Joseph Decaisne
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Joseph Decaisne (7 March 1807 – 8 January 1882) was a French
botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...
and
agronomist An agriculturist, agriculturalist, agrologist, or agronomist (abbreviated as agr.), is a professional in the science, practice, and management of agriculture and agribusiness. It is a regulated profession in Canada, India, the Philippines, the ...
. He became an ''aide-naturaliste'' to
Adrien-Henri de Jussieu Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (23 December 1797 – 29 June 1853) was a French botanist. Born in Paris as the son of botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1824 with a treatise of the plant family Eupho ...
(1797-1853), who served as the chair of rural
botany Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...
. It was during this time that he began to study plants brought back by various travelers like those of
Victor Jacquemont Venceslas Victor Jacquemont (8 August 1801 – 7 December 1832) was a French botanist and geologist known for his travels in India. Born in Paris on August 8, 1801, Victor Jacquemont was the youngest of four sons of Frédéric François Venceslas ...
(1801-1832) from Asia. Decaisne used
applied research Applied science is the use of the scientific method and knowledge obtained via conclusions from the method to attain practical goals. It includes a broad range of disciplines such as engineering and medicine. Applied science is often contrasted ...
, most notably on the
agronomy Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants by agriculture for food, fuel, fiber, chemicals, recreation, or land conservation. Agronomy has come to include research of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, and ...
of the
madder ''Rubia'' is the type genus of the Rubiaceae family of flowering plants, which also contains coffee. It contains around 80 species of perennial scrambling or climbing herbs and subshrubs native to the Old World. The genus and its best-know ...
, the yam and the
ramie Ramie (pronounced: , ; from Malay ) is a flowering plant in the nettle family Urticaceae, native to eastern Asia. It is a herbaceous perennial growing to tall;
. He was also interested in
algae Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular micr ...
.


Biography

Although born in
Brussels Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...
, Belgium, he exercised his activity exclusively in
Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...
. He entered in 1824 as a gardener at the ''
Muséum national d'histoire naturelle The French National Museum of Natural History, known in French as the ' (abbreviation MNHN), is the national natural history museum of France and a ' of higher education part of Sorbonne Universities. The main museum, with four galleries, is loc ...
'' (French museum of natural history) and became, in 1832, head of the ''carré des semis'' section. He also worked at the '' Jardin des Plantes'' and collaborated with
Asa Gray Asa Gray (November 18, 1810 – January 30, 1888) is considered the most important American botanist of the 19th century. His ''Darwiniana'' was considered an important explanation of how religion and science were not necessarily mutually excl ...
. In 1847 he chaired Statistical Agriculture department in the College de France. In 1850, Decaisne followed
Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel (27 March 1776 – 12 September 1854) was a French botanist and politician. He was a founder of the science of plant cytology. A native Parisian, at the age of twenty, he became an assistant-naturalist with ...
(1776-1854) as the chair of
horticulture Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...
at the Museum. In 1854 he participated in the creation of the ''
Société botanique de France The Société botanique de France (SBF) is a French learned society founded on 23 April 1854. At its inaugural meeting it stated its purpose as "to contribute to the progress of botany and related sciences and to facilitate, by all means at its di ...
''. The genera ''
Decaisnea :''Decaisnea Lindl. is a synonym of Tropidia (plant), an orchid genus.'' ''Decaisnea'' Hook.f &Thomson, (猫儿屎属 mao er shi shu) known commonly as dead man's fingers, blue bean plant or blue sausage fruit, is a genus of flowering plant in ...
'' Hook.f. & Thomson (Lardizabalaceae), ''Decaisnea'' Brongn. syn. of '' Prescottia''
Lindl. John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist. Early years Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley ...
, ''
Decaisnina ''Decaisnina'' is a genus of semi- parasitic shrubs (mistletoes) that occur in Australia. The type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is cons ...
'' Tiegh. (
Loranthaceae Loranthaceae, commonly known as the showy mistletoes, is a family of flowering plants. It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them hemiparasites. The three terrestrial species are ''Nuytsia floribunda'' (the W ...
), ''
Decaisnella ''Decaisnella'' is a genus of fungi in the family Massariaceae. The genus name of ''Decaisnella'' is in honour of Joseph Decaisne (1807–1882), who was a French botanist and agronomist. The genus was circumscribed In geometry, the circumsc ...
'' (
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of fungi in the family
Massariaceae The Massariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. It contains 3 genera and 33 species. Taxa in the family have a cosmopolitan distribution, but are better known in more temperate zones. Although the family is poorly known, it has ...
,) and ''Decaisnea'' Lindl. syn. of '' Tropidia'' Lindl. (
Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowerin ...
), were named in his honour. He died in Paris on 8 January 1882.


Contributions to plant taxonomy

He described the following genera of
flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...
s: ''Capanea'' (now part of ''
Kohleria ''Kohleria'' is a New World genus of the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae. The plants are generally tropical herbs or subshrubs with velvety stems and foliage and brightly colored flowers with spots or markings in contrasting colors. They are ...
'') and ''
Chrysothemis In Greek mythology, Chrysothemis or Khrysothemis (; grc, Χρυσόθεμις, "golden law") is a name ascribed to several characters. ''Female:'' * Chrysothemis, may refer to known as the attributes of the golden harvest as an agricultural dem ...
'' of the family
Gesneriaceae Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World (almost all Didymocarpoideae) and the New World (most Gesnerioideae), ...
; '' Sautiera'' (
Acanthaceae Acanthaceae is a family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in tem ...
); '' Lepinia'', '' Rhazya'' (
Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from '' Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison Members ...
); '' Vancouveria'' (with C.Morren) (
Berberidaceae The Berberidaceae are a family of 18 genera of flowering plants commonly called the barberry family. This family is in the order Ranunculales. The family contains about 700 known species, of which the majority are in ''Berberis''. The species ...
); '' Ostryopsis'' (
Betulaceae Betulaceae, the birch family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams, hazel-hornbeam, and hop-hornbeams numbering a total of 167 species. They are mostly natives of the ...
); '' Dipterygium'' (
Capparidaceae The Capparaceae (or Capparidaceae), commonly known as the caper family, are a family of plants in the order Brassicales. As currently circumscribed, the family contains 33 genera and about 700 species. The largest genera are ''Capparis'' (about 1 ...
); '' Brassaiopsis'', '' Cuphocarpus''*, ''
Dendropanax ''Dendropanax'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae, consisting of 92 species of evergreen trees and shrubs, first described by Joseph Decaisne & Jules Émile Planchon in 1854.Decaisne, J. & Planchon, J.E. (1854) Rev. Hort. a ...
''*, ''
Didymopanax ''Didymopanax'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae, native to southern Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. It was resurrected from ''Schefflera ''Schefflera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the f ...
''*, ''
Fatsia ''Fatsia'' is a small genus of three species of evergreen shrubs in the family Araliaceae native to southern Japan and Taiwan. They typically have stout, sparsely branched stems bearing spirally-arranged, large leathery, palmately lobed leav ...
''*, ''
Oreopanax ''Oreopanax'' is a genus of shrubs and trees in the family Araliaceae, comprising circa 85 species native to the Americas. Distribution ''Oreopanax'' species' range extends from Mexico and the Antilles to Argentina Argentina (), offici ...
''*, ''
Stilbocarpa ''Stilbocarpa'' is a genus of flowering plant most often placed in the family Araliaceae; it might be closer to the Apiaceae however. It comprises 3 species, two of which are endemic to New Zealand, while one is also found on Australia's subant ...
''*, (* with Planch.) (
Araliaceae The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely, but it is predominantly distinguis ...
); '' Berneuxia'' ( Diapensiaceae); '' Scyphogyne'' (
Ericaceae The Ericaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with c.4250 known species spread across 124 genera, making it th ...
); ''
Akebia ''Akebia'' is a genus of five species of flowering plant, within the family Lardizabalaceae. The scientific name, ''akebia'', is a Latinization of the Japanese name for species Akebia quinata: . Species There are five species: Hybrids * ''Ak ...
'', ''
Boquila ''Boquila'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Lardizabalaceae, native to temperate forests of central and southern Chile and Argentina. The sole species is ''Boquila trifoliolata'' (DC.) Decne., called ''pilpil, voqui, voqu ...
'' (
Lardizabalaceae Lardizabalaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, including the APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998), which places it in the order Ranunculales, in the clade eudic ...
); ''
Galtonia ''Galtonia'' is a genus of plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. Native to Southern Africa, the genus is named after Sir Francis Galton. According to some authorities it has been subsumed into '' Ornithogalum'' as a subgenu ...
'' (
Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair ...
s.l. or
Hyacinthaceae Scilloideae (named after the genus ''Scilla'', "squill") is a subfamily of bulbous plants within the family ''Asparagaceae''. Scilloideae is sometimes treated as a separate family Hyacinthaceae, named after the genus ''Hyacinthus''. Scilloideae or ...
); ''
Treculia ''Treculia'' is a genus of trees in the plant family Moraceae that is native to west and central Africa and Madagascar. The best-known member of the genus, ''Treculia africana'', commonly known as the African breadfruit, is used as a food plant. ...
'' Decne. ex Trecul (
Moraceae The Moraceae — often called the mulberry family or fig family — are a family of flowering plants comprising about 38 genera and over 1100 species. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however ...
; ''
Camptotheca ''Camptotheca'' (happy tree, cancer tree, or tree of life) is a genus of medium-sized deciduous trees growing to tall, native to southern China and Tibet. The genus is usually included in the tupelo family Nyssaceae, but sometimes included (wit ...
'' (
Nyssaceae Nyssaceae is a family of flowering trees sometimes included in the dogwood family (Cornaceae). Nyssaceae is composed of 37 known species in the following five genera:Averyanov, L. V. & Hiep, N. T. (2002). ''Diplopanax vietnamensis'', a New Specie ...
or
Cornaceae The Cornaceae are a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants in the order Cornales. The family contains approximately 85 species in two genera, '' Alangium'' and ''Cornus''. They are mostly trees and shrubs, which may be deciduous or evergreen, a ...
); ''
Ephippiandra ''Ephippiandra'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Monimiaceae. Its native range is Madagascar. Species Seven species are currently accepted: *'' Ephippiandra domatiata'' *'' Ephippiandra madagascariensis'' *''Ephippiandr ...
'' (
Monimiaceae The Monimiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the magnoliid order Laurales.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Monimiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links' ...
); '' Pseudais'' (
Thymelaeaceae The Thymelaeaceae are a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants composed of 50 genera (listed below) and 898 species.Zachary S. Rogers (2009 onwards)A World Checklist of Thymelaeaceae (version 1) Missouri Botanical Garden Website, St. Louis. It ...
); ''
Allardia ''Allardia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family described as a genus in 1841. ''Allardia'' is native to Tibet and Central Asia. ; Species * '' Allardia lasiocarpa'' (G.X.Fu) K.Bremer & Humphries - Tibet Tibet (; ''B ...
'', ''
Lecocarpus ''Lecocarpus'' is a plant genus in the family Asteraceae, native to Galápagos Islands, part of Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ec ...
'', '' Wollastonia''
DC. Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle ...
ex Decne. (
Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae ...
); ''
Gymnotheca Saururaceae is a plant family comprising four genera and seven species of herbaceous flowering plants native to eastern and southern Asia and North America. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists, and is sometimes known as the "liza ...
'' (
Saururaceae Saururaceae is a plant family comprising four genera and seven species of herbaceous flowering plants native to eastern and southern Asia and North America. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists, and is sometimes known as the "lizard ...
); ''
Bougueria ''Plantago nubicola'' is a plant found in Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of ...
'' ( Plantaginaceae); ''
Docynia ''Docynia'' (栘𣐿属, ''yí yī shǔ'') is a genus of flowering trees, evergreen or semi-evergreen, in the family Rosaceae. The fruit is a pome. The tree is endemic to Southeast Asia, including Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: U ...
'' (
Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus ''Rosa''. Among the most species-rich genera are '' Alchemilla'' (270), ''Sorb ...
); '' Seetzenia'' R.Br. ex Decne.(
Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. The family includes around 285 species in 22 genera. Plants in the family Zygophyllaceae may be trees, shrubs, or herbs. They are often found in dry habit ...
); '' Deherainia'' (
Theophrastaceae Theophrastoideae is a small subfamily of flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. It was formerly recognized as a separate family Theophrastaceae. As previously circumscribed, the family consisted of eight genera and 95 species of trees or shr ...
); '' Lopholepis'' (
Poaceae Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns an ...
); '' Asterostemma'', '' Atherandra'', '' Baeolepis'' Decne. ex Moq., ''
Barjonia ''Barjonia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the ...
'', ''
Blepharodon ''Blepharodon'' is a genus of plant in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1844. They are native primarily to South America, with one species extending into Central America and Mexico.Steyermark, J. A. 1995. Flora of the Venezu ...
'', '' Calostigma'', '' Camptocarpus'', '' Decabelone'', '' Decanema'', '' Dictyanthus'', ''
Glossonema Glossonema is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, ...
'', '' Gongronema'' (Endl.) Decne., '' Harpanema'', '' Hemipogon'', '' Hoodia'' Sweet ex Decne., ''
Ibatia ''Ibatia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known ...
'', '' Macropetalum'' Burch. ex Decne., '' Melinia'', ''
Mitostigma ''Mitostigma'' is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1844. It contains only one accepted species, ''Mitostigma castillonii'', native to Jujuy Province in northwestern ArgentinaPontiroli, A. 1983. Asclepiadaceae. 1 ...
'', '' Nautonia'', ''
Nephradenia ''Nephradenia'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane ...
'', '' Orthosia'', ''
Pentopetia ''Pentopetia'' is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1844.Choux, P. 1931. Asclepiadaceae. Catalogue des Plantes de Madagascar, Asclepiadaceae 1(9): 5–24. The genus should not be confused with the related gen ...
'', ''
Peplonia ''Peplonia'' is a group of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1844. The entire genus is endemic to Brazil.Forzza, R. C. 2010. Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010 . Jardim Botânico ...
'', ''
Periglossum ''Periglossum '' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1844. It is native to southern Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both ...
'', '' Pherotrichis'', ''
Polystemma ''Polystemma'' is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1844. It is native to Mexico and Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boun ...
'', '' Ptycanthera'', '' Pycnoneurum'', '' Pycnostelma'' Bunge ex Decne., '' Rhyssostelma'', ''
Riocreuxia ''Riocreuxia'' is a plant genus in the family ''Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from '' Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogb ...
'', ''
Tacazzea ''Tacazzea'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described in 1890. It is native to Africa. ;Species ;formerly included moved to other genera (''Buckollia'', ''Petopentia'') # ''Tacazzea natalensis'' N.E.Br., synonym of ''Pet ...
'', ''
Tassadia ''Tassadia'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1844. It is native primarily to South America, with one species extending north into Central America, S Mexico, and Trinidad.Hokche, O., P. E. Berry & O. H ...
'', '' Trichosandra'' (
Asclepiadaceae The Asclepiadoideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Formerly, they were treated as a separate family under the name Asclepiadaceae, e.g. by APG II, and known as the milkweed family. They form a group of perennial herbs, tw ...
or Apocynaceae s.l.); ''
Amorphophallus ''Amorphophallus'' (from Ancient Greek , "without form, misshapen" + ''phallos'', "penis", referring to the shape of the prominent spadix) is a large genus of some 200 tropical and subtropical tuberous herbaceous plants from the ''Arum'' famil ...
'' Blume ex Decne. (
Araceae The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). A ...
) and ''
Leptopus ''Leptopus'', the maidenbushes, are a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae native to southern Asia from the Caucasus east to China and Maluku. The plants are monoecious herbs and shrubs with simple, entire leaves and small, green flowe ...
'' (
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae, the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of a genus in the family. Most spurges, such as '' Euphorbia paralias'', are herbs, but some, ...
s.l. or
Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae is a family of flowering plants in the eudicot order Malpighiales. It is most closely related to the family Picrodendraceae.Kenneth J. Wurdack and Charles C. Davis. 2009. "Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the m ...
).


Works

* ''Le jardin fruitier du Museum'' (The fructiferous garden of the Museum) in 9 volumes (1858-1875) * ''Traité général de botanique descriptive et analytique'' (General Treatise of descriptive and analytic botany), Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1876 n_collaboration_with_Emmanuel_Le_Maout.html" ;"title="Emmanuel_Le_Maout.html" ;"title="n collaboration with Emmanuel Le Maout">n collaboration with Emmanuel Le Maout">Emmanuel_Le_Maout.html" ;"title="n collaboration with Emmanuel Le Maout">n collaboration with Emmanuel Le MaoutEnglish edition 1873. * ''Mexicanas plantas'' (Plants of Mexico, 1872-1886 [in collaboration with others].
available at Botanicus.org


References


Bibliography

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Decaisne, Joseph 1807 births 1882 deaths Scientists from Paris 19th-century French botanists French agronomists Members of the French Academy of Sciences Botanists active in Europe Botanists with author abbreviations Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences Foreign Members of the Royal Society Burials at Montmartre Cemetery