Ixoroideae is a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Rubiaceae The Rubiaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules ...

and contains about 4000

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

in 27

tribes The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to conflic ...

Tribes

Airospermeae Airospermeae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains 7 species in 2 genera. Its representatives are found in New Guinea, Fiji, the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Philippines, and Sumatra. Genera Currently accepted names ...

Kainul. & B.Bremer *

Alberteae Alberteae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains about 18 species in 3 genera. Its representatives are found in tropical and southern Africa and in Madagascar. Genera Currently accepted names * ''Alberta'' E.Mey. ( ...

Hook.f. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of ...

Aleisanthieae Aleisanthieae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains 10 species in 3 genera. Its representatives are found in Borneo, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Genera Currently accepted names * '' Aleisanthia'' Ridl. (2 sp) - ...

Mouly, J.Florence & B.Bremer *

Augusteae Augusteae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains 89 species in 3 genera. '' Augusta'' is found from Mexico to Brazil and in the southwestern Pacific region, ''Wendlandia'' is found in northeastern tropical Africa, tro ...

Kainul. & B.Bremer *

Bertiereae ''Bertiera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Rubiaceae. It comprises 57 species with most known from tropical Africa, five known from various :Indian Ocean islands and five found in the tropics of the Americas. Ta ...

Bridson *

Coffeeae Coffeeae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains about 333 species in 11 genera. Its representatives are found in tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, the western Indian Ocean, tropical and subtropical Asia, and ...

DC. Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle ...

Condamineeae Condamineeae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains about 305 species in 31 genera. Most genera are found in Central and Southern Tropical America, but a few occur in Southeast Asia. Genera Currently accepted name ...

Cordiereae Cordiereae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains 124 species in 12 genera. Its representatives are found in central and southern tropical America. Genera Currently accepted names * ''Agouticarpa'' C.H.Perss. (7 s ...

A.Rich. ex

emend. Mouly *

Cremasporeae ''Cremaspora'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is the only genus in the tribe Cremasporeae. It was described by George Bentham in 1849.George Bentham. 1849. Niger Flora, or, An enumeration of the plants of western trop ...

Bremek. ex S.P.Darwin * Crossopterygeae F.White ex Bridson *

Gardenieae Gardenieae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains about 586 species in 53 genera. Genera Currently accepted names * ''Adenorandia'' Vermoesen (1 sp) * '' Agouticarpa'' C.H.Press. (7 sp) * ''Aidia'' Lour. (55 sp) ...

A.Rich. ex

Greeneeae ''Greenea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae The Rubiaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are ...

Mouly, J.Florence & B.Bremer *

Henriquezieae Henriquezieae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains 20 species in 3 genera. Its representatives are found in northern South America. Genera Currently accepted names * '' Gleasonia'' Standl. (5 sp) * '' Henriquez ...

Benth. George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...

Ixoreae ''Ixora'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is the only genus in the tribe Ixoreae. It consists of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs and holds around 544 species. Though native to the tropical and subtropical areas ...

Jackieae ''Jackiopsis'' is a Monotypic taxon, monotypic genus of flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Rubiaceae. It was described by in 1979. The genus contains only one species, viz. ''Jackiopsis ornata'', which is found in Borneo, Malaysia ...

Korth. *

Mussaendeae Mussaendeae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains about 221 species in 8 genera. Its representatives are found from tropical and southern Africa, the western Indian Ocean, to tropical and subtropical Asia and the Pac ...

Octotropideae Octotropideae is a Tribe (biology), tribe of flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Rubiaceae and contains about 103 species in 18 genus, genera. Its representatives are found in the paleotropics. Genera Currently accepted names * ' ...

Bedd. Colonel Richard Henry Beddome (11 May 1830 – 23 February 1911) was a British military officer and naturalist in India, who became chief conservator of the Madras Forest Department. In the mid-19th century, he extensively surveyed several ...

Pavetteae Pavetteae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains about 624 species in 9 genera. Its representatives are found from the tropics and subtropics of the Old World and the southern Pacific region. Genera Currently accep ...

A.Rich. ex Dumort. *

Posoquerieae Posoquerieae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains 23 species in 2 genera. Its representatives are found from Mexico to tropical South America. Genera Currently accepted names * '' Molopanthera'' Turcz. (1 sp) * ...

Delprete * Retiniphylleae

Sabiceeae Sabiceeae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains about 164 species in 7 genera. Its representatives are found in tropical Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, and from Mexico to tropical America. The genus '' Sabicea'' is ...

Bremek. * Scyphiphoreae Kainul. & B.Bremer * Sherbournieae Mouly & B.Bremer * Sipaneeae Bremek. *

Steenisieae ''Steenisia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus is endemic to the island of Borneo. Species *'' Steenisia borneensis'' ( Valeton) Bakh.f. *'' Steenisia corollina'' ( Valeton) Bakh.f. *'' Steenisia elata'' ( Valet ...

Kainul. & B.Bremer * Trailliaedoxeae Kainul. & B.Bremer *

Vanguerieae Vanguerieae is a tribe of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains about 655 species in 30 genera. It is one of the most species-rich groups within the family and it is distributed across the Paleotropics. Description Several diff ...

A.Rich. ex Dumort.

Classification

Ixoroideae is a subfamily of the family

. Based on both morphological and molecular characters,

has been divided into three subfamilies - Ixoroideae,

Cinchonoideae Cinchonoideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains about 1700 species in 10 tribes. Tribes * Chiococceae Benth. & Hook.f. * Cinchoneae DC. * Guettardeae DC. * Hamelieae A.Rich. ex DC. * Hymenodictye ...

, and

Rubioideae Rubioideae Juss., 1789 is a subfamily of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae and contains about 7600 species in 27 tribes. Tribes * Anthospermeae Cham. & Schltdl. ex DC. * Argostemmateae Bremek. ex Verdc. * Clarkelleae Deb * Co ...

. Ixoroideae and Cinchoinoideae are more closely related. Members of Ixoroideae are morphologically diverse so no shared derived characters have been established for its classification. Introduction of molecular analyses to systematics dramatically improved tribal classification within the subfamily. Present tribal classification within this subfamily is mainly supported through molecular analysis of chloroplast DNA.

Cultivation and use

Ixoroideae consists of 27

that include several economically valuable genera. Well-known genera within the subfamily include ''

Ixora ''Ixora'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is the only genus in the tribe Ixoreae. It consists of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs and holds around 544 species. Though native to the tropical and subtropical areas ...

'' and ''

Gardenia ''Gardenia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the coffee family, Rubiaceae, native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, Madagascar and Pacific Islands, and Australia. The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus and John Ellis aft ...

'', both popular ornamentals, but economic value is centered on the genus ''

Coffea ''Coffea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Rubiaceae. ''Coffea'' species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are use ...

'', cultivated for coffee production. Three species are generally used for cultivation - ''

Coffea arabica ''Coffea arabica'' (), also known as the Arabic coffee, is a species of flowering plant in the coffee and madder family Rubiaceae. It is believed to be the first species of coffee to have been cultivated and is currently the dominant cultivar, r ...

'', ''

Coffea robusta ''Coffea canephora'' ( syn. ''Coffea robusta'', commonly known as ''robusta coffee'') is a species of coffee that has its origins in central and western sub-Saharan Africa. It is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. Though wid ...

'', and ''

Coffea liberica ''Coffea liberica'', commonly known as the Liberian coffee, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae from which coffee is produced. It is native to western and central Africa from Liberia to Uganda and Angola, and has become natu ...

'' Davis, A. P., Govaerts, R., Bridson, D. M., & Stoffelen, P. (2006). An annotated taxonomic conspectus of the genus Coffea (Rubiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 152(4), 465-512.

References

External links

Gentianales subfamilies Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque {{Ixoroideae-stub