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Chongqing is a municipality in
Southwestern China Southwest China () is a region in the south of the People's Republic of China. Geography Southwest China is a rugged and mountainous region, transitioning between the Tibetan Plateau to the west and the Chinese coastal hills (东南丘陵) and ...
. Chongqing is one of the four direct-administered municipalities under the Central People's Government, along with Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin. It is the only directly administrated municipality located deep inland. The municipality covers a large geographical area roughly the size of Austria, which includes several disjunct urban areas in addition to Chongqing proper. Due to its classification, the municipality of Chongqing is the largest city proper in the world by area, though it does not have the largest urban area. The municipality of Chongqing is the only Chinese municipality with a permanent population of over 30 million; however, this number includes its large rural population. In 2020, Chongqing surpassed Shanghai as China's largest municipality by urban population; , it has an urban population of 22.8 million. The municipality contains 26 districts, 8 counties, and 4
autonomous counties Autonomous counties () and autonomous banners () are county-level autonomous administrative divisions of China. The two are essentially identical except in name. There are 117 autonomous counties and three autonomous banners. The latter are fo ...
. The city served as the wartime capital for the Republic of China (ROC) during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). On 14 March 1997, the current municipality was separated from the surrounding province of Sichuan, with the goal of furthering development in the central and western parts of the country. As one of China's National Central Cities, Chongqing serves as a center for finance in the Sichuan Basin and the upstream Yangtze, as well as for manufacturing and transportation. It is a connection in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and a base for the country's
Belt and Road Initiative The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI, or B&R), formerly known as One Belt One Road ( zh, link=no, 一带一路) or OBOR for short, is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 to invest in nearly 150 ...
. Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport is the second-busiest airport in China, and is one of the top 50 busiest airports in the world, The city's monorail system is the world's longest and busiest, as well as having the greatest number of stations, with 70. Chongqing is ranked as a
Beta Beta (, ; uppercase , lowercase , or cursive ; grc, βῆτα, bē̂ta or ell, βήτα, víta) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 2. In Modern Greek, it represents the voiced labiod ...
(global second-tier) city; It is the headquarters of the Changan Automobile, one of the "
Big Four Big Four or Big 4 may refer to: Groups of companies * Big Four accounting firms: Deloitte, Ernst & Young, KPMG, PwC * Big Four (airlines) in the U.S. in the 20th century: American, Eastern, TWA, United * Big Four (banking), several groupings ...
" car manufacturers of China. , the city hosts 12 foreign representations, the fifth-most in China behind Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu. It is one of the top 40 cities globally by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index; the municipality is home to several notable universities, including Chongqing University, Southwest University, and Chongqing Normal University.


History


Antiquity

Chongqing's location is historically associated with the
State of Ba Ba () was an ancient state in eastern Sichuan, China. Its original capital was Yicheng (Enshi City), Hubei. Ba was conquered by Qin in 316 BC. The historical Bo people and the modern Tujia people trace some of their origins back to the people of ...
. Its capital was first called Jiangzhou ().


Imperial era

Jiangzhou subsequently remained under Qin Shi Huang's rule during the Qin dynasty, the successor of the Qin State, as well as the rule of Han dynasty emperors. Jiangzhou was subsequently renamed during the Northern and Southern dynasties to Chu Prefecture (), then again in 581 AD (
Sui dynasty The Sui dynasty (, ) was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China that lasted from 581 to 618. The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties, thus ending the long period of division following the fall of the Western Jin dynasty, and layi ...
) to Yu Prefecture (), and later in 1102 during Northern Song to Gong Prefecture (). The name Yu however survives to this day as an abbreviation for Chongqing, as well as for the city's historic center, where the old town once stood; its name is Yuzhong (, Central Yu). It received its current name in 1189, after Prince Zhao Dun of the
Southern Song dynasty The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the rest ...
described his crowning as king and then
Emperor Guangzong Emperor Guangzong of Song (30 September 1147 – 17 September 1200), personal name Zhao Dun, was the 12th emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the third emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He was the third son of his predecessor, Emper ...
as a "double celebration" (, or ''chóngqìng'' in short). To mark the occasion of his enthronement, Yu Prefecture was therefore converted to Chongqing Fu. In 1362 (during the Yuan dynasty),
Ming Yuzhen Ming Yuzhen (; 2 October 1328 – 17 March 1366) was a peasant rebel leader who established the dynasty of Ming Xia during the late Yuan dynasty in China. Ming was born in Suizhou (today Sui County, Hubei) in a farmer family. He changed the ch ...
, a peasant rebel leader, established the Daxia Kingdom () at Chongqing for a short time. In 1621 (during the Ming dynasty), another short-lived kingdom of Daliang () was established by She Chongming () with Chongqing as its capital. In 1644, after the fall of the Ming dynasty to a rebel army, Chongqing, together with the rest of Sichuan, was captured by Zhang Xianzhong, who was said to have massacred a large number of people in Sichuan and depopulated the province, in part by causing many people to flee to safety elsewhere. The Manchus later conquered the province, and during the Qing dynasty, immigration to Chongqing and Sichuan took place with the support of the Qing emperor. In 1890, the British Consulate General was opened in Chongqing. The following year, the city became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners, with the proviso that foreign ships should not be at liberty to trade there until Chinese-owned steamers had succeeded in ascending the river. This restriction was abolished by the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, which declared the city open on the same terms as other ports, although it was not until 1907 that a steamship made the journey without the help of manual haulers. From 1896 to 1904, the American, German, French, and Japanese consulates were opened in Chongqing.


Provisional wartime capital of the Republic of China

During and after the Second Sino-Japanese War, from Nov 1937 to May 1946, it was Generalissimo
Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also known as Chiang Chung-cheng and Jiang Jieshi, was a Chinese Nationalist politician, revolutionary, and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 ...
's provisional capital. After the General and remaining army had lived there for a time following their retreat in 1938 from the previous capital of Wuhan, it was formally declared the second capital city () on 6 September 1940. After Britain, the United States, and other Allies entered the war in Asia in December 1941, one of the Allies' deputy commanders of operations in South East Asia (South East Asia Command SEAC), Joseph Stilwell, was based in the city. This made it a city of world importance in the fight against Axis powers, together with London, Moscow and Washington, D.C. The city was also visited by Lord
Louis Mountbatten Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (25 June 1900 – 27 August 1979) was a British naval officer, colonial administrator and close relative of the British royal family. Mountbatten, who was of German ...
, the Supreme Commander of SEAC which was itself headquartered in Ceylon, modern day Sri Lanka. Chiang Kai Shek as Supreme Commander in China worked closely with Stilwell. From 1938 to 1943, the city suffered from continuous massive bombing campaigns of the Imperial Japanese Navy and
Army Air Force The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF) was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and ''de facto'' aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II ...
s; battles of which were fought entirely by the Chinese Air Force squadrons and anti-aircraft artillery units. Many lives were saved by the air-raid shelters which took advantage of the mountainous terrain. Chongqing was acclaimed to be the "City of Heroes" due to the indomitable spirits of its people as well as their contributions and sacrifices during the War of Resistance-World War II. Many factories and universities were relocated from eastern China and ultimately to Chongqing during years of setbacks in the war, transforming this city from inland port to a heavily industrialized city. In late November 1949, the Nationalist KMT government retreated from the city.


Municipality status

File:Location of Chongqing Prefecture within Sichuan.png, File:Location of Fuling Prefecture within Sichuan.png, File:Location of Wanxian Prefecture within Sichuan.png, File:Location of Qianjiang Prefecture within Sichuan.png, On 14 March 1997, the Eighth National People's Congress decided to merge the
sub-provincial city A sub-provincial division () in China is a prefecture-level city governed by a province promoted by half a level. Thus, it is half a level under the provincial level (hence the name sub-provincial) but half a level above the prefecture-level. T ...
with adjacent Fuling,
Wanxian Wanzhou District () is Chongqing's second most populated urban core area on the upper reaches of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in China. It is currently governed as a district of Chongqing Municipality, bordering Sichuan to the northwest ...
, and Qianjiang prefectures that it had governed on behalf of the province since September 1996, and grant it independence from Sichuan. The resulting single entity became Chongqing Municipality, containing 30,020,000 people in forty-three former counties (without intermediate political levels). The municipality became the spearhead of China's effort to develop its western regions and to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project. Its first official ceremony took place on 18 June 1997. On 8 February 2010, Chongqing became one of the four National Central/Core cities, the other three are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. The same year on June 18, the Liangjiang New Area was established in Chongqing, which was the third state-level
new area The new areas or new districts of the People's Republic of China are new urban districts that are given special economic and development support by the Chinese Central Government or regional government. New areas are divided into two varieties ...
at the time of its establishment.


Geography


Physical geography and topography

Chongqing is situated at the transitional area between the Tibetan Plateau and the plain on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the sub-tropical climate zone often swept by moist monsoons. It often rains at night in late spring and early summer, and thus the city is famous for its "night rain in the Ba Mountains", as described by poems throughout Chinese history including the famous ''Written on a Rainy Night-A Letter to the North'' by
Li Shangyin Li Shangyin (, 813858), courtesy name Yishan (), was a Chinese poet and politician of the late Tang dynasty, born in the Henei Commandery (now Qinyang, Henan). He is noted for the imagist quality of his poems and his "no title" () style of poet ...
. The municipality reaches a maximum length of from east to west, and a maximum width of from north to south. It borders the following provinces: Hubei in the east, Hunan in the southeast, Guizhou in the south, Sichuan in the west and northwest, and Shaanxi to the north in its northeast corner. Chongqing covers a large area crisscrossed by rivers and mountains. The Daba Mountains stand in the north, the Wu Mountains in the east, the Wuling Mountains in the southeast, and the
Dalou Mountains The Dalou Mountains (} are a range of limestone mountains running north east to south west across the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau spanning Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces, People's Republic of China. At , Mount Jinfo (金佛山) in Nanchuan District, C ...
in the south. The whole area slopes down from north and south towards the
Yangtze River valley The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ; ) is the longest river in Asia, the third-longest in the world, and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. It rises at Jari Hill in the Tanggula Mountains (Tibetan Plateau) and flow ...
, with sharp rises and falls. The area is featured by a large geological massif, of mountains and hills, with large sloping areas at different heights. Typical
karst Karst is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. It is characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes and caves. It has also been documented for more weathering-resistant ro ...
landscape is common in this area, and stone forests, numerous collections of peaks, limestone caves and valleys can be found in many places. The ''Longshuixia Gap'' (), with its natural arch-bridges, has made the region a popular tourist attraction. The Yangtze River runs through the whole area from west to east, covering a course of , cutting through the Wu Mountains at three places and forming the well-known Three Gorges: the Qutang, the Wuxia and the Xiling gorges. Coming from northwest and running through "the Jialing Lesser Three Gorges" of Libi, Wentang and Guanyin, the Jialing River joins the Yangtze in Chongqing. The central urban area of Chongqing, or Chongqing proper, is a city of unique features. Built on mountains and partially surrounded by the Yangtze and Jialing rivers, it is known as a "mountain city" and a "city on rivers". The night scene of the city is very illuminated, with millions of lights and their reflection on the rivers. With its special topographical features, Chongqing has the unique scenery of mountains, rivers, forests, springs, waterfalls, gorges, and caves. Li Bai, a famous poet of the Tang dynasty, was inspired by the natural scenery and wrote this
epigram An epigram is a brief, interesting, memorable, and sometimes surprising or satirical statement. The word is derived from the Greek "inscription" from "to write on, to inscribe", and the literary device has been employed for over two mille ...
. Specifically, the central urban area is located on a huge folding area.
Yuzhong District Yuzhong District () is the central district and heart of Chongqing municipality. It is the capital of the municipality and is also the political, economical, and entertainment center of the city of Chongqing. Located in the central portion of Yuz ...
, Nan'an District,
Shapingba District Shapingba () is a district of Chongqing, People's Republic of China, formerly known as Shaci District () during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Sino-Japanese War. It is one of the central parts of Chongqing and covers around 396 square kilometers, w ...
and Jiangbei District are located right on a big
syncline In structural geology, a syncline is a fold with younger layers closer to the center of the structure, whereas an anticline is the inverse of a syncline. A synclinorium (plural synclinoriums or synclinoria) is a large syncline with superimpose ...
. And the "Southern Mountain of Chongqing" (Tongluo Mountain), along with the Zhongliang Mountain are two anticlines next to the syncline of downtown. Zhongliang Mountains () and Tongluo Mountains () roughly forms the eastern and western boundaries of Chongqing's urban area. The highest point in downtown is the top of Eling Hill, which is a smaller syncline hill that separates the Yangtze River and Jialing River. The elevation of Eling Hill is . The lowest point is Chaotian Gate, where the two rivers merge with each other. The altitude there is . The average height of the area is . However, there are several high mountains outside central Chongqing, such as the Wugong Ling Mountain, with the altitude of , in Jiangjin.


Climate

Chongqing has a monsoonal
humid subtropical climate A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents (except Antarctica), generally between latitudes 25° and 40° ...
( Köppen ''Cwa''), bordering on a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen ''Cfa'') and for most of the year experiences very high relative humidity, with all months above 75%. Known as one of the " Three Furnaces" of the Yangtze River, along with Wuhan and Nanjing, its summers are long and among the hottest and most humid in China, with highs of in July and August in the urban area. Winters are short and somewhat mild, but damp and overcast. The city's location in the Sichuan Basin causes it to have one of the lowest annual sunshine totals nationally, at only 983 hours, lower than much of Northern Europe; the monthly percent possible sunshine in the city proper ranges from a mere 5% in January to 43% in August. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from on 15 December 1975 (unofficial record of was set on 8 February 1943) to on 18 and 19 August 2022 (unofficial record of was set on 8 and 9 August 1933). Chongqing, with over 100 days of fog per year, is known as the "Fog City" (); this is because in the spring and fall, a thick layer of fog enshrouds it for 68 days per year. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, this special weather possibly played a role in protecting the city from being overrun by the Imperial Japanese Army.


Cityscape

File:Jiangbeizui CBD.jpg,
Jiangbeizui CBD Jiangbeizui CBD() is one of the central business districts and part of Liangjiang New Area in central Chongqing, China. The CBD aims to attract financial institutions, making it a financial centre in the future. Jiangbeizui CBD is located ...
from above, taken in 2018 File:Chaotianmen Bridge, Nan'an District of Chongqing.jpg, Chaotianmen Bridge connects Jiangbei District with Nan'an District of Chongqing, taken in 2018 File:Jiefangbei.jpg, Jiefangbei () is a World War II victory monument File:Raffles City Chongqing 2019-9.jpg,
Raffles City Chongqing Raffles City Chongqing is suite of eight buildings in Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China, developed by Singaporean real estate developer CapitaLand. Raffles City Chongqing features a 300-metre-long horizontal skybridge called "Crystal" that con ...
, sitting in the confluence of Yangtze and Jialing River


Politics

Since 1997 Chongqing has been a direct-controlled municipality in the Chinese administrative structure, making it a provincial-level division with commensurate political importance. The municipality's leader is Secretary of the Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, which since 2007, has also held a seat on the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, the country's second highest governing council. Under the USSR-inspired
nomenklatura The ''nomenklatura'' ( rus, номенклату́ра, p=nəmʲɪnklɐˈturə, a=ru-номенклатура.ogg; from la, nomenclatura) were a category of people within the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries who held various key admi ...
system of appointments, individuals are appointed to the position by the central leadership of the CCP and bestowed to an official based on seniority and adherence to party orthodoxy, usually given to an individual with prior regional experience elsewhere in China and nearly never a native of Chongqing. Notable individuals who have held the municipal Party Secretary position include
He Guoqiang He Guoqiang (; born October 1. 1943) is a retired senior leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Between 2007 and 2012, He was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC), China's highest ruling council, and the Secretary of the Cent ...
,
Wang Yang Wang Yang may refer to: People *Wang Yang (politician) (born 1955), Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference *Wang Yang (Liaoning politician) (born 1957), former provincial official from Liaoni ...
, Bo Xilai,
Zhang Dejiang Zhang Dejiang (; born 4 November 1946) is a Chinese retired politician. He served as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress, roughly the equivalent of a speaker of parliament in other countries between ...
, and
Sun Zhengcai Sun Zhengcai (; born September 25, 1963) is a former Chinese politician and senior regional official. From 2012 to 2017, Sun served as the Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, an interior municipality, and a member of the Politburo of the Chi ...
, the latter three were Politburo members during their term as party chief. The party chief heads the municipal party standing committee, the ''de facto'' top governing council of the municipality. The standing committee is typically composed of 13 individuals which includes the party chiefs of important subdivisions and other leading figures in the local party and government organization, as well as one military representative. The municipal People's Government serves as the day-to-day administrative authority, and is headed by the mayor, who is assisted by numerous vice mayors and mayoral assistants. Each vice mayor is given jurisdiction over specific municipal departments. The mayor is the second-highest-ranking official in the municipality. The mayor usually represents the city when foreign guests visit. The municipality also has a
People's Congress People's Congress may refer to: * All People's Congress, political party in Sierra Leone * Goa People's Congress, splinter group of the Indian National Congress in Goa * Indian People's Congress, political party in India * Janta Congress Chhattisga ...
, theoretically elected by lower level People's Congresses. The People's Congress nominally appoints the mayor and approves the nominations of other government officials. The People's Congress, like those of other provincial jurisdictions, is generally seen as a symbolic body. It convenes in full once a year to approve party-sponsored resolutions and local regulations and duly confirm party-approved appointments. On occasion the People's Congress can be venues of discussion on municipal issues, although this is dependent on the actions of individual delegates. The municipal People's Congress is headed by a former municipal official, usually in their late fifties or sixties, with a lengthy prior political career in Chongqing. The municipal Political Consultative Conference (''zhengxie'') meets at around the same time as the People's Congress. Its role is to advise on political issues. The ''zhengxie'' is headed by a leader who is typically a former municipal or regional official with a lengthy career in the party and government bureaucracy.


Military

Chongqing was the wartime capital of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War (i.e., World War II), and from 1937 to 1945, the seat of administration for the Republic of China's government before its departure to Nanjing and then Taiwan. After the eventual defeat at the
Battle of Wuhan The Battle of Wuhan (武漢之戰), popularly known to the Chinese as the Defense of Wuhan, and to the Japanese as the Capture of Wuhan, was a large-scale battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Engagements took place across vast areas of Anhui ...
General Chiang-Kai Shek and the army were forced to use it as base of resistance from 1938 onwards. It also contains a military museum named after the Chinese Korean War hero
Qiu Shaoyun Qiu Shaoyun (; June 1, 1926 – October 12, 1952) was born in a small village named Qiūjiāgōu (邱家沟) in Guānjiàn township (关溅乡) (now called Shàoyún town, 少云镇) of Tongliang county, Sichuan province (after 1997 Tongli ...
. Chongqing used to be the headquarters of the
13th Group Army In music or music theory, a thirteenth is the note thirteen scale degrees from the root of a chord and also the interval between the root and the thirteenth. The interval can be also described as a compound sixth, spanning an octave ...
of the
People's Liberation Army The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the principal military force of the People's Republic of China and the armed wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The PLA consists of five service branches: the Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, ...
, one of the two group armies that formerly comprised the Chengdu Military Region, which in 2016 was re-organized into the Western Theater Command.


Administrative divisions

Chongqing is the largest of the four direct-controlled municipalities of the People's Republic of China. The municipality is divided into 38 subdivisions (3 were abolished in 1997, and
Wansheng Wansheng District () is a former district of Chongqing Municipality, China. In October 2011, Wansheng was merged into Qijiang County to form the new Qijiang District Qijiang District () is a district of Chongqing, China, bordering Guizhou provi ...
and Shuangqiao districts were abolished in October 2011), consisting of 26 districts, 8 counties, and 4 autonomous counties. The boundaries of Chongqing municipality reach much farther into the city's hinterland than the boundaries of the other three provincial level municipalities (Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and much of its administrative area, which spans over , is rural. At the end of year 2018, the total population is 31.02 million. As of 2022, Chongqing is the largest Chinese city by urban population, with a population of 22.80 million.


Urban areas


Central Chongqing

The main urban area of Chongqing city () spans approximately , and includes the following nine districts: *
Yuzhong District Yuzhong District () is the central district and heart of Chongqing municipality. It is the capital of the municipality and is also the political, economical, and entertainment center of the city of Chongqing. Located in the central portion of Yuz ...
(, literally "Central Chongqing District"), the central and most densely populated district, where government and international business offices and the city's best shopping are located in the district's Jiefangbei CBD area. Yuzhong is located on the peninsula surrounded by Eling Hill, Yangtze River and Jialing River. * Jiangbei District (, literally "North of the River District"), located to the north of Jialing River. *
Shapingba District Shapingba () is a district of Chongqing, People's Republic of China, formerly known as Shaci District () during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Sino-Japanese War. It is one of the central parts of Chongqing and covers around 396 square kilometers, w ...
(), roughly located between Jialing River and Zhongliang Mountain. * Jiulongpo District (), roughly located between Yangtze River and Zhongliang Mountain. * Nan'an District (, literally "Southern Bank District"), located on the south side of Yangtze River. * Dadukou District () * Banan District (, literally "Southern of Ba District"). Previously called Ba County, and changed to the current name in 1994. * Yubei District (, or "Northern Chongqing District"). Previously called Jiangbei County, and changed into the current name in 1994. * Beibei District (), a satellite district northwest of Chongqing.


Demographics


Population

According to the 2020 national census, Chongqing has a population of 32,054,159, accounting for around 2.27% of the national total. , the
metropolitan area A metropolitan area or metro is a region that consists of a densely populated urban agglomeration and its surrounding territories sharing industries, commercial areas, transport network, infrastructures and housing. A metro area usually com ...
encompassing the central urban area was estimated by the OECD to have, a population of 17 million. The Census also lists the male percentage as 50.55% and the female percentage as 49.55%. In terms of age distribution, of the total population, 15.91% were age 0–14, 62.22% were 15–64, and 21.87% were 65 and over. Of the population's highest education level achieved, 15.41% were college, 15.96% were high school, 30.58% were middle school, and 29.89% were elementary school. , 70.4% of Chongqing's population is estimated to be urban, and 29.6%.


Religion

The predominant religions in Chongqing are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 26.63% of the population practices Chinese ancestral religion, while 1.05% of the population identifies as
Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...
. The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 72.32% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, or folk religious sects. In 2010, there were 9,056 Muslims in Chongqing.


Economy

There has been a massive government push to transform Chongqing into the region's economic, trade, and
financial center A financial centre ( BE), financial center ( AE), or financial hub, is a location with a concentration of participants in banking, asset management, insurance or financial markets with venues and supporting services for these activities to t ...
and use the municipality as a platform to open up the country's western interior to further development. Chongqing is facing rapid urbanization. For instance, statistics suggest that new construction added approximately daily of usable floor space to satisfy demands for residential, commercial and factory space. Thus, Chongqing was separated from Sichuan province and made into a municipality in its own right on 14 March 1997 in order to accelerate its development and subsequently China's relatively poorer western areas (see China Western Development strategy). By the 2000s the city had become an important industrial area in western China. , Chongqing's nominal GDP was
US$ The United States dollar (symbol: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ or U.S. Dollar, to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official ...
433 billion ( CN¥ 2.91 trilion), about 2.41% of the country's GDP and ranked
16th 16 (sixteen) is the natural number following 15 and preceding 17. 16 is a composite number, and a square number, being 42 = 4 × 4. It is the smallest number with exactly five divisors, its proper divisors being , , and . In English speech, ...
among province-level administrative units; the municipality's primary, secondary and tertiary industries were worth CN¥201.21 billion (US$29.92 billion), CN¥1.169 trillion (US$173.86 billion) and CN¥1.542 trillion (US$229.3 billion) respectively. Its nominal GDP per capita was US$13,479 (CN¥90,663) and ranked
10th 10 (ten) is the even natural number following 9 and preceding 11. Ten is the base of the decimal numeral system, by far the most common system of denoting numbers in both spoken and written language. It is the first double-digit number. The rea ...
in the country. Chongqing has been identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS (Chongqing, Hefei, Anshan, Maanshan, Pingdingshan and Shenyang), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China. Traditionally, due to its geographic inaccessibility, Chongqing and Sichuan have both been important military bases in weapons research and development. Even though Chongqing's industries are diversified, unlike eastern China, its export sector is small due to its relatively disadvantageous inland location. Instead, factories producing local-oriented consumer goods such as processed food, cars, chemicals, textiles, machinery, sports equipment and electronics are common. Chongqing is China's third largest motor vehicle production center and the largest for motorcycles. In 2007, it had an annual output capacity of 1 million cars and 8.6 million motorcycles. Leading makers of cars and motorbikes includes China's fourth biggest automaker; Changan Automotive Corp and Lifan Hongda Enterprise, as well as Ford Motor Company, with the US car giant having 3 plants in Chongqing. The municipality is also one of China's nine largest iron and steel producers in China as well as one of its three major aluminum producers. Important manufacturers include
Chongqing Iron and Steel Company Chongqing Iron and Steel Company Limited (,), or CISC is an iron and steel manufacturing state-owned enterprise in Chongqing, China. Formerly "Hanyang Iron Plant" in Wuhan, it was established in 1890 during Qing Dynasty by Zhang Zhidong, the G ...
(重庆钢铁股份有限公司) and Southwest Aluminum (西南鋁業), which is Asia's largest aluminum plant. Agriculture remains significant. Rice and fruits, especially oranges, are the area's main produce. Natural resources are also abundant with large deposits of coal, natural gas, and more than 40 kinds of minerals such as
strontium Strontium is the chemical element with the symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white yellowish metallic element that is highly chemically reactive. The metal forms a dark oxide layer when it is ex ...
and manganese. Coal reserves total approximately . Chuandong Natural Gas Field is China's largest inland gas field with deposits of around 270 billion m3 – more than 1/5 of China's total. Has China's largest reserve of strontium (China has the world's 2nd biggest strontium deposit). Manganese is mined in the Xiushan area. Although the mining sector has been denounced as heavily polluting and unsafe. Chongqing is also planned to be the site of a 10 million ton capacity refinery operated by CNPC (parent company of
PetroChina PetroChina Company Limited () is a Chinese oil and gas company and is the listed arm of state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), headquartered in Dongcheng District, Beijing. The company is currently Asia's largest oil and gas pr ...
) to process imported crude oil from the
Sino-Burma pipelines Sino-Myanmar pipelines refers to the oil and natural gas pipelines linking Myanmar's deep-water port of Kyaukphyu (Sittwe) in the Bay of Bengal with Kunming in Yunnan province of China. History Talks between China and Myanmar on the feasibility ...
. The pipeline itself, though not yet finished, will eventually run from Sittwe (in Myanmar's western coast) through
Kunming Kunming (; ), also known as Yunnan-Fu, is the capital and largest city of Yunnan province, China. It is the political, economic, communications and cultural centre of the province as well as the seat of the provincial government. The headquar ...
in Yunnan before reaching Chongqing and it will provide China with fuels sourced from Myanmar, the Middle East and Africa. Recently, there has been a drive to move up the value chain by shifting towards high technology and knowledge intensive industries resulting in new development zones such as the Chongqing New North Zone (CNNZ). Chongqing's local government is hoping through the promotion of favorable economic policies for the electronics and information technology sectors, that it can create a 400 billion RMB high technology manufacturing hub which will surpass its car industry and account for 25% of its exports. The city has also invested heavily in infrastructure to attract investment. The network of roads and railways connecting Chongqing to the rest of China has been expanded and upgraded reducing
logistical Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation. In a general business sense, logistics manages the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of consumption to meet the requirements of ...
costs. Furthermore, the nearby Three Gorges Dam which is the world's largest, supplies Chongqing with power and allows oceangoing ships to reach Chongqing's Yangtze River port. These infrastructure improvements have led to the arrivals of numerous foreign direct investors (FDI) in industries ranging from
car A car or automobile is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of ''cars'' say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people instead of goods. The year 1886 is regarded as ...
to finance and retailing; such as Ford, Mazda,
HSBC HSBC Holdings plc is a British multinational universal bank and financial services holding company. It is the largest bank in Europe by total assets ahead of BNP Paribas, with US$2.953 trillion as of December 2021. In 2021, HSBC had $10.8 tri ...
,
Standard Chartered Bank Standard Chartered plc is a multinational bank with operations in consumer, corporate and institutional banking, and treasury services. Despite being headquartered in the United Kingdom, it does not conduct retail banking in the UK, and around ...
,
Citibank Citibank, N. A. (N. A. stands for " National Association") is the primary U.S. banking subsidiary of financial services multinational Citigroup. Citibank was founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, and later became First National City ...
, Deutsche Bank,
ANZ Bank ANZ may refer to: People * Anz (musician), a British DJ and electronic musician Banks * ANZ (bank), Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited, the fourth-largest bank in Australia ** ANZ Bank New Zealand, the largest bank in New Zealand ...
,
Scotiabank The Bank of Nova Scotia (french: link=no, Banque de Nouvelle-Écosse), operating as Scotiabank (french: link=no, Banque Scotia), is a Canadian multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. One of Canada ...
, Wal-Mart,
Metro AG Metro AG is a German multinational company based in Düsseldorf which operates business membership only cash and carry stores primarily under the Metro brand. Until 2020 it was also active in general retail business through Real division, wh ...
and Carrefour, among other multinational corporations.


Economic and technological development zones

The city includes a number of economic and technological development zones: * Chongqing Chemical Industrial Park * Chongqing Economic & Technological Development Zone * Chongqing Hi-Tech Industry Development Zone * Chongqing New North Zone (CNNZ) * Chongqing Export Processing Zone * Jianqiao Industrial Park (located in Dadukou District) * Liangjiang New Area * Liangjiang Cloud Computing Center (the largest of its kind in China) Chongqing itself is part of the
West Triangle Economic Zone The West Triangle Economic Zone is an economic zone designated by the Chinese government comprising Chengdu, Chongqing and Xi'an. Created as part of China's Western Development strategy, the West Triangle Economic Zone contributes nearly 40% of ...
, along with
Chengdu Chengdu (, ; Simplified Chinese characters, simplified Chinese: 成都; pinyin: ''Chéngdū''; Sichuanese dialects, Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: ), Chinese postal romanization, alternatively Romanization of Chi ...
and Xi'an.


Education and research

, Chongqing hosts 70 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), making it the fourth city with the most higher education institutions nationwide and the first city in Western China, which comprises Chongqing, six provinces ( Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi,
Gansu Gansu (, ; alternately romanized as Kansu) is a province in Northwest China. Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeast part of the province. The seventh-largest administrative district by area at , Gansu lies between the Tibet ...
, and Qinghai), and three
autonomous regions An autonomous administrative division (also referred to as an autonomous area, entity, unit, region, subdivision, or territory) is a subnational administrative division or internal territory of a sovereign state that has a degree of autonomy— ...
( Tibet, Ningxia, and Xinjiang), with a combination of more than 290 million population. Chongqing is one of the top 40 cities in the world by scientific research outputs as tracked by the Nature Index.


Colleges and universities

* Chongqing University () * Southwest University () * Chongqing University of Science and Technology () *
Southwest University of Political Science and Law Southwest University of Political Science and Law (SWUPL) is a national public university located in Chongqing, China. It was founded in 1953 with the original name Southwest College of Political Science and Law. It was one of the first facultie ...
() * Army Medical University () * Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications () *
Chongqing University of Technology Chongqing University of Technology (CQUT) is a public research university in Chongqing. It was founded as Shiji Public School on 18 September 1940 by ordnance expert . Overview The university was established on 18 September 1940, it now has aro ...
() * Chongqing Jiaotong University () *
Chongqing Medical University Chongqing Medical University (CQMU; ), previously referred to as the Chongqing University of Medical Sciences (CQUMS), was established in 1956 in Chongqing, China. It was originally a branch of the Shanghai First Medical College (now named the Sh ...
() * Chongqing Normal University () * Chongqing Technology and Business University () *
Chongqing Three Gorges University Chongqing Three Gorges University (CTGU, ), established in 1956, is a national comprehensive university in Wanzhou District, Chongqing, at the heart of the Three Gorges areas on the Yangtze River. It presently has a total enrolment of 13,000 full ...
() * Chongqing Telecommunication Institute () *
Sichuan Fine Arts Institute Sichuan Fine Arts Institute (SFAI) () is a public fine arts university established in 1940 in the southwest City of Chonqing, China. It is one of the four most prominent art academies in China and the only one in southwest China. History and reput ...
() *
Sichuan International Studies University Sichuan International Studies University (SISU; ) is a public research university in Chongqing, China. It is one of the top eight foreign studies universities in China. It is colloquially known in Chinese as (). It is the flagship university ...
() *
University of Logistics The PLA Army Service Academy (), formerly known as the Logistical Engineering University of PLA or University of Logistics, is an institution of higher learning in Chongqing, focusing on military engineering. It is affiliated to the General Logis ...
() *Chongqing University of Arts and Science () *
Yangtze Normal University Yangtze Normal University () is a full-time, comprehensive university under the administration of the Chongqing Municipal Government of the People's Republic of China. The campus is in Fuling District, at the conjunction of the Yangtze and Wu Ri ...
() * Chongqing University of Education ()


Notable high schools

* Chongqing Changshou Middle School () * () * () *
Chongqing Nankai Secondary School Chongqing Nankai Middle School () is a senior high school in Chongqing, China. It is located in Chenjiawan, Shapingba District. In a 2016 ranking of Chinese high schools that send students to study in American universities, Chongqing Nankai Middl ...
() * () *
Bashu Secondary School Chongqing Bashu High School is ranked 5th in China and 2nd in Chongqing High School Ranking. No. 5 in China for seven consecutive years.) Bashu Secondary School(巴蜀中学), formerly known as Bashu Middle School (巴蜀中学校) and Chongqin ...
() * Chongqing Railway High School () * () * (The High School Affiliated to Sichuan International Studies University ) * (The 2nd Chongqing Foreign Language School, ) * () * () * Chongqing NO.18 Secondary School ()


International schools

* Yew Chung International School of Chongqing () * KL International School of Chongqing Bashu ()


Transportation

Since its elevation to national-level municipality in 1997, the city has dramatically expanded its infrastructure. With the construction of railways and expressways to the east and southeast, Chongqing is a major transportation hub in southwestern China. , the municipality had 31 bridges across the Yangtze River including over a dozen in the city's urban core. Aside from the city's first two Yangtze River bridges, which were built, respectively, in 1960 and 1977, all of the other bridges were completed since 1995.


Public transit


Chongqing Rail Transit

Public transport in Chongqing consists of
metro Metro, short for metropolitan, may refer to: Geography * Metro (city), a city in Indonesia * A metropolitan area, the populated region including and surrounding an urban center Public transport * Rapid transit, a passenger railway in an urba ...
, intercity railway, a ubiquitous bus system and the world's largest monorail network. According to the Chongqing Municipal Government's ambitious plan in May 2007, Chongqing is investing 150 billion RMB over 13 years to finish a system that combines underground metro lines with heavy monorail. , four metro lines, the long CRT
Line 1 Line 1 or 1 line may refer to: Public transport Africa * Line 1 (Algiers Metro), Algeria * Cairo Metro Line 1, Egypt Asia China * Line 1 (Beijing Subway) * Line 1 (Changchun Rail Transit) * Line 1 (Changsha Metro) * Line 1 (Changzhou Metro) * L ...
, a conventional subway, and the long heavy monorail CRT
Line 2 Line 2 or 2 Line may refer to: Public transport Americas *2 (New York City Subway service), a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway *2 Line (Sound Transit), a light rail line in Seattle, Washington *Line 2 Bloor–Dan ...
(through Phase II), Line 3, a heavy monorail connects the airport and the southern part of downtown. Line 6, runs between
Beibei Beibei District () is a district in the Chongqing municipality, People's Republic of China. A satellite town in the north of central Chongqing, Beibei got its name because of the huge rock that extends to the middle of Jialing River, and is k ...
, a district in the city's far north to downtown. Line 5 opened in late 2017. By 2020 CRT will consist of 6 lines and 1 loop line resulting in of road and railway to the existing transportation infrastructure and 93 new metro stations will be added to the 111 stations that are already in place. By 2050, Chongqing will have as many as 18 lines that are planned to be in operation.


Aerial tramway

Chongqing is the only Chinese city that has kept public aerial tramways. Historically there were three aerial tramways in Chongqing: the Yangtze River Tramway, the Jialing River Tramway and the South Mountain Tramway. Currently, only Yangtze River Tramway is still in operation, it is also considered a Class 4A Tourist Attraction. The -long tramway connects the southern and northern banks of Yangtze River; its daily passenger volume is about 10,000.


Rail

Major stations in Chongqing: *
Chongqing railway station Chongqing railway station () is a railway station of Chengyu Railway, Xiangyu Railway, Chuanqian Railway, Chengyu Passenger Railway, that located in People's Republic of China. It is a transportation hub of Chongqing in China. Once the most impo ...
in Yuzhong, accessible via Metro Lines 1 & 3 ( Lianglukou Metro station), is the city's oldest railway station and located near the Jiefangbei CBD in the city center. The station handles mostly long-distance trains. There are plans for a major renovation and overhaul of this station, thus many services have been transferred to Chongqing North railway station. * Chongqing North railway station is a station handling many long-distance services and high-speed rail services to Chengdu, Beijing and other cities. It was completed in 2006 and is connected to Metro Line. * Chongqing West railway station is in Shapingba, a station handling many long-distance services and high-speed rail services to many cities. It was completed in 2018. * Shapingba railway station is in Shapingba, near Shapingba CBD, accessible via Shapingba metro station on Lines 1, 9 and the Loop line. It handles many local and regional train services. It was completed in 2018. *Another railway station, Chongqing East, is currently under construction and is expected to be completed in 2025. Chongqing is a major freight destination for rail with continued development with improved handling facilities. Due to subsidies and incentives, the relocation and construction of many factories in Chongqing has seen a huge increase in rail traffic. Chongqing is a major rail hub regionally. * Chengdu–Chongqing railway (to
Chengdu Chengdu (, ; Simplified Chinese characters, simplified Chinese: 成都; pinyin: ''Chéngdū''; Sichuanese dialects, Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: ), Chinese postal romanization, alternatively Romanization of Chi ...
, Sichuan Province) * Sichuan–Guizhou railway (to
Guiyang Guiyang (; ; Mandarin pronunciation: ), historically rendered as Kweiyang, is the capital of Guizhou province of the People's Republic of China. It is located in the center of the province, situated on the east of the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, ...
, Guizhou Province) * Xiangyang–Chongqing railway (to Hubei Province) *
Chongqing–Huaihua railway Chongqing–Huaihua railway or Yuhuai railway (), is a single-track, electrified railroad in southwest China between Chongqing Municipality and Huaihua in Hunan Province. The line is long and was built between 2000 and 2005. Cities and towns al ...
(to Hunan Province) * Suining–Chongqing railway (to Sichuan Province) * Chongqing–Lichuan railway (to Hubei Province) *
Lanzhou–Chongqing railway Lanzhou–Chongqing railway or Lanyu railway (, "Lan" and "Yu" being the abbreviations for Lanzhou and Chongqing) is a Higher-speed rail, higher-speed railway in China connecting Lanzhou and Chongqing. Construction started in 2010, last segment o ...
railway (to
Gansu Gansu (, ; alternately romanized as Kansu) is a province in Northwest China. Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeast part of the province. The seventh-largest administrative district by area at , Gansu lies between the Tibet ...
Province)


River port

Chongqing is one of the most important inland ports in China. There are numerous luxury cruise ships that terminate at Chongqing, cruising downstream along the Yangtze River to Yichang, Wuhan, Nanjing or even Shanghai. In the recent past, this provided virtually the only transportation option along the river. However, improved rail, expressways and air travel have seen this ferry traffic reduced or cancelled altogether. Most of the river ferry traffic consists of leisure cruises for tourists rather than local needs. Improved access by larger cargo vessels has been made due to the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. This allows bulk transport of goods along the Yangtze River. Coal, raw minerals and containerized goods provide the majority of traffic plying this section of the river. Several port handling facilities exist throughout the city, including many impromptu river bank sites.


Highways

Traditionally, the road network in Chongqing has been narrow, winding and limited to smaller vehicles because of the natural terrain, large rivers and the huge population demands on the area, especially in the
Yuzhong District Yuzhong District () is the central district and heart of Chongqing municipality. It is the capital of the municipality and is also the political, economical, and entertainment center of the city of Chongqing. Located in the central portion of Yuz ...
. In other places, such as Jiangbei, large areas of homes and buildings have recently been cleared to improve the road network and create better urban planning; thus, several ring roads have also been constructed. This has seen many tunnels and large bridges needing to be built across the city. The construction of many expressways have connected Chongqing to its neighbors. The natural mountainous terrain that Chongqing is built on makes many road projects difficult to construct, including for example some of the world's highest road bridges. Unlike many other Chinese cities, it is rare for motorbikes, electric scooters or bicycles to be seen on Chongqing's Roads. This is due to the extremely hilly and mountainous nature of Chongqing's roads and streets. However, despite this, Chongqing is a manufacturing center for these types of vehicles. * Chongqing-Chengdu Expressway * Chongqing-Chengdu 2nd Expressway (under construction) * Chongqing-Wanzhou-Yichang Highway (Wanzhou-Yichang section under construction) * Chongqing-Guiyang Highway * Chongqing-Changsha Expressway (Xiushan-Changsha section under construction) * Chongqing-Dazhou-Xi'a Highway (Dazhou-Xi'an section under construction) * Chongqing-Suining Expressway * Chongqing-Nanchong Expressway * China National Highway 210 * China National Highway 212


Bridges

With so many bridges crossing the Yangtze and Jialing rivers in the urban area, Chongqing is sometimes known as the 'Bridge Capital of China'. The first important bridge in urban Chongqing was the Niujiaotuo Jialing River Bridge, built in 1958. The first bridge over the Yangtze river was the Shibanpo Yangtze River Bridge (or Chongqing Yangtze River Bridge) built in 1977. , within the area of the 9 districts, there were 20 bridges on the Yangtze river and 28 bridges on the Jialing river. The bridges in Chongqing exhibit a variety of shapes and structures, making Chongqing a showcase for bridge design.


Airports

The major airport of Chongqing is Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport (IATA: CKG, ICAO: ZUCK). It is located in Yubei District. The airport offers a growing network of direct flights to China, South East Asia, the Middle East, North America, and Europe. It is located north of the city center of Chongqing and serves as an important aviation hub for south-western China. Jiangbei airport is a hub for China Southern Airlines,
Chongqing Airlines Chongqing Airlines () is an airline based in Chongqing, China. It operates both domestic passenger services within mainland China and international passenger services to Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam and Singapore. Chongqing Airlines had 402 empl ...
, Sichuan Airlines,
China Express Airlines China Express Airlines () is a regional airline with its corporate headquarters on the grounds of Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport, Chongqing, China. History China Express Airlines, also known as Huaxia Airlines, is China's first priva ...
, Shandong Airlines and Hainan Airlines's new
China West Air West Airlines Co. Ltd. (), operating as West Air, is a low-cost airline based in New North Zone, Chongqing, China, operating a scheduled passenger network to domestic and international destinations out of its hub, Chongqing Jiangbei International ...
. Chongqing also is a focus city of
Air China Air China Limited () is the flag carrier of the People's Republic of China and one of the "Big Three" mainland Chinese airlines (alongside China Southern Airlines and China Eastern Airlines). Air China's headquarters are in Shunyi District, ...
, therefore it is very well connected with Star Alliance and
Skyteam SkyTeam is one of the world's three major airline alliances. Founded in June 2000, SkyTeam was the last of the three alliances to be formed, the first two being Star Alliance and Oneworld, respectively. Its annual passenger count is 630 million ...
's international network. The airport currently has three parallel runways in operation. It serves domestic routes to most other Chinese cities, as well as international routes to Auckland, New York City, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Doha, Dubai, Seoul, Bangkok, Phuket, Osaka, Singapore,
Chiang Mai Chiang Mai (, from th, เชียงใหม่ , nod, , เจียงใหม่ ), sometimes written as Chiengmai or Chiangmai, is the largest city in northern Thailand, the capital of Chiang Mai province and the second largest city in ...
,
Phnom Penh Phnom Penh (; km, ភ្នំពេញ, ) is the capital and most populous city of Cambodia. It has been the national capital since the French protectorate of Cambodia and has grown to become the nation's primate city and its economic, indus ...
,
Siem Reap Siem Reap ( km, សៀមរាប, ) is the second-largest city of Cambodia, as well as the capital and largest city of Siem Reap Province in northwestern Cambodia. Siem Reap has French colonial and Chinese-style architecture in the Old F ...
, Malé,
Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...
, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, Batam, Rome and Helsinki. , Jiangbei Airport was the 4th busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic in mainland China. Currently, Jiangbei airport has three terminals. Chongqing Airport has metro access ( CRT Line 3 and Line 10) to its central city, and two runways in normal use. There are four other airports in Chongqing Municipality:
Qianjiang Wulingshan Airport Qianjiang Wulingshan Airport is an airport serving Qianjiang District of Chongqing municipality, China. It is located in the town of and was formerly called Qianjiang Zhoubai Airport, but was renamed in November 2011 after the nearby Wuling M ...
,
Wanzhou Wuqiao Airport Wanzhou Wuqiao Airport is an airport serving Wanzhou District of Chongqing, China. It is located from the centre of Wanzhou. The airport was opened on 29 May 2003. History Wanzhou was formerly served by the military Liangping Airport. Its runw ...
,
Chongqing Xiannüshan Airport Chongqing Xiannüshan Airport or Chongqing Xiannyushan Airport () is an airport that serves Wulong District, Chongqing municipality, China. The airport is located in the town of Xiannüshan (仙女山), also spelled as Xiannyushan or Xiannvsha ...
, and
Chongqing Wushan Airport Chongqing Wushan Airport () , originally named Wushan Shennüfeng Airport () is an airport serving Wushan County of China's Chongqing Municipality. The airport is located at the border of Wushan and Fengjie counties, from the county seat, and m ...
. They are all class 4C airports and serve passenger flights to domestic destinations including Beijing, Shanghai and
Kunming Kunming (; ), also known as Yunnan-Fu, is the capital and largest city of Yunnan province, China. It is the political, economic, communications and cultural centre of the province as well as the seat of the provincial government. The headquar ...
.


Culture


Language

The language native to Chongqing is
Southwestern Mandarin Southwestern Mandarin (), also known as Upper Yangtze Mandarin (), is a Mandarin Chinese language spoken in much of Southwest China, including in Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Guizhou, most parts of Hubei, the northwestern part of Hunan, the northe ...
. More precisely, the great majority of the municipality, save for Xiushan, speak
Sichuanese Sichuanese, Szechuanese or Szechwanese may refer to something of, from, or related to the Chinese province and region of Sichuan (Szechwan/Szechuan) (historically and culturally including Chongqing), especially: *Sichuanese people, a subgroup of the ...
, including the primary
Chengdu-Chongqing dialect Chengdu-Chongqing dialect or Cheng–Yu (; Sichuanese Pinyin: ''Cen2yu2'', ) is the most widely used branch of Southwestern Mandarin, with about 90 million speakers. It is named after Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan, and Chongqing, which was ...
and
Minjiang dialect The Minjiang dialect (, ; ) is a branch of Sichuanese, spoken mainly in the Min River (''Mínjiāng'') valley or along the Yangtze in the southern and western parts of the Sichuan Basin in China. There is also a language island of the Minjiang ...
spoken in Jiangjin and Qijiang. There are also a few speakers of Xiang and Hakka in the municipality, due to the great immigration wave to the Sichuan region () during the Ming and Qing dynasties. In addition, in parts of southeastern Chongqing, the
Miao Miao may refer to: * Miao people, linguistically and culturally related group of people, recognized as such by the government of the People's Republic of China * Miao script or Pollard script, writing system used for Miao languages * Miao (Unicode ...
and Tujia languages are also used by some
Miao Miao may refer to: * Miao people, linguistically and culturally related group of people, recognized as such by the government of the People's Republic of China * Miao script or Pollard script, writing system used for Miao languages * Miao (Unicode ...
and Tujia people.


Tourism

As the provisional Capital of China for almost ten years (1937 to 1945), the city was also known as one of the three headquarters of the Allies during World War II, as well as being a strategic center of many other wars throughout China's history. Chongqing has many historic war-time buildings or sites, some of which have since been destroyed. These sites include the People's Liberation Monument, located in the center of Chongqing city. It used to be the highest building in the area, but is now surrounded and dwarfed by numerous
shopping center A shopping center (American English) or shopping centre (Commonwealth English), also called a shopping complex, shopping arcade, shopping plaza or galleria, is a group of shops built together, sometimes under one roof. The first known collec ...
s. Originally named the ''Monument for the Victory over Axis Armies'', it is the only building in China for that purpose. Today, the monument serves as a symbol for the city. The General Joseph W. Stilwell Museum, dedicated to General "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell, a World War II general. the air force cemetery in the Nanshan area, in memory of those air force personnel killed during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), and the
Red Rock Village Museum Red Rock Village Museum or Hongyancun Museum () is a museum in Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China. It was a diplomatic site for the Chinese Communist Party, led by Zhou Enlai during World War II. The museum is the site where Mao Zedong signed th ...
, a diplomatic site for the Communist Party in Chongqing led by Zhou Enlai during World War II, and Guiyuan, Cassia Garden, where Mao Zedong signed the "Double 10 (10 October) Peace Agreement" with the Kuomintang in 1945. * The
Baiheliang Underwater Museum The Baiheliang Underwater Museum or White Crane Ridge Underwater Museum () is an underwater museum built around the White Crane Ridge of Fuling District , Chongqing. It is China's first underwater museum. The museum is located on the Yangtze ...
, China's first underwater museum, * The Memorial of Great Tunnel Massacre, a former air-raid shelter where a major massacre occurred during World War II. * The
Great Hall of the People The Great Hall of the People is a state building located at the western edge of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. It is used for legislative and ceremonial activities by the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the ruling Chinese Co ...
in Chongqing is based on the
Great Hall of the People The Great Hall of the People is a state building located at the western edge of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. It is used for legislative and ceremonial activities by the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the ruling Chinese Co ...
in Beijing. This is one of the largest public assembly buildings in China which, though built in modern times, emulates traditional architectural styles. It is adjacent to the densely populated and hilly central district, with narrow streets and pedestrian only walkways, * The large domed
Three Gorges Museum The Three Gorges Museum () is a museum in the Yuzhong District of Chongqing, about the Three Gorges and Chongqing. It is one of the largest museums in the country. The museum opened in 2005, replacing the former Chongqing Museum. It is loc ...
presents the history, culture, and environment of the Three Gorges area and Chongqing. *
Chongqing Art Museum Chongqing Art Museum () (also known as Chongqing Art Gallery or Chongqing Guotai Arts Center) is an art museum in Yuzhong District of Chongqing. Its main focus is on traditional Chinese painting, printmaking, and small sculptures. Architecture ...
is known for striking architecture. * Chongqing Science and Technology Museum has an
IMAX IMAX is a proprietary system of high-resolution cameras, film formats, film projectors, and theaters known for having very large screens with a tall aspect ratio (approximately either 1.43:1 or 1.90:1) and steep stadium seating. Graeme F ...
theater. * Luohan Si, a Ming dynasty temple, *
Huangguan Escalator The Huangguan Escalator (, also known as the Lianglukou Escalator) is an escalator in Chongqing, China. Constructed in 1993 and completed in 1996, the Huangguan Escalator was the highest single-grading escalator in China and Asia when it was bui ...
, the second longest escalator in Asia. * Former sites for embassies of major countries during the 1940s. As the capital at that time, Chongqing had many residential and other buildings for these officials. * Wuxi County, noted as a major tourism area of Chongqing, * The Dazu Rock Carvings, in Dazu county, are a series of Chinese religious sculptures and carvings, dating back as far as the 7th century A.D., depicting and influenced by Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist beliefs. Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Dazu Rock Carvings are made up of 75 protected sites containing some 50,000 statues, with over 100,000 Chinese characters forming inscriptions and epigraphs., * The
Three Natural Bridges The Three Natural Bridges () are a series of natural limestone bridges located in Xiannüshan Town (), Wulong District, Chongqing Municipality, China. They lie within the Wulong Karst National Geology Park, itself a part of the South China Karst- ...
and
Furong Cave Furong Cave () is a karst cave located on the banks of the Furong River, from the seat of Wulong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. History First discovered by local farmers in 1993 the cave was opened to tourists in 1994. It beca ...
in Wulong Karst National Geology Park,
Wulong County Wulong District () is a district of Chongqing Municipality, China, bordering Guizhou province to the south. Administration Climate Education There is a central elementary school in Baiyun Town. Transportation The district is served by C ...
are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the South China Karst, * Ciqikou is a 1000-year-old town in the
Shapingba District Shapingba () is a district of Chongqing, People's Republic of China, formerly known as Shaci District () during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Sino-Japanese War. It is one of the central parts of Chongqing and covers around 396 square kilometers, w ...
of Chongqing. It is also known as "Little Chongqing". The town, located next to the lower reaches of the Jialing River, was at one time an important source of china-ware and used to be a busy commercial dock during the Ming and Qing dynasties, * Fishing Town or Fishing City is one of the three great ancient battlefields of China. It is noted for its resistance to the Mongol armies during the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279) and the location where the Mongol leader Möngke Khan died in 1259, * Xueyu Cave in Fengdu County is the only example of a pure-white, jade-like
karst Karst is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. It is characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes and caves. It has also been documented for more weathering-resistant ro ...
cave in China, * Fengdu Ghost City in Fengdu County is the Gate of the Hell in traditional Chinese literature and culture. * Snowy Jade Cave, see Xueyu Cave (above). *
Baidi Cheng Baidicheng or Baidi Fortress is an ancient fortress and temple complex on a hill on the northern shore of the Yangtze River in China, 8 km east of the present day Fengjie County seat in Chongqing municipality. Overview The name ''Baidiche ...
, a peninsula in Yangtze River, known due to a famous poem by Li Bai. * The
Chongqing Zoo Chongqing Zoo is a zoo in the city of Chongqing, China, about 8 km (5 miles) southwest from the city centre. Overview The zoo is located at Yangjiaping on Xijiao Road in the Jiulongpo District of Chongqing. It was built in 1953 and officia ...
, a zoo that exhibits many rare species including the
giant panda The giant panda (''Ailuropoda melanoleuca''), also known as the panda bear (or simply the panda), is a bear species endemic to China. It is characterised by its bold black-and-white coat and rotund body. The name "giant panda" is sometimes us ...
, the extremely rare South China tiger, and the African elephant. *
Chongqing Amusement Park Chongqing Amusement Park (), formerly known as Chongqing Popular Science Center (), is the largest amusement park in Nan'an District, Chongqing, in southwestern China. The park was created in 1991. It cost the Chongqing government about 100 milli ...
. * Chongqing Grand Theater, a performing arts center. *
Foreigners' Street Foreigners' Street or Yangren Jie (sometimes just Foreigner Street; ) was an amusement park and entertainment area in Chongqing, China. It combined various styles of architecture, food, and attractions from around the world. It was northwest of ...
was an amusement park, including the
Porcelain Palace Porcelain Palace is a large public toilet complex at the Foreigners' Street amusement park in the city of Chongqing, China. The facade of the complex was inspired by ancient Egyptian art. A toilet complex to the south is in the distinctive s ...
, the world's largest toilet. Also the location of the abortive Love Land development in 2009. * The Black Mountain Valley (''Heishangu''). *
Hongya Cave Hongya may refer to: * Hongya Cave, tourist shopping centre, Chongqing, China *Hongya County, county in Sichuan, China *Hongya Village, or Taktser Taktser or Tengtser (; meaning 'Place on the Heights'") or Hongya Village () is a village in , Ping ...
(aka Hongya Dong), a pier stilt house fortress that served as one of the 17 city gates of Ancient Chongqing is a popular tourist attraction for its architecture.


Cuisine

Chongqing food is part of Sichuan cuisine. Chongqing is known for its spicy food. Its food is normally considered numbing because of the use of Sichuan pepper, also known as Sichuan peppercorn, containing hydroxy alpha sanshool. Chongqing's city center has many restaurants and food stalls where meals often cost less than RMB10. Local specialties here include
dumpling Dumpling is a broad class of dishes that consist of pieces of dough (made from a variety of starch sources), oftentimes wrapped around a filling. The dough can be based on bread, flour, buckwheat or potatoes, and may be filled with meat, fi ...
s and
pickled vegetables Pickling is the process of preserving or extending the shelf life of food by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar. The pickling procedure typically affects the food's texture and flavor. The resulting food is called a ...
and, different from many other Chinese cuisines, Chongqing dishes are suitable for the solo diner as they are often served in small individual sized portions. Among the delicacies and local specialties are these dishes: * Chongqing hot pot– Chongqing's local culinary specialty which was originally from Northern China. Tables in hot pot restaurants usually have a central pot, where food ordered by the customers is boiled in a spicy broth, items such as beef, pork, tripe, kidney slices, pork aorta and goose intestine are often consumed. * Chongqing Xiao Mian – a common lamian noodle dish tossed with
chili oil Chili oil is a condiment made from vegetable oil that has been infused with chili peppers. Different types of oil and hot peppers are used, and other components may also be included. It is commonly used in Chinese cuisine, Southeast Asian cuisi ...
and rich mixtures of spices and ingredients * Jiangtuan fish – since Chongqing is located along Jialing River, visitors have a good opportunity to sample varieties of aquatic products. Among them, is a fish local to the region, Jiangtuan fish: '' Hypophthalmichthys nobilis'' although more commonly known as bighead
carp Carp are various species of oily freshwater fish from the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia. While carp is consumed in many parts of the world, they are generally considered an invasive species in parts of ...
. The fish is often served steamed or baked. Wanzhou district is famous for baking Jiangtuan fish. * Suan La Fen (Sour and Spicy Sweet-Potato Noodles) – Thick, transparent noodles of rubbery texture in a spicy vinegar soup. * Lazi Ji (Spicy Chicken) – A stir-fried dish consists of marinated then deep-fried pieces of chicken, dried Sichuan chili peppers, Sichuan peppercorns, garlic, and ginger, originated near
Geleshan Geleshan () is a subdistrict in the Shapingba District of Chongqing, China. It is located 13.6 km west of Chongqing city centre. Demographics As of 2010, Geleshan has a recorded population of 41,674. The population consists of 21,045 fema ...
in Chongqing. * Quanshui Ji (Spring Water Chicken) – Quanshui Ji is cooked with the natural spring water in the
Southern Mountain of Chongqing South Mountain Park (Nanshan Park) is a large suburban park in Nan'an District of Chongqing. It is located on the ''Nanshan'' (South Mountain), which is a part of the Tongluo Mountain (a branch of Huaying Mountain). The mountain itself is a hu ...
. * Pork leg cooked with rock sugar – A common household dish of Chongqing, the tender, reddish finished dish, has been described as having strong and sweet aftertaste. * Qianzhang (skimmed soy bean cream) – Qianzhang is the cream skimmed from soybean milk. In order to create this, several steps must be followed very carefully. First, soybeans are soaked in water, ground, strained, boiled, restrained several times and spread over
gauze Gauze is a thin, translucent fabric with a loose open weave. In technical terms "gauze" is a weave structure in which the weft yarns are arranged in pairs and are crossed before and after each warp yarn keeping the weft firmly in place. ...
until delicate, snow-white cream is formed. The paste can also be hardened, cut into slivers and seasoned with sesame oil, garlic and
chili oil Chili oil is a condiment made from vegetable oil that has been infused with chili peppers. Different types of oil and hot peppers are used, and other components may also be included. It is commonly used in Chinese cuisine, Southeast Asian cuisi ...
. Another variation is to bake the cream and fry it with
bacon Bacon is a type of salt-cured pork made from various cuts, typically the belly or less fatty parts of the back. It is eaten as a side dish (particularly in breakfasts), used as a central ingredient (e.g., the bacon, lettuce, and tomato sand ...
, which is described as soft and sweet.


Media

The
Chongqing People's Broadcast Station Chongqing Broadcasting Group (CBG; () is a government-owned television network based in the city of Chongqing in southwestern China. Established in 1981, Chongqing Television has been the leading broadcasting network in Chongqing and its affiliat ...
is Chongqing's largest radio station. The only municipal-level TV network is Chongqing TV, claimed to be the 4th largest television station in China. Chongqing TV broadcasts many local-oriented channels, and can be viewed on many TV sets throughout China.


Sports and recreation


Basketball

Chongqing Soaring Dragons The Beijing Royal Fighters () are a Chinese professional men's basketball team which is based in Beijing and plays in the Northern Division of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). Beijing BG (known in Chinese as Beijing Beikong) is the clu ...
became the 20th team playing in Chinese Basketball Association in 2013. They play at Datianwan Arena, in the same sporting complex as Datianwan Stadium. The team moved to Beijing in 2015 and is currently known as
Beijing Royal Fighters The Beijing Royal Fighters () are a Chinese professional men's basketball team which is based in Beijing and plays in the Northern Division of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). Beijing BG (known in Chinese as Beijing Beikong) is the clu ...
.


Soccer

Professional soccer teams in Chongqing include: *
Chongqing Liangjiang Athletic Chongqing Liangjiang Athletic () is a defunct Chinese football club. The team was based in Chongqing. The club was founded in 1995 as Wuhan Qianwei before making their debut in the newly developed fully professional Chinese football league system ...
, ''folded'' *
Chongqing F.C. Chongqing Football Club or Chongqing F.C. (Simplified Chinese: 重庆足球俱乐部) was a Chinese professional football club based in Chongqing. The club last played in the China League One before dissolution. History Chongqing F.C., the secon ...
, ''folded'' Chongqing Liangjiang Athletic was a professional Chinese soccer club that played in the Chinese Super League. They were owned by the Chongqing-based Lifan Group, which manufactures motorcycles,
car A car or automobile is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of ''cars'' say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people instead of goods. The year 1886 is regarded as ...
s and spare parts. Originally called ''Qianwei (Vanguard) Wuhan'', the club formed in 1995 to take part in the recently developed, fully professional Chinese Soccer League. They would quickly rise to top tier of the system and experience their greatest achievement in winning the 2000 Chinese FA Cup, and coming in fourth within the league. However, since then they have struggled to replicate the same success, and have twice been relegated from the top tier. Chongqing FC was a soccer club located in the city that competed in China League One, the country's second-tier soccer division, before being relegated to the China League Two, and dissolved due to a resultant lack of funds.


Sport venues

Sport venues in Chongqing include: * The Chongqing Olympic Sports Center is a multipurpose stadium. It is currently used mostly for soccer matches, as it has a grass surface, and can hold 58,680. It was built in 2002 and was one of main venues for the
2004 AFC Asian Cup The 2004 AFC Asian Cup was the 13th edition of the men's AFC Asian Cup, a quadrennial international association football, football tournament organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). It was held from 17 July to 7 August 2004 in China. ...
. *
Yanghe Stadium Yanghe Stadium () is a multi-use stadium in Chongqing, People's Republic of China. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 32,000 people, and is the home of Chongqing Lifan in the Chinese Super League. The stadium was ...
is a multiuse stadium that is currently used mostly for soccer matches. The stadium holds 32,000 people, and is the home of Chongqing Lifan in the Chinese Super League. The stadium was purchased by the Lifan Group in 2001 for RMB80 million and immediately replaced Datianwan Stadium as the home of Chongqing Lifan. * Datianwan Stadium is a multipurpose stadium that is currently used mostly for soccer matches. The stadium has a capacity 32,000 people, and up until 2001 was the home of Chongqing Lifan.


Cloud Valley

At the end of 2020, a collaboration between a Danish architecture firm and a Chinese tech company Terminus was announced, taking the form of an AI-controlled campus. The project is named Cloud Valley and aims to use sensors and WiFi-controlled devices to collect data on the city's residents and atmosphere, including weather and eating and sleeping habits. The AI will adapt devices to work in a way that fits the gathered information and improves residents' lives.


Notable people

*
Ba Manzi Ba Manzi was a Chinese military general of the ancient Ba kingdom in the Warring States period (475 BCE - 221 BCE) of China and a legendary hero in the folk cultures of Chongqing. His stories were recorded in the ''Chronicles of Huayang'', which ...
: a legendary hero of Ba kingdom in Zhou dynasty * Ba Qing, the Widow: the earliest known female merchant in Chinese history who provided huge financial aid to Qin Shi Huang to construct the Great Wall * Gan Ning: a general serving under warlord
Sun Quan Sun Quan (, Chinese: 孫權) (183 – 21 May 252), courtesy name Zhongmou (), posthumously known as Emperor Da of Wu, was the founder of the Eastern Wu dynasty, one of the Three Kingdoms of China. He inherited control of the warlord regime es ...
in the last years of Han dynasty * Yan Yan: a loyal general during Three Kingdoms period *
Lanxi Daolong Lanxi Daolong ( zh, t=蘭溪道隆, s=兰溪道隆, first=t, p=Lánxī Dàolóng, w=Lan-hsi Tao-long; ja, 蘭渓道隆, Rankei Dōryū; c. 1213-1278), born in Sichuan Province, China in 1213 A.D. ( Southern Song Dynasty), was a famous Chinese B ...
: a famous Buddhism monk and philosopher in Song dynasty who went to Japan and established the Kenchō-ji *
Qin Liangyu Qin Liangyu (1574–1648), courtesy name Zhensu, was a female general best known for defending the Ming dynasty from attacks by the Manchu-led Later Jin dynasty in the 17th century. Early life and education Qin Liangyu was born in Zhongzhou ( ...
: a popular heroine in Ming dynasty who fought against Manchus * Nie Rongzhen: marshal of the
People's Liberation Army The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the principal military force of the People's Republic of China and the armed wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The PLA consists of five service branches: the Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, ...
of China * Liu Bocheng: an early leader of Chinese communist party during
Anti-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) or War of Resistance (Chinese term) was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Thea ...
* Lu Zuofu: a notable industrialist and businessman who was a member of
Chinese United League The Tongmenghui of China (or T'ung-meng Hui, variously translated as Chinese United League, United League, Chinese Revolutionary Alliance, Chinese Alliance, United Allegiance Society, ) was a secret society and underground resistance movement ...
and a leader of
Railway Protection Movement The Railway Protection Movement (), also known as the "Railway Rights Protection Movement", was a political protest movement that erupted in 1911 in late Qing China against the Qing government's plan to nationalize local railway development proje ...
, established the Beibei District,
Chongqing Natural History Museum The Chongqing Natural History Museum () is a natural history museum in Chongqing, China. The museum founded in 1944, originally as the Western Museum of China. It changed its name in 1981. The museum has a collection of about 70,000 specimens ...
, Jianshan High School, the Northern Hot Spring Park of Chongqing and Beibei Library, and served as the chief official of Food Bureau during the
Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
period. *
Liu Yongqing Liu Yongqing (born 3 October 1940), is the wife of Hu Jintao, the former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of the People’s Republic of China. Traditionally, Liu Yongqing’s role would be primarily domestic, but ...
: wife of the former president and Party general secretary
Hu Jintao Hu Jintao (born 21 December 1942) is a Chinese politician who served as the 16–17th general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 2002 to 2012, the 6th president of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 2003 to 2013, an ...
* Zhonghua Pang: renowned calligrapher and geologist *
Xia Peisu Xia Peisu or Pei-su Hsia (; 28 July 1923 – 27 August 2014) was a Chinese computer scientist and educator known for her pioneering research in computer science and technology. The leading developer of Model 107, the nation's first domestically ...
: computer scientist *
Huang Qian Huang Qian (; born July 18, 1986) is a Chinese chess player who holds the title of Woman Grandmaster (WGM). She won the Chinese Chess Championship, Chinese Women's Chess Championship in 2012 and the Asian Chess Championship, Asian Women's ...
: chess player * Tian Liang: Olympic diving gold medalist *
Li Yundi use both this parameter and , birth_date to display the person's date of birth, date of death, and age at death) --> , death_place = , alma_mater = Shenzhen Arts School Musikhochschule Hannover , years_active = 1994–present , oc ...
: pianist * Karry Wang: member of the pop band
TFBoys TFBoys (, stylized in all caps), also known as The Fighting Boys, is a popular Chinese idol group that consists of three members: Karry Wang (), Roy Wang (), and Jackson Yee (). The group debuted on August 6, 2013 with their first single album " ...
and actor * Roy Wang: singer-songwriter and member of
TFBoys TFBoys (, stylized in all caps), also known as The Fighting Boys, is a popular Chinese idol group that consists of three members: Karry Wang (), Roy Wang (), and Jackson Yee (). The group debuted on August 6, 2013 with their first single album " ...
, also an actor and TV host * Li Hua: artist who studied in Europe * Xiao Zhan: actor, singer, and member of the boy group X Nine *
Pan Wenhua Pan Wenhua (; 16 October 1886 – 16 November 1950), courtesy name Zhongsan (仲三) was a Kuomintang general from Sichuan. Biography Born in Renshou County, Sichuan in 1885, Pan was the Command of the 28th Division of the National Revolutionary ...
: born in Renshou County, Sichuan Province, was a famous military general regarded as a born military prodigy *
Zhou Zhennan Zhou may refer to: Chinese history * King Zhou of Shang () (1105 BC–1046 BC), the last king of the Shang dynasty * Predynastic Zhou (), 11th-century BC precursor to the Zhou dynasty * Zhou dynasty () (1046 BC–256 BC), a dynasty of China ** West ...
: leader of C-pop group
R1SE R1SE was a Chinese idol boy band, formed by Tencent through the 2019 reality show '' Produce Camp 2019'' on Tencent Video. The group consisted of 11 members: Zhou Zhennan, He Luoluo, Yan Xujia, Xia Zhiguang, Yao Chen, Zhai Xiaowen, Zhang Yanqi ...
* Shi Tingmao: Olympic diving gold medalist *
Chen Zihan Chen Zihan (born 2 April 1978 as Chen Shasha) is a Chinese actress. She graduated from the Beijing Film Academy. Birth date While the majority of sources state Chen's birth date as 2 April 1978, some claim that she was born on 2 April 1975.
: actress *
Shuguang Zhang Shuguang Zhang is an American biochemist. He is at the MIT Media Lab's Laboratory for Molecular Architecture. Shuguang Zhang's research focuses on designs of biological molecules, particularly proteins and peptides. He has published over 170 scie ...
: biochemist *
Xia Li Zhao Xia (; born July 28, 1988) is a Chinese-American Professional wrestling, professional wrestler. She is currently signed to WWE, where she performs on the SmackDown (WWE brand), SmackDown WWE brand extension, brand under the ring name Xia Li ...
: professional wrestler signed with WWE *
Feng Timo Feng Timo (, born December 19, 1991), originally named Feng Yanan (), is a Chinese singer and internet personality from Wanzhou District, Chongqing, China. In 2017 she was named one of the "Top 10 Influential Big V's (Verified accounts) of Sina ...
: singer, pop star and internet personality *
Domee Shi Domee Shi (; ; born 1989) is a Chinese-born Canadian animator, Film director, director and screenwriter. Since 2011, she has worked for Pixar, contributing as a storyboard artist for multiple films, including ''Inside Out (2015 film), Inside O ...
: Chinese Canadian animator, director and screenwriter


International relations


Consulates


Twin towns – sister cities

Chongqing has sister city relationships with many cities of the world including: * Toulouse, France (1982) * Seattle, United States (1983) * Detroit, United States (1986) * Toronto, Canada (1986) *
Hiroshima is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 1,199,391. The gross domestic product (GDP) in Greater Hiroshima, Hiroshima Urban Employment Area, was US$61.3 billion as of 2010. Kazumi Matsui h ...
, Japan (1986) *
Leicester Leicester ( ) is a city status in the United Kingdom, city, Unitary authorities of England, unitary authority and the county town of Leicestershire in the East Midlands of England. It is the largest settlement in the East Midlands. The city l ...
, United Kingdom (1993) * Voronezh, Russia (1993) * Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine (2002) *
Mpumalanga Mpumalanga () is a province of South Africa. The name means "East", or literally "The Place Where the Sun Rises" in the Swazi, Xhosa, Ndebele and Zulu languages. Mpumalanga lies in eastern South Africa, bordering Eswatini and Mozambique. It ...
, South Africa (2002) * Sliven, Bulgaria (2002) * Düsseldorf, Germany (2004) * Brisbane, Australia (2005) * Shiraz, Iran (2005) * Aswan, Egypt (2005) * Busan, South Korea (2007) *
Sør-Trøndelag Sør-Trøndelag () was a county comprising the southern portion of the present-day Trøndelag county in Norway. It bordered the old Nord-Trøndelag county as well as the counties of Møre og Romsdal, Oppland, and Hedmark. To the west is the No ...
, Norway (2007) * Chiang Mai Province, Thailand (2008) * Córdoba, Argentina (2010) * Budapest, Hungary (2010) * Bangkok, Thailand (2005) *
Antwerp Antwerp (; nl, Antwerpen ; french: Anvers ; es, Amberes) is the largest city in Belgium by area at and the capital of Antwerp Province in the Flemish Region. With a population of 520,504,
, Belgium (2011) *
Salvador, Bahia Salvador (English: ''Savior'') is a Brazilian municipality and capital city of the state of Bahia. Situated in the Zona da Mata in the Northeast Region of Brazil, Salvador is recognized throughout the country and internationally for its cuisine ...
, Brazil (2011) * Chennai, India (2015) *
Maribor Maribor ( , , , ; also known by other #Name, historical names) is the second-largest city in Slovenia and the largest city of the traditional region of Styria (Slovenia), Lower Styria. It is also the seat of the City Municipality of Maribor, th ...
, Slovenia (2017) * Telde, Spain (2018)


See also

* List of cities in China by population and built-up area * List of twin towns and sister cities in China * Major national historical and cultural sites in Chongqing


Notes


References


Citations


Sources

; General * * * * * * * *


External links


Chongqing Municipal Government website
{{Authority control 5th-century BC establishments in China Metropolitan areas of China Municipalities of China Populated places established in the 5th century BC Populated places on the Yangtze River Port cities and towns in China Province-level divisions of China States and territories established in 1997 Western China