Khvarenah (also spelled khwarenah or xwarra(h): ae, 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵 ') is an

Avestan Avestan (), or historically Zend, is an umbrella term for two Old Iranian languages: Old Avestan (spoken in the 2nd millennium BCE) and Younger Avestan (spoken in the 1st millennium BCE). They are known only from their conjoined use as the scrip ...

word for a

Zoroastrian Zoroastrianism is an Iranian religion and one of the world's oldest organized faiths, based on the teachings of the Iranian-speaking prophet Zoroaster. It has a dualistic cosmology of good and evil within the framework of a monotheisti ...

concept literally denoting "glory" or "splendour" but understood as a divine mystical force or power projected upon and aiding the appointed. The neuter noun thus also connotes "(divine) royal glory", reflecting the perceived divine empowerment of kings. The term also carries a secondary meaning of "(good) fortune"; those who possess it are able to complete their mission or function. In 3rd- to 7th-century

Sassanid The Sasanian () or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians (, ) and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the History of Iran, last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th cen ...

-era inscriptions as well as in the 9th- to 12th-century texts of Zoroastrian tradition, the word appears as Zoroastrian

Middle Persian Middle Persian or Pahlavi, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg () in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire. For some time after the Sasanian collapse, Middle P ...

''khwarrah'', rendered with the Pahlavi ideogram ''GDE'', reflecting

Aramaic The Aramaic languages, short Aramaic ( syc, ܐܪܡܝܐ, Arāmāyā; oar, 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; arc, 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; tmr, אֲרָמִית), are a language family containing many varieties (languages and dialects) that originated i ...

''gada'' "fortune". Middle Persian ''khwarrah'' continues as

New Persian New Persian ( fa, فارسی نو), also known as Modern Persian () and Dari (), is the current stage of the Persian language spoken since the 8th to 9th centuries until now in Greater Iran and surroundings. It is conventionally divided into thr ...

''k(h)orra''. These variants, which are assumed to be learned borrowings from the Avestan, are the only

Iranian language The Iranian languages or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau. The Iranian languages are groupe ...

forms with an initial 'xᵛ-'. In all other dialects, the word has an initial ''f-'' (see details under related terms, below).

Etymology and related terms

Avestan ''khvarenah'' is probably derived from Proto-Avestan ''*hvar'' "to shine", nominalized with the ''-nah'' suffix. Proto-Avestan ''* hvar'' is in turn related to Old Indic ''svar'' with the same meaning, and together descending from Proto-Indo-Iranian *''súHr̥'' "to shine", ultimately from

Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo ...

''*sóhr'' "to shine". Other proposals suggest a linguistic relationship with Avestan ''xᵛar-'' "to eat". Of the numerous

Iranian languages The Iranian languages or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau. The Iranian languages are groupe ...

in which the word is attested, the initial ''xᵛ-'' is evident only as Avestan ''khvar(e)nah'' and as Zoroastrian

''khwarrah'', from which

''khorra'' then derives. In other Iranian dialects the word has an ''f-'' form, for instance as

Median In statistics and probability theory, the median is the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution. For a data set, it may be thought of as "the middle" value. The basic f ...

and

Old Persian Old Persian is one of the two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of Sasanian Empire). Like other Old Iranian languages, it was known to its native speakers as ( ...

''farnah-'', from which Middle- and New Persian ''farr(ah)'' and adjectival ''farrokh'' derive. For many decades, the ''f-'' form was believed to represent a specific Median sound-law change of proto-Iranian ''xᵛ-'' to ''f-''. The hypothesis has since been shown to be untenable, and the proto-Iranian form is today reconstructed as ''*hu̯'', preserved in Avestan as ''xᵛ-'' and dissimilated as ''f-'' in other Iranian dialects. Pre-Christian Georgian kings of the

Pharnavazid dynasty The Pharnavazid ( ka, ფარნავაზიანი, tr) is the name of the first dynasty of Georgian kings of Kartli (Iberia) preserved by '' The Georgian Chronicles''. Their rule lasted, with intermissions, from the 3rd century BC to t ...

were divinely assigned ''kxwarrah'' and its loss usually led to the monarch's imminent death or overthrow in Georgian kingship. Many of the monarchs had names based on this etymological root like Pharnavaz, Pharnajom and Pharasmanes. The word was borrowed into the

Georgian language Georgian (, , ) is the most widely-spoken Kartvelian language, and serves as the literary language or lingua franca for speakers of related languages. It is the official language of Georgia and the native or primary language of 87.6% of its p ...

as ''p‘ar '. Huvishka

In the Iranian languages of the Middle Period, the word is also attested as Bactrian ''far(r)o'', Khotanese ''pharra'', Parthian ''farh'', Sogdian ''f(a)rn'', and Ossetic ''farnae'' and ''farn'', though in these languages the word does not necessarily signify "glory" or "fortune": In

Buddhism Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...

, Sogdian ''farn'' and Khotanese ''pharra'' signified a "position of a Buddha," that is, with "dignity" or "high position." This meaning subsequently passed into Tocharian. In Manicheanism, Sogdian ''frn'' signified "luck" and was a designator of the "first luminary". Manichean Parthian ''farh'' again signifies "glory." In Scytho- Sarmatian and

Alan Alan may refer to: People *Alan (surname), an English and Turkish surname * Alan (given name), an English given name **List of people with given name Alan ''Following are people commonly referred to solely by "Alan" or by a homonymous name.'' * ...

culture, Digoron Ossetic ''farnae'' and Iron Ossetic ''farn'' signified "peace, happiness, abundance, fortune." The term also appears as a borrowing in Armenian '' pʿarkʿ'', but with a greater range of meaning than in Iranian languages.

In scripture

Bisyllabic ''khvarenah'' is only attested once in the

Gathas The Gathas ()"Gatha"
''

, the oldest hymns of Zoroastrianism and considered to have been composed by the prophet himself. The one instance of Gathic ''khvarenah'' occurs in ''

Yasna Yasna (;"Yasna"
'' Yasht''s, the younger Avesta's collection of 21 hymns dedicated to individual divinities. Two distinct forms of ''khvarenah'' are discernible in '' Yasht'' 19:. * ''kavam khvarenah'' (''kauuaēm xᵛarənah''), the fortune of the ''kavi''s, the Kayanian kings * ''akhvaretem khvarenah'' (''axᵛarətəm xᵛarənah''), glory that both divinities and mortals should strive for. Similarly ''Yasht'' 18, although nominally dedicated to

Arshtat Arshtat ( ae, 𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬝) is the Avestan language name of a Zoroastrian principle and signifies either "justice". or "honesty.", col. 205. As a substantive, ''arshtat'' designates the divinity Arshtat, the hypostasis of "Rectitude" ...

, is a short 9-verse ode to a third variant of ''khvarenah''; the Iranian ''khvarenah'' (''airiianəm xᵛarənah'') that is created by

Ahura Mazda Ahura Mazda (; ae, , translit=Ahura Mazdā; ), also known as Oromasdes, Ohrmazd, Ahuramazda, Hoormazd, Hormazd, Hormaz and Hurmuz, is the creator deity in Zoroastrianism. He is the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the ''Yasna'' ...

and that is "full of milk and pastures," vanquishes the '' daeva''s and the Un-Iranians. ''Yasht'' 19, which is nominally dedicated to Zam "Earth", further typifies ''khvarenah'' as a '' yazata'',. that is, itself "worthy of worship." The same hymn includes a list of divinities and mortals who perform their duties due to the power of ''khvarenah''. Among these are the mythological Kayanian kings – the ''kavi''s (''kauui''s) – who are rulers through the grace of, and empowered by, ''khvarenah''. ''Khvarenah'' is however also glory held by divinities:

has it (19.9-13), the

Amesha Spenta In Zoroastrianism, the Amesha Spenta ( ae, , Aməša Spəṇta—literally "Immortal (which is) holy/bounteous/furthering") are a class of seven divine entities emanating from Ahura Mazda, the highest divinity of the religion. Later Middle Persia ...

s have it (19.14-20), the other yazatas as well (19.21-24). Yima loses it thrice, in turn to Mithra,

Thraetaona Fereydun ( ae, 𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬥𐬀, Θraētaona, pal, 𐭯𐭫𐭩𐭲𐭥𐭭, ; New Persian: , ''Fereydūn/Farīdūn'') is an Iranian mythical king and hero from the Pishdadian dynasty. He is known as an emblem of victory, just ...

and Keresaspa. ''Khvarenah'' assumes the shape of a bird when leaving Yima. (19.35-36, 19.82) According to ''Yasht'' 13.14, the waters flow, the plants spring forth, and the winds blow through the ''khvarenah'' of the Fravashis. In ''Yasna'' 68.11, the waters of Aredvi Sura are invoked to bestow radiance and glory. ''Khvarenah'' is also associated with the waters in other texts; with the world-sea Vourukasha in ''Yasht'' 19.51 and 19.56-57; with the Helmand river in ''Yasht'' 19.66ff. It is also identified with Haoma, together with which it plays a seminal role in the legend of the birth of Zoroaster. In these passages, ''khvarenah'' has a seminal and germinal implication, being both fiery fluid and living seed. In ''Yasna'' 60.2, the family priest is seen to request joy and blessings for the righteous, good nature, truth, prosperity, power, and glory for the house in which he offers prayers. The hymn to Mithra speaks of the divinity as the "dispenser of ''khvarenah''" (''Yasht'' 10.16, 10.128, 10.141). Other texts describe Mithra as "most endowed with glory" (''Yasht'' 19.35, '' Vendidad'' 19.15). In ''Yasht'' 19.46, Akem Manah, the demon of "evil purpose" attempts (but fails) to seize ''khvarenah''. The Iranian ''khvarenah'' and Dahman, the hypostasis of prayer, render Bushyasta - the demoness of "sloth" – powerless (''Yasht'' 10.97, 13.4). At the final renovation of the world, the royal glory will follow the ''Saoshyant''s (''Yasht'' 19.89).

In tradition

In the 9th-12th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition ''khvarenah'' (→

''khwarrah'') is a spiritual force that exists before the creation of the ''tan-gohr'', the mortal body ('' Bundahishn'' II.7ff, ''Zadspram'' 3.75). In these later texts, the glory appears to be acquirable through learning and knowledge (''Bundahishn'' II.9ff). ''Khwarrah'' continues to be identified with astral bodies (''Dadistan-i Denig'' I.25, I.35-36), but its primary function is in its role as the divine glory of kings, the continuation of the Avestan notion of the ''kavam khvarenah''. New in tradition is an identification of ''khwarrah'' with religion, as in "the great ''khwarrah''-bestowing force of the pure religion" (''Dadistan-i Denig'' I.36) The '' Kar-namag i Ardashir'', a collection of hagiographic legends related to Ardashir, the founder of the

Sassanid Empire The Sasanian () or Sassanid Empire, officially known as the Empire of Iranians (, ) and also referred to by historians as the Neo-Persian Empire, was the History of Iran, last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th-8th cen ...

, includes (4.11.16 and 4.11.22-23) a tale in which Ardashir – who at that point in the story is still a vassal of the Arsacid Parthians – escapes from the court of the last Arsacid king, Ardavan. In the story, Ardashir makes off with much Ardavan's treasure, as well as Ardavan's favourite concubine, and is being chased by Ardavan and his troops. On the road, Ardavan and his contingent are overtaken by an enormous ram, which is also following Ardashir. Ardavan's religious advisors explain that the ram is the manifestation of the ''khwarrah'' of the ancient Iranian kings, which is leaving Ardavan and the Parthians in favor of a new emperor. The representation of ''khwarrah'' as a ram reappears on Sassanid seals and as an ornament in Sassanid architecture. ''Khwarrah'' also appears in Sassanian crowns as a bird with a pearl in its beak. Depictions of ''khwarrah'' as a bird are allusions to the Avestan myth of ''Yasht'' 19.35-36, 19.82 in which ''khvarenah'' takes the shape of a bird as it leaves Yima (MP: Jamshid), a metamorphosis similar to that of the yazata of victory, Verethragna. The crown as a repository of ''khwarrah'' is also attested in the Paikuli inscription of Narseh, which describes the punishment meted out to an individual who has been "driven by Ahriman and the ''dev''s" to steal ''khwarrah'' by placing the crown on the head of a false ruler. Another ubiquitous motif in Sassanian art is the symbol of a boar, which is a representation of the protection of the ''yazata'' Verethragna (MP: Wahram) given to rulers that hold ''khwarrah''. The ring of kingship that appears in Sassanian investiture reliefs is often identified as representing ''khwarrah''. This is also the case for the ring held by the bearded figure in the Achaemenid winged sun-disk symbol that is traditionally considered to represent a '' fravashi'' (MP: ''fravahr''). The Achaemenid winged sun-disk has in its entirety also been occasionally been interpreted as a representation of ''khvarenah''.''cf.'' . That ''khwarrah'' – in addition to its significance as "royal fortune" – also signified "fortune" in a general sense is demonstrated by the use of an

ideogram ''GDE'' in the Middle Persian texts of the

and post-Sassanid periods. The custom of using this Aramic ideogram to represent ''khvarenah'' is probably inherited from Achaemenid times.

Syncretic influences

"The fundamental motif of Iranian kingship, a hereditary dynastic charisma .. which, could however be lost, was at the root of ideas that were widespread in the Hellenistic and Roman periods." For example, as the ''tyche basileos, fortuna regia,'' the saving grace (luck) of fortune of a king; and probably also the royal ''farrah'' in the ''tyche'' of the various Hellenistic rulers of the Seleucid and Arsacid periods as well as of the

Kushan The Kushan Empire ( grc, Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν; xbc, Κυϸανο, ; sa, कुषाण वंश; Brahmi: , '; BHS: ; xpr, 𐭊𐭅𐭔𐭍 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓, ; zh, 貴霜 ) was a syncretic empire, formed by the Yuezhi, ...

kings. Because the concepts of ''khvarenah''/''khwarrah'' and Aramaic ''gd(y)'' circulated in the same areas and have many characteristics in common, it is possible that the Mesopotamian concept influenced the Zoroastrian one. On the other hand, ''khvarenah'' may also be a facet of Zoroastrianism's Indo-Iranian cultural inheritance since ''khvarenah'' appears to have a parallel in Indic ''tejas''. in which kingship is likewise associated with the bright splendor and power of light and fire. The concept of the royal ''khwarrah'' survived the 7th century downfall of the

, and remained a central motif (for instance as the ''farr-e elahi'') in the culture, philosophy and epics of Islamic Iran.

In culture

*The 1995 Ossetian film "ФАРН" (en:Farn) produced for North Ossetian Television by Murat Dzhusoyty.

References

;Citations ;Bibliography * . * . * . * . * . {{refend Yazatas Ancient Iranian religion Iranian words and phrases