilio Ulate Blanco Luis Rafael de la Trinidad Otilio Ulate Blanco (August 25, 1891 – October 10, 1973) served as President of Costa Rica from 1949 to 1953. His French heritage comes from his mother, Ermida Blanco. He never married but had two daughters, Olga Mar ...

, President (1949–1953) ''El Salvador'' *

El Salvador El Salvador (; , meaning " The Saviour"), officially the Republic of El Salvador ( es, República de El Salvador), is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south b ...

( complete list) – :*

Tomás Regalado Tomás Regalado may refer to: * Tomás Regalado (American politician) (born 1947), retired American politician and former mayor of Miami, Florida * Tomás Regalado (Salvadoran politician) Tomás Regalado may refer to: * Tomás Pedro Regalado (bor ...

, President (1898–1903) :*

Pedro José Escalón Pedro José Escalón (March 25, 1847 – September 6, 1923) was born in Santa Ana, El Salvador. In 1865 he married Elena Rodríguez (died December 3, 1921) and they had three children: Dolores, Federico and Pedro. He served as President of El ...

, President (1903–1907) :*

Fernando Figueroa Fernando Figueroa (4 March 1849 – 16 June 1919) was the President of El Salvador from 14 May to 18 June 1885 and again from 1 March 1907 to 1 March 1911. He also served twice as Minister of National Defense and Governor of San Vicente. Early ...

, President (1907–1911) :*

Manuel Enrique Araujo Doctor Manuel Enrique Araujo (12 October 1865 – 9 February 1913) was a Salvadoran doctor and politician who served as the President of El Salvador from 1 March 1911 until his assassination on 9 February 1913. He was the first civilian pres ...

, President (1911–1913) :* Carlos Meléndez Ramirez, Provisional President (1913–1914) :*

Alfonso Quiñónez Molina Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (January 11, 1874 – May 22, 1950) was the President of El Salvador from 21st of December 1918 to the 28th of February 1919 and from the 1st of March 1923 to 28th ofFebruary 1927. He served as the Vice President ...

, Provisional President (1914–1915) :* Carlos Meléndez Ramirez, President (1915–1918) :*

, Acting President (1918–1919) :*

Jorge Meléndez Jorge Meléndez Ramírez (April 15, 1871 – November 22, 1953), was born to Rafael Meléndez and Mercedes Ramírez (daughter of Norberto Ramírez). Married to Tula Mazzini, he had three children: Jorge (who died in his youth), María de los ...

, President (1919–1923) :*

, President (1923–1927) :*

Pío Romero Bosque Pío Romero Bosque (1860 – 10 December 1935) was a Salvadoran politician who served as president of El Salvador from 1 March 1927 until 1 March 1931. He also served as the vice president of Alfonso Quiñónez Molina from 1 March 1923 to 1 Mar ...

, President (1927–1931) :*

Arturo Araujo Arturo Araujo Fajardo (1878 – December 1, 1967) was the president of El Salvador from March 1, 1931, to December 2, 1931. He was overthrown in a military coup led by junior officers, and was forced to flee the country for Guatemala. An agricul ...

, President (1931) :* Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, Acting President (1931–1934) :* Andrés Ignacio Menéndez, Provisional President (1934–1935) :* Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, President (1935–1944) :* Andrés Ignacio Menéndez, Provisional President (1944) :* Osmín Aguirre y Salinas, Provisional President (1944–1945) :*

Salvador Castaneda Castro Salvador Castaneda Castro (6 August 1888 – 5 March 1965) was President of El Salvador from 1 March 1945 to 14 December 1948. He had previously served as Interior Minister under President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez. He was elected unoppos ...

, President (1945–1948) :*Revolutionary Council of Government, (1948–1950) :*

Óscar Osorio Óscar Osorio Hernández (December 14, 1910 – March 6, 1969) ruled as a member of the Revolutionary Council of Government from December 14, 1948 to September 14, 1950. He was President of El Salvador from September 14, 1950 until Septemb ...

, President (1950–1956) ''Guatemala'' *

Guatemala Guatemala ( ; ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( es, República de Guatemala, links=no), is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by H ...

( complete list) – :* Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President (1898–1920) :* Carlos Herrera, President (1920–1921) :* José María Orellana, President (1921–1926) :*

Lázaro Chacón González Lázaro Chacón González (27 June 1873 – 9 April 1931) was the acting President of Guatemala from 26 September 1926 to 18 December 1926 and President of Guatemala from 19 December 1926 to 2 January 1931. Born in Teculután, Zacapa he was th ...

, President (1926–1931) :*

José María Reina Andrade José María Reina Andrade (1 November 1860 – 25 April 1947) was the acting President of Guatemala from 2 January 1931 to 14 February 1931. Reina Andrade was appointed by the Congress of Guatemala on 31 December 1930, as president of the Repub ...

, Acting President (1931) :* Jorge Ubico, President (1931–1944) :* Juan Federico Ponce Vaides, Acting President (1944) :*Revolutionary Government Junta, President (1944–1945) :* Juan José Arévalo, President (1945–1951) ''Honduras'' *

Honduras Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Oce ...

( complete list) – :*

Terencio Sierra Terencio Esteban Sierra Romero (16 November 1839 – 25 October 1907) was President of Honduras between 1 February 1899 and 1 February 1903. Sierra was born in Coray, Valle, Honduras. After studying in Comayagua he became a typographis ...

, President (1899–1903) :*Juan Ángel Arias Boquín, President (1903) :*Manuel Bonilla, President (1903–1907) :*Miguel Oquelí Bustillo, Chairman of the Provisional Government Junta (1907) :*Miguel R. Dávila, President (1907–1911) :*Francisco Bertrand, Acting President (1911–1912) :*Manuel Bonilla, President (1912–1913) :*Francisco Bertrand, President (1913–1919) :*Salvador Aguirre (Honduras), Salvador Aguirre, Acting President (1919) :*Vicente Mejía Colindres, Acting President (1919) :*Francisco Bográn, Acting President (1919–1920) :*Rafael López Gutiérrez, President (1920–1924) :*Francisco Bueso, Acting President (1924) :*Tiburcio Carías Andino, President as First Chief of the Liberating Revolution (1924) :*Vicente Tosta, Provisional President (1924–1925) :*Miguel Paz Barahona, President (1925–1929) :*Vicente Mejía Colindres, President (1929–1933) :*Tiburcio Carías Andino, President (1933–1949) :*Juan Manuel Gálvez, President (1949–1954) ''Nicaragua'' *Nicaragua (President of Nicaragua, complete list) – :*José Santos Zelaya, President (1893–1909) :*José Madriz, Acting President (1909–1910) :*José Dolores Estrada (President of Nicaragua), José Dolores Estrada, Acting President (1910) :*Luis Mena (Nicaraguan politician), Luis Mena, Acting President (1910) :*Juan José Estrada, Provisional President (1910–1911) :*Adolfo Díaz, President (1911–1917) :*Emiliano Chamorro Vargas, President (1917–1921) :*Diego Manuel Chamorro, President (1921–1923) :*Rosendo Chamorro, Acting President (1923) :*Bartolomé Martínez, President (1923–1925) :*Carlos José Solórzano, President (1925–1926) :*Emiliano Chamorro Vargas, ''de facto'' President (1926) :*Sebastián Uriza, Acting President (1926) :*Adolfo Díaz, President (1926–1929) :*José María Moncada, President (1929–1933) :*Juan Bautista Sacasa, President (1933–1936) :*Carlos Alberto Brenes, Acting President (1936–1937) :*Anastasio Somoza García, President (1937–1947) :*Leonardo Argüello Barreto, President (1947) :*Benjamín Lacayo Sacasa, Acting President (1947) :*Víctor Manuel Román y Reyes, President (1947–1950) :*Manuel Fernando Zurita, Acting President (1950) :*Anastasio Somoza García, President (1950–1956) ''Panama'' *Panama (List of heads of state of Panama, complete list) – :*Manuel Amador Guerrero, President (1904–1908) :*José Domingo de Obaldía, President (1908–1910) :*Carlos Antonio Mendoza, Acting President (1910) :*Federico Boyd, Acting President (1910) :*Pablo Arosemena, Acting President (1910–1912) :*Belisario Porras Barahona, President (1912–1916) :*Ramón Maximiliano Valdés, President (1916–1918) :*Ciro Luis Urriola, Acting President (1918) :*Pedro Antonio Díaz, Acting President (1918) :*Belisario Porras Barahona, President (1918–1920) :*Ernesto Tisdel Lefevre, Acting President (1920) :*Belisario Porras Barahona, President (1920–1924) :*Rodolfo Chiari, President (1924–1928) :*Florencio Harmodio Arosemena, President (1928–1931) :*Harmodio Arias Madrid, Acting President (1931) :*Ricardo Joaquín Alfaro Jované, President (1931–1932) :*Harmodio Arias Madrid, President (1932–1936) :*Juan Demóstenes Arosemena, President (1936–1939) :*Ezequiel Fernández (Panamanian politician), Ezequiel Fernández, Acting President (1939) :*Augusto Samuel Boyd, Acting President (1939–1940) :*Arnulfo Arias, President (1940–1941) :*Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango, President (1941–1945) :*Enrique Adolfo Jiménez, Provisional President (1945–1948) :*Domingo Díaz Arosemena, President (1948–1949) :*Daniel Chanis Pinzón, President (1949) :*Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón, President (1949) :*Arnulfo Arias, President (1949–1951)

Americas: North

''Canada'' *Canada :*Monarchy of Canada, Monarchs (List of Canadian monarchs, complete list) – ::*

, King (1931–1936) ::*

, King (1936) ::*

, King (1936–1952) :*Prime Minister of Canada, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Canada, complete list) – ::*Wilfrid Laurier, Prime minister (1896–1911) ::*Robert Borden, Prime minister (1911–1920) ::*Arthur Meighen, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime minister (1921–1926) ::*Arthur Meighen, Prime minister (1926) ::*William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime minister (1926–1930) ::*R. B. Bennett, Prime minister (1930–1935) ::*William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime minister (1935–1948) ::*Louis St. Laurent, Prime minister (1948–1957) *Newfoundland Colony ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1610–1907'' *Dominion of Newfoundland ( complete list) – :*Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador, Monarchs (List of Canadian monarchs, complete list) – ::*Edward VII, King (1907–1910) ::*

, King (1910–1936) ::*

, King (1936–1949) :*Prime ministers (List of premiers of Newfoundland and Labrador#Dominion Prime Ministers of Newfoundland (1907–1934), complete list) – ::*Robert Bond, Prime minister (1907–1909) ::*Edward Morris, 1st Baron Morris, Edward Morris, Prime minister (1909–1917) ::*John Chalker Crosbie, Prime minister (1917–1918) ::*William F. Lloyd, Prime minister (1918–1919) ::*Michael Patrick Cashin, Prime minister (1919) ::*Richard Squires, Prime minister (1919–1923) ::*William Warren (politician), William Warren, Prime minister (1923–1924) ::*Albert Hickman, Prime minister (1924) ::*Walter Stanley Monroe, Prime minister (1924–1928) ::*Richard Squires, Prime minister (1928–1932) ::*Frederick C. Alderdice, Prime minister (1928, 1932–1934) ''Mexico'' *Mexico (List of heads of state of Mexico, complete list) – :*Porfirio Díaz, President (1884–1911) :*Francisco León de la Barra, President (1911) :*Francisco I. Madero, President (1911–1913) :*Pedro Lascuráin, President (1913) :*Victoriano Huerta, President (1913–1914) :*Francisco S. Carvajal, President (1914) :*Eulalio Gutiérrez, President (1914–1915) :*Roque González Garza, President (1915) :*Francisco Lagos Cházaro, Provisional President (1915) :*Venustiano Carranza, First Chief of the Constitutional Army (1914–1917), President (1917–1920) :*Adolfo de la Huerta, President (1920) :*Álvaro Obregón, President (1920–1924) :*Plutarco Elías Calles, President (1924–1928) :*Emilio Portes Gil, Interim President (1928–1930) :*Pascual Ortiz Rubio, President (1930–1932) :*Abelardo L. Rodríguez, President (1932–1934) :*Lázaro Cárdenas, President (1934–1940) :*Manuel Ávila Camacho, President (1940–1946) :*Miguel Alemán Valdés, President (1946–1952) ''United States'' *United States (List of Presidents of the United States, complete list) – :*William McKinley, President (1897–1901) :*Theodore Roosevelt, President (1901–1909) :*William Howard Taft, President (1909–1913) :*Woodrow Wilson, President (1913–1921) :*Warren G. Harding, President (1921–1923) :*Calvin Coolidge, President (1923–1929) :*Herbert Hoover, President (1929–1933) :*Franklin D. Roosevelt, President (1933–1945) :*Harry S. Truman, President (1945–1953) *Cherokee Nation (1794–1907), Cherokee Nation (List of Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee, complete list) – :*Thomas Buffington, Principal Chief (1899–1903) :*William Charles Rogers, Principal Chief (1903–1905, 1906–1907) :*Frank J. Boudinot, Principal Chief (1905–1906)

Americas: South

''Argentina'' *Argentina, Argentine Republic (List of heads of state of Argentina, complete list) – :*Julio Argentino Roca, President (1898–1904) :*Manuel Quintana, President (1904–1906) :*José Figueroa Alcorta, President (1906–1910) :*Roque Sáenz Peña, President (1910–1914) :*Victorino de la Plaza, President (1914–1916) :*Hipólito Yrigoyen, President (1916–1922) :*Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, President (1922–1928) :*Hipólito Yrigoyen, President (1928–1930) :*José Félix Uriburu, President (1930–1932) :*Agustín Pedro Justo, President (1932–1938) :*Roberto María Ortiz, President (1938–1942) :*Ramón Castillo, President (1942–1943) :*Arturo Rawson, ''de facto'' President (1943) :*Pedro Pablo Ramírez, ''de facto'' President (1943–1944) :*Edelmiro Julián Farrell, ''de facto'' President (1944–1946) :*Juan Perón, President (1946–1955) ''Bolivia'' *Bolivia (President of Bolivia, complete list) – :*José Manuel Pando, President (1899–1904) :*Ismael Montes, President (1904–1909) :*Eliodoro Villazón, President (1909–1913) :*Ismael Montes, President (1913–1917) :*José Gutiérrez Guerra, President (1917–1920) :*Government Junta, Members: Bautista Saavedra, José María Escalier, José Manuel Ramírez (1920–1921) :*Bautista Saavedra, President (1921–1925) :*Felipe S. Guzmán, Provisional President (1925–1926) :*Hernando Siles Reyes, President (1926–1930) :*Council of Ministers, Members: Alberto Díez de Medina, Germán Antelo Arauz, Franklin Mercado, David Toro, José Aguirre Achá, Fidel Vega, Carlos Banzer, Ezequiel Romecín Calderón (1930) :*Carlos Blanco Galindo, Chairman of the Military Government Junta (1930–1931) :*Daniel Salamanca Urey, President (1931–1934) :*José Luis Tejada Sorzano, President (1934–1936) :*Germán Busch, Chairman of the Government Junta (1936) :*David Toro, Chairman of the Government Junta (1936–1937) :*Germán Busch, Chairman of the Government Junta (1937–1938), President (1938–1939) :*Carlos Quintanilla, Provisional President (1939–1940) :*Enrique Peñaranda, President (1940–1943) :*Gualberto Villarroel, Chairman of the Government Junta (1943–1944), President (1944–1946) :*Néstor Guillén, Chairman of the Provisional Government Junta (1946) :*Tomás Monje, Chairman of the Provisional Government Junta (1946–1947) :*Enrique Hertzog, President (1947–1949) :*Mamerto Urriolagoitía, President (1949–1951) ''Brazil'' *First Brazilian Republic (List of Presidents of Brazil, complete list) – :*Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales, Campos Sales, President (1898–1902) :*Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, Rodrigues Alves, President (1902–1906) :*Afonso Pena, President (1906–1909) :*Nilo Peçanha, President (1909–1910) :*Hermes da Fonseca, President (1910–1914) :*Venceslau Brás, President (1914–1918) :*Delfim Moreira, President (1918–1919) :*Epitácio Pessoa, President (1919–1922) :*Arthur Bernardes, President (1922–1926) :*Washington Luís, President (1926–1930) *Republic of Acre (:pt:Lista de governadores do Acre, pt:complete list) – :*José Plácido de Castro, President (1902–1904) *Vargas Era Brazil (List of Presidents of Brazil, complete list) – :*Brazilian Military Junta of 1930, Military Junta: Augusto Fragoso, Isaías de Noronha, Mena Barreto, President (1930) :*Getúlio Vargas, President (1930–1945) :*José Linhares, President (1945–1946) *Second Brazilian Republic (List of Presidents of Brazil, complete list) – :*Eurico Gaspar Dutra, President (1946–1951) ''Chile'' *History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925), Parliamentary Era Chile (List of presidents of Chile, complete list) – :*Federico Errázuriz Echaurren, President (1896–1901) :*Germán Riesco, President (1901–1906) :*Pedro Montt, President (1906–1910) :*Ramón Barros Luco, President (1910–1915) :*Juan Luis Sanfuentes, President (1915–1920) :*Arturo Alessandri, President (1920–1924) :*Luis Altamirano, President of Government Junta (1924–1925) :*Pedro Dartnell, Provisional President (1925) :*Emilio Bello Codesido, President of Government Junta (1925) *Presidential Republic (1925–1973) of Chile (List of presidents of Chile, complete list) – :*Arturo Alessandri, President (1925) :*Emiliano Figueroa, President (1925–1927) :*Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, President (1927–1931) :*Juan Esteban Montero, President (1931–1932) :*Arturo Puga, President of Government Junta (1932) :*Carlos Dávila, Provisional President (1932) :*Bartolomé Blanche, Provisional President (1932) :*Abraham Oyanedel, Acting President (1932) :*Arturo Alessandri, President (1932–1938) :*Pedro Aguirre Cerda, President (1938–1941) :*Juan Antonio Ríos, President (1942–1946) :*Gabriel González Videla, President (1946–1952) ''Colombia'' *Republic of Colombia (List of Presidents of Colombia, complete list) – :*José Manuel Marroquín, President (1900–1904) :*Rafael Reyes Prieto, President (1904–1909) :*Ramón González Valencia, President (1909–1910) :*Carlos Eugenio Restrepo Restrepo, President (1910–1914) :*José Vicente Concha Ferreira, President (1914–1918) :*Marco Fidel Suárez, President (1918–1921) :*Jorge Holguín, President (1921–1922) :*Pedro Nel Ospina Vázquez, President (1922–1926) :*Miguel Abadía Méndez, President (1926–1930) :*Enrique Olaya Herrera, President (1930–1934) :*Alfonso López Pumarejo, President (1934–1938) :*Eduardo Santos Montejo, President (1938–1942) :*Alfonso López Pumarejo, President (1942–1946) :*Mariano Ospina Pérez, President (1946–1950) :*Laureano Gómez Castro, President (1950–1953) ''Ecuador'' *Ecuador (List of heads of state of Ecuador, complete list) – :*Eloy Alfaro, Jéfe Supremo (1895–1896), Interim President (1896–1897), President (1897–1901) :*Leónidas Plaza, President (1901–1905) :*Lizardo García, President (1905–1906) :*Eloy Alfaro, Jéfe Supremo (1906), Interim President (1906–1907), President (1907–1911) :*Carlos Freile Zaldumbide, Acting President (1911) :*Emilio Estrada, President (1911) :*Carlos Freile Zaldumbide, Acting President (1911–1912) :*Francisco Andrade Marín, Acting President (1912) :*Alfredo Baquerizo, Acting President (1912) :*Leónidas Plaza, President (1912–1916) :*Alfredo Baquerizo, President (1916–1920) :*José Luis Tamayo, President (1920–1924) :*Gonzalo Córdova, President (1924–1925) :*Provisional Government (1925–1926) :*Isidro Ayora, Interim President (1926–1929), President (1929–1931) :*Luis Larrea Alba, Minister of Government (1931) :*Alfredo Baquerizo, President of the Senate (1931–1932) :*Carlos Freile Larrea, Minister of Government (1932) :*Alberto Guerrero Martínez, President of the Senate (1932) :*Juan de Dios Martínez, President (1932–1933) :*Abelardo Montalvo, Acting President (1933–1934) :*José María Velasco Ibarra, President (1934–1935) :*Antonio Pons, Acting President (1935) :*Federico Páez, Jéfe Supremo (1935–1937) :*Alberto Enríquez Gallo, Jéfe Supremo (1937–1938) :*Manuel María Borrero, Interim President (1938) :*Aurelio Mosquera, President (1938–1939) :*Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río, Acting President (1939) :*Andrés Córdova, Acting President (1939–1940) :*Julio Enrique Moreno, Acting President (1940) :*Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río, President (1940–1944) :*Julio Teodoro Salem, Acting President (1944) :*José María Velasco Ibarra, President of the Republic (1944), Constitutional President (1944–1946), President of the Republic (1946), Constitutional President (1946–1947) :*Carlos Mancheno Cajas, Jéfe Supremo (1947) :*Mariano Suárez, Mariano Suárez Veintimilla, President (1947) :*Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, C.J. Arosemena Tola, President (1947–1948) :*Galo Plaza, President (1948–1952) ''Guyana'' *British Guiana ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1814–1966'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Paraguay'' *History of Paraguay, Republic of Paraguay (President of Paraguay, complete list) – :*Emilio Aceval, President (1898–1902) :*Andrés Héctor Carvallo, President (1902) :*Juan Antonio Escurra, President (1902–1904) :*Juan Bautista Gaona, President (1904–1905) :*Cecilio Báez, President (1905–1906) :*Benigno Ferreira, President (1906–1908) :*Emiliano González Navero, President (1908–1910) :*Manuel Gondra, President (1910–1911) :*Albino Jara, President (1911) :*Liberato Marcial Rojas, President (1911–1912) :*Pedro Peña, President (1912) :*Emiliano González Navero, President (1912) :*Eduardo Schaerer, President (1912–1916) :*Manuel Franco, President (1916–1919) :*José Pedro Montero, President (1919–1920) :*Manuel Gondra, President (1920–1921) :*Eusebio Ayala, President (1921–1923) :*Eligio Ayala, President (1923–1924) :*Luis Alberto Riart, President (1924) :*Eligio Ayala, President (1924–1928) :*José Patricio Guggiari, José Guggiari, President (1928–1932) :*Eusebio Ayala, President (1932–1936) :*Rafael Franco, President (1936–1937) :*Félix Paiva, President (1937–1939) :*José Félix Estigarribia, José Estigarribia, President (1939–1940) :*Higinio Moríñigo, President (1940–1948) :*Juan Manuel Frutos, President (1948) :*Juan Natalicio González, Juan González, President (1948–1949) :*Raimundo Rolón, President (1949) :*Felipe Molas López, Felipe Molas, President (1949) :*Federico Chávez, President (1949–1954) ''Peru'' *Republic of Peru (List of Presidents of Peru, complete list) – :*Eduardo López de Romaña, Constitutional President (1899–1903) :*Manuel Candamo, Constitutional President (1903–1904) :*Serapio Calderón, President of the Government Junta (1904) :*José Pardo y Barreda, Constitutional President (1904–1908) :*Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo, Constitutional President (1908–1912) :*Guillermo Billinghurst, Constitutional President (1912–1914) :*Óscar R. Benavides, Interim President (1914–1915) :*José Pardo y Barreda, Constitutional President (1915–1919) :*Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo, Constitutional President (1919–1930) :*Manuel María Ponce Brousset, Interim President (1930) :*Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1930–1931) :*Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1931) :*Gustavo Jiménez, President of the Provisional Government Junta (1931) :*David Samanez Ocampo, President of the Southern Junta (1931) :*Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, Constitutional President (1931–1933) :*Óscar Benavides, Constitutional President (1933–1939) :*Manuel Prado y Ugarteche, Constitutional President (1939–1945) :*José Bustamante y Rivero, Constitutional President (1945–1948) :*Manuel A. Odría, President (1948–1950) :*Zenón Noriega Agüero, President (1950) :*Manuel A. Odría, Constitutional President (1950–1956) ''Suriname'' *Surinam (Dutch colony), Dutch Surinam ( complete list) – :''Dutch colony 1667–1954'' :''For details see the

under western Europe'' ''Uruguay'' *Uruguay (List of Presidents of Uruguay, complete list) – :*Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, President (1899–1903) :*José Batlle y Ordóñez, President (1903–1907) :*Claudio Williman, President (1907–1911) :*José Batlle y Ordóñez, President (1911–1915) :*Feliciano Viera, President (1915–1919) :*Baltasar Brum, President (1919–1923) :*José Serrato, President (1923–1927) :*Juan Campisteguy, President (1927–1931) :*Gabriel Terra, President (1931–1939) :*Alfredo Baldomir, President (1939–1943) :*Juan José de Amézaga, President (1943–1947) :*Tomás Berreta, President (1947) :*Luis Batlle Berres, President (1947–1951) ''Venezuela'' *United States of Venezuela (List of presidents of Venezuela, complete list) – :*Cipriano Castro, President (1899–1908) :*Juan Vicente Gómez, President (1908–1913) :*José Gil Fortoul, Interim President (1913–1914) :*Victorino Márquez Bustillos, President (1914–1922) :*Juan Vicente Gómez, President (1922–1929) :*Juan Bautista Pérez, President (1929–1931) :*Juan Vicente Gómez, President (1931–1935) :*Eleazar López Contreras, President (1935–1941) :*Isaías Medina Angarita, President (1941–1945) :*Rómulo Betancourt, President (1945–1948) :*Rómulo Gallegos, President (1948) :*Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, President (1948–1950) :*Germán Suárez Flamerich, Interim President (1950–1952)

Asia

Asia: Central

''Kazakhstan'' *Alash Autonomy (Prime Minister of Kazakhstan#Alash Autonomy (1917–1920), complete list) – :*Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Prime minister (1917–1920) ''Tibet'' *Tibet under Qing rule (List of emperors of the Qing dynasty, Qing emperors / List of Dalai Lamas, Dalai Lamas) – :''Manchu overlordship, 1720-1912'' :''For details see the Qing dynasty under Eastern Asia'' *Tibet (1912–1951) (List of Dalai Lamas, complete list) – :*Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama (1879–1933) :*Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama (1950–1959) ''Uzbekistan'' *Khanate of Khiva (Khanate of Khiva#Khans of Khiva (1511–1920), complete list) – :*Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II., Khan (Feruz Khan), Khan (1864–1910) :*Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur, Khan (1910–1918) :*Sayid Abdullah, Khan (1918–1920) *Khorezm People's Soviet Republic :*Hoji Pahlavon Niyoz Yusuf, Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee (1920) :*Jumaniyoz Sulton Muradoghli, Chairman of the Provisional Government (1920) :*Hoji Pahlavon Niyoz Yusuf, Chairmen of the Presidium (1920–1921) :*Qoch Qoroghli, Chairmen of Provisional Revolutionary Committee (1921) :*Khudoybergan Divanoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921) :*Mulla Nozir, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921) :*Allabergan, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921) :*Ata Maqsum Madrahimoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921) :*Jangibay Murodoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921–1922) :*Abdulla Abdurahmon Khojaoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1922–1923) :*K. Safaroghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1923–1924) :*Sultonkari Jumaniyoz, Chairmen of the Presidium (1924) :*Temurkhoja Yaminoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1924–1925) *Emirate of Bukhara – :''Russian protectorate, 1873–1917'' :*'Abd al-Ahad Khan, Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din, Amir (1885–1910) :*Mohammed Alim Khan, Muhammad Alim Khan bin Abdul-Ahad, Amir (1910–1920) *Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (Bukharan People's Soviet Republic#Politics, complete list) – :*Mirzo Abduqodir Mansurovich Mukhitdinov, Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Committee (1920–1921) :*Polat Usmon Khodzhayev, Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Committee (1921), of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee (1921–1922) :*Muin Jon Aminov, Chairmen of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee (1922) :*Porsa Khodzhayev, Chairmen of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee (1922–1925) *Russian Turkestan (List of Russian rulers, complete list) – :''Russian Krai, 1867–1918'' :''For details see the Russian Empire under Eastern Europe''

Asia: East

''China: Qing dynasty'' *Qing dynasty (List of emperors of the Qing dynasty, complete list) – :*Guangxu Emperor, Guangxu, Emperor (1875–1908) :*Puyi, Emperor (1908–1912) ''China: Since 1912'' *Republic of China (1912–49), Republic of China (1912–1915) :*President of the Republic of China, Presidents (List of Presidents of the Republic of China, complete list) – ::*Sun Yat-sen, Provisional President (1912) ::*Yuan Shikai, President (1912–1915) :*Premiers (Premier of the Republic of China, complete list) – ::*Tang Shaoyi, Premier (1912) ::*Lu Zhengxiang, Premier (1912) ::*Zhao Bingjun, Premier (1912–1913) ::*Duan Qirui, Acting Premier (1913) ::*Xiong Xiling, Premier (1913–1914) ::*Sun Baoqi, Acting Premier (1914) ::*Xu Shichang, Premier: Secretary of State (1914–1915) *Empire of China (1915–16), Empire of China (1915–1916) :*Emperor (Emperor of China, complete list) – ::*Yuan Shikai, Emperor (1915–1916) :*Premiers (Premier of the Republic of China, complete list) – ::*Lu Zhengxiang, Premier (1915–1916) *Republic of China (1912–49), Republic of China (1916–1949) :*President of the Republic of China, Presidents (List of Presidents of the Republic of China, complete list) – ::*Yuan Shikai, President (1916) ::*Li Yuanhong, President (1916–1917) ::*Feng Guozhang, President (1917–1918) ::*Xu Shichang, President (1918–1922) ::*Zhou Ziqi, Acting President (1922–1922) ::*Li Yuanhong, President (1922–1923) ::*Gao Lingwei, Acting President (1923) ::*Cao Kun, President (1923–1924) ::*Huang Fu, Acting President (1924) ::*Duan Qirui, President (1924–1926) ::*Hu Weide, Acting President (1926) ::*Yan Huiqing, Acting President (1926) ::*Du Xigui, Acting President (1926) ::*Wellington Koo, Acting President (1926–1927) ::*Zhang Zuolin, Generalissimo of the Military Government (1927–1928) ::*Tan Yankai, President (1928) ::*Chiang Kai-shek, Chairmen (1928–1931) ::*Lin Sen, Chairmen (1931–1943) ::*Chiang Kai-shek, Chairmen (1943–1948), President (1948–1949) :*Premiers (Premier of the Republic of China, complete list) – ::*Xu Shichang, Premier: Secretary of State (1916) ::*Duan Qirui, Premier (1916–1917) ::*Wang Daxie, Acting Premier (1917) ::*Wang Shizhen (Beiyang government), Wang Shizhen, Acting Premier (1917–1918) ::*Qian Nengxun, Acting Premier (1918–1919) ::*Gong Xinzhan, Acting Premier (1919) ::*Jin Yunpeng, Premier (1919–1920) ::*Sa Zhenbing, Premier (1920) ::*Jin Yunpeng, Premier (1920–1921) ::*Yan Huiqing, Acting Premier (1921) ::*Liang Shiyi, Premier (1921–1922) ::*Yan Huiqing, Acting Premier (1922) ::*Zhou Ziqi, Acting Premier (1922) ::*Yan Huiqing, Acting Premier (1922) ::*Wang Chonghui, Acting Premier (1922) ::*Wang Daxie, Acting Premier (1922) ::*Wang Zhengting, Acting Premier (1922–1923) ::*Zhang Shaozeng, Premier (1923) ::*Gao Lingwei, Premier (1923–1924) ::*Sun Baoqi, Premier (1924) ::*Wellington Koo, Acting Premier (1924) ::*Yan Huiqing, Acting Premier (1924) ::*Huang Fu, Acting Premier (1924) ::*Xu Shiying, Premier (1925–1926) ::*Jia Deyao, Acting Premier (1926) ::*Hu Weide, Acting Premier (1926) ::*Yan Huiqing, Acting Premier (1926) ::*Du Xigui, Acting Premier (1926) ::*Wellington Koo, Acting Premier (1926–1927) ::*Pan Fu, Premier (1927–1928) ::*Tan Yankai, Premier (1928–1930) ::*T. V. Soong, Premier (1930) ::*Chiang Kai-shek, Premier (1930–1931) ::*Chen Mingshu, Premier (1931–1932) ::*Sun Fo, Premier (1932–1932) ::*Wang Jingwei, Premier (1932–1935) ::*Chiang Kai-shek, Premier (1935–1938) ::*H. H. Kung, Premier (1938–1939) ::*Chiang Kai-shek, Premier (1939–1945) ::*T. V. Soong, Premier (1945–1947) ::*Chiang Kai-shek, Premier (1947) ::*Chang Ch'ün, Premier (1947–1948) ::*Weng Wenhao, Premier (1948) ::*Sun Fo, Premier (1948–1949) ::*He Yingqin, Premier (1949) *Taiwan, Republic of China: Taiwan :*President of the Republic of China, Presidents (List of Presidents of the Republic of China, complete list) – ::*Li Zongren, Acting President (1949–1950) ::*Yan Xishan, Acting President (1949–1950) ::*Chiang Kai-shek, President (1950–1975) :*Premiers (Premier of the Republic of China, complete list) – ::*Yan Xishan, Premier (1949–1950) ::*Chen Cheng, Premier (1950–1954) *People's Republic of China :*Chairman of the Communist Party of China, Chairmen and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, General Secretaries of the Communist Party (List of general secretaries and chairmen of the Communist Party of China, complete list) and paramount leaders (Paramount leader, complete list) – ::*Mao Zedong, Chairman (1945–1976), paramount leader (1949–1976) :*President of the People's Republic of China, Heads of state (List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China, complete list) – ::*Mao Zedong, Chairman (1949–1959) :*Premiers (List of premiers of the People's Republic of China, complete list) – ::*Zhou Enlai, Premier (1949–1976) *East Hebei Autonomous Government, East Hebei Autonomous Council – :''Puppet state of Japan'' :*Yin Ju-keng, Chairman (1935–1937) :*Chi Zongmo, Chairman (1937–1938) *Manchukuo, State/ Empire of Manchuria :*Head of State (Manchukuo#Head of State, complete list) – ::*Puyi, Chief Executive (1932–1934), Emperor (1934–1945) :*Prime ministers (Manchukuo#Prime Minister, complete list) – ::*Zheng Xiaoxu, Prime minister (1932–1935) ::*Zhang Jinghui, Prime minister (1935–1945) ''Japan'' *Empire of Japan :*Emperor of Japan, Emperors (List of Emperors of Japan, complete list) – ::*Emperor Meiji, Meiji, Emperor (1867–1912) ::*Emperor Taishō, Taishō, Emperor (1912–1926) ::*Hirohito, Emperor (1926–1989) :*Prime Minister of Japan, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Japan, complete list) – ::*Itō Hirobumi, Prime minister (1900–1901) ::*Saionji Kinmochi, Acting Prime minister (1901–1901) ::*Katsura Tarō, Prime minister (1901–1906) ::*Saionji Kinmochi, Prime minister (1906–1908) ::*Katsura Tarō, Prime minister (1908–1911) ::*Saionji Kinmochi, Prime minister (1911–1912) ::*Katsura Tarō, Prime minister (1912–1913) ::*Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, Prime minister (1913–1914) ::*Ōkuma Shigenobu, Prime minister (1914–1916) ::*Terauchi Masatake, Prime minister (1916–1918) ::*Hara Takashi, Prime minister (1918–1921) ::*Uchida Kosai, Acting Prime minister (1921–1921) ::*Takahashi Korekiyo, Prime minister (1921–1922) ::*Katō Tomosaburō, Prime minister (1922–1923) ::*Uchida Kosai, Acting Prime minister (1923–1923) ::*Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, Prime minister (1923–1924) ::*Kiyoura Keigo, Prime minister (1924–1924) ::*Katō Takaaki, Prime minister (1924–1926) ::*Wakatsuki Reijirō, Prime minister (1926–1927) ::*Tanaka Giichi, Prime minister (1927–1929) ::*Osachi Hamaguchi, Prime minister (1929–1931) ::*Kijūrō Shidehara, Acting Prime minister (1931–1931) ::*Osachi Hamaguchi, Prime minister (1931–1931) ::*Wakatsuki Reijirō, Prime minister (1931–1931) ::*Inukai Tsuyoshi, Prime minister (1931–1932) ::*Takahashi Korekiyo, Acting Prime minister (1932–1932) ::*Saitō Makoto, Prime minister (1932–1934) ::*Keisuke Okada, Prime minister (1934–1936) ::*Fumio Gotō, Acting Prime minister (1936–1936) ::*Keisuke Okada, Prime minister (1936–1936) ::*Kōki Hirota, Prime minister (1936–1937) ::*Senjūrō Hayashi, Prime minister (1937–1937) ::*Fumimaro Konoe, Prime minister (1937–1939) ::*Hiranuma Kiichirō, Prime minister (1939–1939) ::*Nobuyuki Abe, Prime minister (1939–1940) ::*Mitsumasa Yonai, Prime minister (1940–1940) ::*Fumimaro Konoe, Prime minister (1940–1941) ::*Hideki Tojo, Prime minister (1941–1944) ::*Kuniaki Koiso, Prime minister (1944–1945) ::*Kantarō Suzuki, Prime minister (1945–1945) ::*Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni, Prime minister (1945–1945) ::*Kijūrō Shidehara, Prime minister (1945–1946) ::*Shigeru Yoshida, Prime minister (1946–1947) *State of Japan :*Emperor of Japan, Emperors (List of Emperors of Japan, complete list) – ::*Hirohito, Emperor (1926–1989) :*Prime Minister of Japan, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Japan, complete list) – ::*Tetsu Katayama, Prime minister (1947–1948) ::*Hitoshi Ashida, Prime minister (1948) ::*Shigeru Yoshida, Prime minister (1948–1949) ''Korea'' *Korean Empire (List of monarchs of Korea#Korean Empire, complete list) – :*Gojong of Korea, Gojong, King (1863–1897), Emperor (1897–1907) :*Sunjong of Korea, Sunjong, Emperor (1907–1910) *Korea under Japanese rule, Japanese Korea, (List of Emperors of Japan, complete list) – :''Colony, 1910–1945'' :''For details see the Japan under Eastern Asia'' *North Korea: Democratic People's Republic of Korea :*Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea, Chairman of the Workers' Party (List of heads of state of North Korea, complete list) – ::*Kim Tu-bong, Chairman (1946–1949) :*Prime Minister of North Korea, Prime Ministers (List of Prime Ministers of North Korea, complete list) – ::*Kim Il Sung, Prime minister (1949–1972) *South Korea: Republic of Korea :*President of South Korea, Presidents (List of Presidents of South Korea, complete list) – ::*Syngman Rhee, President (1948–1960) :*Prime Minister of South Korea, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of South Korea, complete list) – ::*Lee Beom-seok (prime minister), Lee Beom-seok, Prime minister (1948–1950) ::*Shin Sung-mo, Acting Prime minister (1950) ::*Chang Myon, Prime minister (1950–1952) ''Mongolia'' *Bogd Khanate of Mongolia :*List of Mongol rulers, Khagans (List of heads of state of Mongolia, complete list) – ::*Bogd Khan, Khagan (1911–1924) :*Prime Minister of Mongolia, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Mongolia, complete list) – ::*Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren, Prime minister (1919) ::*Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj, Prime minister (1919–1921) ::*Jalkhanz Khutagt Sodnomyn Damdinbazar, Prime minister (1921) ::*Manzushir Khutagt Sambadondogiin Tserendorj, Prime minister (1921) ::*Dogsomyn Bodoo, Prime minister (1921–1922) ::*Jalkhanz Khutagt Sodnomyn Damdinbazar, Prime minister (1922–1923) ::*Balingiin Tserendorj, Prime minister (1923–1924) *Mongolian People's Republic :*Heads of state (List of heads of state of Mongolia, complete list) – ::*Balingiin Tserendorj, Acting Head of state (1924) ::*Navaandorjiin Jadambaa, Chairman (1924) ::*Peljidiin Genden, Chairman (1924–1927) ::*Jamtsangiin Damdinsüren, Chairman (1927–1929) ::*Khorloogiin Choibalsan, Chairman (1929–1930) ::*Losolyn Laagan, Chairman (1930–1932) ::*Anandyn Amar, Chairman (1932–1936) ::*Dansranbilegiin Dogsom, Chairman (1936–1939) ::*Gonchigiin Bumtsend, Chairman (1940–1953) :*Prime Minister of Mongolia, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Mongolia, complete list) – ::*Balingiin Tserendorj, Prime minister (1924–1928) ::*Anandyn Amar, Prime minister (1928–1930) ::*Tsengeltiin Jigjidjav, Prime minister (1930–1932) ::*Peljidiin Genden, Prime minister (1932–1936) ::*Anandyn Amar, Prime minister (1936–1939) ::*Khorloogiin Choibalsan, Prime minister (1939–1952) ''Russia'' *Far Eastern Republic, Far Eastern Soviet Republic :*Heads of State (Far Eastern Republic#Chairmen of the Government (heads of state), complete list) – ::*Alexander Krasnoshchyokov, Chairman of the Government (1920–1921) ::*Nikolay Matveyev, Chairman of the Government (1921–1922) :*Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Far Eastern Republic#Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime Ministers), complete list) – ::*Alexander Krasnoshchyokov, Prime minister (1920) ::*Boris Shumyatsky, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*Pyotr Nikiforov, Prime minister (1921) ::*Nikolay Matveyev, Prime minister (1921–1922) ::*Pyotr Kobozev, Prime minister (1922)

Asia: Southeast

''Brunei'' *Brunei#British intervention, Protectorate of Brunei (List of Sultans of Brunei, complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1888–1984'' :*Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin, Sultan (1885–1906) :*Muhammad Jamalul Alam II, Sultan (1906–1924) :*Ahmad Tajuddin, Sultan (1924–1950) :*Omar Ali Saifuddien III, Sultan (1950–1967) ''Cambodia'' *French Protectorate of Cambodia :''Protectorate, 1863–1984, part of French Indochina 1887–1953'' :''Japanese occupation of Cambodia 1941–1945'' :*Monarchy of Cambodia, Kings (List of heads of state of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Norodom of Cambodia, Norodom, King (1860–1904) ::*Sisowath of Cambodia, Sisowath, King (1904–1927) ::*Sisowath Monivong, King (1927–1941) ::*Norodom Sihanouk, King (1941–1955) :*Prime Minister of Cambodia, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Cambodia, complete list) – ::*Norodom Sihanouk, Prime minister (1945, 1950, 1952) ::*Son Ngoc Thanh, Prime minister (1945) ::*Sisowath Monireth, Prime minister (1945–1946) ::*Sisowath Youtevong, Prime minister (1946–1947) ::*Sisowath Watchayavong, Prime minister (1947–1948) ::*Chhean Vam, Prime minister (1948) ::*Penn Nouth, Prime minister (1948–1949, 1953) ::*Yem Sambaur, Prime minister (1949, 1949–1950) ::*Ieu Koeus, Prime minister (1949) ::*Sisowath Monipong, Prime minister (1950–1951) ::*Oum Chheang Sun, Prime minister (1951) ::*Huy Kanthoul, Prime minister (1951–1952) ''Indonesia'' *Dutch East Indies ( complete list) – :''Dutch colony 1800–1811, 1816–1949'' :''For details see the

under western Europe'' :''Indonesia: Java'' *List of monarchs of Java#Sumenep, Sumenep – :*Pangeran Pakunataningrat, Regent (1883–1901) :*Pangeran Arya Prataming Kusuma, Regent (1901–1926) :*Tumenggung Arya Prabuwinata, Regent (1926–1929) *Surakarta Sunanate (List of monarchs of Java#Surakarta, complete list) – :*Pakubuwono X, Sultan (1893–1939) :*Pakubuwono XI, Sultan (1939–1945) *Yogyakarta Sultanate (List of monarchs of Java#Yogyakarta, complete list) – :*Hamengkubuwono VII, Sultan (1877–1921) :*Hamengkubuwono VIII, Sultan (1921–1939) :*Hamengkubuwono IX, Sultan (1939–1946) *Mangkunegaran (List of monarchs of Java#Mangkunegaran, complete list) – :*Mangkunegara VI, Sultan (1896–1916) :*Mangkunegara VII, Sultan (1916–1944) :*Mangkunegara VIII, Sultan (1944–1946) *Pakualaman (List of monarchs of Java#Pakualaman, complete list) – :*Pakualam VI, Sultan (1901–1902) :*Paku Alam VII, Pakualam VII, Sultan (1906–1937) :*Paku Alam VIII, Pakualam VIII, Sultan (1937–1946) *Darul Islam (Indonesia), Islamic State of Indonesia – :*Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwiryo, Imam (1949–1962) :''Indonesia: Sumatra'' *Aceh Sultanate (Aceh Sultanate#Lineage, complete list) – :*Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah II, Sultan (1874–1903) *Sultanate of Deli (Sultanate of Deli#The lineage of the Sultans, complete list) – :*Sultan Ma'mun Al Rashid Perkasa Alamyah, Ma'mun Al Rashid Perkasa Alamyah, Sultan (1873–1924) :*Amaluddin Sultan Al Sani Perkasa Alamsyah, Sultan (1924–1945) :*Tuanku Sultan Otteman II, Sultan (1945–1946) *Sultanate of Langkat – :*Abdul Aziz Abdul Jalil Rakhmat Shah, Sultan (1893–1927) :*Mahmud Abdul Jalil Rakhmat Shah, Sultan (1927–1946) *Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura (Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura#List of Sultans of Siak, complete list) – :*Al-Sayyid al-Sharif Hashim Abdul Jalil Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1889–1908) :*Syarif Kasim II, Sultan (1915–1946) *Sultanate of Serdang (Sultanate of Serdang#Rulers, complete list) – :*Al-Marhum Perbaungan, Sultan (1879–1946) *Riau-Lingga Sultanate (Riau-Lingga Sultanate#Sultans of Riau, complete list) – :*Abdul Rahman II Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1883–1911) *Jambi Sultanate – *:Thaha Safiuddin, Sultan (1855–1858, 1900–1904) :''Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)'' *Sultanate of Bulungan – :*Pengian Kesuma, Queen (1899–1901) :*Kasimuddin, Sultan (20th century) :*Datu Mansyur, Acting Sultan (1925–1930) :*Maulana Ahmad Sulaimanuddin, Sultan (1930–1931) :*Maulana Muhammad Jalaluddin, Sultan (1931–1950) *Pontianak Sultanate (Pontianak Sultanate#List of Sultans of Pontianak, complete list) – :*Syarif Muhammad Alkadrie, Sultan (1895–1944) :*Syarif Hamid II of Pontianak, Syarif Hamid II, Sultan (1945–1950) *Sultanate of Sambas (Sultanate of Sambas#List of Rulers, complete list) – :*Muhammad Shafi ud-din II, Sultan (1866–1924) :*Muhammad 'Ali Shafi ud-din II, Sultan (1924–1926) :*Muhammad Tayeb, Chief of the Assembly Council (1926–1931) :*Muhammad Ibrahim Shafi ud-din, Sultan (1931–1943) *Sultanate of Sintang – :*Panembahan Kusuma Negara II, Panembahan (1889–1905) :*Sri Paduka Tuanku Haji Gusti Adi 'Abdu'l-Majid ibni al-Marhum Panembahan Ismail, Panembahan Kusuma Negara III, Panembahan (1905–1913) :*Ade Muhammad Jun 'Abdu'l-Kadir Pangeran Adipati Temenggong Setia Agama Wakil, Panembahan (1913–1934) :*Panembahan Kusuma Negara IV, Panembahan (1934–1944) :*Panembahan Kusuma Negara V, Panembahan (1944–1947) :''Indonesia: Sulawesi'' *Sultanate of Gowa – :*Husain, Sultan (1895–1906) :*Muhammad Tahur Muhibuddin, Sultan (1936–1945) *Luwu – :*Iskandar Opu Daeng Pali’, Datu (1883–1901) :*Andi Kambo, Datu (1901–1935) :*Andi DJemma, Datu (1935–1965) :''Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands'' *Kingdom of Larantuka – :*Lorenzo II, Raja (c.1886–1904) *Bima Sultanate (Bima Sultanate#List of rulers, complete list) – :*Ibrahim, Sultan (1881–1915) :*Muhammad Salahuddin, Sultan (1915–1949) :''Indonesia: West Timor'' *Amanatun (Amanatun#List of rulers, complete list) – :*Muti Banu Naek, Raja (c.1899–1915) :*Kusa Banu Naek, Raja (1916–1919) :*Kolo Banu Naek, Raja (1920–1946) :*Lodeweyk Lourens Don Louis Banu Naek, Raja (1946–1962) *Amarasi (Amarasi#Rulers, complete list) – :*Rasi Koroh, Raja (1872–1887, 1892–1914) :*Isaac Koroh, Raja (1914–1923) :*Alexander Koroh, Raja (1923–1925) :*Hendrik Arnold Koroh, Raja (1925–1949) *Amabi (Amabi#List of rulers, complete list) – :*Kusa, Raja (1895–1901) :*Arnoldus, Raja (1901) :*Junus Amtaran, Raja (1901–1903) :*Kase Kome, Raja (1903–1912) :*Jacob Ch. Amabi, Raja (1912–1917) *Sonbai Besar (Sonbai Besar#Rulers, complete list) – :*Nai Sobe Sonbai III, Emperor (1885–1906) *Sonbai Kecil (Sonbai Kecil#Rulers, complete list) – :*Said Meis Nisnoni, Raja (1890–1902) :*Baki Bastian Meis Nisnoni, Raja (1905–1911) :*Nicolaas Nisnoni, Raja (1911–1917) *Amanuban (Amanuban#List of rulers, complete list) – :*Bil Nope, Raja (c.1870–1910) :*Noni Nope, Raja (1910–1920) :*Pae Nope, Raja (1920–1946) :*Paulus Nope, Raja (1946–1949) :*Kusa Nope, Raja (1946–1958) :''Indonesia: Maluku Islands'' *Bacan Islands#History, Sultanate of Bacan (List of rulers of Maluku#Bacan, complete list) – :*Muhammad Usman, Sultan (1900–1935) :*Muhammad Muhsin, Sultan (1935–1950) *Sultanate of Tidore (List of rulers of Maluku#Tidore, complete list) – :''Dutch protectorate 1657–1905'' :*Iskandar Sahajuhan, Sultan (1893–1905) :*Zainal Abidin Alting, Sultan (1947–1950) *Sultanate of Ternate (List of rulers of Maluku#Ternate, complete list) – :''Dutch protectorate 1683–1915'' :*Muhammad Ilham/ Kolano Ara Rimoi, Sultan (1900–1902) :*Haji Muhammad Usman Shah, Sultan (1902–1915) :*Iskandar Muhammad Jabir Shah, Sultan (1929–1950) *Republic of South Maluku (Republic of South Maluku#Presidents, complete list) – :*Johanis Manuhutu, President (1950) :*Chris Soumokil, President (1950–1966) :''Indonesia: All'' *Indonesian National Revolution#Formation of the Republican government, Republic of Indonesia (1945–1949) / United States of Indonesia :*President of Indonesia, Presidents (List of Presidents of Indonesia, complete list) – ::*Sukarno, President (1945–1967) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Indonesia, complete list) – ::*Sutan Sjahrir, Prime minister (1945–1947) ::*Amir Sjarifuddin, Prime minister (1947–1948) ::*Mohammad Hatta, Prime minister (1948–1950) *Liberal democracy period in Indonesia, Liberal democracy period in Indonesia :*President of Indonesia, Presidents (List of Presidents of Indonesia, complete list) – ::*Sukarno, President (1945–1967) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Indonesia, complete list) – ::*Abdul Halim (Indonesia), Halim, Prime minister (1950) ::*Mohammad Natsir, Prime minister (1950–1951) ''Laos'' *Kingdom of Champasak (List of monarchs of Laos#Kingdom of Champasak (Bassac) (1713–1904), complete list) – :*Ratsadanay, King (1900–1904), Regional Governor (1904–1934) *French Protectorate of Laos, French Protectorate of Kingdom of Luang Phrabang, Luang Phrabang (List of monarchs of Laos#Kingdom of Luang Prabang (1707–1946), complete list) – :''Protectorate and constituent of French Indochina (1893–1953)'' :*Zakarine, King (1895–1904) :*Sisavang Vong, King of Luang Phrabang (1904–1945), King of Laos (1946–1953) *Kingdom of Laos :*Monarchs (List of monarchs of Laos#Kingdom of Laos (1946–75), complete list) – ::*Sisavang Vong, King of Luang Phrabang (1904–1945), King of Laos (1946–1953) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Laos, complete list) – ::*Phetsarath Ratanavongsa, Prime minister (1945) ::*Phaya Khammao, Prime minister (1945–1946) ::*Kindavong, Prime minister (1946–1947) ::*Souvannarath, Prime minister (1947–1948) ::*Boun Oum, Prime minister (1948–1950) ::*Phoui Sananikone, Prime minister (1950–1951) ''Malaysia'' :''Peninsular Malaysia'' *Kedah Sultanate (Kedah Sultanate#List of rulers, complete list) – :*Abdul Hamid Halim of Kedah, Abdul Hamid Halim Shah ll, Sultan, (1881–1943) :*Badlishah of Kedah, Badlishah Shah, Sultan, (1943–1957) *Kelantan Sultanate: Patani dynasty (Kelantan Sultanate#List of rulers, complete list) – :*Sultan Muhammad IV of Kelantan, Muhammad IV Ibni Sultan Muhammad III, Sultan (1900–1920) :*Sultan Ismail of Kelantan, Ismail Ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad IV, Sultan (1920–1944) :*Ibrahim IV of Kelantan, Ibrahim Ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad IV, Sultan (1944–1957) *Perak Sultanate: Siak dynasty (Perak Sultanate#List of Sultans of Perak, complete list) – :*Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah of Perak, Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah, Sultan (1887–1916) :*Abdul Jalil Nasiruddin Muhtaram Shah of Perak, Abdul Jalil Nasiruddin Muhtaram Shah, Sultan (1916–1918) :*Iskandar of Perak, Iskandar, Sultan (1918–1938) :*Abdul Aziz al-Mu’tasim Billah Shah of Perak, Abdul Aziz al-Mu’tasim Billah Shah, Sultan (1938–1948) :*Yussuff Izzuddin Shah of Perak, Yussuff Izzuddin Shah, Sultan (1948–1957) *Terengganu Sultanate (Terengganu Sultanate#List of office bearers, complete list) – :*Zainal Abidin III of Terengganu, Zainal Abidin III, Sultan (1881–1918) :*Muhammad Shah II of Terengganu, Muhammad Shah II, Sultan (1918–1920) :*Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah of Terengganu, Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah, Sultan (1920–1942) :*Ali Shah of Terengganu, Ali Shah, Sultan (1942–1945) :*Ismail Nasiruddin of Terengganu, Ismail Nasiruddin Shah, Sultan (1945–1957) *Selangor Sultanate (Selangor Sultanate#List of Sultans of Selangor, complete list) – :*Sulaiman of Selangor, Sulaiman, Sultan (1896–1937) :*Hisamuddin of Selangor, Hisamuddin, Sultan (1937–1942, 1945–1957) :*Musa Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah of Selangor, Musa Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah, Sultan (1942–1945) *Negeri Sembilan (Yamtuan Besar#List of Yamtuan, complete list) – :*Muhammad of Negeri Sembilan, Muhammad, Yamtuan (1888–1933) :*Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, Abdul Rahman, Yamtuan (1933–1957) *House of Jamalullail (Perlis), Perlis (House of Jamalullail (Perlis)#Rulers, complete list) – :*Syed Saffi Jamalullail, Raja (1887–1905) :*Syed Alwi Jamalullail, Raja (1905–1943) :*Syed Hamzah Jamalullail, Raja (1943–1945) :*Putra of Perlis, Syed Harun Putra Jamalullail, Raja (1945–1957) *Federated Malay States ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1895–1942, 1945–1946'' *Unfederated Malay States ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946'' *Straits Settlements ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946'' *Malayan Union ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1946–1948'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' :''Malaysian Borneo'' *Kingdom of Sarawak (White Rajahs#Rulers, complete list) – :*Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak, Charles Brooke, Rajah (1868–1917) :*Charles Vyner Brooke, Rajah (1917–1946) *Crown Colony of Sarawak ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1946–1963'' *Crown Colony of Labuan ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1848–1890, 1904–1906, 1907–1941, 1945–1946'' *North Borneo/Crown Colony of North Borneo, Crown Colony ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1888–1941, 1945–1946; Crown colony, 1946–1963'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Myanmar / Burma'' *British rule in Burma, British Burma, part of the British Raj ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1824–1948'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' *State of Burma :''Puppet state of Japan'' :*Ba Maw, Naingandaw Adipadi and Prime Minister (1943–1945) *Post-independence Burma, 1948–62, Union of Burma :*President of Myanmar, Presidents (List of Presidents of Myanmar, complete list) – ::*Sao Shwe Thaik, President (1948–1952) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Myanmar, complete list) – ::*U Nu, Prime minister (1948–1956) ''Philippines'' *Sultanate of Sulu (List of sultans of Sulu, complete list) – :*Jamalul Kiram II, Sultan (1894–1915) *Sultanate of Maguindanao (Sultanate of Maguindanao#List of Sultans of Maguindanao, complete list) – :*Mangigin, Sultan (1896–1926) *Spanish East Indies, part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1565–1901'' :''For details see Spain in southwest Europe'' *Tagalog Republic#Sakay, Tagalog Republic – :*Macario Sakay, President (1902–1906) *First Philippine Republic :*Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Revolutionary Government (1898–1899), President of the First Republic (1899–1901) *Insular Government of the Philippine Islands (List of Presidents of the United States, complete list) – :''United States territory, 1901–1935'' :''For details see the United States in North America'' *Philippines :*President of the Philippines, Presidents (List of presidents of the Philippines, complete list) – ::''First Philippine Republic'' ::*Emilio Aguinaldo, President (1899–1901) ::''Commonwealth of the Philippines'' ::*Manuel L. Quezon, President (1935–1944) ::*Sergio Osmeña, President (1944–1946) ::''Second Philippine Republic: Japanese puppet state '' ::*Jose P. Laurel, José P. Laurel, President (1943–1945) ::''History of the Philippines (1946–65), Third Philippine Republic'' ::*Manuel Roxas, President (1946–1948) ::*Elpidio Quirino, President (1948–1953) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of the Philippines, complete list) – ::''Commonwealth of the Philippines'' ::*Jorge B. Vargas, Presiding Officer of Executive Commission, ''de facto'' head of government (1942–1943) ''Singapore'' *Singapore in the Straits Settlements, Colony of Singapore ( complete list) – :''Colony of Singapore, British crown colony as part of the Straits Settlements, 1867–1963'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Thailand'' *Thailand, Siam/Thailand: Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932), Rattanakosin Kingdom (List of Kings of Thailand#Rattanakosin Kingdom, complete list) – :*Monarchy of Thailand, Monarchs (List of Kings of Thailand, complete list) – ::*Chulalongkorn, King (1868–1910) ::*Vajiravudh, King (1910–1925) ::*Prajadhipok, King (1925–1935) ::*Ananda Mahidol, King (1935–1946) ::*Bhumibol Adulyadej, King (1946–2016) :*Prime Minister of Thailand, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Thailand, complete list) – ::*Phraya Manopakorn Nititada, Prime minister (1932–1933) ::*Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena, Prime minister (1933–1938) ::*Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Prime minister (1938–1944) ::*Khuang Aphaiwong, Prime minister (1944–1945) ::*Tawee Boonyaket, Prime minister (1945) ::*Seni Pramoj, Prime minister (1945–1946) ::*Khuang Aphaiwong, Prime minister (1946) ::*Pridi Banomyong, Prime minister (1946) ::*Thawan Thamrongnawasawat, Prime minister (1946–1947) ::*Khuang Aphaiwong, Prime minister (1947–1948) ::*Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Prime minister (1948–1957) *Pattani Kingdom: Second Kelantanese dynasty (Pattani Kingdom#Chronology of rulers, complete list) – :*Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin Syah, Sultan (?–1902) ''Timor'' *Portuguese Timor ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1702–1975'' :''For details see the

under Southwest Europe'' ''Vietnam'' *Nguyễn dynasty (List of monarchs of Vietnam#Nguyễn dynasty, complete list) – :*Thành Thái, Emperor (1889–1907) :*Duy Tân, Emperor (1907–1916) :*Khải Định, Emperor (1916–1925) :*Bảo Đại, Emperor (1925–1945) *Annam (French protectorate) ( complete list) – :''French Protectorate, 1883–1945, 1945–1948'' *French Indochina ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1887–1946'' :''Vietnamese constituents are below; for details see France under western Europe'' :*French Cochinchina, Cochinchina ::''French Colony, 1862–1949'' :*Annam (French protectorate), Annam Protectorate ::''French Protectorate, 1883–1945, 1945–1948'' :*Tonkin (French protectorate), Tonkin Protectorate ::''French Protectorate, 1884–1949'' :''For details see France under western Europe'' *Empire of Vietnam :''Puppet state of Japan, 1945'' :*Emperor (List of monarchs of Vietnam, complete list) – ::*Bảo Đại, Emperor (1945) :*Prime minister (Prime Minister of Vietnam, complete list) – ::*Trần Trọng Kim, Prime minister (1945) *North Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam, 1945–1976) :*President of Vietnam, Presidents (List of Presidents of Vietnam, complete list) – ::*Ho Chi Minh, President (1945–1969) :*Prime Minister of Vietnam, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Vietnam, complete list) – ::*Ho Chi Minh, Prime minister (1945–1955) *State of Vietnam, State of Vietnam (South Vietnam, 1949–1955) :*General Secretaries of the Communist Party (General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, complete list) – ::*Trường Chinh, General Secretary (1941–1956) :*Presidents (Leaders of South Vietnam#Heads of state, complete list) – ::*Bảo Đại, President (1949–1955) :*Prime ministers (Leaders of South Vietnam#Heads of government, complete list) – ::*Bảo Đại, Prime minister (1949–1950) ::*Nguyễn Phan Long, Prime minister (1950) ::*Trần Văn Hữu, Prime minister (1950–1952)

Asia: South

''Afghanistan'' *Emirate of Afghanistan: Barakzai dynasty (List of heads of state of Afghanistan, complete list) – :*Abdur Rahman Khan, Emir (1880–1901) :*Habibullah Khan, Emir (1901–1919) :*Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan), Nasrullah Khan, Emir (1919) *Kingdom of Afghanistan :*Kings (List of heads of state of Afghanistan, complete list) – ::*Amanullah Khan, King (1919–1929) ::*Inayatullah Khan, King (1929) ::*Habibullah Kalakani, King (1929) ::*Mohammed Nadir Shah, King (1929–1933) ::*Mohammed Zahir Shah, King (1933–1973) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Afghanistan, complete list) – ::*Mohammad Hashim Khan, Prime minister (1929–1946) ::*Shah Mahmud Khan, Prime minister (1946–1953)

Asia: West

''Bahrain'' *History of Bahrain (1783–1971), Hakims of Bahrain (King of Bahrain, complete list) – :''Protectorate of the United Kingdom, 1861–1971'' :*Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa, Hakim (1869–1923) :*Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa (1872–1942), Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa, Hakim (1923–1942) :*Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa (1894–1961), Salman ibn Hamad Al Khalifa, Hakim (1942–1961) ''Cyprus'' *British Cyprus ( complete list) – :''Colony, 1878–1960'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Iran'' *Qajar Iran, Sublime State of Persia: Qajar dynasty :*Shahs (List of monarchs of Persia#Qajar Empire (1794–1925), complete list) – ::*Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar, Shah (1896–1907) ::*Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, Shah (1907–1909) ::*Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shah (1909–1925) *Persian Socialist Soviet Republic – :*Mirza Kuchik Khan, Chairman (1920–1921) *Imperial State of Iran: Pahlavi dynasty :*Shahs (List of monarchs of Persia, complete list) – ::*Reza Shah, Reza Pahlavi, Shah (1925–1941) ::*Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah (1941–1979) ''Iraq'' *Mandatory Iraq: Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration :*Kings (List of kings of Iraq, complete list) – ::*Faisal I of Iraq, Faisal I, King (1921–1933) :*Prime Minister of Iraq, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Iraq, complete list) – ::*Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gillani, Prime minister (1920–1922) ::*Abdul-Muhsin Al-Saadoun, Prime minister (1922–1923, 1925–1926, 1928–1929, 1929) ::*Jaafar Al-Askari, Prime minister (1923–1924, 1926–1928) ::*Yasin al-Hashimi, Prime minister (1924–1925, 1935–1936) ::*Tawfeeq Al-Suwaidi, Prime minister (1929, 1946, 1950) ::*Naji Al-Suwaidi, Prime minister (1929–1930) ::*Nuri al-Said, Prime minister (1930–1932, 1938–1940, 1941–1944, 1946–1947, 1949, 1950–1952, 1954–1957, 1958) *Kingdom of Iraq :*Kings (List of kings of Iraq, complete list) – ::*Faisal I of Iraq, Faisal I, King (1921–1933) ::*Ghazi of Iraq, Ghazi I, King (1933–1939) ::*'Abd al-Ilah, Regent (1939–1953) ::*Faisal II of Iraq, Faisal II, King (1939–1958) :*Prime Minister of Iraq, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Iraq, complete list) – ::*Naji Shawkat, Prime minister (1932–1933) ::*Rashid Ali al-Gaylani, Prime minister (1933, 1940–1941, 1941) ::*Jameel Al-Madfaai, Prime minister (1933–1934, 1935, 1937–1938, 1941, 1953) ::*Ali Jawdat Al-Ayyubi, Prime minister (1934–1935, 1949–1950, 1957) ::*Yasin al-Hashimi, Prime minister (1924–1925, 1935–1936) ::*Hikmat Sulayman, Prime minister (1936–1937) ::*Nuri al-Said, Prime minister (1930–1932, 1938–1940, 1941–1944, 1946–1947, 1949, 1950–1952, 1954–1957, 1958) ::*Taha al-Hashimi, Prime minister (1941) ::*Hamdi al-Pachachi, Prime minister (1944–1946) ::*Tawfeeq Al-Suwaidi, Prime minister (1929, 1946, 1950) ::*Arshad al-Umari, Prime minister (1946, 1954) ::*Salih Jabr, Prime minister (1947–1948) ::*Mohammad Al-Sadr, Prime minister (1948) ::*Muzahim al-Pachachi, Prime minister (1948–1949) ''Israel'' *Israel :*President of Israel, Heads of state (List of Presidents of Israel, complete list) – ::*David Ben-Gurion, Chairman (1948) ::*Chaim Weizmann, Chairman (1948–1949), President (1949–1952) :*Prime Minister of Israel, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Israel, complete list) – ::*David Ben-Gurion, Prime minister (1948–1953) ''Jordan'' *Emirate of Transjordan :*Monarchs (List of kings of Jordan, complete list) – ::*Abdullah I of Jordan, Abdullah I, Emir (1921–1946), King (1946–1951) :*Prime Minister of Jordan, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Jordan, complete list) – ::*Rashid Tali’a, Prime minister (1921) ::*Mazhar Raslan, Prime minister (1921–1922) ::*Rida Pasha al-Rikabi, Prime minister (1922–1923) ::*Mazhar Raslan, Acting Prime minister (1923) ::*Hasan Khalid Abu al-Huda, Prime minister (1923–1924) ::*Rida Pasha al-Rikabi, Prime minister (1924–1926) ::*Hasan Khalid Abu al-Huda, Prime minister (1926–1931) ::*Abd Allah Siraj, Prime minister (1931–1933) ::*Ibrahim Hashem, Prime minister (1933–1938) ::*Tawfik Abu al-Huda, Prime minister (1938–1944) ::*Samir al-Rifai, Prime minister (1944–1945) ::*Ibrahim Hashem, Prime minister (1945–1946) *Kingdom of Jordan :*Monarchs (List of kings of Jordan, complete list) – ::*Abdullah I of Jordan, Abdullah I, Emir (1921–1946), King (1946–1951) :*Prime Minister of Jordan, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Jordan, complete list) – ::*Ibrahim Hashem, Prime minister (1946–1947) ::*Samir al-Rifai, Prime minister (1947) ::*Tawfik Abu al-Huda, Prime minister (1947–1950) ::*Sa`id al-Mufti, Prime minister (1950) ::*Samir al-Rifai, Prime minister (1950–1951) ''Kuwait'' *Sheikhdom of Kuwait (List of emirs of Kuwait, complete list) – :*Mubarak Al-Sabah, Mubarak I, Sheikh (1896–1915) :*Jaber II Al-Sabah, Jaber II, Sheikh (1915–1917) :*Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah, Salim I, Sheikh (1917–1921) :*Ahmad I Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Ahmad I, Sheikh (1921–1950) :*Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Abdullah III, Sheikh (1950–1961), Emir (1961–1965) ''Lebanon'' *Lebanon :*President of Lebanon, Presidents (List of Presidents of Lebanon, complete list) – ::*Émile Eddé, President (1943) ::*Bechara El Khoury, President (1943–1952) :*Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Lebanon, complete list) – ::*Riad Al Solh, Prime minister (1943–1945) ::*Abdul Hamid Karami, Prime minister (1945–1945) ::*Sami as-Solh, Prime minister (1945–1946) ::*Saadi Al Munla, Prime minister (1946) ::*Riad Al Solh, Prime minister (1946–1951) ''Oman'' *Sultanate/ State of Muscat and Oman (List of rulers of Oman, complete list) – :*Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Faisal, Sultan (1888–1913) :*Taimur bin Feisal, Taimur, Sultan (1913–1932) :*Said bin Taimur, Said III, Sultan (1932–1970) ''Qatar'' *Qatar (List of emirs of Qatar, complete list) – :*Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani, Emir (1878–1913) :*Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani, Emir (1913–1949) :*Ali bin Abdullah Al Thani, Emir (1949–1960) ''Saudi Arabia'' *Emirate of Jabal Shammar – :*Abdul-Aziz bin Mitab, Emir (1897–1906) :*Mutʿib bin ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, Emir (1906–1907) :*Sultān bin Ḥammūd, Emir (1907–1908) :*Saʿūd bin Ḥammūd, Emir (1908–1910) :*Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid, Saud bin Abdulaziz, Emir (1910–1920) :*ʿAbdullah bin Mutʿib, Emir (1920–1921) :*Muḥammad bin Ṭalāl, Emir (1921) *Idrisid Emirate of Asir – :*Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, Emir (1909–1923) :*Sayyid Ali ibn Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Hasani, Sayyid Ali, Emir (1923–1926) :*Sayyid al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Idrisi al-Hasani, Sayyid al-Hasan, Emir (1926–1930) *Kingdom of Hejaz – :*Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, King (1916–1924) :*Ali of Hejaz, Ali bin Hussein, King (1924–1925) *Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (List of rulers of Saudi Arabia, complete list) – :*Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King (1926–1953) *Sultanate of Nejd (List of rulers of Saudi Arabia, complete list) – :*Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King (1926–1953) *Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (List of rulers of Saudi Arabia, complete list) – :*Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King (1926–1953) *Saudi Arabia (List of rulers of Saudi Arabia, complete list) – :*Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King of Saudi Arabia, King (1926–1953) ''Syria'' *Arab Kingdom of Syria :*Monarchs (List of Syrian monarchs#Hashemite dynasty, complete list) – ::*Faisal I of Iraq, Faisal I, King (1920) :*Prime Minister of Syria, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Syria, complete list) – ::*Rida Pasha al-Rikabi, Prime minister (1920) ::*Hashim al-Atassi, Acting Prime minister (1920) ::*Ala al-Din al-Durubi Basha, Prime minister (1920) ::*Jamil al-Ulshi, Prime minister (1920) *First Syrian Republic :*President of Syria, Presidents (List of Presidents of Syria, complete list) – ::*Shukri al-Quwatli, President (1945–1949) ::*Husni al-Za'im, President (1949) ::*Sami al-Hinnawi, Acting President (1949) :*Prime Minister of Syria, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Syria, complete list) – ::*Saadallah al-Jabiri, Prime minister (1945–1946) ::*Khalid al-Azm, Acting Prime minister (1946) ::*Jamil Mardam Bey, Prime minister (1946–1948) ::*Khalid al-Azm, Prime minister (1948–1949) ::*Husni al-Za'im, Prime minister (1949) ::*Muhsin al-Barazi, Prime minister (1949) *Second Syrian Republic :*President of Syria, Presidents (List of Presidents of Syria, complete list) – ::*Hashim al-Atassi, President (1949–1951) :*Prime Minister of Syria, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Syria, complete list) – ::*Hashim al-Atassi, Prime minister (1949) ::*Nazim al-Kudsi, Prime minister (1949) ::*Khalid al-Azm, Prime minister (1949–1950) ::*Nazim al-Kudsi, Prime minister (1950–1951) ''Turkey'' *Ottoman Empire, Ottoman (Turkish) Empire :*List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Sultans – ::*Abdul Hamid II, Sultan (1876–1909) ::*Mehmed V, Sultan (1909–1918) ::*Mehmed VI, Sultan (1918–1922) :*List of Ottoman Grand Viziers, Grand Viziers – ::*Halil Rifat Pasha, Grand Vizier (1895–1901) ::*Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1901–1903) ::*Mehmed Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1903–1908) ::*Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1908) ::*Kâmil Pasha, Grand Vizier (1908–1909) ::*Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1909) ::*Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, Grand Vizier (1909) ::*Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1909–1910) ::*Ibrahim Hakki Pasha, Grand Vizier (1910–1911) ::*Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier (1911–1912) ::*Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, Grand Vizier (1912) ::*Kâmil Pasha, Grand Vizier (1912–1913) ::*Mahmud Shevket Pasha, Grand Vizier (1913) ::*Said Halim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1913–1917) ::*Talaat Pasha, Mehmed Talat Pasha, Grand Vizier (1917–1918) ::*Ahmed Izzet Pasha, Grand Vizier (1918) ::*Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, Grand Vizier (1918–1919) ::*Damat Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1919) ::*Ali Rıza Pasha, Grand Vizier (1919–1920) ::*Salih Hulusi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1920) ::*Damat Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier (1920) ::*Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, Grand Vizier (1920–1922) *Republic of Ararat – :*Ibrahim Haski, Emin Karaca, ''Ağrı Eteklerinde İsyan: Bir Kürt Ayaklanmasının Anatomisi'', 3. Baskı, Karakutu Yayınları, 2003, , s. 23. President (1927–1930) *Government of the Grand National Assembly, Ankara Government of Turkey (1920–1923) :*Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Prime minister (1920–1921) :*Fevzi Çakmak, Prime minister (1921–1922) :*Rauf Orbay, Prime minister (1922–1923) :*Fethi Okyar, Prime minister (1923) *Republic of Turkey :*President of Turkey, Presidents (List of Presidents of Turkey, complete list) – ::*Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President (1923–1938) ::*İsmet İnönü, President (1938–1950) ::*Celâl Bayar, President (1950–1960) :*Prime Minister of Turkey, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Turkey, complete list) – ::*İsmet İnönü, Prime minister (1923–1924) ::*Fethi Okyar, Prime minister (1924–1925) ::*İsmet İnönü, Prime minister (1925–1937) ::*Celâl Bayar, Prime minister (1937–1939) ::*Refik Saydam, Prime minister (1939–1942) ::*Ahmet Fikri Tüzer, Acting Prime minister (1942) ::*Şükrü Saracoğlu, Prime minister (1942–1946) ::*Recep Peker, Prime minister (1946–1947) ::*Hasan Saka, Prime minister (1947–1949) ::*Şemsettin Günaltay, Prime minister (1949–1950) ::*Adnan Menderes, Prime minister (1950–1960) ''United Arab Emirates: Trucial States'' *Emirate of Abu Dhabi – :*Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, ruler (1855–1909) :*Tahnoun bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, Tahnun bin Zayed Al Nahyan, ruler (1909–1912) :*Hamdan bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan, ruler (1912–1922) :*Sultan bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, Sultan bin Zayed Al Nahyan, ruler (1922–1926) :*Saqr bin Zayed Al Nahyan, ruler (1926–1928) :*Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler (1928–1966) *Emirate of Dubai – :*Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum, ruler (1894–1906) :*Butti bin Suhail Al Maktoum, ruler (1906–1912) :*Saeed bin Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum, ruler (1912–1958) *Emirate of Sharjah – :*Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi, ruler (1883–1914) :*Khalid bin Ahmad Al Qasimi, ruler (1914–1924) :*Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi II, ruler (1924–1951) *Emirate of Ajman – :*Abdulaziz bin Humaid Al Nuaimi, ruler (1900–1910) :*Humaid bin Abdulaziz Al Nuaimi, ruler (1910–1928) :*Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi III, ruler (1928–1981) *Umm Al Quwain – :*Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Mualla, ruler (1873–1904) :*Rashid bin Ahmad Al Mualla, ruler (1904–1922) :*Abdullah bin Rashid Al Mualla II, ruler (1922–1923) :*Hamad bin Ibrahim Al Mualla, ruler (1923–1929) :*Ahmad bin Rashid Al Mualla, ruler (1929–1981) *Emirate of Fujairah – :*Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi, ruler (1879–1936) :*Saif bin Hamad Al Sharqi, ruler (1936–1938) :*Mohammed bin Hamad Al Sharqi, ruler (1938–1975) *Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah – :*Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi, ruler (1900–1914) :*Khalid bin Ahmad Al Qasimi, ruler (1914–1921) :*Sultan bin Salim Al Qasimi, ruler (1921–1948) :*Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, ruler (1948–2010) ''Yemen: North'' *North Yemen: Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen :*Kings (List of heads of state of Yemen#Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1970), complete list) – ::*Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, King (1918–1948) ::*Ahmad bin Yahya, King (1948–1962) :*Prime Minister of Yemen, Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Yemen, complete list) – ::*Ibrahim bin Yahya Hamid al-Din, Prime minister (1948) ::*Ali ibn Abdullah al-Wazir, Prime minister (1948) ::*Hassan ibn Yahya, Prime minister (1948–1955) ''Yemen: South'' *Colony of Aden ( complete list) – :''British Colony, 1937–1963'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' *Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom (Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom#Sheikhs, complete list) – :*`Amm Rassas ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi, Amir (1890–1902) :*Muhsin ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi, Amir (1902–1959) *Upper Aulaqi Sultanate (Upper Aulaqi Sultanate#Sultans, complete list) – :*Salih ibn `Abd Allah, Sultan (1887–1935) :*`Awad ibn Salih al-`Awlaqi, Sultan (1935–1967) *Wahidi Balhaf of Ba´l Haf and `Azzan (Wahidi Balhaf#Wahidi Sultanate of `Azzan, complete list) – :*Salih ibn `Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1893–1904) :*Muhsin ibn Salih al-Wahidi (2nd time), Sultan (1904–1919) :*`Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi, Sultan (1919–1948) :*`Ali ibn Muhsin al-Wahidi (uncertain), Sultan (1948) :*Nasir ibn `Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1948–1967) *Emirate of Beihan (Emirate of Beihan#Emirs, complete list) – :*Muhsin, Amir (?–1903) :*Sharif Ahmad Muhsin Al Habieli, Amir (1903–1935) *Emirate of Dhala (Emirate of Beihan#Emirs, complete list) – :*Sha´if ibn Sayf al-`Amiri, Emir (1886–1911) :*Nasir ibn Sha'if al-`Amiri, Emir (1911–1920, 1928–1947) :*Haydara ibn Nasir al-`Amiri, Emir (1920–1928) :*`Ali ibn `Ali al-`Amiri, Emir (1947–1954) *Wahidi Haban (Wahidi Haban#Sultans, complete list) – :*Nasir ibn Salih al-Wahidi, Sultan (1885–1919) :*al-Husayn ibn `Ali al-Wahidi, Sultan (1919–?) *Kathiri (Al Kathiri#Home of Al Kathir Tribes, complete list) – :*al-Mansur ibn Ghalib al-Kathir, Sultan (1880–1929) :*'Ali ibn al-Mansur al-Kathir, Sultan (1929–1938) :*Dscha'far ibn al-Mansur al-Kathir, Sultan (1938–1949) :*al-Husain ibn 'Ali al-Kathir, Sultan (1949–1967) *Sultanate of Lahej – :*Ahmad III ibn al-Fadl al-'Abdali, Sultan (1898–1914) :*'Ali II ibn Ahmad al-'Abdali, Sultan (1914–1915) :*'Abd al-Karim II ibn al-Fadl al-'Abdali, Sultan (1915–1947) :*al-Fadl V ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1947–1952) *Mahra Sultanate – :*`Ali ibn `Abd Allah Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (late-19th century–1907) :*`Abd Allah ibn `Isa Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (1907–early-20th century) :*Ahmad ibn `Abd Allah Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (mid-20th century–1952) *Lower Yafa – :*Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al-Afifi, ruler (1899–1916) :*Muhsin II ibn Ali al-Afifi, ruler (1916–1925) :*Aydarus ibn Muhsin al-Afifi, ruler (1925–1958) *Upper Yafa – :*Qahtan ibn `Umar ibn al-Husayn Al Harhara, Sultan (1895–1903) :*Salih ibn `Umar ibn al-Husayn Al Harhara, Sultan (1903–1913, 1919–1927) :*`Umar ibn Qahtan ibn `Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (1913–1919) :*Umar ibn Salih ibn `Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (1927–1948) :*Muhammad ibn Salih ibn `Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (1948–1967)

Europe

Europe: Balkans

''Albania'' *Independent Albania / Provisional Government of Albania, Provisional Government :*President of Albania, President (List of heads of state of Albania, complete list) – ::*Ismail Qemali, President (1912–1914) :*Prime Minister of Albania, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Albania, complete list) – ::*Ismail Qemali, Prime minister (1912–1914) ::*Fejzi Alizoti, Prime minister (1914) *Principality of Albania :*President of Albania, President (List of heads of state of Albania, complete list) – ::*William, Prince of Albania, William of Wied, Prince (1914), Prince in exile (1914–1925) ::*Italian protectorate over Albania, 1917–1920 :*Turhan Përmeti, Chairman of the Provisional Government (1918–1920) ::*Sulejman Delvina, Chairman of the Provisional Government (1920) ::*High Council of Regency, Head of State (1920–1925) ::*Fan S. Noli, Acting for the High Council (1924) :*Prime Minister of Albania, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Albania, complete list) – ::*Turhan Përmeti, Prime minister (1914) ::*Essad Pasha Toptani, Prime minister (1914–1916) ::*Turhan Përmeti, Prime minister (1918–1920) ::*Sulejman Delvina, Prime minister (1920) ::*Iliaz Vrioni, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*Pandeli Evangjeli, Prime minister (1921) ::*Qazim Koculi, Interim Prime minister (1921) ::*Hasan Prishtina, Prime minister (1921) ::*Idhomene Kosturi, Interim Prime minister (1921) ::*Omer Pasha Vrioni II, Prime minister (1921) ::*Xhafer Bej Ypi, Prime minister (1921–1922) ::*Zog of Albania, Ahmet Zogu, Prime Minister (1922–1924) ::*Shefqet Vërlaci, Prime Minister (1924) ::*Iliaz Vrioni, Prime Minister (1924) ::*Fan S. Noli, Prime Minister (1924) ::*Iliaz Vrioni, Prime Minister (1924–1925) ::*Zog I of Albania, Ahmet Zogu, Prime minister (1925) *Albanian Republic (List of heads of state of Albania, complete list) – :*Zog I of Albania, Ahmet Zogu (Zogu I), President (1925–1928), King (1928–1939) *Albanian Kingdom (1928–39), Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) :*King of Albania, King (List of heads of state of Albania, complete list) – ::*Zog I of Albania, Zogu I (Ahmet Zogu), President (1925–1928), King (1928–1939) :*Prime Minister of Albania, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Albania, complete list) – ::*Kostaq Kota, Prime minister (1928–1930) ::*Pandeli Evangjeli, Prime minister (1930–1935) ::*Mehdi Frashëri, Prime minister (1935–1936) ::*Kostaq Kota, Prime minister (1936–1939) *Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943) :*King of Albania, King (List of heads of state of Albania, complete list) – ::*Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, King (1939–1943) :*Prime Minister of Albania, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Albania, complete list) – ::*Shefqet Vërlaci, Prime minister (1939–1941) ::*Mustafa Merlika-Kruja, Prime minister (1941–1943) ::*Eqrem Libohova, Prime minister (1943) ::*Maliq Bushati, Prime minister (1943) ::*Eqrem Libohova, Prime minister (1943) *German occupation of Albania :*King of Albania, King (List of heads of state of Albania, complete list) – ::*Mehdi Frashëri, Regent (1943–1944) :*Prime Minister of Albania, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Albania, complete list) – ::*Ibrahim Biçakçiu, Prime minister (1943) ::*Mehdi Frashëri, Prime minister (1943) ::*Rexhep Mitrovica, Prime minister (1943–1944) ::*Fiqri Dine, Prime minister (1944) ::*Ibrahim Biçakçiu, Prime minister (1944) *People's Socialist Republic of Albania :*First Secretaries (Party of Labour of Albania#First Secretaries of the Party of Labour of Albania, complete list) – ::*Enver Hoxha, First Secretary (1941–1985): Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) :*Chairman (List of heads of state of Albania, complete list) – ::*Omer Nishani, Chairman (1944–1953): Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) :*Prime Minister of Albania, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Albania, complete list) – ::*Enver Hoxha, Prime minister (1944–1954): Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) ''Bulgaria'' *Principality of Bulgaria :*Princes (List of Bulgarian monarchs, complete list) – ::*Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, Ferdinand I, Prince (1887–1908), Tsar (1908–1918) :*Prime Minister of Bulgaria, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria, complete list) – ::*Todor Ivanchov, Prime minister (1899–1901) ::*Racho Petrov, Prime minister (1901) ::*Petko Karavelov, Prime minister (1880–1881, 1884–1886, 1886, 1901–1902) ::*Stoyan Danev, Prime minister (1902–1903) ::*Racho Petrov, Prime minister (1903–1906) ::*Dimitar Petkov, Prime minister (1906–1907) ::*Dimitar Stanchov, Interim Prime minister (1907) ::*Petar Gudev, Prime minister (1907–1908) *Kingdom of Bulgaria :*Tsars (List of Bulgarian monarchs, complete list) – ::*Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, Ferdinand I, Prince (1887–1908), Tsar (1908–1918) ::*Boris III of Bulgaria, Boris III, Tsar (1918–1943) ::*Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Simeon II, Tsar (1943–1946) :*Prime Minister of Bulgaria, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria, complete list) – ::*Aleksandar Malinov, Prime minister (1908–1911) ::*Ivan Evstratiev Geshov, Prime minister (1911–1913) ::*Stoyan Danev, Prime minister (1913) ::*Vasil Radoslavov, Prime minister (1886–1887, 1913–1918) ::*Aleksandar Malinov, Prime minister (1918) ::*Teodor Teodorov, Prime minister (1918–1919) ::*Aleksandar Stamboliyski, Prime minister (1919–1923) ::*Aleksandar Tsankov, Prime minister (1923–1926) ::*Andrey Lyapchev, Prime minister (1926–1931) ::*Aleksandar Malinov, Prime minister (1931) ::*Nikola Mushanov, Prime minister (1931–1934) ::*Kimon Georgiev, Prime minister (1934–1935) ::*Pencho Zlatev, Prime minister (1935) ::*Andrey Toshev, Prime minister (1935) ::*Georgi Kyoseivanov, Prime minister (1935–1940) ::*Bogdan Filov, Prime minister (1940–1943) ::*Petur Gabrovski, Interim Prime minister (1943) ::*Dobri Bozhilov, Prime minister (1943–1944) ::*Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov, Prime minister (1944) ::*Konstantin Muraviev, Prime minister (1944) ::*Kimon Georgiev, Prime minister (1944–1946) *People's Republic of Bulgaria :*General Secretary (List of heads of state of Bulgaria#General Secretaries of the Bulgarian Communist Party (1946–1990), complete list) – ::*Georgi Dimitrov, General Secretary (1946–1949) ::*Valko Chervenkov, General Secretary (1949–1954) :*President of Bulgaria, Presidents (List of heads of state of Bulgaria#People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990), complete list) – ::*Vasil Kolarov, Chairman of the Provisional Presidency of Bulgaria (1946–1947) ::*Mincho Neychev, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1947–1950) ::*Georgi Damyanov, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1950–1958) :*Prime Minister of Bulgaria, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria, complete list) – ::*Georgi Dimitrov, Prime Minister (1946–1949) ::*Vasil Kolarov, Prime Minister (1949–1950) ::*Vulko Chervenkov, Prime Minister (1950–1956) ''Greece'' *Kingdom of Greece :*List of kings of Greece, Monarchy (List of heads of state of Greece, complete list) – ::*George I of Greece, George I, King (1863–1913) ::*Constantine I of Greece, Constantine I, King (1913–1917) ::*Alexander of Greece, Alexander, King (1917–1920) ::*Pavlos Kountouriotis, Regent (1920) ::*Olga Constantinovna of Russia, Olga Constantinovna, Regent (1920) ::*Constantine I of Greece, Constantine I, King (1920–1922) ::*George II of Greece, George II, King (1922–1924) :*Prime Minister of Greece, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Greece, complete list) – ::*Georgios Theotokis, Prime minister (1899–1901) ::*Alexandros Zaimis, Prime minister (1897–1899, 1901–1902) ::*Theodoros Diligiannis, Prime minister (1902–1903) ::*Georgios Theotokis, Prime minister (1903) ::*Dimitrios Rallis, Prime minister (1903) ::*Georgios Theotokis, Prime minister (1903–1904) ::*Theodoros Diligiannis, Prime minister (1904–1905) ::*Dimitrios Rallis, Prime minister (1905) ::*Georgios Theotokis, Prime minister (1905–1909) ::*Dimitrios Rallis, Prime minister (1909) ::*Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis, Prime minister (1909–1910) ::*Stephanos Dragoumis, Prime minister (1910) ::*Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1910–1915) ::*Dimitrios Gounaris, Prime minister (1915) ::*Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1915) ::*Alexandros Zaimis, Prime minister (1915) ::*Stephanos Skouloudis, Prime minister (1915–1916) ::*Alexandros Zaimis, Prime minister (1916) ::*Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos, Prime minister (1916) ::*Spyridon Lambros, Prime minister (1916–1917) ::*Alexandros Zaimis, Prime minister (1917) ::*Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1917–1920) ::*Dimitrios Rallis, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos, Prime minister (1921) ::*Dimitrios Gounaris, Prime minister (1921–1922) ::*Nikolaos Stratos, Prime minister (1922) ::*Petros Protopapadakis, Prime minister (1922) ::*Nikolaos Triantafyllakos, Prime minister (1922) ::*Anastasios Charalambis, Prime minister (1922) ::*Sotirios Krokidas, Prime minister (1922) ::*Stylianos Gonatas, Prime minister (1922–1924) ::*Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1924) ::*Georgios Kafantaris, Prime minister (1924) *Cretan State – :'' Autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire, establishment by the Great Powers, 1898–1913'' :*High Commissioners ::*Prince George of Greece, High Commissioner, (1898–1906) ::*Alexandros Zaimis, High Commissioner, (1906–1911) :*Prime Ministers ::*Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister (1910) *Second Hellenic Republic :*President of Greece, Presidents (List of heads of state of Greece, complete list) – ::*Pavlos Kountouriotis, President (1924–1926) ::*Theodoros Pangalos (general), Theodoros Pangalos, President (1926) ::*Pavlos Kountouriotis, President (1926–1929) ::*Alexandros Zaimis, President (1929–1935) :*Prime Minister of Greece, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Greece, complete list) – ::*Alexandros Papanastasiou, Prime minister (1924) ::*Themistoklis Sofoulis, Prime minister (1924) ::*Andreas Michalakopoulos, Prime minister (1924–1925) ::*Theodoros Pangalos (general), Theodoros Pangalos, Prime minister (1925–1926) ::*Athanasios Eftaxias, Prime minister (1926) ::*Georgios Kondylis, Caretaker Prime minister (1926) ::*Alexandros Zaimis, Prime minister (1926–1928) ::*Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1928–1932) ::*Alexandros Papanastasiou, Prime minister (1932) ::*Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1932) ::*Panagis Tsaldaris, Prime minister (1932–1933) ::*Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime minister (1933) ::*Alexandros Othonaios, Interim Prime minister (1933) ::*Panagis Tsaldaris, Prime minister (1933–1935) *Kingdom of Greece: 4th of August Regime :*List of kings of Greece, Monarchy (List of heads of state of Greece, complete list) – ::*Georgios Kondylis, Regent (1935–1944) ::*George II of Greece, George II, King (1935–1947) ::*Damaskinos of Athens, Damaskinos, Regent (1944–1946) ::*Paul of Greece, Paul, King (1947–1964) :*Prime Minister of Greece, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Greece, complete list) – ::*Georgios Kondylis, Prime minister (1935) ::*Konstantinos Demertzis, Prime minister (1935–1936) ::*Ioannis Metaxas, Prime minister (1936–1941) ::*Alexandros Koryzis, Prime minister (1941) ::*Emmanouil Tsouderos, Prime minister (1941), government-in-exile Prime minister (1941–1944) ::*Sofoklis Venizelos, government-in-exile Prime minister (1944) ::*Evripidis Bakirtzis, head of government (1944) Political Committee of National Liberation, Mountain Government ::*Alexandros Svolos, head of government (1944) Political Committee of National Liberation, Mountain Government ::*Georgios Papandreou, Prime minister (1944–1945) ::*Nikolaos Plastiras, Prime minister (1945) ::*Petros Voulgaris, Prime minister (1945) ::*Damaskinos of Athens, Prime minister (1945) ::*Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, Prime minister (1945) ::*Themistoklis Sofoulis, Prime minister (1945–1946) ::*Panagiotis Poulitsas, Interim Prime minister (1946) ::*Konstantinos Tsaldaris, Prime minister (1946–1947) ::*Dimitrios Maximos, Prime minister (1947) ::*Konstantinos Tsaldaris, Prime minister (1947) ::*Themistoklis Sofoulis, Prime minister (1947–1949) ::*Alexandros Diomidis, Prime minister (1949–1950) ::*Ioannis Theotokis, caretaker Prime minister (1950) ::*Sofoklis Venizelos, Prime minister (1950) ::*Nikolaos Plastiras, Prime minister (1950) ::*Sofoklis Venizelos, Prime minister (1950–1951) ''Yugoslavia'' :''Serbia & Yugoslavia'' *Kingdom of Serbia / Yugoslavia: Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia :*Monarchs (List of Serbian monarchs, Serbia / List of heads of state of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia) – ::*Alexander I of Serbia, Alexander of Serbia, King (1889–1903) ::*Peter I of Serbia, Peter I, King (1903–1921) ::*Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Alexander of Yugoslavia, Prince Regent (1918–1921), King (1921–1934) ::*Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, Paul, Prince Regent (1934–1941) ::*Peter II of Yugoslavia, Peter II, King (1934–1945) :*Presidents of the ministry: Serbia (Prime Minister of Serbia#List of Prime Ministers, complete list) – ::*Aleksa Jovanović (politician), Aleksa Jovanović, President of the ministry (1900–1901) ::*Mihailo Vujić, President of the ministry (1901–1902) ::*Petar Velimirović, President of the ministry (1902) ::*Dimitrije Cincar-Marković, President of the ministry (1902–1903) ::*Jovan Avakumović, President of the ministerial council (1903) ::*Sava Grujić, Prime minister (1903–1904) ::*Nikola Pašić, Prime minister (1904–1905) ::*Ljubomir Stojanović, Prime minister (1905–1906) ::*Sava Grujić, Prime minister (1906) ::*Nikola Pašić, Prime minister (1906–1908) ::*Petar Velimirović, Prime minister (1908–1909) ::*Stojan Novaković, Prime minister (1909) ::*Nikola Pašić, Prime minister (1909–1911) ::*Milovan Milovanović, Prime minister (1911–1912) ::*Marko Trifković, Prime minister (1912) ::*Nikola Pašić, Prime minister (1912–1918) :*Prime ministers: Yugoslavia (Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, complete list) – ::*Nikola Pašić, Acting Prime minister (1918) ::*Stojan Protić, Prime minister (1918–1919) ::*Ljubomir Davidović, Prime minister (1919–1920) ::*Stojan Protić, Prime minister (1920) ::*Milenko Radomar Vesnić, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*Nikola Pašić, Prime minister (1921–1924) ::*Ljubomir Davidović, Prime minister (1924) ::*Nikola Pašić, Prime minister (1924–1926) ::*Nikola Uzunović, Prime minister (1926–1927) ::*Velimir Vukićević, Prime minister (1927–1928) ::*Anton Korošec, Prime minister (1928–1929) ::*Petar Živković, Prime minister (1929–1932) ::*Vojislav Marinković, Prime minister (1932) ::*Milan Srškić, Prime minister (1932–1934) ::*Nikola Uzunović, Prime minister (1934) ::*Bogoljub Jevtić, Prime minister (1934–1935) ::*Milan Stojadinović, Prime minister (1935–1939) ::*Dragiša Cvetković, Prime minister (1939–1941) *Yugoslavia: Democratic Federal Yugoslavia :*Chairman of the Presidency of the National Assembly/ AVNOJ (List of presidents of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia, complete list) – ::*Ivan Ribar, Chairman of the Presidency (1945–1953) :*Monarchs (List of heads of state of Yugoslavia, complete list) – ::*Peter II of Yugoslavia, Peter II, King (1934–1945) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, complete list) – ::*Josip Broz Tito, Prime minister (1941–1963) *Yugoslavia: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia :*General Secretary (General Secretary of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, complete list) – ::*Josip Broz Tito, General Secretary (1945–1964), President of the Presidium (1964–1980) :*Presidents (List of heads of state of Yugoslavia, complete list) – ::*Ivan Ribar, Chairman of the Presidency (1945–1953) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, complete list) – ::*Josip Broz Tito, Prime minister (1941–1963) :''Croatia'' *Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) (List of Croatian monarchs, complete list) – ::''part of the Habsburg monarchy, also part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown'' ::*Franz Joseph I of Austria, Franz Joseph, King (1848–1916) *Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia ::''part of the Austrian Empire'' :*House of Habsburg-Lorraine, Kings (List of Croatian monarchs, complete list) – ::*Franz Joseph I of Austria, Franz Joseph, King (1848–1916) ::*Charles I of Austria, Charles I, King (1916–1918) :*Ban of Croatia, Bans (Ban of Croatia#Habsburg-era bans, complete list) – ::*Dragutin Karoly Khuen-Héderváry, Karoly Khuen-Héderváry, Ban (1883–1903) ::*Teodor Pejačević, Ban (1907) ::*Aleksandar Rakodczay, Aleksandar Rakodczaj, Ban (1907–1908) ::*Pavao Rauch, Ban (1908–1910) ::*Nikola Tomašić, Ban (1910–1912) ::*Slavko Cuvaj, Ban (1912–1913) ::*Ivan Skerlecz, Ban (1913–1917) ::*Antun Mihalović, Ban (1917–1919) *Free State of Fiume – :*Riccardo Zanella, President (1921–1922) :*Giovanni Giuriati, President (1922–1923) :*Gaetano Giardino, Military Governor (1923–1924) *Independent State of Croatia :''Puppet state of Nazi Germany and Italy within occupied Yugoslavia'' :*Heads of State (List of rulers of Croatia#King of the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1943), complete list) – ::*Tomislav II,Rodogno, Davide; Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War; p.95; Cambridge University Press, 2006 King (1941–1943) ::*Ante Pavelić, Poglavnik (1943–1945) :*Heads of Government (List of leaders of Independent State of Croatia, complete list) – ::*Ante Pavelić, Prime Minister/President of the Government (1941–1943) ::*Nikcorrectedola Mandić, Prime Minister/President of the Government (1943–1945) :''Kosovo'' *Kosovo Vilayet (Kosovo Vilayet#Governors, complete list) – :''administrative division of the Ottoman Empire, under Austro-Hungarian occupation 1878–1913'' :*Reshad Bey Pasha, Governor (1900–1902) :*Abeddin Pasha, Governor (1902–1903) :*Shakir Pasha Numan, Governor (1903–1904) :*Mahmud Shevket Pasha, Governor (1905–1907) :*Hadi Pasha, Governor (1908) :*Mazhar Bey Pasha, Governor (1909–1910) :*Halil Bey Pasha, Governor (1911) :*Ghalib Pasha, Governor (1912) :''Montenegro'' *Principality of Montenegro :*Monarchs (List of rulers of Montenegro, complete list) – ::*Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš, Nikola I, Sovereign prince (1860–1910), King (1910–1918) :*Presidents of the ministerial council (Prime Minister of Montenegro, complete list) – ::*Božo Petrović-Njegoš, President (1879–1905) ::*Lazar Mijušković, President (1905–1906) ::*Marko Radulović (politician), Marko Radulović, President (1906–1907) ::*Andrija Radović, President (1907) ::*Lazar Tomanović, President (1907–1910) *Kingdom of Montenegro :*Monarchs (List of rulers of Montenegro, complete list) – ::*Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš, Nikola I, Sovereign prince (1860–1910), King (1910–1918) :*Presidents of the ministerial council (Prime Minister of Montenegro, complete list) – ::*Lazar Tomanović, President (1910–1912) ::*Mitar Martinović, President (1912–1913) ::*Janko Vukotić, President (1913–1915) ::*Milo Matanović, President (1915–1916) ::*Lazar Mijušković, President in-exile (1916) ::*Andrija Radović, President in-exile (1916–1917) ::*Milo Matanović, President in-exile (1917) ::*Evgenije Popović, President in-exile (1917–1919) ::*Anto Gvozdenović, President in-exile (1919–1921) ::*Jovan Plamenac, President in-exile (1921–1922) ::*Milutin Vučinić, President in-exile (1922) ::*Anto Gvozdenović, President in-exile (1922)

Europe: Baltic states

''Estonia'' *Estonian Provisional Government :*President of Estonia, Heads of state (Head of State of Estonia, complete list) – ::*Konstantin Päts, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1918), Prime minister (1918–1919) ::*Otto Strandman, Prime minister (1919) *Republic of Estonia :*President of Estonia, Heads of state (Head of State of Estonia, complete list) – ::*Ants Piip, State Elder (1920–1921) ::*Konstantin Päts, State Elder (1921–1922) ::*Juhan Kukk, State Elder (1922–1923) ::*Konstantin Päts, State Elder (1923–1924) ::*Friedrich Akel, State Elder (1924) ::*Jüri Jaakson, State Elder (1924–1925) ::*Jaan Teemant, State Elder (1925–1927) ::*Jaan Tõnisson, State Elder (1927–1928) ::*August Rei, State Elder (1928–1929) ::*Otto Strandman, State Elder (1929–1931) ::*Konstantin Päts, State Elder (1931–1932) ::*Jaan Teemant, State Elder (1932) ::*Kaarel Eenpalu, State Elder (1932) ::*Konstantin Päts, State Elder (1932–1933) ::*Jaan Tõnisson, State Elder (1933) ::*Konstantin Päts, State Elder (1933–1934) ::*''Prime ministers in Duties of the State Elder'' (1934–1937) ::*Konstantin Päts, President-Regent (1937–1938) ::*Konstantin Päts, President (1938–1940) :*Prime Minister of Estonia, Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Estonia, complete list) – ::*Otto Strandman, Prime minister (1919) ::*Jaan Tõnisson, Prime minister (1919–1920) ::*Ado Birk, Prime minister (1920) ::*Jaan Tõnisson, Prime minister (1920) ::*Ants Piip, Prime minister (1920) ::*Konstantin Päts, Prime minister (1934–1937) ::*Kaarel Eenpalu, Prime minister (1938–1939) ::*Jüri Uluots, Prime minister (1939–1945) ::*Otto Tief, Prime minister (1945–1963) ''Latvia'' *Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic – :*Pēteris Stučka, Chairman (1918–1920) *Republic of Latvia :*Presidents (President of Latvia, complete list) – ::*Jānis Čakste, Acting President (1918–1922), President (1922–1927) ::*Gustavs Zemgals, President (1927–1930) ::*Alberts Kviesis, President (1930–1936) ::*Kārlis Ulmanis, President (1936–1940) ::*Kārlis Ulmanis, President (1936–1940) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Latvia, complete list) – ::*Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime minister (1918–1921) ::*Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, Prime minister (1921–1923) ::*Jānis Pauļuks, Prime minister (1923) ::*Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, Prime minister (1923–1924) ::*Voldemārs Zāmuēls, Prime minister (1924) ::*Hugo Celmiņš, Prime minister (1924–1925) ::*Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime minister (1925–1926) ::*Arturs Alberings, Prime minister (1926) ::*Marģers Skujenieks, Prime minister (1926–1928) ::*Pēteris Juraševskis, Prime minister (1928) ::*Hugo Celmiņš, Prime minister (1928–1931) ::*Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime minister (1931) ::*Marģers Skujenieks, Prime minister (1931–1933) ::*Ādolfs Bļodnieks, Prime minister (1933–1934) ::*Kārlis Ulmanis, Prime minister (1934–1940) ''Lithuania'' *Kingdom of Lithuania (1918) – :*Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach, Wilhelm Karl: Mindaugas II, King-elect (1918) *Republic of Central Lithuania – :''Puppet state of the Second Polish Republic'' :*Lucjan Żeligowski, leader (1920–1922) *Republic of Lithuania :*Presidents (List of rulers of Lithuania, complete list) – ::*Antanas Smetona, President (1919–1920) ::*Aleksandras Stulginskis, President (1920–1926) ::*Kazys Grinius, President (1926) ::*Jonas Staugaitis, Acting President (1926) ::*Aleksandras Stulginskis, Acting President (1926) ::*Antanas Smetona, President (1926–1940) ::*Antanas Merkys, de facto acting president (1940) ::*Justas Paleckis, Acting president (1940) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Lithuania, complete list) – ::*Augustinas Voldemaras, Prime minister (1918) ::*Mykolas Sleževičius, Prime minister (1918–1919) ::*Pranas Dovydaitis, Prime minister (1919) ::*Mykolas Sleževičius, Prime minister (1919) ::*Ernestas Galvanauskas, Prime minister (1919–1920) ::*Kazys Grinius, Prime minister (1920–1922) ::*Ernestas Galvanauskas, Prime minister (1922–1924) ::*Antanas Tumėnas, Prime minister (1924–1925) ::*Vytautas Petrulis, Prime minister (1925) ::*Leonas Bistras, Prime minister (1925–1926) ::*Mykolas Sleževičius, Prime minister (1926) ::*Augustinas Voldemaras, Prime minister (1926–1929) ::*Juozas Tūbelis, Prime minister (1929–1938) ::*Vladas Mironas, Prime minister (1938–1939) ::*Jonas Černius, Prime minister (1939) ::*Antanas Merkys, Prime minister (1939–1940)

Europe: British Isles

''Ireland'' *Irish Free State :*Monarchy in the Irish Free State, Monarchs ( complete list) – ::*

, King (1922–1936) ::*

, King (1936) ::*

, King (1936–1937) :*Presidents of the Executive Council (President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State#Officeholders, complete list) – ::*W. T. Cosgrave, President of the Executive Council (1922–1932) ::*Éamon de Valera, President of the Executive Council (1932–1937) *Republic of Ireland :*Presidents (President of Ireland#List of Presidents of Ireland, complete list) – ::*Douglas Hyde, President (1938–1945) ::*Seán T. O'Kelly, President (1945–1959) :*Taoiseachs (Irish heads of government since 1919, complete list) – ::*Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach (1937–1948) ::*John A. Costello, Taoiseach (1948–1951) ''United Kingdom'' *United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland :*Monarchy of the United Kingdom, Monarchs ( complete list) – ::*Queen Victoria, Victoria, Queen (1837–1901) ::*Edward VII, King (1901–1910) ::*

, King (1910–1936) :*Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, complete list) – ::*Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Prime minister (1895–1902) ::*Arthur Balfour, Prime minister (1902–1905) ::*Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Prime minister (1905–1908) ::*H. H. Asquith, Prime minister (1908–1916) ::*David Lloyd George, Prime minister (1916–1922) ::*Bonar Law, Prime minister (1922) *

of Great Britain and Northern Ireland :*Monarchy of the United Kingdom, Monarchs ( complete list) – ::*

, King (1910–1936) ::*

, King (1936) ::*

, King (1936–1952) :*Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, complete list) – ::*Bonar Law, Prime minister (1922–1923) ::*Stanley Baldwin, Prime minister (1923–1924) ::*Ramsay MacDonald, Prime minister (1924) ::*Stanley Baldwin, Prime minister (1924–1929) ::*Ramsay MacDonald, Prime minister (1929–1935) ::*Stanley Baldwin, Prime minister (1935–1937) ::*Neville Chamberlain, Prime minister (1937–1940) ::*Winston Churchill, Prime minister (1940–1945) ::*Clement Attlee, Prime minister (1945–1951)

Europe: Central

''Austria'' *Austria-Hungary: Austrian Empire and Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, Kingdom of Hungary :*Emperor of Austria, Emperor-King of Hungary, Kings (List of rulers of Austria, Austria / List of Hungarian monarchs, Hungary) – ::*Franz Joseph I of Austria, Franz Joseph I, Emperor (1848–1916) ::*Charles I of Austria, Charles I & IV, Emperor (1916–1918) :*Ministers-President of Austria (List of Ministers-President of Austria, complete list) – ::*Ernest von Koerber, Ministers-President (1900–1904) ::*Paul Gautsch von Frankenthurn, Ministers-President (1904–1906) ::*Prince Konrad of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Konrad of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Ministers-President (1906) ::*Baron Max Wladimir von Beck, Max Wladimir von Beck, Ministers-President (1906–1908) ::*Count Richard von Bienerth-Schmerling, Richard von Bienerth-Schmerling, Ministers-President (1908–1911) ::*Paul Gautsch von Frankenthurn, Ministers-President (1911) ::*Karl von Stürgkh, Ministers-President (1911–1916) ::*Ernest von Koerber, Ministers-President (1916) ::*Heinrich Clam-Martinic, Ministers-President (1916–1917) ::*Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg, Ministers-President (1917–1918) ::*Baron Max Hussarek von Heinlein, Max Hussarek von Heinlein, Ministers-President (1918) ::*Heinrich Lammasch, Ministers-President (1918) :*Prime Ministers of Hungary (List of Prime Ministers of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Kálmán Széll, Prime Minister (1899–1903) ::*Károly Khuen-Héderváry, Prime Minister (1903) ::*István Tisza, Prime Minister (1903–1905) ::*Géza Fejérváry, Prime Minister (1905–1906) ::*Sándor Wekerle, Prime Minister (1906–1910) ::*Károly Khuen-Héderváry, Prime Minister (1910–1912) ::*László Lukács, Prime Minister (1912–1913) ::*István Tisza, Prime Minister (1913–1917) ::*Móric Esterházy, Prime Minister (1917) ::*Sándor Wekerle, Prime Minister (1917–1918) ::*János Hadik, Prime Minister (1918) ::*Mihály Károlyi, Prime Minister (1918) *Habsburg monarchy (List of rulers of Austria, complete list) – ::''House of Habsburg-Lorraine, Habsburg-Lorraine monarchs ruled under numerous simultaneous titles'' :*Franz Joseph I of Austria, Francis Joseph I, (1848–1916) :*Karl I of Austria, Karl I, (1916–1918) *Republic of German-Austria :*President of Austria, President (List of Federal Presidents of Austria, complete list) – ::*Karl Seitz, President (1919) :*Chancellor of Austria, Chancellor (List of Chancellors of Austria, complete list) – ::*Karl Renner, Chancellor (1918–1919) *First Austrian Republic/ Federal State of Austria :*President of Austria, Federal Presidents (List of Federal Presidents of Austria, complete list) – ::*Karl Seitz, President (1919–1920) ::*Michael Hainisch, President (1920–1928) ::*Wilhelm Miklas, President (1928–1938) :*Chancellor of Austria, Chancellors (List of Chancellors of Austria, complete list) – ::*Karl Renner, Chancellor (1919–1920) ::*Michael Mayr, Chancellor (1920–1921) ::*Johann Schober, Chancellor (1921–1922) ::*Walter Breisky, Acting Chancellor (1922) ::*Johann Schober, Chancellor (1922) ::*Ignaz Seipel, Chancellor (1922–1924) ::*Rudolf Ramek, Chancellor (1924–1926) ::*Ignaz Seipel, Chancellor (1926–1929) ::*Ernst Streeruwitz, Chancellor (1929) ::*Johann Schober, Chancellor (1929–1930) ::*Carl Vaugoin, Chancellor (1930) ::*Otto Ender, Chancellor (1930–1931) ::*Karl Buresch, Chancellor (1931–1932) ::*Engelbert Dollfuss, Chancellor (1932–1934) ::*Kurt Schuschnigg, Chancellor (1934–1938) ::*Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Chancellor (1938) *Allied-occupied Austria :*American zone High Commissioners (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Austria#American zone, complete list) – ::*Mark W. Clark, High Commissioner (1945–1947) ::*Geoffrey Keyes, High Commissioner (1947–1950) ::*Walter J. Donnelly, High Commissioner (1950–1952) :*British zone High Commissioners (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Austria#British zone, complete list) – ::*Richard McCreery, High Commissioner (1945–1946) ::*James Steele (British Army officer), James Steele, High Commissioner (1946–1947) ::*Alexander Galloway, High Commissioner (1947–1950) ::*John Winterton, High Commissioner (1950) ::*Harold Caccia, Baron Caccia, Harold Caccia, High Commissioner (1950–1954) :*French zone High Commissioners (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Austria#French zone, complete list) – ::*Antoine Béthouart, High Commissioner (1945–1955) :*Soviet zone Commanders (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Austria#Soviet zone, complete list) – ::*Fyodor Tolbukhin, Military commander (1945) ::*Ivan Konev, High Commissioner (1945–1946) ::*Vladimir Kurasov, High Commissioner (1946–1949) ::*Vladimir Petrovich Sviridov, High Commissioner (1949–1953) *Republic of Austria :*President of Austria, Federal Presidents (List of Federal Presidents of Austria, complete list) – ::*Karl Renner, President (1945–1950) :*Chancellor of Austria, Chancellors (List of Chancellors of Austria, complete list) – ::*Karl Renner, Chancellor (1945) ::*Leopold Figl, Chancellor (1945–1953) ''Czechoslovakia'' *Kingdom of Bohemia (List of Bohemian monarchs#Kings of Bohemia, complete list) – :*Franz Joseph I of Austria, Franz Joseph I, King (1848–1916) :*Charles I of Austria, Charles III, King (1916–1918) *Czechoslovakia: First Czechoslovak Republic, First Republic :*President of Czechoslovakia, Presidents (List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia, complete list) – ::*Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, President (1918–1935) ::*Edvard Beneš, President (1935–1938) :*Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia, complete list) – ::*Karel Kramář, Prime minister (1918–1919) ::*Vlastimil Tusar, Prime Minister (1919–1920) ::*Jan Černý, Prime Minister (1920–1921) ::*Edvard Beneš, Prime Minister (1921–1922) ::*Antonín Švehla, Prime Minister (1922–1926) ::*Jan Černý, Prime Minister (1926) ::*Antonín Švehla, Prime Minister (1926–1929) ::*František Udržal, Prime Minister (1929–1932) ::*Jan Malypetr, Prime Minister (1932–1935) ::*Milan Hodža, Prime Minister (1935–1938) ::*Jan Syrový, Prime Minister (1938) *Czechoslovakia: Second Czechoslovak Republic, Second Republic :*President of Czechoslovakia, Presidents (List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia, complete list) – ::*Emil Hácha, President (1938–1939) :*Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia, complete list) – ::*Jan Syrový, Prime Minister (1938) ::*Rudolf Beran, Prime Minister (1938–1939) *German occupation of Czechoslovakia :*Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia, complete list) – ::*Rudolf Beran, Acting Prime Minister (1938–1939) ::*Alois Eliáš, Prime Minister (1939–1941) ::*Jaroslav Krejčí, Prime Minister (1942–1945) ::*Richard Bienert, Prime Minister (1945) *Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia :''Nazi German Protectorate, 1939–1945'' :*State President (List of rulers of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia#State President of Bohemia and Moravia, complete list) – ::*Emil Hácha, State President (1939–1945) :*Prime ministers (List of rulers of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia#Prime Ministers of Bohemia and Moravia, complete list) – ::*Rudolf Beran, Acting Prime minister (1939) ::*Alois Eliáš, Prime minister (1939–1942) ::*Jaroslav Krejčí, Prime minister (1941–1945) ::*Richard Bienert, Prime minister (1945) *Slovak Republic (1939–1945), First Slovak Republic, Nazi client state :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Slovakia#First Slovak Republic (1939–1945), complete list) – ::*Jozef Tiso, Prime Minister (1939) ::*Vojtech Tuka, Prime Minister (1939–1944) ::*Štefan Tiso, Prime Minister (1944–1945) *Czechoslovakia: Third Czechoslovak Republic, Third Republic :*President of Czechoslovakia, Presidents (List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia, complete list) – ::*Edvard Beneš, President (1945–1948) :*Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia, complete list) – ::*Zdeněk Fierlinger, Prime Minister (1945–1946) ::*Klement Gottwald, Prime Minister (1946–1948) *Czechoslovak Socialist Republic :*General Secretaries (Communist Party of Czechoslovakia#Leaders, complete list) – ::*Klement Gottwald, General Secretary (1948–1953) :*President of Czechoslovakia, Presidents (List of Presidents of Czechoslovakia, complete list) – ::*Klement Gottwald, President (1948–1953) :*Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia, complete list) – ::*Antonín Zápotocký, Prime Minister (1948–1953) ''Germany: Small states'' ''Bavarian'' *Kingdom of Bavaria (List of rulers of Bavaria#Kingdom of Bavaria, complete list) – :*Otto, King of Bavaria, Otto, King (1886–1913) :*Ludwig III of Bavaria, Ludwig III, King (1913–1918) ''Prussia'' *Kingdom of Prussia (List of monarchs of Prussia, complete list) – :*Wilhelm II, German Emperor, William II, Emperor (1888–1918), King (1888–1918) ''Upper Rhenish'' *Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont#Rulers of Waldeck and Pyrmont, complete list) – :*Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Friedrich, Prince (1893–1918) ''Lower Saxon'' *Kingdom of Saxony (List of rulers of Saxony#Kingdom of Saxony, complete list) – :*Albert of Saxony, Albert, King (1873–1902) :*George of Saxony, George, King (1902–1904) :*Frederick Augustus III of Saxony, Frederick Augustus III, King (1904–1918) *Duchy of Brunswick (List of rulers of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel#Table of rulers, complete list) – :*Prince Albert of Prussia (1837–1906), Albert of Prussia, Regent (1884–1906) :*Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg, John Albert of Mecklenburg, Regent (1906–1913) :*Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, Ernest Augustus, Duke (1913–1918) *Free City of Lübeck (:de:Lübecker Bürgermeister#12. und 13. Jahrhundert, complete list) – :*, Mayor (1901–1902) :*, Mayor (1903–1904) :*, Mayor (1905–1906) :*, Mayor (1907–1908) :*, Mayor (1909–1916) :*, Mayor (1917–1920) :*, Mayor (1920–1926) :*, Mayor (1926–1933) :*Otto-Heinrich Drechsler, Mayor (1933–1937) *Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (List of rulers of Mecklenburg#Table of rulers, complete list) – :*Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg, John Albert, Regent (1897–1901) :*Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke (1897–1918) *Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (List of rulers of Mecklenburg#Table of rulers, complete list) – :*Frederick William, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Frederick William II, Grand Duke (1860–1904) :*Adolphus Frederick V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Adolphus Frederick V, Grand Duke (1904–1914) :*Adolphus Frederick VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Adolphus Frederick VI, Grand Duke (1914–1918) *Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (Counts, dukes and grand dukes of Oldenburg#Grand Dukes of Oldenburg, complete list) – :*Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg, Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke (1900–1918) ''Upper Saxon'' *Duchy of Anhalt (Duchy of Anhalt#Dukes of Anhalt, 1863–1918, complete list) – :*Frederick II, Duke of Anhalt, Frederick II, Duke (1904–1918) :*Eduard, Duke of Anhalt, Eduard, Duke (1918) :*Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt, Joachim Ernest, Duke (1918) *Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Altenburg/Saxe-Hildburghausen (Saxe-Altenburg#Dukes of Saxe-Altenburg, complete list) – :*Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, Ernst I, Duke (1853–1908) :*Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, Ernst II, Duke (1908–1918) *Saxe-Meiningen (Saxe-Meiningen#Dukes of Saxe-Meiningen, complete list) – :*Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, Georg II, Duke (1866–1914) :*Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, Bernhard III, Duke (1914–1918) *Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach#Princes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, complete list) – :*Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Charles Alexander, Grand Duke (1853–1901) :*William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, William Ernest, Grand Duke (1901–1918) *Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha#Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826–1918), complete list) – :*Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Charles Edward, Duke (1900–1918) ''Swabian'' *Grand Duchy of Baden (List of rulers of Baden#Grand Dukes of Baden, 1806–1918, complete list) – :*Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden, Frederick I, Regent (1852–1856), Grand Duke (1856–1907) :*Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, Frederick II, Grand Duke (1907–1918) *Weingarten Abbey (Weingarten Abbey#Abbots of Weingarten, complete list) – :*Anselm Ritter, Prince-abbot (1784–1803) *Kingdom of Württemberg (List of rulers of Württemberg#Kings of Württemberg 1806–1918, complete list) – :*William II of Württemberg, William II, King (1891–1918) ''Germany: Unified states'' *

:*German Emperor, Emperor ( complete list) – ::*Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Wilhelm II, Emperor (1888–1918) :*Chancellor of Germany, Chancellors (List of Chancellors of Germany, complete list) – ::*Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor (1900–1909) ::*Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, Chancellor (1909–1917) ::*Georg Michaelis, Chancellor (1917) ::*Georg von Hertling, Chancellor (1917–1918) ::*Prince Maximilian of Baden, Maximilian of Baden, Chancellor (1918) ::*Friedrich Ebert, ''Revolutionary period'' Chancellor (1918–1919) *Weimar Republic of Germany :*President of Germany (1919–1945), Presidents (List of German presidents, complete list) – ::*Friedrich Ebert, President (1919–1925) ::*Paul von Hindenburg, President (1925–1934) :*Chancellor of Germany, Chancellors (List of Chancellors of Germany, complete list) – ::*Philipp Scheidemann, Chancellor (1919) ::*Gustav Bauer, Chancellor (1919–1920) ::*Hermann Müller (politician), Hermann Müller, Chancellor (1920) ::*Constantin Fehrenbach, Chancellor (1920–1921) ::*Joseph Wirth, Chancellor (1921–1922) ::*Wilhelm Cuno, Chancellor (1922–1923) ::*Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor (1923) ::*Wilhelm Marx, Chancellor (1923–1925) ::*Hans Luther, Chancellor (1925–1926) ::*Wilhelm Marx, Chancellor (1926–1928) ::*Hermann Müller (politician), Hermann Müller, Chancellor (1928–1930) ::*Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor (1930–1932) ::*Franz von Papen, Chancellor (1932) ::*Kurt von Schleicher, Chancellor (1932–1933) *Nazi Germany :*President of Germany (1919–1945), Heads of state (List of German presidents, complete list) – ::*Paul von Hindenburg, President (1925–1934) ::*Adolf Hitler, Führer (1934–1945) ::*Karl Dönitz, President (1945) :*Chancellor of Germany, Chancellors (List of Chancellors of Germany, complete list) – ::*Adolf Hitler, Chancellor (1933–1945) ::*Joseph Goebbels, Chancellor (1945) ::*Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, Leading Minister (1945) *Allied-occupied Germany :*Commanders (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany#American zone, complete list) – ::*Dwight D. Eisenhower, Military governor (1945) ::*George S. Patton, acting Military governor (1945) ::*Joseph T. McNarney, Military governor (1945–1947) ::*Lucius D. Clay, Military governor (1947–1949) ::*Clarence R. Huebner, acting Military governor (1949) ::*John J. McCloy, High Commissioner (1949–1952) :*Commanders (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany#British zone, complete list) – ::*Bernard Montgomery, Military governor (1945–1946) ::*Sholto Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas of Kirtleside, Sholto Douglas, Military governor (1946–1947) ::*Brian Robertson, 1st Baron Robertson of Oakridge, Brian Robertson, Military governor (1947–1949), High Commissioner (1949–1950) ::*Ivone Kirkpatrick, High Commissioner (1950–1953) :*Commanders (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany#French zone, complete list) – ::*Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, Military commander (1945) ::*Marie-Pierre Kœnig, Military governor (1945–1949) ::*André François-Poncet, High Commissioner (1949–1955) :*Commanders (List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany#Soviet zone, complete list) – ::*Georgy Zhukov, Military commander (1945) ::*Konstantin Rokossovsky, Military commander (1945) ::*Ivan Konev, Military commander (1945) ::*Georgy Zhukov, Chief administrator (1945–1946) ::*Vasily Sokolovsky, Chief administrator (1946–1949) ::*Vasily Chuikov, Chief administrator (1949), Chairman of Control Commission (1949–1953) *East Germany :*General Secretaries (Leadership of East Germany#Leaders of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), complete list) – ::*Wilhelm Pieck, Joint Chairmen (1946–1950) ::*Otto Grotewohl, Joint Chairmen (1946–1950) ::*Walter Ulbricht, General Secretary (1950–1953), First Secretary (1953–1971) :*Heads of state (Leadership of East Germany#Heads of state, complete list) – ::*Wilhelm Pieck, President (1949–1960) :*Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Leadership of East Germany#Heads of government, complete list) – ::*Otto Grotewohl, Chairman (1949–1964) *West Germany :*President of Germany, Presidents (List of German presidents, complete list) – ::*Karl Arnold, Acting President (1949) ::*Theodor Heuss, President (1949–1959) :*Chancellor of Germany, Chancellors (List of Chancellors of Germany, complete list) – ::*Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor (1945–1963) ''Hungary'' *First Hungarian Republic :*President of Hungary, Presidents (List of heads of state of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Mihály Károlyi, President (1919) :*Prime Ministers of Hungary (List of Prime Ministers of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Mihály Károlyi, Prime Minister (1919) ::*Dénes Berinkey, Prime Minister (1919) *Hungarian Soviet Republic :*President of Hungary, Heads of State (List of heads of state of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Sándor Garbai, Chairman of the Hungarian Central Executive Council (1919) ::*Gyula Peidl, Acting Head of State (1919) :*Prime Ministers of Hungary (List of Prime Ministers of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Sándor Garbai, Prime Minister (1919) ::*Gyula Peidl, Prime Minister (1919) ::* ::* *Hungarian Republic (1919–20), Hungarian Republic (1919–1920) :*Regent of Hungary, Heads of state (List of heads of state of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Archduke Joseph August of Austria, Joseph August, Regent (1919) ::*István Friedrich, Acting Head of state (1919) ::*Károly Huszár, Acting Head of state (1919–1920) :*Prime Minister of Hungary, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Hungary, complete list) – ::*István Friedrich, Prime minister (1919) ::*Károly Huszár, Prime minister (1919–1920) *Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946) :*Regent of Hungary, Regents (List of heads of state of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Miklós Horthy, Regent (1920–1944) ::*Ferenc Szálasi, Leader of the Nation (1944–1945) ::*High National Council (1945–1946) :*Prime Minister of Hungary, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Sándor Simonyi-Semadam, Prime minister (1920) ::*Pál Teleki, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*István Bethlen, Prime minister (1921–1931) ::*Gyula Károlyi, Prime minister (1931–1932) ::*Gyula Gömbös, Prime minister (1932–1936) ::*Kálmán Darányi, Prime minister (1936–1938) ::*Béla Imrédy, Prime minister (1938–1939) ::*Pál Teleki, Prime minister (1939–1941) ::*Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer, Acting Prime minister (1941) ::*László Bárdossy, Prime minister (1941–1942) ::*Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer, Acting Prime minister (1942) ::*Miklós Kállay, Prime minister (1942–1944) ::*Döme Sztójay, Prime minister (1944) ::*Géza Lakatos, Prime minister (1944) ::*Ferenc Szálasi, de facto Prime minister (1944–1945) ::*Béla Miklós, Prime minister (1945) ::*Zoltán Tildy, Prime minister (1945–1946) *Government of National Unity (Hungary), Government of National Unity: Hungary (List of heads of state of Hungary#Government of National Unity (1944–1945), complete list) – :''Puppet government of Nazi Germany, 1944–1945'' :*Ferenc Szálasi, Leader of the Nation (1944–1945) *Second Hungarian Republic :*President of Hungary, Presidents (List of heads of state of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Zoltán Tildy, President (1946–1948) ::*Árpád Szakasits, President (1948–1949) :*Prime Minister of Hungary, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Ferenc Nagy, Prime minister (1946–1947) ::*Lajos Dinnyés, Prime minister (1947–1948) ::*István Dobi, Prime minister (1948–1949) *Hungarian People's Republic :*Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, General Secretaries (List of heads of state of Hungary#General Secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party / Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, complete list) – ::*Mátyás Rákosi, General Secretary (1948–1956) :*President of Hungary, Chairmen of the Presidential Council (List of heads of state of Hungary, complete list) – ::*Árpád Szakasits, Chairman (1949–1950) ::*Sándor Rónai, Chairman (1950–1952) :*Prime Minister of Hungary, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Hungary, complete list) – ::*István Dobi, Prime minister (1949–1952) ''Liechtenstein'' *Liechtenstein :*Monarchy of Liechtenstein, Sovereign Princes (List of monarchs of Liechtenstein, complete list) – ::*Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein, Johann II, Prince (1858–1929) ::*Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein, Franz I, Prince (1929–1938) ::*Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein, Franz Josef II, Prince (1938–1989) :*Heads of government (List of heads of government of Liechtenstein, complete list) – ::*Carl von In der Maur, Governor (1897–1913) ::*Josef Ospelt, Prime minister (1921–1922) ::*Gustav Schädler, Prime minister (1922–1928) ::*Josef Hoop, Prime minister (1928–1945) ::*Alexander Frick, Prime minister (1945–1962) ''Poland'' *Lemko Republic – :*Jaroslav Kacmarcyk, President (1918–1920) *Second Polish Republic :*President of Poland, Presidents (List of heads of state of Poland, complete list) – ::*Józef Piłsudski, Chief of State (1918–1922) ::*Gabriel Narutowicz, President (1922) ::*Maciej Rataj, Acting President (1922) ::*Stanisław Wojciechowski, President (1922–1926) ::*Maciej Rataj, Acting President (1926) ::*Ignacy Mościcki, President (1926–1939) :*Prime Minister of Poland, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Poland, complete list) – ::*Ignacy Daszyński, Prime minister (1918) ::*Jędrzej Moraczewski, Prime minister (1918–1919) ::*Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Prime minister (1919) ::*Leopold Skulski, Prime minister (1919–1920) ::*Władysław Grabski, Prime minister (1920) ::*Wincenty Witos, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*Antoni Ponikowski, Prime minister (1921–1922) ::*Artur Śliwiński, Prime minister (1922) ::*Julian Nowak, Prime minister (1922) ::*Władysław Sikorski, Prime minister (1922–1923) ::*Wincenty Witos, Prime minister (1923) ::*Władysław Grabski, Prime minister (1923–1925) ::*Aleksander Skrzyński, Prime minister (1925–1926) ::*Wincenty Witos, Prime minister (1926) ::*Kazimierz Bartel, Prime minister (1926) ::*Józef Piłsudski, Prime minister (1926–1928) ::*Kazimierz Bartel, Prime minister (1928–1929) ::*Kazimierz Świtalski, Prime minister (1929) ::*Kazimierz Bartel, Prime minister (1929–1930) ::*Walery Sławek, Prime minister (1930) ::*Józef Piłsudski, Prime minister (1930) ::*Walery Sławek, Prime minister (1930–1931) ::*Aleksander Prystor, Prime minister (1931–1933) ::*Janusz Jędrzejewicz, Prime minister (1933–1934) ::*Leon Kozłowski, Prime minister (1934–1935) ::*Walery Sławek, Prime minister (1935) ::*Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski, Prime minister (1935–1936) ::*Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, Prime minister (1936–1939) *Free City of Danzig :''Free City under League of Nations protection, 1920–1939'' *People's Republic of Poland :*Party leaders (Polish United Workers' Party#Party leaders, complete list) – ::*Bolesław Bierut, General Secretary (1948–1956) :*President of Poland, Chairman of the Council of State (List of heads of state of Poland, complete list) – ::*Bolesław Bierut, President (1947–1952) :*Prime Minister of Poland, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Poland, complete list) – ::*Edward Osóbka-Morawski, Prime minister (1944–1947) ::*Józef Cyrankiewicz, Prime minister (1947–1952) ''Switzerland'' *Switzerland (List of Presidents of the Swiss Confederation, complete list) – :*Ernst Brenner, President of the Confederation (1901) :*Josef Zemp, President of the Confederation (1902) :*Adolf Deucher, President of the Confederation (1903) :*Robert Comtesse, President of the Confederation (1904) :*Marc-Emile Ruchet, President of the Confederation (1905) :*Ludwig Forrer, President of the Confederation (1906) :*Eduard Müller (Swiss politician), Eduard Müller, President of the Confederation (1907) :*Ernst Brenner, President of the Confederation (1908) :*Adolf Deucher, President of the Confederation (1909) :*Robert Comtesse, President of the Confederation (1910) :*Marc-Emile Ruchet, President of the Confederation (1911) :*Ludwig Forrer, President of the Confederation (1912) :*Eduard Müller (Swiss politician), Eduard Müller, President of the Confederation (1913) :*Arthur Hoffmann (politician), Arthur Hoffmann, President of the Confederation (1914) :*Giuseppe Motta, President of the Confederation (1915) :*Camille Decoppet, President of the Confederation (1916) :*Edmund Schulthess, President of the Confederation (1917) :*Felix Calonder, President of the Confederation (1918) :*Gustave Ador, President of the Confederation (1919) :*Giuseppe Motta, President of the Confederation (1920) :*Edmund Schulthess, President of the Confederation (1921) :*Robert Haab, President of the Confederation (1922) :*Karl Scheurer, President of the Confederation (1923) :*Ernest Chuard, President of the Confederation (1924) :*Jean-Marie Musy, President of the Confederation (1925) :*Heinrich Häberlin, President of the Confederation (1926) :*Giuseppe Motta, President of the Confederation (1927) :*Edmund Schulthess, President of the Confederation (1928) :*Robert Haab, President of the Confederation (1929) :*Jean-Marie Musy, President of the Confederation (1930) :*Heinrich Häberlin, President of the Confederation (1931) :*Giuseppe Motta, President of the Confederation (1932) :*Edmund Schulthess, President of the Confederation (1933) :*Marcel Pilet-Golaz, President of the Confederation (1934) :*Rudolf Minger, President of the Confederation (1935) :*Albert Meyer (politician), Albert Meyer, President of the Confederation (1936) :*Giuseppe Motta, President of the Confederation (1937) :*Johannes Baumann, President of the Confederation (1938) :*Philipp Etter, President of the Confederation (1939) :*Marcel Pilet-Golaz, President of the Confederation (1940) :*Ernst Wetter, President of the Confederation (1941) :*Philipp Etter, President of the Confederation (1942) :*Enrico Celio, President of the Confederation (1943) :*Walther Stampfli, President of the Confederation (1944) :*Eduard von Steiger, President of the Confederation (1945) :*Karl Kobelt, President of the Confederation (1946) :*Philipp Etter, President of the Confederation (1947) :*Enrico Celio, President of the Confederation (1948) :*Ernst Nobs, President of the Confederation (1949) :*Max Petitpierre, President of the Confederation (1950)

Europe: East

''Moldova'' *Moldavian Democratic Republic :*President of Moldova, Presidents (President of Moldova#List of Presidents of Moldova, complete list) – ::*Ion Inculeț, President (1917–1918) :*Prime Minister of Moldova, Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Moldova#List of Prime Ministers of Moldova, complete list) – ::*Pantelimon Erhan, Prime minister (1917–1918) ::*Daniel Ciugureanu, Prime minister (1918) ::*Petru Cazacu, Prime minister (1918) ''Romania'' *Kingdom of Romania :*King of Romania, Kings (List of heads of state of Romania, complete list) – ::*Charles I of Romania, Charles I, King (1881–1914) ::*Ferdinand I of Romania, Ferdinand I, King (1914–1927) ::*Michael I of Romania, Michael I, King (1927–1930) :::*Prince Nicholas of Romania, Prince Nicholas, Regent (1927–1930) :::*Patriarch Miron of Romania, Miron Cristea, Regent (1927–1930) :::*Gheorghe Buzdugan, Regent (1927–1930) ::*Carol II of Romania, Carol II, King (1930–1940) ::*Michael I of Romania, Michael I, King (1940–1947) ::*Ion Antonescu, Conducător (1940–1944) :*Prime Minister of Romania, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Romania, complete list) – ::*Petre P. Carp, Prime minister (1900–1901) ::*Dimitrie Sturdza, Prime minister (1901–1906) ::*Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, Prime minister (1906–1907) ::*Dimitrie Sturdza, Prime minister (1907–1909) ::*Ion I. C. Brătianu, Prime minister (1909–1910) ::*Petre P. Carp, Prime minister (1910–1912) ::*Titu Maiorescu, Prime minister (1912–1914) ::*Ion I. C. Brătianu, Prime minister (1914–1918) ::*Alexandru Averescu, Prime minister (1918) ::*Alexandru Marghiloman, Prime minister (1918) ::*Constantin Coandă, Prime minister (1918) ::*Ion I. C. Brătianu, Prime minister (1918–1919) ::*Artur Văitoianu, Prime minister (1919) ::*Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, Prime minister (1919–1920) ::*Alexandru Averescu, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*Take Ionescu, Prime minister (1921–1922) ::*Ion I. C. Brătianu, Prime minister (1922–1926) ::*Alexandru Averescu, Prime minister (1926) ::*Barbu Știrbey, Prime minister (1926–1927) ::*Ion I. C. Brătianu, Prime minister (1927) ::*Vintilă Brătianu, Prime minister (1927–1928) ::*Iuliu Maniu, Prime minister (1928–1930) ::*Gheorghe Mironescu, Prime minister (1930) ::*Iuliu Maniu, Prime minister (1930) ::*Gheorghe Mironescu, Prime minister (1930–1931) ::*Nicolae Iorga, Prime minister (1931–1932) ::*Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, Prime minister (1932) ::*Iuliu Maniu, Prime minister (1932–1933) ::*Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, Prime minister (1933) ::*Ion G. Duca, Prime minister (1933) ::*Constantin Angelescu, Acting Prime minister (1933–1934) ::*Gheorghe Tătărescu, Prime minister (1934–1937) ::*Octavian Goga, Prime minister (1937–1938) ::*Patriarch Miron of Romania, Miron Cristea, Prime minister (1938–1939) ::*Armand Călinescu, Prime minister (1939) ::*Gheorghe Argeșanu, Prime minister (1939) ::*Constantin Argetoianu, Prime minister (1939) ::*Gheorghe Tătărescu, Prime minister (1939–1940) ::*Ion Gigurtu, Prime minister (1940) ::*Ion Antonescu, Prime minister (1940–1944) ::*Constantin Sănătescu, Prime minister (1944) ::*Nicolae Rădescu, Prime minister (1944–1945) ::*Petru Groza, Prime minister (1945–1947) *Socialist Republic of Romania :*General Secretaries (Romanian Communist Party#General Secretaries (1921–1989), complete list) – ::*Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, General Secretary (1944–1954) :*President of Romania, Heads of state (List of heads of state of Romania, complete list) – ::*Constantin Ion Parhon, President of the Provisional Presidium (1947–1948), President of the Presidium (1948–1952) :*Prime Minister of Romania, Presidents of the council of ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Romania, complete list) – ::*Petru Groza, Prime minister (1947–1952) ''Russia'' *Russian Empire :*Emperor of All Russia, Monarchs (List of Russian rulers, complete list) – ::*Nicholas II of Russia, Nicholas II, Emperor (1894–1917) :*Chairman (List of heads of government of Russia, complete list) – ::*Ivan Durnovo, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1895–1903) ::*Sergei Witte, Chairman of the committee of ministers (1903–1905), Chairman of council of ministers (1905–1906) ::*Ivan Goremykin, Chairman of council of ministers (1906) ::*Pyotr Stolypin, Chairman of council of ministers (1906–1911) ::*Vladimir Kokovtsov, Chairman of council of ministers (1911–1914) ::*Ivan Goremykin, Chairman of council of ministers (1914–1916) ::*Boris Stürmer, Chairman of council of ministers (1916) ::*Alexander Trepov, Chairman of council of ministers (1916) ::*Nikolay Golitsyn, Chairman of council of ministers (1916–1917) *Russian Republic :*Minister-Chairmen (List of heads of government of Russia, complete list) – ::*Georgy Lvov, Minister-Chairman (1917) ::*Alexander Kerensky, Minister-Chairman (1917) *Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, ''Sovereign state (1917–1922)'' :*Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Russia, Supreme Soviet (List of heads of state of Russia, complete list) – ::*Lev Kamenev, Chairman (1917) ::*Yakov Sverdlov, Chairman (1917–1919) ::*Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman (1919–1938) :*Premiers (List of heads of government of Russia, complete list) – ::*Vladimir Lenin, Premier (1917–1924) *Soviet Union :*General Secretary (General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union#List of chief secretaries, complete list) – ::*Joseph Stalin, General Secretary (1922–1952) :*Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, Heads of state (List of heads of state of the Soviet Union, complete list) – ::*Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets (1922–1938), Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1938–1946) ::*Nikolay Shvernik, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1946–1953) :*Heads of governments (Premier of the Soviet Union, complete list) – ::*Vladimir Lenin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1922–1924) ::*Alexei Rykov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1924–1930) ::*Vyacheslav Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1930–1941) ::*Joseph Stalin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1941–1946), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1953) *Don Republic – :*Pyotr Krasnov, Ataman (1918–1919) :*Afrikan Bogaevsky, Ataman (1919–1921) *Kuban People's Republic – :*Alexander Filimonov (Cossack), Alexander Filimonov, Ataman (1917–1919) :*Nikolai Bukretov, Ataman (1920) *Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus – :*Abdulmajid Tapa Tchermoeff, Prime minister (1918) :*Pshemakho Kotsev, Prime minister (1918–1919) *North Caucasian Emirate – :*Uzun Hajji Saltinsky, Emir (1919–1920) *North Ingria – :*Santeri Termonen, Chairmen (1919) :*Juho Pekka Kokko, Chairmen (1919) :*Georg Elfvengren, Chairmen (1919–1920) :*Jukka Tirranen, Chairmen (1920) *Russian State (1918–1920) :*Heads of State (List of heads of state of Russia#Anti-Bolshevik forces, complete list) – :*Nikolai Avksentiev, Chairman of PA-RG (1918) ::*Alexander Kolchak, Supreme Ruler of Russia, Supreme Ruler (1918–1920) :*Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Russia#Russian State (1918–1920), complete list) – :*Pyotr Vologodsky, Prime Minister (1918–1919 first) :*Viktor Pepelyayev, Prime Minister (1919–1920 last) *South Russia (1919–1920) – :*Anton Denikin, Commander-in-Chief (1920) :*Pyotr Wrangel, Commander-in-Chief (1920) ''Ukraine'' *Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (List of Galician rulers, complete list) – ::''1804–1918, crownland of the Austrian Empire'' :*Franz Joseph I of Austria, Francis Joseph I, King (1848–1916) :*Karl I of Austria, Karl I, King (1916–1918) *Ukrainian People's Republic :*President of Ukraine, Presidents (List of Presidents of Ukraine, complete list) – ::*Mykhailo Hrushevsky, President (1917–1918) ::*Directorate of Ukraine, President (1918–1921) :*Prime Minister of Ukraine, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Ukraine, complete list) – ::*Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Prime minister (1917–1918) ::*Vsevolod Holubovych, Prime minister (1918) ::*Mykola Vasylenko, Acting Prime minister (1918) ::*Fedir Lyzohub, Prime minister (1918) ::*Serhii Gerbel, Prime minister (1918) ::*Volodymyr Chekhivsky, Prime minister (1918–1919) ::*Serhiy Ostapenko, Serhii Ostapenko, Prime minister (1919) ::*Borys Mykolaiovych Martos, Borys Martos, Prime minister (1919) ::*Isaak Mazepa, Prime minister (1919–1920) ::*Vyacheslav Prokopovych, Prime minister (1920) *West Ukrainian People's Republic (List of Presidents of Ukraine, complete list) – :*Kost Levytsky, President (1918) :*Sydir Holubovych, President (1918–1919)

Europe: Nordic

''Denmark'' *Kingdom of Denmark :*Monarchy of Denmark, Monarchs (List of Danish monarchs, complete list) – ::*Christian IX of Denmark, Christian IX, King (1863–1906) ::*Frederick VIII of Denmark, Frederik VIII, King (1906–1912) ::*Christian X of Denmark, Christian X, King (1912–1947) ::*Frederick IX of Denmark, Frederik IX, King (1947–1972) :*Prime Minister of Denmark, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Denmark, complete list) – ::*Hannibal Sehested (council president), Hannibal Sehested, Council president (1900–1901) ::*Johan Henrik Deuntzer, Council president (1901–1905) ::*Jens Christian Christensen, Council president (1905–1908) ::*Niels Neergaard, Council president (1908–1909) ::*Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg, Council president (1909) ::*Carl Theodor Zahle, Council president (1909–1910) ::*Klaus Berntsen, Council president (1910–1913) ::*Carl Theodor Zahle, Council president (1913–1918), Prime minister (1918–1920) ::*Otto Liebe, Prime minister (1920) ::*Michael Pedersen Friis, Prime minister (1920) ::*Niels Neergaard, Prime minister (1920–1924) ::*Thorvald Stauning, Prime minister (1924–1926) ::*Thomas Madsen-Mygdal, Prime minister (1926–1929) ::*Thorvald Stauning, Prime minister (1929–1942) ::*Vilhelm Buhl, Prime minister (1942) ::*Erik Scavenius, Prime minister (1942–1943) ::*Vilhelm Buhl, Prime minister (1945) ::*Knud Kristensen, Prime minister (1945–1947) ::*Hans Hedtoft, Prime minister (1947–1950) ::*Erik Eriksen, Prime minister (1950–1953) ''Finland'' *Grand Duchy of Finland (Grand Duke of Finland#Grand Princes, complete list) – :*Nicholas II of Russia, Nicholas II, Grand Prince (1894–1917) *Kingdom of Finland (1918) :*Monarchy of Finland, Monarchs (List of monarchs of Finland, complete list) – ::*Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Regent (1918) ::*Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Regent (1918–1919) :*Prime Minister of Finland, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Finland, complete list) – ::*Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Prime minister (1918) ::*Lauri Ingman, Prime minister (1918–1919) ::*Kaarlo Castrén, Prime minister (1919) *Republic of Finland :*President of Finland, Presidents (List of presidents of Finland, complete list) – ::*Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, President (1919–1925) ::*Lauri Kristian Relander, President (1925–1931) ::*Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, President (1931–1937) ::*Kyösti Kallio, President (1937–1940) ::*Risto Ryti, President (1940–1944) ::*Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, President (1944–1946) ::*Juho Kusti Paasikivi, President (1946–1956) :*Prime Minister of Finland, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Finland, complete list) – ::*Kaarlo Castrén, Prime minister (1919) ::*Juho Vennola, Prime minister (1919–1920) ::*Rafael Erich, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*Juho Vennola, Prime minister (1921–1922) ::*Aimo Cajander, Prime minister (1922) ::*Kyösti Kallio, Prime minister (1922–1924) ::*Aimo Cajander, Prime minister (1924) ::*Lauri Ingman, Prime minister (1924–1925) ::*Antti Tulenheimo, Prime minister (1925) ::*Kyösti Kallio, Prime minister (1925–1926) ::*Väinö Tanner, Prime minister (1926–1927) ::*Juho Sunila, Prime minister (1927–1928) ::*Oskari Mantere, Prime minister (1928–1929) ::*Kyösti Kallio, Prime minister (1929–1930) ::*Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Prime minister (1930–1931) ::*Juho Sunila, Prime minister (1931–1932) ::*Toivo Mikael Kivimäki, Prime minister (1932–1936) ::*Kyösti Kallio, Prime minister (1936–1937) ::*Aimo Cajander, Prime minister (1937–1939) ::*Risto Ryti, Prime minister (1939–1940) ::*Johan Wilhelm Rangell, Prime minister (1941–1943) ::*Edwin Linkomies, Prime minister (1943–1944) ::*Antti Hackzell, Prime minister (1944) ::*Urho Castrén, Prime minister (1944) ::*Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Prime minister (1944–1946) ::*Mauno Pekkala, Prime minister (1946–1948) ::*Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime minister (1948–1950) ::*Urho Kekkonen, Prime minister (1950–1953) *Finnish Democratic Republic – :''Puppet state of the Soviet Union'' :*Otto Wille Kuusinen, Prime minister (1939–1940) ''Iceland'' *Kingdom of Iceland :*Monarchy of Iceland, Monarchs (List of rulers of Iceland#Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944), complete list) – ::*Christian X of Denmark, Christian X, King (1918–1944) ::*Sveinn Björnsson, Regent (1941–1944) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Iceland, complete list) – ::*Jón Magnússon (politician), Jón Magnússon, Prime minister (1917–1922) ::*Sigurður Eggerz, Prime minister (1922–1924) ::*Jón Magnússon (politician), Jón Magnússon, Prime minister (1924–1926) ::*Magnús Guðmundsson (politician), Magnús Guðmundsson, Acting Prime minister (1926) ::*Jón Þorláksson, Prime minister (1926–1927) ::*Tryggvi Þórhallsson, Prime minister (1927–1932) ::*Ásgeir Ásgeirsson, Prime minister (1932–1934) ::*Hermann Jónasson, Prime minister (1934–1942) ::*Ólafur Thors, Prime minister (1942) ::*Björn Þórðarson, Prime minister (1942–1944) *Republic of Iceland :*Presidents (President of Iceland#List of presidents, complete list) – ::*Sveinn Björnsson, President (1944–1952) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Iceland, complete list) – ::*Björn Þórðarson, Prime minister (1944) ::*Ólafur Thors, Prime minister (1944–1947) ::*Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson, Prime minister (1947–1949) ::*Ólafur Thors, Prime minister (1949–1950) ::*Steingrímur Steinþórsson, Prime minister (1950–1953) ''Sweden and Norway'' *Union between Sweden and Norway :*Monarchy of Sweden, Monarch (List of Swedish monarchs, complete list / List of Norwegian monarchs, complete list) – ::*Oscar II, King of Norway (1872–1905), King of Sweden (1872–1907) :*Prime Minister of Sweden, Prime ministers: Sweden (List of Prime Ministers of Sweden, complete list) – ::*Fredrik von Otter, Prime minister (1900–1902) ::*Erik Gustaf Boström, Prime minister (1902–1905) ::*Johan Ramstedt, Prime minister (1905) ::*Christian Lundeberg, Prime minister (1905) :*Prime Minister of Norway, Norwegian prime ministers in Stockholm (List of heads of government of Norway, complete list) – ::*Otto Blehr, Prime minister (1898–1902) ::*Ole Anton Qvam, Prime minister (1902–1903) ::*Sigurd Ibsen, Prime minister (1903–1905) ::*Jørgen Løvland, Prime minister (1905) :*Prime ministers in Christiania, Norway (List of heads of government of Norway, complete list) – ::*Johannes Steen, Prime minister (1898–1902) ::*Otto Blehr, Prime minister (1902–1905) ::*Francis Hagerup, Prime minister (1905) ::*Christian Michelsen, Prime minister (1905) ''Norway'' *Kingdom of Norway :*Monarchy of Norway, Monarchs (List of Norwegian monarchs, complete list) – ::*Haakon VII of Norway, Haakon VII, King (1905–1957) :*Prime Minister of Norway, Prime ministers (List of heads of government of Norway, complete list) – ::*Christian Michelsen, Prime minister (1905–1907) ::*Jørgen Løvland, Prime minister (1907–1908) ::*Gunnar Knudsen, Prime minister (1908–1910) ::*Wollert Konow (Prime Minister of Norway), Wollert Konow, Prime minister (1910–1912) ::*Jens Bratlie, Prime minister (1912–1913) ::*Gunnar Knudsen, Prime minister (1913–1920) ::*Otto Bahr Halvorsen, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*Otto Blehr, Prime minister (1921–1923) ::*Otto Bahr Halvorsen, Prime minister (1923) ::*Abraham Berge, Prime minister (1923–1924) ::*Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Prime minister (1924–1926) ::*Ivar Lykke (politician), Ivar Lykke, Prime minister (1926–1928) ::*Christopher Hornsrud, Prime minister (1928) ::*Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Prime minister (1928–1931) ::*Peder Kolstad, Prime minister (1931–1932) ::*Jens Hundseid, Prime minister (1932–1933) ::*Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Prime minister (1933–1935) ::*Johan Nygaardsvold, Prime minister (1935–1940), Prime Minister in exile (1940–1942) ::*Vidkun Quisling, Prime minister (1940) ::*Ingolf Elster Christensen, Chairman of the Administrative Council (1940) ::*Josef Terboven, German Commissioner for Norway (1940–1945) ::*Vidkun Quisling, Minister President (1942–1945) ::*Einar Gerhardsen, Prime minister (1945–1951) *Quisling regime of Norway :''Puppet state of Germany'' :*Reichskommissars – ::*Josef Terboven, Reichskommissar (1940–1945) ::*Franz Böhme (acting), Reichskommissar (1945) :*Minister President (List of heads of government of Norway#Heads of Government (1940–1945), complete list) – ::*Vidkun Quisling, Minister President (1942–1945) ''Sweden'' *Kingdom of Sweden :*Monarchy of Sweden, Monarchs (List of Swedish monarchs, complete list) – ::*Oscar II, King of Norway (1872–1905), King of Sweden (1872–1907) ::*Gustaf V of Sweden, Gustaf V, King (1907–1950) ::*Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden, Gustaf VI Adolf, King (1950–1973) :*Prime Minister of Sweden, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Sweden, complete list) – ::*Fredrik von Otter, Prime minister (1900–1902) ::*Erik Gustaf Boström, Prime minister (1902–1905) ::*Johan Ramstedt, Prime minister (1905) ::*Christian Lundeberg, Prime minister (1905) ::*Karl Staaff, Prime minister (1905–1906) ::*Arvid Lindman, Prime minister (1906–1911) ::*Karl Staaff, Prime minister (1911–1914) ::*Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Prime minister (1914–1917) ::*Carl Swartz, Prime minister (1917) ::*Nils Edén, Prime minister (1917–1920) ::*Hjalmar Branting, Prime minister (1920) ::*Gerhard Louis De Geer, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*Oscar von Sydow, Prime minister (1921) ::*Hjalmar Branting, Prime minister (1921–1923) ::*Ernst Trygger, Prime minister (1923–1924) ::*Hjalmar Branting, Prime minister (1924–1925) ::*Rickard Sandler, Prime minister (1925–1926) ::*Carl Gustaf Ekman, Prime minister (1926–1928) ::*Arvid Lindman, Prime minister (1928–1930) ::*Carl Gustaf Ekman, Prime minister (1930–1932) ::*Felix Hamrin, Prime minister (1932) ::*Per Albin Hansson, Prime minister (1932–1936) ::*Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp, Prime minister (1936) ::*Per Albin Hansson, Prime minister (1936–1946) ::*Tage Erlander, Prime minister (1946–1969)

Europe: Southcentral

''Italy'' *Kingdom of Italy :*Monarchy of Italy, Monarchs ( complete list) – ::*Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, King (1900–1946) ::*Umberto II of Italy, Umberto II, King (1946) :*Prime Minister of Italy, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Italy, complete list) – ::*Giuseppe Saracco, Prime minister (1900–1901) ::*Giuseppe Zanardelli, Prime minister (1901–1903) ::*Giovanni Giolitti, Prime minister (1903–1905) ::*Tommaso Tittoni, Prime minister (1905) ::*Alessandro Fortis, Prime minister (1905–1906) ::*Sidney Sonnino, Prime minister (1906) ::*Giovanni Giolitti, Prime minister (1906–1909) ::*Sidney Sonnino, Prime minister (1909–1910) ::*Luigi Luzzatti, Prime minister (1910–1911) ::*Giovanni Giolitti, Prime minister (1911–1914) ::*Antonio Salandra, Prime minister (1914–1916) ::*Paolo Boselli, Prime minister (1916–1917) ::*Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Prime minister (1917–1919) ::*Francesco Saverio Nitti, Prime minister (1919–1920) ::*Giovanni Giolitti, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*Ivanoe Bonomi, Prime minister (1921–1922) ::*Luigi Facta, Prime minister (1922) ::*Benito Mussolini, Prime minister (1922–1943) ::*Pietro Badoglio, Prime minister (1943–1944) ::*Ivanoe Bonomi, Prime minister (1944–1945) ::*Ferruccio Parri, Prime minister (1945) ::*Alcide De Gasperi, Prime minister (1945–1946) *Italian Regency of Carnaro – :*Gabriele D'Annunzio, Comandante (1919–1920) *Italian Social Republic (Duce#List, complete list) – :''Puppet state of Germany'' :*Benito Mussolini, Duce (1943–1945) *Fascist Italy (1922–1943) :*King (King of Italy#Kingdom of Italy, House of Savoy (1861–1946), complete list) – ::*Victor Emmanuel III, King (1900–1946) :*Prime ministers (List of prime ministers of Italy#Prime ministers of Italy, complete list) – ::*Benito Mussolini, Prime Minister (1922–1943) *Free Territory of Trieste :''UN Security Council-controlled temporary military government, 1947–1954'' *Republic of Italy :*President of Italy, Presidents (List of Presidents of Italy, complete list) – ::*Enrico De Nicola, Provisional Head of State (1946–1948), President (1948) ::*Luigi Einaudi, President (1948–1955) :*Prime Minister of Italy, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Italy, complete list) – ::*Alcide De Gasperi, Prime minister (1946–1953) ''Malta'' *Crown Colony of Malta ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1813–1964'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''San Marino'' *San Marino :*Captains Regent (List of Captains Regent of San Marino, 1900–present) – ::*Domenico Fattori, Antonio Righi, Captains Regent (1900) ::*Giovanni Bonelli, Pietro Ugolini, Captains Regent (1900–1901) ::*Luigi Tonnini, Marino Nicolini, Captains Regent (1901) ::*Antonio Bellucci, Pasquale Busignani, Captains Regent (1901–1902) ::*Onofrio Fattori, Egidio Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1902) ::*Gemino Gozi, Giacomo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1902–1903) ::*Federico Gozi (1872), Federico Gozi, Nullo Balducci, Captains Regent (1903) ::*Marino Borbiconi, Francesco Marcucci, Captains Regent (1903–1904) ::*Menetto Bonelli, Vincenzo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1904) ::*Luigi Tonnini, Gustavo Babboni, Captains Regent (1904–1905) ::*Antonio Bellucci, Pasquale Busignani, Captains Regent (1905) ::*Onofrio Fattori, Piermatteo Carattoni, Captains Regent (1905–1906) ::*Giovanni Belluzzi, Pietro Francini, Captains Regent (1906) ::*Alfredo Reffi, Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent (1906–1907) ::*Ciro Belluzzi, Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent (1907) ::*Giuseppe Angeli (politician), Giuseppe Angeli, Francesco Valli, Captains Regent (1907–1908) ::*Menetto Bonelli, Gustavo Babboni, Captains Regent (1908) ::*Olinto Amati, Raffaele Michetti, Captains Regent (1908–1909) ::*Luigi Tonnini, Domenico Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent (1909) ::*Marino Borbiconi, Giacomo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1909–1910) ::*Alfredo Reffi, Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent (1910) ::*Giovanni Belluzzi, Luigi Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1910–1911) ::*Moro Morri, Cesare Stacchini, Captains Regent (1911) ::*Onofrio Fattori, Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Captains Regent (1911–1912) ::*Gustavo Babboni, Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent (1912) ::*Menetto Bonelli, Vincenzo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1912–1913) ::*Giuseppe Angeli (San Marino), Giuseppe Angeli, Ignazio Grazia, Captains Regent (1913) ::*Cirro Belluzzi, Domenico Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent (1913–1914) ::*Domenico Fattori, Ferruccio Martelli, Captains Regent (1914) ::*Olinto Amati, Cesare Stacchini, Captains Regent (1914–1915) ::*Moro Morri, Antonio Burgagni, Captains Regent (1915) ::*Alfredo Reffi, Luigi Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1915–1916) ::*Onofrio Fattori, Ciro Francini, Captains Regent (1916) ::*Gustavo Babboni, Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent (1916–1917) ::*Egisto Morri, Vincenzo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1917) ::*Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Giuseppe Balducci, Captains Regent (1917–1918) ::*Ferruccio Martelli, Ermenegildo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1918) ::*Protogene Belloni, Francesco Morri, Captains Regent (1918–1919) ::*Domenico Vicini, Pietro Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent (1919) ::*Moro Morri, Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent (1919–1920) ::*Marino Rossi, Ciro Francini, Captains Regent (1920) ::*Carlo Balsimelli, Simone Michelotti, Captains Regent (1920–1921) ::*Marino Della Balda, Vincenzo Francini, Captains Regent (1921) ::*Egisto Morri, Giuseppe Lanci, Captains Regent (1921–1922) ::*Eugenio Reffi, Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent (1922) ::*Onofrio Fattori, Giuseppe Balducci, Captains Regent (1922–1923) ::*Giuliano Gozi, Filippo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1923) ::*Marino Borbiconi, Mario Michetti, Captains Regent (1923–1924) ::*Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Francesco Mularoni, Captains Regent (1924) ::*Francesco Morri, Girolamo Gozi, Captains Regent (1924–1925) ::*Marino Fattori, Augusto Mularoni, Captains Regent (1925) ::*Valerio Pasquali, Marco Marcucci, Captains Regent (1925–1926) ::*Manlio Gozi, Giuseppe Mularoni, Captains Regent (1926) ::*Giuliano Gozi, Ruggero Morri, Captains Regent (1926–1927) ::*Gino Gozi, Marino Morri, Captains Regent (1927) ::*Marino Rossi, Nelson Burgagni, Captains Regent (1927–1928) ::*Domenico Suzzi Valli, Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent (1928) ::*Francesco Morri, Melchiorre Filippi, Captains Regent (1928–1929) ::*Girolamo Gozi, Filippo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1929) ::*Ezio Balducci, Aldo Busignani, Captains Regent (1929–1930) ::*Manlio Gozi, Marino Lonfernini, Turiddu Foschi, Captains Regent (1930) ::*Valerio Pasquali, Gino Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1930–1931) ::*Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Francesco Mularoni, Captains Regent (1931) ::*Domenico Suzzi Valli, Marino Morri, Captains Regent (1931–1932) ::*Giuliano Gozi, Pompeo Righi, Captains Regent (1932) ::*Gino Gozi, Ruggero Morri, Captains Regent (1932–1933) ::*Francesco Morri, Settimio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1933) ::*Carlo Balsimelli, Melchiorre Filippi, Captains Regent (1933–1934) ::*Marino Rossi, Giovanni Lonfernini , Captains Regent (1934) ::*Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Marino Michelotti, Captains Regent (1934–1935) ::*Federico Gozi (1935), Federico Gozi, Salvatore Foschi, Captains Regent (1935) ::*Pompeo Righi, Marino Morri, Captains Regent (1935–1936) ::*Gino Gozi, Ruggero Morri, Captains Regent (1936) ::*Francesco Morri, Gino Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1936–1937) ::*Giuliano Gozi, Settimio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1937) ::*Marino Rossi, Giovanni Lonfernini , Captains Regent (1937–1938) ::*Manlio Gozi, Luigi Mularoni, Captains Regent (1938) ::*Carlo Balsimelli, Celio Gozi, Captains Regent (1938–1939) ::*Pompeo Righi, Marino Morri, Captains Regent (1939) ::*Marino Michelotti, Orlando Reffi, Captains Regent (1939–1940) ::*Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Filippo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1940) ::*Federico Gozi (1935), Federico Gozi, Salvatore Foschi, Captains Regent (1940–1941) ::*Gino Gozi, Secondo Menicucci, Captains Regent (1941) ::*Giuliano Gozi, Giovanni Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1941–1942) ::*Settimio Belluzzi, Celio Gozi, Captains Regent (1942) ::*Carlo Balsimelli, Renato Martelli, Captains Regent (1942–1943) ::*Marino Michelotti, Bartolomeo Manzoni Borghesi, Captains Regent (1943) ::*Marino Della Balda, Sante Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1943–1944) ::*Francesco Balsimelli, Sanzio Valentini, Captains Regent (1944) ::*Teodoro Lonfernini, Leonida Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent (1944–1945) ::*Alvaro Casali, Vittorio Valentini, Captains Regent (1945) ::*Ferruccio Martelli, Secondo Fiorini, Captains Regent (1945–1946) ::*Giuseppe Forcellini, Vincenzo Pedini, Captains Regent (1946) ::*Filippo Martelli, Luigi Montironi, Captains Regent (1946–1947) ::*Marino Della Balda, Luigi Zafferani, Captains Regent (1947) ::*Domenico Forcellini, Mariano Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1947–1948) ::*Arnaldo Para, Giuseppe Renzi, Captains Regent (1948) ::*Giordano Giacomini, Domenico Tomassoni, Captains Regent (1948–1949) ::*Ferruccio Martelli, Primo Bugli, Captains Regent (1949) ::*Vincenzo Pedini, Agostino Biordi, Captains Regent (1949–1950) ::*Giuseppe Forcellini, Primo Taddei, Captains Regent (1950) ::*Marino Della Balda, Luigi Montironi, Captains Regent (1950–1951) ''Vatican'' *Vatican City :*Pope, Sovereign (List of sovereigns of Vatican City State, complete list) – ::*Pope Pius XI, Pius XI, Sovereign (1929–1939) ::*Pope Pius XII, Pius XII, Sovereign (1939–1958) :*President of the Governorate (President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, complete list) – ::*Nicola Canali, President of the Governorate (1939–1961)

Europe: Southwest

''Andorra'' *Andorra :*Episcopal Co-Princes of Andorra, Co-Princes (List of Co-Princes of Andorra, complete list) – ::*Salvador Casañas y Pagés, Episcopal Co-Prince (1879–1901) ::*Ramon Riu i Cabanes, Episcopal Co-Prince (1901) ::*Toribio Martín, Interm Episcopal Co-Prince (1902) ::*Joan Josep Laguarda i Fenollera, Episcopal Co-Prince (1902–1906) ::*Josep Pujargimzú, Interm Episcopal Co-Prince (1907) ::*Juan Benlloch i Vivó, Episcopal Co-Prince (1907–1919) ::*Jaume Viladrich i Gaspa, Interm Episcopal Co-Prince (1919–1920) ::*Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince (1920–1940) ::*Ricard Fornesa i Puigdemasa (Vicar capitular), Interm Episcopal Co-Prince (1940–1943) ::*Ramon Iglesias i Navarri, Episcopal Co-Prince (1943–1969) :*French Co-Princes of Andorra, Co-Princes (List of Co-Princes of Andorra, complete list) – ::*Émile Loubet, French Co-Prince (1899–1906) ::*Armand Fallières, French Co-Prince (1906–1913) ::*Raymond Poincaré, French Co-Prince (1913–1920) ::*Paul Deschanel, French Co-Prince (1920) ::*Alexandre Millerand, French Co-Prince (1920–1924) ::*Frédéric François-Marsal, Acting French Co-Prince (1924) ::*Gaston Doumergue, French Co-Prince (1924–1931) ::*Paul Doumer, French Co-Prince (1931–1932) ::*André Tardieu, Acting French Co-Prince (1932) ::*Albert François Lebrun, French Co-Prince (1932–1940) ::*Philippe Pétain, French Co-Prince (1940–1944) ::*Charles de Gaulle, French Co-Prince (1944–1946) ::*Félix Gouin, French Co-Prince (1946) ::*Georges Bidault, French Co-Prince (1946) ::*Vincent Auriol, Interim French Co-Prince (1946) ::*Léon Blum, French Co-Prince (1946–1947) ::*Vincent Auriol, French Co-Prince (1947–1954) ''Portugal'' *

:*Monarchs ( complete list) – ::*Carlos I of Portugal, Carlos I, King (1889–1908) ::*Manuel II of Portugal, Manuel II, King (1908–1910) :*Prime Minister of Portugal, Presidents of the Council of Ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Portugal, complete list) – ::*Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro, Prresident of the Council of Ministers (1900–1904) ::*Luciano de Castro, Prresident of the Council of Ministers (1904–1906) ::*Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro, Prresident of the Council of Ministers (1906) ::*João Franco, Prresident of the Council of Ministers (1906–1908) ::*Francisco Ferreira do Amaral, Prresident of the Council of Ministers (1908) ::*Artur Alberto de Campos Henriques, Artur de Campos Henriques, Prresident of the Council of Ministers (1908–1909) ::*Sebastião Custódio de Sousa Teles, Sebastião Teles, Prresident of the Council of Ministers (1909) ::*Venceslau de Sousa Pereira de Lima, Venceslau de Lima, Prresident of the Council of Ministers (1909) ::*Francisco da Veiga Beirão, Prresident of the Council of Ministers (1909–1910) ::*António Teixeira de Sousa, Prresident of the Council of Ministers (1910) *First Portuguese Republic :*President of Portugal, Presidents (List of Presidents of Portugal, complete list) – ::*Teófilo Braga, President of Provisional Government (1910–1911) ::*Manuel de Arriaga, President (1911–1915) ::*Teófilo Braga, President (1915) ::*Bernardino Machado, President (1915–1917) ::*Ministry: Sidónio Pais (President of the Ministry), António Machado Santos, Alberto de Moura Pinto, António dos Santos Viegas, António Aresta Branco, Francisco Xavier Esteves, João Tamagnini Barbosa, Alfredo Magalhães, Feliciano da Costa, Acting head of state (1917) ::*Sidónio Pais, President (1917–1918) ::*Government: António Bernardino Ferreira, Jorge Couceiro da Costa, João Tamagnini Barbosa, Álvaro de Mendonça, João do Canto e Castro (Acting President of the Government), António Egas Moniz, João Alberto Azevedo Neves, Alexandre de Vasconcelos e Sá, Alfredo Magalhães, Henrique Forbes de Bessa, José João da Cruz Azevedo, Eduardo Fernandes de Oliveira, Acting head of state (1918) ::*João do Canto e Castro, President (1918–1919) ::*António José de Almeida, President (1919–1923) ::*Manuel Teixeira Gomes, President (1923–1925) ::*Bernardino Machado, President (1925–1926) :*Prime Minister of Portugal, Presidents of the Ministry (List of Prime Ministers of Portugal, complete list) – ::*Teófilo Braga, President of the Ministry (1910–1911) ::*João Chagas, President of the Ministry (1911) ::*Augusto de Vasconcelos, President of the Ministry (1911–1912) ::*Duarte Leite, President of the Ministry (1912) ::*Augusto de Vasconcelos, Acting President of the Ministry (1912) ::*Duarte Leite, President of the Ministry (1912–1913) ::*Afonso Costa, President of the Ministry (1913–1914) ::*Bernardino Machado, President of the Ministry (1914) ::*Vítor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho, President of the Ministry (1914–1915) ::*Joaquim Pimenta de Castro, President of the Ministry (1915) ::*Constitutional Junta: José Norton de Matos, António Maria da Silva, José de Freitas Ribeiro, Alfredo de Sá Cardoso, Álvaro de Castro, Acting head of government (1915) ::*João Chagas, President of the Ministry designate (1915) ::*José de Castro, Acting President of the Ministry and President of the Ministry (1915) ::*Afonso Costa, President of the Ministry (1915–1916) ::*António José de Almeida, President of the Ministry (1916) ::*Afonso Costa, Acting President of the Ministry (1916) ::*António José de Almeida, President of the Ministry (1916–1917) ::*Afonso Costa, President of the Ministry (1917) ::*José Norton de Matos, Acting President of the Ministry (1917) ::*Afonso Costa, President of the Ministry (1917) ::*José Norton de Matos, Acting President of the Ministry (1917) ::*Revolutionary Junta: Sidónio Pais (President), António Machado Santos (Member), Feliciano da Costa (Member), Acting head of government (1917) ::*Sidónio Pais, Acting head of government (1917–1918) ::*Government: António Bernardino Ferreira, Jorge Couceiro da Costa, João Tamagnini Barbosa, Álvaro de Mendonça, João do Canto e Castro, António Egas Moniz, João Alberto Azevedo Neves, Alexandre de Vasconcelos e Sá, Alfredo Magalhães, Henrique Forbes de Bessa, José João da Cruz Azevedo, Eduardo Fernandes de Oliveira, Acting head of government (1918) ::*João do Canto e Castro, Acting President of the Government (1918) ::*João Tamagnini Barbosa, President of the Ministry (1918–1919) ::*José Relvas, President of the Ministry (1919) ::*Domingos Pereira, President of the Ministry (1919) ::*Alfredo de Sá Cardoso, President of the Ministry (1919–1920) ::*Francisco Fernandes Costa, President of the Ministry designate (1920) ::*Alfredo de Sá Cardoso, President of the Ministry (1920) ::*Domingos Pereira, President of the Ministry (1920) ::*António Maria Baptista, President of the Ministry (1920) ::*José Ramos Preto, Acting President of the Ministry and President of the Ministry (1920) ::*António Maria da Silva, President of the Ministry (1920) ::*António Granjo, President of the Ministry (1920) ::*Álvaro de Castro, President of the Ministry (1920) ::*Liberato Pinto, President of the Ministry (1920–1921) ::*Bernardino Machado, President of the Ministry (1921) ::*Tomé de Barros Queirós, President of the Ministry (1921) ::*António Granjo, President of the Ministry (1921) ::*Ministry: Raul Lelo Portela, António Vicente Ferreira, António Maria de Freitas Soares, Ricardo Pais Gomes, João de Melo Barreto, António Curson, Manuel Ferreira da Rocha, António Ginestal Machado, Júlio Ernesto de Lima Duque, António Aboim Inglês, Acting head of government (1921) ::*Manuel Maria Coelho, President of the Ministry (1921) ::*Carlos Maia Pinto, President of the Ministry (1921) ::*Francisco Cunha Leal, President of the Ministry (1921–1922) ::*António Maria da Silva, President of the Ministry (1922–1923) ::*António Ginestal Machado, President of the Ministry (1923) ::*Álvaro de Castro, President of the Ministry (1923–1924) ::*Alfredo Rodrigues Gaspar, President of the Ministry (1924) ::*José Domingues dos Santos, President of the Ministry (1924–1925) ::*Vitorino Guimarães, President of the Ministry (1925) ::*António Maria da Silva, President of the Ministry (1925) ::*Domingos Pereira, President of the Ministry (1925) ::*António Maria da Silva, President of the Ministry (1925–1926) *Ditadura Nacional, ''Ditadura Nacional'' of Portugal :*President of Portugal, Presidents (List of Presidents of Portugal, complete list) – ::*José Mendes Cabeçadas, President (1926) ::*Ministry: Manuel Gomes da Costa (President of the Ministry), António Claro, Filomeno da Câmara, Artur Ricardo Jorge, Armando da Gama Ochoa, Acting head of state (1926) ::*Manuel Gomes da Costa, President (1926) ::*Ministry: Óscar Carmona (President of the Ministry), José Ribeiro Castanho, Manuel Rodrigues Júnior, Manuel Rodrigues, João José Sinel de Cordes, João Sinel de Cordes, Jaime Afreixo, António Maria de Bettencourt Rodrigues, Abílio Passos e Sousa, João Belo, Artur Ricardo Jorge, Alfredo Magalhães, Felisberto Pedrosa, Acting head of state (1926) ::*Óscar Carmona, President (1926–1935) :*Prime Minister of Portugal, Presidents of the Ministry (List of Prime Ministers of Portugal, complete list) – ::*Public Salvation Junta: José Mendes Cabeçadas, Armando da Gama Ochoa, Jaime Baptista, Carlos Vilhena, Acting head of government (1926) ::*José Mendes Cabeçadas, President of Ministry (1926) ::*Manuel Gomes da Costa, President of Ministry (1926) ::*Óscar Carmona, President of Ministry (1926–1928) ::*José Vicente de Freitas, President of Ministry (1928–1929) ::*Artur Ivens Ferraz, President of Ministry (1929) ::*Luís Maria Lopes da Fonseca, Acting President of Ministry (1929) ::*Artur Ivens Ferraz, President of Ministry (1929–1930) ::*Domingos Oliveira, President of Ministry (1930–1932) ::*António de Oliveira Salazar, President of Ministry (1932–1933) *Estado Novo (Portugal), Second Portuguese Republic :*President of Portugal, Presidents (List of Presidents of Portugal, complete list) – ::*Óscar Carmona, President (1926–1935) ::*António de Oliveira Salazar, Acting President (1935) ::*Óscar Carmona, President (1935–1951) :*Prime Minister of Portugal, Presidents of the Ministry (List of Prime Ministers of Portugal, complete list) – ::*António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Minister (1933–1968) ''Spain'' *Restoration (Spain), Bourbon Restoration of Spain :*Monarchy of Spain, Monarchs ( complete list) – ::*Alfonso XIII of Spain, Alfonso XIII, King (1886–1931) :*Prime Minister of Spain, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Spain, complete list) – ::*Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero, Prime minister (1900–1901) ::*Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, Prime minister (1901–1902) ::*Francisco Silvela, Prime minister (1902–1903) ::*Raimundo Fernández-Villaverde, Marquis of Pozo Rubio, Raimundo Fernández-Villaverde, Prime minister (1903) ::*Antonio Maura, Prime minister (1903–1904) ::*Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero, Prime minister (1904–1905) ::*Francisco Silvela, Prime minister (1905–1905) ::*Eugenio Montero Ríos, Prime minister (1905) ::*Segismundo Moret, Prime minister (1905–1906) ::*José López Domínguez, Prime minister (1906) ::*Antonio González de Aguilar, 8th Marquis of la Vega de Armijo, Antonio González de Aguilar, Prime minister (1906–1907) ::*Antonio Maura, Prime minister (1907–1909) ::*Segismundo Moret, Prime minister (1909–1910) ::*José Canalejas y Méndez, José Canalejas, Prime minister (1910–1912) ::*Manuel García-Prieto, 1st Marquis of Alhucemas, Manuel García-Prieto, Prime minister (1912) ::*Álvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones, Álvaro de Figueroa, Prime minister (1912–1913) ::*Eduardo Dato, Prime minister (1913–1915) ::*Álvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones, Álvaro de Figueroa, Prime minister (1915–1917) ::*Manuel García-Prieto, 1st Marquis of Alhucemas, Manuel García-Prieto, Prime minister (1917) ::*Eduardo Dato, Prime minister (1917) ::*Manuel García-Prieto, 1st Marquis of Alhucemas, Manuel García-Prieto, Prime minister (1917–1918) ::*Antonio Maura, Prime minister (1918) ::*Manuel García-Prieto, 1st Marquis of Alhucemas, Manuel García-Prieto, Prime minister (1918) ::*Álvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones, Álvaro de Figueroa, Prime minister (1918–1919) ::*Antonio Maura, Prime minister (1919) ::*Joaquín Sánchez de Toca, Prime minister (1919) ::*Manuel Allendesalazar y Muñoz de Salazar, Prime minister (1919–1920) ::*Eduardo Dato, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*Gabino Bugallal Araújo, Acting Prime minister (1921) ::*Manuel Allendesalazar y Muñoz de Salazar, Prime minister (1921) ::*Antonio Maura, Prime minister (1921–1922) ::*José Sánchez-Guerra y Martínez, Prime minister (1922) ::*Miguel Primo de Rivera, Prime minister (1922–1923) ::*Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella, Miguel Primo de Rivera, Prime minister (1923–1930) ::*Dámaso Berenguer, Prime minister (1930–1931) ::*Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas, Prime minister (1931) *Second Spanish Republic :*President of the Republic (Spain), Presidents ( complete list) – ::*Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, President (1931–1936) ::*Diego Martínez Barrio, Acting President (1936) ::*Manuel Azaña, President (1936–1939) ::*José Miaja, Interim President (1939) :*Prime Minister of Spain, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Spain, complete list) – ::*Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, Prime minister (1931) ::*Manuel Azaña, Prime minister (1931–1933) ::*Alejandro Lerroux, Prime minister (1933) ::*Diego Martínez Barrio, Prime minister (1933) ::*Alejandro Lerroux, Prime minister (1933–1934) ::*Ricardo Samper, Prime minister (1934) ::*Alejandro Lerroux, Prime minister (1934–1935) ::*Joaquín Chapaprieta, Prime minister (1935) ::*Manuel Portela Valladares, Prime minister (1935–1936) ::*Manuel Azaña, Prime minister (1936) ::*Augusto Barcía Trelles, Prime minister (1936) ::*Santiago Casares Quiroga, Prime minister (1936) ::*Diego Martínez Barrio, Prime minister (1936) ::*José Giral, Prime minister (1936) ::*Francisco Largo Caballero, Prime minister (1936–1937) ::*Juan Negrín, Prime minister (1937–1939) *Francoist Spain, Spanish State (Francoist Spain) :*Head of state ( complete list) – ::*Francisco Franco, Caudillo (1936–1975) :*Prime Minister of Spain, Prime minister (List of Prime Ministers of Spain, complete list) – ::*Francisco Franco, Prime minister (1936–1973)

Europe: West

''Belgium'' *

:*Monarchy of Belgium, Monarchs ( complete list) – ::*Leopold II of Belgium, Leopold II, King (1865–1909) ::*Albert I of Belgium, Albert I, King (1909–1934) ::*Leopold III of Belgium, Leopold III, King (1934–1951) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Belgium, complete list) – ::*Paul de Smet de Naeyer, Prime minister (1899–1907) ::*Jules de Trooz, Prime minister (1907) ::*Frans Schollaert, Prime minister (1908–1911) ::*Charles de Broqueville, Prime minister (1911–1918) ::*Gérard Cooreman, Prime minister (1918) ::*Léon Delacroix, Prime minister (1918–1920) ::*Henri Carton de Wiart, Prime minister (1920–1921) ::*Georges Theunis, Prime minister (1921–1925) ::*Aloys Van de Vyvere, Prime minister (1925) ::*Prosper Poullet, Prime minister (1925–1926) ::*Henri Jaspar, Prime minister (1926–1931) ::*Jules Renkin, Prime minister (1931–1932) ::*Charles de Broqueville, Prime minister (1932–1934) ::*Georges Theunis, Prime minister (1934–1935) ::*Paul van Zeeland, Prime minister (1935–1937) ::*Paul-Émile Janson, Prime minister (1937–1938) ::*Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime minister (1938–1939) ::*Hubert Pierlot, Prime minister (1939–1945) ::*Achille Van Acker, Prime minister (1945–1946) ::*Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime minister (1946) ::*Achille Van Acker, Prime minister (1946) ::*Camille Huysmans, Prime minister (1946–1947) ::*Paul-Henri Spaak, Prime minister (1947–1949) ::*Gaston Eyskens, Prime minister (1949–1950) ::*Jean Duvieusart, Prime minister (1950) ::*Joseph Pholien, Prime minister (1950–1952) ''France'' *French Third Republic :*List of Presidents of France, Presidents ( complete list) – ::*Émile Loubet, President (1899–1906) ::*Armand Fallières, President (1906–1913) ::*Raymond Poincaré, President (1913–1920) ::*Paul Deschanel, President (1920) ::*Alexandre Millerand, President (1920–1924) ::*Frédéric François-Marsal, Acting President (1924) ::*Gaston Doumergue, President (1924–1931) ::*Paul Doumer, President (1931–1932) ::*André Tardieu, Acting President (1932) ::*Albert François Lebrun, President (1932–1940) :*Prime Minister of France, President of the Council of ministers (List of Prime Ministers of France, complete list) – ::*Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, President of the Council of ministers (1899–1902) ::*Émile Combes, President of the Council of ministers (1902–1905) ::*Maurice Rouvier, President of the Council of ministers (1905–1906) ::*Ferdinand Sarrien, President of the Council of ministers (1906) ::*Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council of ministers (1906–1909) ::*Aristide Briand, President of the Council of ministers (1909–1911) ::*Ernest Monis, President of the Council of ministers (1911) ::*Joseph Caillaux, President of the Council of ministers (1911–1912) ::*Raymond Poincaré, President of the Council of ministers (1912–1913) ::*Aristide Briand, President of the Council of ministers (1913) ::*Louis Barthou, President of the Council of ministers (1913) ::*Gaston Doumergue, President of the Council of ministers (1913–1914) ::*Alexandre Ribot, President of the Council of ministers (1914) ::*René Viviani, President of the Council of ministers (1914–1915) ::*Aristide Briand, President of the Council of ministers (1915–1917) ::*Alexandre Ribot, President of the Council of ministers (1917) ::*Paul Painlevé, President of the Council of ministers (1917) ::*Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council of ministers (1917–1920) ::*Alexandre Millerand, President of the Council of ministers (1920) ::*Georges Leygues, President of the Council of ministers (1920–1921) ::*Aristide Briand, President of the Council of ministers (1921–1922) ::*Raymond Poincaré, President of the Council of ministers (1922–1924) ::*Frédéric François-Marsal, President of the Council of ministers (1924) ::*Édouard Herriot, President of the Council of ministers (1924–1925) ::*Paul Painlevé, President of the Council of ministers (1925) ::*Aristide Briand, President of the Council of ministers (1925–1926) ::*Édouard Herriot, President of the Council of ministers (1926) ::*Raymond Poincaré, President of the Council of ministers (1926–1929) ::*Aristide Briand, President of the Council of ministers (1929) ::*André Tardieu, President of the Council of ministers (1929–1930) ::*Camille Chautemps, President of the Council of ministers (1930) ::*André Tardieu, President of the Council of ministers (1930) ::*Théodore Steeg, President of the Council of ministers (1930–1931) ::*Pierre Laval, President of the Council of ministers (1931–1932) ::*André Tardieu, President of the Council of ministers (1932) ::*Édouard Herriot, President of the Council of ministers (1932) ::*Joseph Paul-Boncour, President of the Council of ministers (1932–1933) ::*Édouard Daladier, President of the Council of ministers (1933) ::*Albert Sarraut, President of the Council of ministers (1933) ::*Camille Chautemps, President of the Council of ministers (1933–1934) ::*Édouard Daladier, President of the Council of ministers (1934) ::*Gaston Doumergue, President of the Council of ministers (1934) ::*Pierre-Étienne Flandin, President of the Council of ministers (1934–1935) ::*Fernand Bouisson, President of the Council of ministers (1935) ::*Pierre Laval, President of the Council of ministers (1935–1936) ::*Albert Sarraut, President of the Council of ministers (1936) ::*Léon Blum, President of the Council of ministers (1936–1937) ::*Camille Chautemps, President of the Council of ministers (1937–1938) ::*Léon Blum, President of the Council of ministers (1938) ::*Édouard Daladier, President of the Council of ministers (1938–1940) ::*Paul Reynaud, President of the Council of ministers (1940) ::*Philippe Pétain, President of the Council of ministers (1940) *Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France :*Military Commanders – ::*Gerd von Rundstedt, Military Commander (1940) ::*Alexander von Falkenhausen, Military Commander (1940–1944) :*Administrator – ::*Eggert Reeder, Administrator (1940–1944) *Vichy France :*French Head of State, Chiefs of state ( complete list) – ::*Philippe Pétain, Chief of state (1940–1944) :*Prime Minister of France, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of France, complete list) – ::*Pierre Laval, Prime minister (1940) ::*Pierre-Étienne Flandin, Prime minister (1940–1941) ::*François Darlan, Prime minister (1941–1942) ::*Pierre Laval, Prime minister (1942–1944) *Provisional Government of the French Republic :*Chairmen of the Provisional Government ( complete list) – ::*Charles de Gaulle, Chairmen (1944–1946) ::*Félix Gouin, Chairmen (1946) ::*Georges Bidault, Chairmen (1946) ::*Vincent Auriol, Interim Chairmen (1946) ::*Léon Blum, Chairmen (1946–1947) :*Prime Minister of France, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of France, complete list) – ::*Charles de Gaulle, Prime minister (1944–1946) ::*Félix Gouin, Prime minister (1946) ::*Georges Bidault, Prime minister (1946) ::*Vincent Auriol, Prime minister (1946) ::*Léon Blum, Prime minister (1946–1947) *French Fourth Republic :*List of Presidents of France, Presidents ( complete list) – ::*Vincent Auriol, President (1947–1954) :*Prime Minister of France, President of the Council of ministers (List of Prime Ministers of France, complete list) – ::*Paul Ramadier, Prime minister (1947) ::*Robert Schuman, Prime minister (1947–1948) ::*André Marie, Prime minister (1948) ::*Robert Schuman, Prime minister (1948) ::*Henri Queuille, Prime minister (1948–1949) ::*Georges Bidault, Prime minister (1949–1950) ::*Henri Queuille, Prime minister (1950) ::*René Pleven, Prime minister (1950–1951) ''Luxembourg'' *Grand Duchy of Luxembourg :*Monarchy of Luxembourg, Monarchs (List of monarchs of Luxembourg#Grand Dukes of Luxembourg, complete list) – ::*Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Adolphe, Grand Duke (1890–1905) ::*William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, William IV, Grand Duke (1905–1912) ::*Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess (1912–1919) ::*Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Charlotte, Grand Duchess (1919–1964) :*Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Luxembourg, complete list) – ::*Paul Eyschen, Prime minister (1888–1915) ::*Mathias Mongenast, Prime minister (1915) ::*Hubert Loutsch, Prime minister (1915–1916) ::*Victor Thorn, Prime minister (1916–1917) ::*Léon Kauffman, Prime minister (1917–1918) ::*Émile Reuter, Prime minister (1918–1925) ::*Pierre Prüm, Prime minister (1925–1926) ::*Joseph Bech, Prime minister (1926–1937) ::*Pierre Dupong, Prime minister (1937–1953) ''Monaco'' *Monaco :*Monarchy of Monaco, Sovereign Prince (List of rulers of Monaco, complete list) – ::*Albert I, Prince of Monaco, Albert I, Prince (1889–1922) ::*Louis II, Prince of Monaco, Louis II, Prince (1922–1949) ::*Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, Rainier III, Prince (1949–2005) :*Minister of State (Minister of State (Monaco), complete list) – ::*Émile Flach, Minister of state (1911–1917) ::*Georges Jaloustre, Minister of state (1918–1919) ::*Raymond Le Bourdon, Minister of state (1919–1923) ::*Maurice Piette, Minister of state (1923–1932) ::*Henry Mauran, Acting Minister of state (1932) ::*Maurice Bouilloux-Lafont, Minister of state (1932–1937) ::*Henry Mauran, Acting Minister of state (1937) ::*Émile Roblot, Minister of state (1937–1944) ::*Pierre Blanchy, Acting Minister of state (1944) ::*Pierre de Witasse, Minister of state (1944–1949) ::*Pierre Blanchy, Acting Minister of state (1949) ::*Jacques Rueff, Minister of state (1949–1950) ::*Pierre Voizard, Minister of state (1950–1953) ''Netherlands'' *Netherlands :*Monarchy of the Netherlands, Monarchs ( complete list) – ::*Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Wilhelmina, Queen (1890–1948) ::*Juliana of the Netherlands, Juliana, Queen (1948–1980) :*Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Prime ministers of the Netherlands (List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands, complete list) – ::*Nicolaas Pierson, Prime minister (1897–1901) ::*Abraham Kuyper, Prime minister (1901–1905) ::*Theo de Meester, Prime minister (1905–1908) ::*Theo Heemskerk, Prime minister (1908–1913) ::*Pieter Cort van der Linden, Prime minister (1913–1918) ::*Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Prime minister (1918–1925) ::*Hendrikus Colijn, Prime minister (1925–1926) ::*Dirk Jan de Geer, Prime minister (1926–1929) ::*Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Prime minister (1929–1933) ::*Hendrikus Colijn, Prime minister (1933–1939) ::*Dirk Jan de Geer, Prime minister (1939–1940) ::*Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy, Prime minister (1940–1945) ::*Willem Schermerhorn, Prime minister (1945–1946) ::*Louis Beel, Prime minister (1946–1948) ::*Willem Drees, Prime minister (1948–1958) *Reichskommissariat Niederlande, ''Reichskommissariat Niederlande'': German-occupied Netherlands :*Reichskommissar – ::*Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Reichskommissar (1940–1945) :*Leader of the Dutch People – ::*Anton Mussert, Leader of the Dutch People (1942–1945)

Eurasia: Caucasus

''Armenia'' *First Republic of Armenia :*Chairmen (List of leaders of Armenia, complete list) – ::*Avetik Sahakyan, Chairman (1918–1919) ::*Avetis Aharonian, Chairman (1919–1920) ::*Hovhannes Kajaznuni, Chairman (1920) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Armenia, complete list) – ::*Hovhannes Kajaznuni, Prime minister (1918–1919) ::*Alexander Khatisian, Prime minister (1919–1920) ::*Hamo Ohanjanyan, Prime minister (1920) ::*Simon Vratsian, Prime minister (1920) ''Azerbaijan'' *Azerbaijan Democratic Republic :*Presidents (President of Azerbaijan#Presidents of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991–present), complete list) – ::*Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh, President (1918) ::*Alimardan Topchubashov, Head of state (1918–1920) ::*Mammad Yusif Jafarov, Acting Head of state (1920) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Azerbaijan, complete list) – ::*Fatali Khan Khoyski, Prime minister (1918–1919) ::*Nasib Yusifbeyli, Prime minister (1919–1920) ::*Mammad Hasan Hajinski, Acting Prime minister (1920) ''Georgia'' *Democratic Republic of Georgia :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Georgia, complete list) – ::*Noe Ramishvili, Prime minister (1918) ::*Noe Zhordania, Prime minister (1918–1921)

Oceania

Australia and Papua New Guinea

''Australia'' *Australia :*Monarchs (Monarchy of Australia, complete list) – ::*Queen Victoria, Victoria, Queen (1901) ::*Edward VII, King (1901–1910) ::*

, King (1910–1936) ::*

, King (1936) ::*

, King (1936–1952) :*Prime Minister of Australia, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of Australia, complete list) – ::*Edmund Barton, Prime minister (1901–1903) ::*Alfred Deakin, Prime minister (1903–1904) ::*Chris Watson, Prime minister (1904–1904) ::*George Reid, Prime minister (1904–1905) ::*Alfred Deakin, Prime minister (1905–1908) ::*Andrew Fisher, Prime minister (1908–1909) ::*Alfred Deakin, Prime minister (1909–1910) ::*Andrew Fisher, Prime minister (1910–1913) ::*Joseph Cook, Prime minister (1913–1914) ::*Andrew Fisher, Prime minister (1914–1916) ::*Billy Hughes, Prime minister (1916–1923) ::*Stanley Bruce, Prime minister (1923–1929) ::*James Scullin, Prime minister (1929–1932) ::*Joseph Lyons, Prime minister (1932–1939) ::*Sir Earle Page, Prime minister (1939–1939) ::*Robert Menzies, Prime minister (1939–1941) ::*Arthur Fadden, Prime minister (1941–1941) ::*John Curtin, Prime minister (1941–1945) ::*Frank Forde, Prime minister (1945–1945) ::*Ben Chifley, Prime minister (1945–1949) ::*Sir Robert Menzies, Prime minister (1949–1966) ''Papua New Guinea'' *German New Guinea ( complete list) – :''German colony, 1884–1919'' :''For details see the

under central Europe'' *Territory of New Guinea ( complete list) – :''League of Nations Mandate of Australia, 1920–1946'' :''United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975'' :''For details see Australia'' *Territory of Papua ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1888–1902'' :''League of Nations Mandate of Australia, 1920–1946'' :''United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975'' :''For details see Australia or the

under the British Isles, Europe'' *Territory of Papua and New Guinea ( complete list) – :New Guinea: ''United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1949–1975'' :Papua: ''Australian external territory (1949–1975)'' :''For details see Australia''

Pacific

''Chile'' *King of Easter Island, Easter Island (King of Easter Island#Lists of the paramount chiefs and historical kings of Easter Island, complete list) – :*King Nga'ara, Nga'ara, King (c.1835–pre-1860) :*Maurata, King (1859–1862) :*Kai Mako'i 'Iti, King (?–1863) :*Tepito, King (?) :*Gregorio, King (?) :*Atamu Tekena, King (?–pre-1892) ''Fiji'' *Colony of Fiji ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1874–1970'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''French Polynesia'' *Wallis and Futuna :''Protectorate of France, 1887/1888–1959'' *List of kings of Alo, Kings of Alo (Wallis and Futuna), Alo – :*Soane Malia Musulamu, King (c.1887–1929) *Kingdom of Bora Bora (List of monarchs of Bora Bora, complete list) – *Kingdom of Huahine (List of monarchs of Huahine, complete list) – *Mangareva (List of monarchs of Mangareva, complete list) – *Kingdom of Raiatea (List of monarchs of Raiatea, complete list) – *List of kings of Sigave, Kings of Sigave :*Mateo Tamole, King :*Toviko Keletaona, King :*Tamasi Tamole, King :*Toviko Keletaona, King :*Sui Tamole, King :*Ligareto Falemaa, King (?–1929) :*Keletaona Keletaona, King (1929–1932) *List of kings of Uvea, Kings of Uvea (Wallis and Futuna), Uvea (Wallis) :*Vito Lavelua II, King (1895–1904) :*Lusiano Aisake, King (1904–1906) :*Sosefo Mautāmakia I, King (1906–1910) :*Soane-Patita Lavuia, King (1910–1916) :*Sosefo Mautāmakia II, King (1916–1918) :*Vitolo Kulihaapai, King (1918–1924) :*Tomasi Kulimoetoke I, King (1924–1928) :*Mikaele Tufele II, King (1928–1931, 1933) :*Sosefo Mautāmakia I, King (1931–1933) :*Petelo Kahofuna, King (1933) :*Council of Ministers (1933–1941) :*Leone Mahikitoga, King (1941–1947) :*Pelenato Fuluhea "Pulufegu", King (1947–1950) :*Kapeliele Tufele III "Setu", King (1950–1953) ''New Zealand'' *Cook Islands Federation ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1891–1901'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' *Colony of New Zealand ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1841–1907'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' *Dominion of New Zealand :*Monarchs (Monarchy of New Zealand, complete list) – ::*Edward VII, King (1907–1910) ::*

, King (1910–1936) ::*

, King (1936) ::*

, King (1936–1952) :*Prime Minister of New Zealand, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand, complete list) – ::*Joseph Ward, Prime minister (1906–1912) ::*Thomas Mackenzie, Prime minister (1912) ::*William Massey, Prime minister (1912–1925) ::*Francis Bell (New Zealand politician), Francis Bell, Prime minister (1925) ::*Gordon Coates, Prime minister (1925–1928) ::*Joseph Ward, Prime minister (1928–1930) ::*George Forbes (New Zealand politician), George Forbes, Prime minister (1930–1935) ::*Michael Joseph Savage, Prime minister (1935–1940) ::*Peter Fraser, Prime minister (1940–1949) *New Zealand :*Monarchs (Monarchy of New Zealand, complete list) – ::*

, King (1936–1952) :*Prime Minister of New Zealand, Prime ministers (List of Prime Ministers of New Zealand, complete list) – ::*Peter Fraser, Prime minister (1940–1949) ::*Sidney Holland, Prime minister (1949–1957) *History of Niue, British protectorate of Niue ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1900–1907'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' *History of Niue, New Zealand protectorate of Niue (Monarchy of New Zealand#List of monarchs, complete list) – :''New Zealand protectorate, 1907–present'' :''For details see the New Zealand under Oceania'' *Kingdom of Rarotonga ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1888–1901'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' :*Makea Takau Ariki, Queen Regnant (1871–1911) ''Samoa and American Samoa'' *German Samoa ( complete list) – :''German colony, 1900–1914'' :''For details see the

under central Europe'' *Malietoa, Malietoa dynasty – :*Malietoa Natuitasina, Malietoa (1841–1858) :*Malietoa Moli, Moli, Malietoa (1858–1860) :*Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipe’a, Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipe'a, Malietoa (1869–1880) :*Malietoa Laupepa, Malietoa (1875–1887, 1889–1898) :*Malietoa Tanumafili I, Malietoa (1898–1939) :*Malietoa Tanumafili II, Malietoa (1940–2007), O le Ao o le Malo (Head of State), held jointly with Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole, Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole (1962–2007) *Manuʻa Islands (Tui Manu'a#List of Tui Manuʻa, complete list) – :*Tui Manuʻa Elisala, Elisala, Manu’a (1899–1909) ''Solomon Islands'' *British Solomon Islands ( complete list) – :''British protectorate, 1893–1978'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Tuvalu'' *Gilbert and Ellice Islands ( complete list) – :''British colony, 1892–1976'' :''For details see the

under British Isles, Europe'' ''Tonga'' *Tuʻi Kanokupolu of Tonga :*Monarchs (Tuʻi Kanokupolu, complete list) – ::*George Tupou I, George Tupou I/ Tāufaʻāhau, King (1845–1893) ::*George Tupou II, King (1893–1918) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Tonga, complete list) – ::*Tēvita ʻUnga, Prime minister (1872–1879) ::*Shirley Waldemar Baker, Prime minister (1881–1890) ::*Siaosi U. Tuku'aho, Prime minister (1890–1893) ::*Siosateki Veikune, Prime minister (1893–1905) *Kingdom of Tonga (1900–70) :*Monarchs (List of monarchs of Tonga, complete list) – ::*George Tupou II, King (1893–1918) ::*Sālote Tupou III, King (1918–1965) :*Prime ministers (Prime Minister of Tonga, complete list) – ::*Siosateki Veikune, Prime minister (1893–1905) ::*Sione Mateialona, Prime minister (1905–1912) ::*Tevita Tuʻivakano, Prime minister (1912–1923) ::*Viliami Tungi Mailefihi, Prime minister (1923–1941) ::*Solomone Ula Ata, Prime minister (1941–1949) ::*Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, Tupoutoʻa-Tungi, Prime minister (1949–1965) ''United States'' *Hawaiian Kingdom :*Monarchs (List of Hawaiian monarchs#Hawaiian Monarchs (1795–1893), complete list) – ::*Kamehameha III, King (1825–1854) ::*Kamehameha IV, King (1855–1863) ::*Kamehameha V, King (1863–1872) ::*Lunalilo, King (1873–1874) ::*Kalākaua, King (1874–1891) ::*Liliʻuokalani, Queen (1891–1893) :*Kuhina Nui (Kuhina Nui#List of Kuhina Nui, complete list) – :*Keoni Ana, Kuhina Nui (1845–1855) :*Victoria Kamāmalu, Kaʻahumanu IV, Kuhina Nui (1855–1863) :*Kekūanāoʻa, Mataio Kekūanāoʻa, Kuhina Nui (1863–1864) *Provisional Government of Hawaii – :*Committee of Safety (Hawaii), Committee of Safety (1893–1894) *Republic of Hawaii – :*Sanford B. Dole, President (1894–1898) *Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, complete list) – :''United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United States, 1947–1994'' ''Vanuatu'' *Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission ( complete list) – :''British-French Protectorate, 1887–1889, 1890–1906'' :''For details see the

under British Isles and France under western Europe'' *Franceville, New Hebrides – :*Ferdinand Chevillard, President (1889) :*R. D. Polk, President (c.1890)"Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government", ''Hawaiian Gazette'', 1 November 1895, p. 1 *New Hebrides, New Hebrides Condominium – :''British-French Condominium, 1906–1980'' :''For details see the

under British Isles and France under western Europe''

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of state leaders in the 20th century (1901-1950) Lists of 20th-century people, Rulers 20th-century rulers, Lists of state leaders by year, -