Liliales is an

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...

monocotyledon Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one ...

ous

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...

s in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and

Angiosperm Phylogeny Web The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (or APweb) is a website dedicated to research on angiosperm phylogeny and taxonomy. The site is hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden The Missouri Botanical Garden is a botanical garden located at 4344 S ...

system A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and express ...

, within the

lilioid monocots Lilioid monocots (lilioids, liliid monocots, petaloid monocots, petaloid lilioid monocots) is an informal name used for a grade (grouping of taxa with common characteristics) of five monocot orders ( Petrosaviales, Dioscoreales, Pandanales, ...

. This order of necessity includes the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair ...

. The

APG III system The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a fu ...

(2009) places this order in the

monocot Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one ...

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English ter ...

. In APG III, the family

Luzuriagaceae Luzuriagaceae is a family of flowering plants that was recognized in the 1998 APG system and the 2003 APG II system. The 2009 APG III system merged this small family into the Alstroemeriaceae in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots Monoc ...

is combined with the family

Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 254 known species in four genera (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ), almost entirely native to the Americas, from Central America to southern South America. One species of '' Luzuriaga'' occurs in ...

and the family Petermanniaceae is recognized. Both the order Lililiales and the family Liliaceae have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another. Previous members of this order, which at one stage included most monocots with conspicuous

tepals A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...

and lacking

starch Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human die ...

in the

endosperm The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following double fertilization. It is triploid (meaning three chromosome sets per nucleus) in most species, which may be auxin-driven. It surrounds the embryo an ...

are now distributed over three orders, Liliales, Dioscoreales and Asparagales, using predominantly

molecular phylogenetics Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

. The newly delimited Liliales is monophyletic, with ten families. Well known plants from the order include '' Lilium'' (lily), tulip, the North American wildflower '' Trillium'', and greenbrier. Thus circumscribed, this order consists mostly of herbaceous plants, but lianas and shrubs also occur. They are mostly

perennial plant A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

s, with food

storage organs A storage organ is a part of a plant specifically modified for storage of energy (generally in the form of carbohydrates) or water. Storage organs often grow underground, where they are better protected from attack by herbivores. Plants that have ...

such as

corm A corm, bulbo-tuber, or bulbotuber is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (perennation). The word ' ...

s or rhizomes. The family Corsiaceae is notable for being heterotrophic. The order has worldwide distribution. The larger families (with more than 100 species) are roughly confined to the

Northern Hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth's Nort ...

, or are distributed worldwide, centering on the north. On the other hand, the smaller families (with up to 10 species) are confined to the Southern Hemisphere, or sometimes just to

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sou ...

. The total number of species in the order is now about 1768. As with any

herb In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicina ...

aceous group, the

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

record of the Liliales is rather scarce. There are several species from the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', ...

, such as ''Petermanniopsis anglesaensis'' or ''Smilax'', but their identification is not definite. Another known fossil is ''Ripogonum scandens'' from the

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...

. Due to the scarcity of data, it seems impossible to determine precisely the age and the initial distribution of the order. It is assumed that the Liliales originate from the Lower

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...

, over 100 million years ago. Fossil aquatic plants from the

of northeastern Brazil and a new terrestrial species placed in the new genus '' Cratosmilax'' suggest that the first species have appeared around 120 million years ago when the continents formed Pangea, before dispersing as Asia, Africa and America. The initial diversification to the current families took place between 82 and 48 million years ago. The order consists of 10 families, 67 genera and about 1,768 species.

Description

The Liliales are a diverse

of predominantly

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also widel ...

erect or twining herbaceous and

climbing Climbing is the activity of using one's hands, feet, or any other part of the body to ascend a steep topographical object that can range from the world's tallest mountains (e.g. the eight thousanders), to small boulders. Climbing is done ...

plants. Climbers, such as the herbaceous '' Gloriosa'' (Colchicaceae) and ''

Bomarea ''Bomarea'' is one of the two major genera in the plant family Alstroemeriaceae. Most occur in the Andes,Guarin, F. A. (2005)Three new species of ''Bomarea'' (Alstroemeriaceae) from the Andean region of Colombia.''Novon'' 15(2) 253-58. but some ...

'' (Alstroemeriaceae), are common in the Americas in temperate and

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

zones, while most species of the subtropical and tropical genus '' Smilax'' (Smilacaceae) are herbaceous or woody climbers and comprise much of the vegetation within the Liliales range. They also include woody shrubs, which have fleshy stems and underground storage or perennating organs, mainly bulbous geophytes, sometimes rhizomatous or

ous. Leaves are elliptical and straplike with

parallel venation Parallel is a geometric term of location which may refer to: Computing * Parallel algorithm * Parallel computing * Parallel metaheuristic * Parallel (software), a UNIX utility for running programs in parallel * Parallel Sysplex, a cluster of ...

or ovate with palmate veins and reticulate minor venation (Smilacaceae). In ''

Alstroemeria ''Alstroemeria'' (), commonly called the Peruvian lily or lily of the Incas, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Alstroemeriaceae. They are all native to South America, although some have become naturalized in the United States, ...

'' and ''

'' (Alstroemeriaceae) the leaves are

resupinate Resupination is derived from the Latin word ''resupinus'', meaning "bent back with the face upward" or "on the back". " Resupination" is the noun form of the adjective "resupine" which means "being upside-down, supine or facing upward". The wor ...

(twisted). The

flowers A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism ...

are highly variable, ranging in size from the small green actinomorphic (radially symmetric) blooms of ''Smilax'' to the large showy ones found in '' Lilium'', '' Tulipa'' and '' Calochortus'' (Liliaceae) and '' Lapageria'' (Philesiaceae).

Sepals A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined ...

and petals are undifferentiated from each other, and known as

, forming a

perianth The perianth (perigonium, perigon or perigone in monocots) is the non-reproductive part of the flower, and structure that forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and the corolla ( petals) or tepals when ...

. They are usually large and pointed and may be variegated in '' Fritillaria'' (Liliaceae). Nectaries may be perigonal (at base of tepals) but not septal (on

ovaries The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the body. T ...

). Perigonal nectaries may be a simple secretory epidermal region at the tepal bases ('' Lapageria'') or small, depressed regions fringed with hairs, often with glandular surface protuberances, at the bases of the inner tepals ('' Calochortus''), while in '' Tricyrtis'' the tepals become bulbous or spur-like at the base, forming a nectar-containing sac. Ovaries may be inferior or superior, the style often long and stigma capitate (pin headed). In a number of taxa there are three separate styles, particularly some Melanthiaceae ''s.l.'' (e.g. '' Helonias'', '' Trillium'', '' Veratrum'') and '' Chionographis''. The outer integument epidermis of the seed coat is cellular, and the phytomelanin pigment is lacking. The inner integument is also cellular and these features are plesiomorphic. The Liliales are characterised by ( synapomorphies) the presence of nectaries at the base of the tepals (perigonal nectaries) or

stamen The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the fila ...

filaments (''

Colchicum ''Colchicum'' ( or ) is a genus of perennial flowering plants containing around 160 species which grow from bulb-like corms. It is a member of the botanical family Colchicaceae, and is native to West Asia, Europe, parts of the Mediterranean coa ...

'', '' Androcymbium'') most taxa but the absence of septal nectaries, together with

extrorse Dehiscence is the splitting of a mature plant structure along a built-in line of weakness to release its contents. This is common among fruits, anthers and sporangia. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a part; structures that op ...

(outward opening) anthers. This distinguishes them from the septal nectaries and introrse anthers that are the features of most other monocots. Exceptions are some Melanthiaceae in which nectaries are absent or septal and anthers that are introrse (dehiscence directed inwards) in Campynemataceae, Colchicaceae, and some Alstroemeriaceae, Melanthiaceae, Philesiaceae, Ripogonaceae and Smilacaceae. Tepals are largely three-traced in net-veined taxa of Liliales (e.g. '' Clintonia'', ''

Disporum ''Disporum'' (commonly known as fairy bells) is a genus of about 20 species of perennial flowering plants, found in Asia from northern India to Japan, south to Indonesia and north into the Russian Far East. Taxonomy '' Disporum pullum'', from C ...

''), distinguishing them from the single-traced Asparagales, and is associated with the presence of tepal nectaries, presumably to supply them. The presence of separate styles is also a distinguishing feature from Asparagales, where it is rare. Phytomelan is completely absent in Liliales seed coats, unlike Asparagales, which nearly all contain it.

Phytochemistry

The stems contain

fructan A fructan is a polymer of fructose molecules. Fructans with a short chain length are known as fructooligosaccharides. Fructans can be found in over 12% of the angiosperms including both monocots and dicots such as agave, artichokes, asparagus, l ...

s, the plants also contain Chelidonic acid, saponins, while some species contain Velamen. The epicuticular wax is of the Convallaria type, consisting of parallel orientated platelets.

Genome

The order includes taxa with some of the largest genomes among

Angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants ...

, particularly Melanthiaceae,

and

Taxonomy

With 11 families, about 67 genera and about 1,558

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriat ...

, Liliales is a relatively small

angiosperm Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants ...

, but a large group within the monocotyledons.

History

Origins

The botanical authority for Liliales is given to Perleb (1826), who grouped eleven families (

Asparageae Asparagaceae, known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, ''Asparagus officinalis''. Those who live in the temperate c ...

, Pontederiaceae,

Asphodeleae Asphodelaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription has varied widely. In its current circumscription in the APG IV system, it includes about 40 ...

, Coronariae, Colchicaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Hypoxideae, Amaryllideae,

Haemodoraceae Haemodoraceae is a family of perennial herbaceous flowering plants with 14 genera and 102 known species. It is sometimes known as the "bloodwort family". Primarily a Southern Hemisphere family, they are found in South Africa, Australia and N ...

, Burmanniaceae, Irideae) into an order he called Liliaceae. In Perleb's system, he divided the

vascular plants Vascular plants (), also called tracheophytes () or collectively Tracheophyta (), form a large group of land plants ( accepted known species) that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They ...

into seven classes, of which the Phanerogamicae or seed plants he called his class IV, or Ternariae. The latter, he divided into five orders (''ordo''), including the Liliaceae. A number of later taxonomists, such as Endlicher (1836) substitituted the term Coronarieae for this higher order, including six subordinate taxa. Endlicher divided the Cormophyta into five sections, of which Amphibrya contained eleven classes, including Coronarieae. The term Liliales was introduced by Lindley (1853), referring to these higher orders as Alliances. Lindley included four families in this alliance. Lindley called the monocots class Endogenae, with eleven alliances including Liliales. Although Bentham (1877) restored Coronariae as one of seven Series making up the monocotyledons, it was replaced by Liliiflorae and then Liliales in subsequent publications (''see Table for history'').

Phyletic systems

Subsequent authors, now adopting a

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups ...

(phyletic) or

evolutionary Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variati ...

approach over the natural method, did not follow Bentham's nomenclature. Eichler (1886) used Liliiflorae for the higher order including Liliaceae, placing it as the first order (''Reihe'') in his class monocotyledons, as did Engler (1903), Lotsy (1911), and

Wettstein Wettstein is a Swiss surname. Bearers of the name include: * Carla Wettstein (born 1946), Swiss and Australian chess master *Fritz von Wettstein (1895–1945), Austrian botanist *Johann Jakob Wettstein (1693–1754), Swiss theologian * Johann Rudol ...

in 1924, in class Monocotyledones, subdivision Angiospermae. Hutchinson (1973) restored Liliales for the higher rank, an approach that has been adopted by most major classification systems onwards, reserving Liliiflorae for higher ranks. These include Cronquist (1981), Dahlgren (1985),

Takhtajan Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian ( hy, Արմեն Լևոնի Թախտաջյան; russian: Армен Леонович Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced takh-tuh-JA ...

(1997) as well as Thorne and Reveal (2007). Hutchinson (1973) derived a more elaborate hierarchy, placing order Liliales as one of 14 in division Corolliferae, one of three divisions of subphylum monocotyledons. Cronquist (1981) placed the order Liliales as one of two in subclass

Liliidae Liliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae. Liliidae in Ta ...

, one of five in the class Liliopsida (monocotyledons) of division Magnoliophyta (angiosperms). Dahlgren (1985) made Liliales one of six orders in Superorder Liliiflorae, one of ten divisions of the monocots.

(1997) had a more complex system of higher taxonomic ranks, placing Liliales as one of 15 orders within superorder Lilianae, one of four within subclass

. Liliidae in turn was one of four subclasses in class Liliopsida (monocots). In contrast Thorne and Reveal (2007) abandoned the use of monocotyledons as a distinct taxon, replacing it with 3 separate subclasses of Magnoliopsida (angiosperms), of which

consists of 3 superorders, placing Liliales in superorder Lilianae. In all these systems, Liliales (or Liliiflorae) were visualised as either a direct division of the monocots (or equivalent) or were placed in an intermediate division of the monocots, such as superorder Lilianae.

Molecular phylogenetic systems

The development of molecular phylogenetic methods for determining taxonomic circumscription and

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological s ...

led to considerable revision of angiosperm classification, and establishment of Liliales as a monophyletic group. It was clear by 1996, that the most useful system to date, that of Dahlgren, required urgent revision. The new classification was formalised with the creation of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system (1998–2016), based on monophyletic

clades A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English te ...

, which continued the use of Liliales as the name for the taxon. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG system (1998) established a structure of monocot classification with ten orders. Notable was the separation of asparagids, as suggested by Dahlgren, into Asparagales, with other taxa placed in Dioscoreales, resulting in a much reduced order.

Phylogeny

The position of Liliales within the monocots (Lilianae) is shown in the following cladogram. The monocot orders form three grades, the alismatid monocots,

and the

commelinid monocots In plant taxonomy, commelinids (originally commelinoids) (plural, not capitalised) is a clade of flowering plants within the monocots, distinguished by having cell walls containing ferulic acid. The commelinids are the only clade that the APG IV ...

by order of branching, from early to late. These have alternatively been referred to as Alismatanae, Lilianae and Commelinanae. The alismatid monocots form the

basal group In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the ''base'' (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram. The term may be more strictly applied only to nodes adjacent to the root, or more loosely applied to nodes regarded as being close to th ...

, while the remaining grades (lilioid and commelinid monocots) have been referred to as the "core monocots". The relationship between the orders (with the exception of the two sister orders) is

pectinate Pectinate may refer to: * Pectinate line, a line which divides the upper two thirds and lower third of the anal canal * Pectinate muscles, parallel ridges in the walls of the atria of the heart * A salt of the heteropolysaccharide pectin Pect ...

, that is diverging in succession from the line that leads to the commelinids. The lilioid monocot orders constitute a

paraphyletic In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In ...

assemblage, that is groups with a common ancestor that do not include all direct descendants (in this case commelinids which are a sister group to Asparagales); to form a clade, all the groups joined by thick lines would need to be included. In the cladogram the numbers indicate crown group (most recent common ancestor of the sampled species of the clade of interest) divergence times in mya (million years ago). {, , Cladogram 1: The phylogenetic composition of the monocots

Biogeography and evolution

The crown group of Liliales has been dated to ca. 117

Myr The abbreviation Myr, "million years", is a unit of a quantity of (i.e. ) years, or 31.556926 teraseconds. Usage Myr (million years) is in common use in fields such as Earth science and cosmology. Myr is also used with Mya (million years ago). ...

(million years ago) in the

Early Cretaceous The Early Cretaceous (geochronology, geochronological name) or the Lower Cretaceous (chronostratigraphy, chronostratigraphic name), is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous. It is usually considered to stretch from 145& ...

period of the

Mesozoic The Mesozoic Era ( ), also called the Age of Reptiles, the Age of Conifers, and colloquially as the Age of the Dinosaurs is the second-to-last era of Earth's geological history, lasting from about , comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretace ...

era.

Subdivision

The circumscription of Liliales has varied greatly since Perleb's original construction with 11 families in 1826. Many of these families are now considered to be in Asparagales, with the remainder in

commelinids In plant taxonomy, commelinids (originally commelinoids) (plural, not capitalised) is a clade of flowering plants within the monocots, distinguished by having cell walls containing ferulic acid. The commelinids are the only clade that the APG I ...

and Dioscoreales, as shown in this table. {, class="wikitable" style= "font-size: 67%" ! style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Perleb
(1826) , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Endlicher
(1836), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Lindley
(1853) , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Bentham & Hooker
(1883), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Eichler
(1886), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Engler
(1903), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Lotsy
(1911), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Wettstein
(1924) , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Hutchinson
(1973) , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Cronquist
(1981), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Dahlgren
(1985), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf",

(1997), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Thorne & Reveal (2007) , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", APG IV (2016) , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background:#F2CEEC" , Liliaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Coronarieae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Coronariae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliiflorae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliiflorae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliiflorae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliiflorae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; ,

^A , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Asphodelaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , Colchicaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Colchicaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Colchicaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Colchicaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , Coronariae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , Amaryllideae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Amaryllidaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Amaryllidaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Amaryllidaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , Pontederiaceae^c, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Pontederiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Pontederiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Pontederiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Pontederiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Pontederiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Pontederiaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , Dioscoreaceae^D, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Dioscoreaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Dioscoreaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Dioscoreaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Dioscoreaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Dioscoreaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , Hypoxideae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Hypoxidaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; ,

^c, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Haemodoraceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Haemodoraceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Haemodoraceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Haemodoraceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Haemodoraceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , Burmanniaceae^D, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Burmanniaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Burmanniaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , Irideae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Iridaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Iridaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Iridaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Iridaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Iridaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Iridaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Juncaceae^c , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Juncaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Juncaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Juncaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Juncaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Philydriae^c , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Philydraceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Philydraceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Philydraceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Melanthaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Melanthaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Melanthaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Melanthiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Melanthiaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Melanthiaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Smilaceae Smilacaceae, the greenbriers, is a family of flowering plants. While they were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, most recent botanists have accepted the two as distinct families, diverging around 55 million years ago du ...

, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Smilaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Smilacaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Smilacaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Smilacaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Smilacaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Gilliesiaceae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Gilliesiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Roxburghiaceae^P, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Stemonaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Stemonaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Stemonaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Stemonaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Xyrideae^c, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Mayaceae^c, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Commelinaceae^c, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Rapateaceae The Rapateaceae are a family of flowering plants. The botanical name has been recognized by most taxonomists. The APG II system of 2003 also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots. T ...

^c, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Rapateaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Bromeliaceae^c , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Bromeliaceae, , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Bromeliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Velloziaceae^P , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Vellosiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Velloziaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Velloziaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Taccaceae^D , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Taccaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Taccaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Taccaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Aloinaceae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Eriospermaceae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px",

Johnsoniaceae Hemerocallidoideae is the a subfamily of flowering plants, part of the family Asphodelaceae '' sensu lato'' in the monocot order Asparagales according to the APG system of 2016. Earlier classification systems treated the group as a separate f ...

^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Agapanthaceae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Alliaceae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px",

Tulipaceae The Tulipeae (syn. Tulipoideae) Duby is a tribe of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous mainly bulbous flowering plants in the Liliaceae (lily) family. As originally conceived by Duby (1828), "Tulipaceae" was a tribe within Liliaceae, consistin ...

Dasypogonaceae Dasypogonaceae is a family of flowering plants, one that has not been commonly recognized by taxonomists; the plants it contains were usually included in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae. If valid, Dasypogonaceae includes four genera with 16 species ...

Calectasiaceae Dasypogonaceae is a family of flowering plants, one that has not been commonly recognized by taxonomists; the plants it contains were usually included in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae. If valid, Dasypogonaceae includes four genera with 16 species ...

Flagellariaceae ''Flagellaria'' is the sole genus in the flowering plant family Flagellariaceae with only five species.Wepfer, P. H., & Linder, H. P. (2014). The taxonomy of Flagellaria (Flagellariaceae). Australian Systematic Botany, 27(3), 159-179. https://dx. ...

Cyanastraceae Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species. The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 (unc ...

^c, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Cyanastraceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Cyanastraceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px",

Agavaceae Agavoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae. The group includes many well-known desert and dry-zone types, such as the agav ...

^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Agavaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Tecophilaeaceae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Trilliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Trilliaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , (in Melanthiaceae) , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Ruscaceae Nolinoideae is a monocot subfamily of the family Asparagaceae in the APG III system of 2009. It used to be treated as a separate family, Ruscaceae s.l. The family name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, '' Nolina''. The subfa ...

Xanthorrhoeaceae ''Xanthorrhoea'' () is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants endemic to Australia. Species are known by the name grass tree. Description All are perennials and have a secondary thickening meristem in the stem. Many, but not all, s ...

, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Alstroemeriaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Alstroemeriaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Uvulariaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , (in Colchicaceae
Liliaceae) , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Calochortaceae The Calochortoideae are a subfamily of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous and mainly bulbous flowering plants in the lily family, Liliaceae. Approximately the same group of species has been recognized as a separate family, Calochortaceae, in a f ...

, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , (in Liliaceae) , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Geosiridaceae^A , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Medeolaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , (in Liliaceae) , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Corsiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Corsiaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Campynemataceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Campynemataceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Petermanniaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Petermanniaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Rhipogonaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Ripogonaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Philesiaceae Philesiaceae is a family of flowering plants, including two genera, each with a single species. The members of the family are woody shrubs or vines endemic to southern Chile. The APG III system, of 2009 (unchanged from the APG II system of 2003 ...

, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

, - , colspan=14 , Treatment of families in modern taxonomy (APG), remaining families included in Liliales: * A: Asparagales c:

D: Dioscoreales P: Pandanales The availability of molecular phylogenetic methods suggested four main lineages within Liliales, and seven families; # Liliaceae group: Liliaceae (including some former Uvulariaceae and

), and Smilacaceae (including Ripogonaceae and Philesiaceae) # Campynemataceae # Colchicaceae group: Colchicaceae (including Petermannia and

Uvularia ''Uvularia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Colchicaceae, which is closely related to the lily family (Liliaceae). They are commonly called bellworts, bellflowers or merrybells. The genus name is derived from the Latin ''ūvula'' me ...

), Alstroemeriaceae and Luzuriaga # Melanthiaceae (including Trilliaceae) The first Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (APG I) in 1998 had the following circumscription, with 9 families, having separated Philesiaceae and Ripogonaceae from Smilacaceae: * order Liliales *: family

*: family Campynemataceae *: family Colchicaceae *: family

*: family

*: family Melanthiaceae *: family

*: family Ripogonaceae *: family Smilacaceae The APG II system (2003) added Corsiaceae to the Liliales, while APG III (2009) added Petermanniaceae and merged Luzuriagaceae into Alstroemeriaceae. The subsequent revision of

APG IV The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was publish ...

(2016) left this unchanged, with 10 families. The exact phylogenetic relationship between the families of Liliales has been subject to revision. This cladogram shows that of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (2020): The bulk of the Liliales species are found in the very diverse family Liliaceae (16 genera, 610 species). Of the remaining nine families, three are referred to as the vine families (Ripogonaceae, Philesiaceae and Smilacaceae) and form a cluster.

Families

{, ,

Corsiaceae

The Corsiaceae (ghost-flower family) are a very small family of 3 mycoheterotrophic genera, lacking

chlorophyll Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words , ("pale green") and , ("leaf"). Chlorophyll allow plants to ...

, with 27 species of perennial herbaceous plants. They are found in montane forests in South America (one genus) and from southern China to northern Australia in areas with high rainfall, and among dense leaf litter. The majority of species occur in the type genus '' Corsia''. The name commemorates the Florentine plant collector Marquis Bardo Corsi Salviati (1844–1907). {, , Campynema purple

Campynemataceae

The Campynemataceae (Green-mountainlily family) are a very small family of two genera and four species of rhizomatous herbaceous plants found in Tasmania and New Caledonia. The name is derived from the Greek words ''kampylos'' (curved) and nema (thread). {, , Veratrum album Aubrac

Melanthiaceae

The Melanthiaceae (Wake Robin family) is a family of perennial herbaceous plants, whose storage organs include bulbs, rhizomes and corms (rarely, e.g. '' Schoenocaulon''). Their distribution is temperate and

boreal Boreal may refer to: Climatology and geography *Boreal (age), the first climatic phase of the Blytt-Sernander sequence of northern Europe, during the Holocene epoch *Boreal climate, a climate characterized by long winters and short, cool to mild ...

Northern hemisphere, in the Americas extending south to the Andes and in Asia to the Himalayas and Taiwan. Melanthiaceae consists of 17 genera and 173 species distributed in a number of subdivisions. The largest genus is '' Trillium'' (44 species) but many genera are monotypic. A number of genera, including ''Trillium'' are used as garden ornamentals, especially for woodland gardens. '' Paris japonica'' is noted for having the largest

genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding ...

known to date. The family name is derived from the Greek words ''melas'' (black) and ''anthos'' (flower) in reference to the dark colour of the petals. {, ,

Petermanniaceae

The Petermanniaceae (Petermann's vine family) consists of a single species, ''Petermannia cirrosa'', a perennial woody vine with underground rhizomes. ''Petermannia'' is restricted to Queensland and New South Wales, in temperate rainforests between Brisbane and Sydney. The family was named for Wilhelm Ludwwig Petermann (1806–1855), director of the botanical garden at Leipzig. {, , Colchicum autumnale

Colchicaceae

The Colchicaceae (Naked-ladies or Colchicum family) are perennial erect and climbing plants with underground corms, tubers and rhizomes. They are herbaceous with the exception of '' Kuntheria'' which has a somewhat woody stem. Their distribution is widespread including in temperate zones in North America, Europe, North Africa and the Middle east and tropical zones in Africa, Asia and Australasia. They are absent from South America. The family is of medium size with 15 genera and about 285 species. The largest genus is the type genus, ''Colchicum'', with 159spp. Although the alkaloids, which characterise them, they contain are toxic to animals and humans, Colchicine has usage medicinally and in botanical laboratories. They are also include popular garden and indoor ornamentals. These include ''

'' and '' Gloriosa''. The family is named after Colchis on the eastern Black Sea. {, , , Alstroemeria pelegrina

Alstroemeriaceae

The Alstroemeriaceae (Inca-lily family) are erect or creeping perennial (rarely annual) herbaceous plants with occasional shrubby vines, some of which have evergreen stems. They are occasionally epiphytic and form often swollen rhizomes. They are found in tropical and temperate Central and South America, as well as Australasia. There are two large genera (Alstroemerieae), the erect ''

'' (S America 125 spp.) and twining ''

'' (Central & S America 122 spp.) and two very small genera (Luzuriageae) with 2 and 4 species each, for a total of 253 species in the family. Two species are widely used for food in S America, '' Alstroemeria ligtu'' is used for a flour (

Chuño Chuño () is a freeze-dried potato product traditionally made by Quechua and Aymara communities of Bolivia and Peru, and is known in various countries of South America, including Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Northwest Argentina. It is a five-day pr ...

) that is extracted from its roots, while the tubers of '' Bomarea edulis'' are directly consumed. '' Luzuriaga radicans'', also from S America, produces fibre used in rope making. ''Alstroemeria'' cultivars are popular ornamentals and widely used as cut flowers (Peruvian lilies). The family is named for Baron Clas Alströmer (1736–1794), a student of Linnaeus. {, , , Ripogonum scandens Ulva Island 2

Ripogonaceae

The Ripogonaceae (Supplejack family) is a very small family, with a single genus, ''Ripogonum'' and six species. They are woody evergreen shrubs and vines arising from a horizontal rhizome, swollen at its base to form a tuber. They are confined to Eastern Australasia, with the type species, ''Ripogonum scandens'' as the sole New Zealand species. The stems have a use in basketry and building and the young shoots are edible. The name is derived from two Greek words, ''ripos'' (wicker) and ''gony'' (node) in reference to their node bearing shoots. {, , ,

Philesiaceae

The Philesiaceae (Chilean-bellflower family) are a very small family consisting of two monotypic genera, the two species being '' Philesia magellanica'' and the similar ''

Lapageria rosea ''Lapageria'' is a genus of flowering plants with only one known species, ''Lapageria rosea'', commonly known as Chilean bellflower or copihue (''copeewueh'', from Mapudungun ''kopiwe''). ''Lapageria rosea'' is the national flower of Chile. It ...

''. They grow from a short woody rhizome, forming shrubs and vines respectively. They are found in the cool temperate forest of central and southern Chile,

Magellan straits The Strait of Magellan (), also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and Tierra del Fuego to the south. The strait is considered the most important natural pas ...

and adjacent Argentina, among the southern beech ( Nothofagus) trees. ''Lapageria'' is the

national flower In a number of countries, plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas. Some countries have a country-wide floral emblem; others in addition have symbols representing subdivisions. Different processes have been used to ...

of Chile and a popular ornamental with edible fruit. The name is thought to be related to the Greek word ''phileo'' (love), because of the attractiveness of its flowers. {, , , Smilax aspera

Smilacaceae

The Smilacaceae (Catbrier family) consist of a single large genus, '' Smilax'', with about 210 species, making it the second largest family of the order, after Liliaceae. They are perennial vines, shrubs or herbaceous, sometimes woody, plants with short fibrous woody (sometimes tuberous) rhizomes. Smilacaceae are pantropical with extension into temperate zones north (N America, Mediterranean, Russian Far East) and south (Eastern Australia). A number of species have been used in traditional medicine and as foodstuffs. ''

Smilax china ''Smilax china'' is a climbing plant species in the genus ''Smilax''. It is native to China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan (including Ryukyu and Bonin Islands), Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, and Assam. It also known as china root, china-root, ...

'' was used to treat

gout Gout ( ) is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot and swollen joint, caused by deposition of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals. Pain typically comes on rapidly, reaching maximal intens ...

. '' S. aristolochiifolia'' was used to treat

syphilis Syphilis () is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium '' Treponema pallidum'' subspecies ''pallidum''. The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, a ...

(but later as sarsaparilla to flavor root beer and confectionary). The fruit of '' S. megacarpa'' is consumed in

conserves Fruit preserves are preparations of fruits whose main preserving agent is sugar and sometimes Acid#In food, acid, often stored in glass jars and used as a condiment or Spread (food), spread. There are many varieties of fruit preserves globally ...

. The young shoots of many species are also edible. The family is named after the Greek myth of the affair between the mortal Krokos (or

Crocus ''Crocus'' (; plural: crocuses or croci) is a genus of seasonal flowering plants in the family Iridaceae (iris family) comprising about 100 species of perennials growing from corms. They are low growing plants, whose flower stems remain under ...

) and the nymph Smilax, whose punishment was to be turned into the prickly vine '' Smilax aspera''. {, , , ShoshanTzachor-2-wiki-Zachi-Evenor

Liliaceae

The lily family, Liliaceae, are the largest Liliales family, with 15 genera and about 700 species, though much reduced from earlier circumscriptions, in four subfamilies. Of these genera, ''

Gagea ''Gagea'' is a large genus of spring flowers in the lily family. It is found primarily in Eurasia with a few species extending into North Africa and one species ('' Gagea serotina'') in North America. The genus is named after the English natu ...

'' is the largest (204 spp.), but some are quite small, with ''

Medeola ''Medeola virginiana'', known as Indian cucumber, cucumber root, or Indian cucumber-root, is an eastern North American plant species in the lily family, Liliaceae. It is the only currently recognized plant species in the genus ''Medeola''. It gro ...

'' being monotypic. They are perennial herbaceous plants, growing from bulbs or corms (rarely creeping rhizomes), with actinomorphic hypogynous flowers that are often coloured and patterned. They are predominantly northern temperate in distribution, with extension to subtropical areas of N Africa, India, China and

Luzon Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...

, but are absent from the southern hemisphere. The bulbs have been used as foodstuffs or in traditional medicine. ''

Cardiocrinum cordatum ''Cardiocrinum cordatum'', also known as Turep in the Ainu Languages, is a Northeast Asian species of plants in the lily family. It is native to Japan and to certain Russian islands in the Sea of Okhotsk (Sakhalin, Kuril Islands). Because of i ...

'' and '' Erythronium japonicum'' are sources of starch. Many Liliaceae are important in the floriculture and horticulture industries, particularly '' Tulipa'' and '' Lilium'', but also '' Fritillaria''. Many are also important ornamentals, such as '' Calochortus'', ''

Cardiocrinum ''Cardiocrinum'' is a genus of bulbous plants of the lily family first described in 1846. They are native to the Himalaya, China, the Russian Far East, and Japan. The bulbs are usually formed at the soil surface. The preferred habitat is woodla ...

'', '' Clintonia'', '' Erythronium'' and '' Tricyrtis''. The name is derived from the Latin word for lily, ''lilium'', which in turn is derived from the Greek ''leirion'', a white lily.

Distribution and habitat

Widely distributed but most commonly found in

subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north a ...

and temperate regions, especially herbaceous taxa in temperate regions of the

, and subtropical regions of the Southern hemisphere, including vines. Since many species are cultivated they have been introduced in many regions and consequently worldwide, and a number have subsequently escaped and

naturalised Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen of a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country. It may be done automatically by a statute, i.e., without any effort on the part of the in ...

Uses

Liliales form important sources of food and

pharmaceuticals A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy ( pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and re ...

as well as playing a significant role in

horticulture Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...

and floriculture as

ornamental plants Ornamental plants or garden plants are plants that are primarily grown for their beauty but also for qualities such as scent or how they shape physical space. Many flowering plants and garden varieties tend to be specially bred cultivars that ...

. Pharmaceutical products include colchicine from ''

'' and ''Gloriosa'' (Colchicaceae) and

veratrine Veratridine is a steroidal alkaloid found in plants of the lily family, specifically the genera ''Veratrum'' and ''Schoenocaulon''. Upon absorption through the skin or mucous membranes, it acts as a neurotoxin by binding to and preventing the inac ...

and related compounds from '' Veratrum'' (Melanthiaceae) and '' Zigadenus'' (Melanthiaceae).

Notes

References

Bibliography

Books and symposia

* * * * * * * *
Excerpts
;Taxonomic systems * *
''Additional excerpts''
* * , '
additional excerpts
'' *

Historical sources

* * * * * , see also Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien * * * *

Chapters

* * , In * , In * * , in

Articles

* * * * * * * * * * * * ;APG * * * * *

Websites

* * * (''see also'' Angiosperm Phylogeny Website) * (''see also'' Angiosperm Phylogeny Website) *

Description

Phytochemistry

Genome

Taxonomy

History

Origins

Phyletic systems

Molecular phylogenetic systems

Phylogeny

Biogeography and evolution

Subdivision

Families

Corsiaceae

Campynemataceae

Melanthiaceae

Petermanniaceae

Colchicaceae

Alstroemeriaceae

Ripogonaceae

Philesiaceae

Smilacaceae

Liliaceae

Distribution and habitat

Uses

Notes

References

Bibliography

Books and symposia

Historical sources

Chapters

Articles

Websites

Further reading

Books and symposia

Historical sources

Articles

Websites