WarpOS is a
multitasking kernel
Kernel may refer to:
Computing
* Kernel (operating system), the central component of most operating systems
* Kernel (image processing), a matrix used for image convolution
* Compute kernel, in GPGPU programming
* Kernel method, in machine learnin ...
for the
PowerPC
PowerPC (with the backronym Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC – Performance Computing, sometimes abbreviated as PPC) is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) created by the 1991 Apple Inc., App ...
(PPC) architecture
central processing unit
A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, an ...
(CPU) developed by
Haage & Partner
Haage & Partner is a German company established in 1995. The company distributes software products where they usually are the exclusive distributor. Products are aimed at Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, and has been aimed at AmigaOS in the past. T ...
for the
Amiga
Amiga is a family of personal computers introduced by Commodore in 1985. The original model is one of a number of mid-1980s computers with 16- or 32-bit processors, 256 KB or more of RAM, mouse-based GUIs, and significantly improved graphi ...
computer platform in the late 1990s and early 2000s. It runs on
PowerUP
In video games, a power-up is an object that adds temporary benefits or extra abilities to the player character as a game mechanic. This is in contrast to an item, which may or may not have a permanent benefit that can be used at any time chosen ...
accelerator boards developed by
phase5
Phase5 Digital Products is a defunct German computer hardware manufacturer that developed third-party hardware primarily for the Amiga platform. Their most popular products included CPU upgrade boards, SCSI controllers and graphics cards.
Notabl ...
which contains both a
Motorola 68000 series
The Motorola 68000 series (also known as 680x0, m68000, m68k, or 68k) is a family of 32-bit complex instruction set computer (CISC) microprocessors. During the 1980s and early 1990s, they were popular in personal computers and workstations and w ...
CPU and a PowerPC CPU with shared address space. WarpOS runs alongside the 68k-based
AmigaOS
AmigaOS is a family of proprietary native operating systems of the Amiga and AmigaOne personal computers. It was developed first by Commodore International and introduced with the launch of the first Amiga, the Amiga 1000, in 1985. Early version ...
, which can use the PowerPC as a
coprocessor
A coprocessor is a computer processor used to supplement the functions of the primary processor (the CPU). Operations performed by the coprocessor may be floating-point arithmetic, graphics, signal processing, string processing, cryptography o ...
. Despite its name, it is not an
operating system
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also in ...
(OS), but a kernel; it supplies a limited set of functions similar to those in AmigaOS for using the PowerPC. When released, its original name was WarpUP, but was changed to reflect its greater feature set, and possibly to avoid comparison with its competitor,
PowerUP
In video games, a power-up is an object that adds temporary benefits or extra abilities to the player character as a game mechanic. This is in contrast to an item, which may or may not have a permanent benefit that can be used at any time chosen ...
.
It was developed by Sam Jordan using 680x0 and PowerPC
assembly language
In computer programming, assembly language (or assembler language, or symbolic machine code), often referred to simply as Assembly and commonly abbreviated as ASM or asm, is any low-level programming language with a very strong correspondence be ...
. It was distributed free of charge.
History
In 1997,
Phase5
Phase5 Digital Products is a defunct German computer hardware manufacturer that developed third-party hardware primarily for the Amiga platform. Their most popular products included CPU upgrade boards, SCSI controllers and graphics cards.
Notabl ...
, an
Amiga
Amiga is a family of personal computers introduced by Commodore in 1985. The original model is one of a number of mid-1980s computers with 16- or 32-bit processors, 256 KB or more of RAM, mouse-based GUIs, and significantly improved graphi ...
hardware manufacturer, launched their range of PowerPC (PPC) accelerators for the Amiga. Because AmigaOS was not yet PowerPC native, as a stopgap measure the PowerUP boards were dual-processor boards, incorporating the PPC and a 68K processor (68LC040, 68040 at 25 MHz or 68060 at 50 MHz). They carried the PowerUP kernel on board in an ''erasable programmable read-only memory'' (
EPROM
An EPROM (rarely EROM), or erasable programmable read-only memory, is a type of programmable read-only memory (PROM) chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off. Computer memory that can retrieve stored data after a power s ...
), a similar kernel designed to allow AmigaOS
application software
Application may refer to:
Mathematics and computing
* Application software, computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks
** Application layer, an abstraction layer that specifies protocols and interface methods used in a c ...
to use both PPC and 68k applications through an ''application programming interface'' (
API
An application programming interface (API) is a way for two or more computer programs to communicate with each other. It is a type of software interface, offering a service to other pieces of software. A document or standard that describes how ...
)
library
A library is a collection of materials, books or media that are accessible for use and not just for display purposes. A library provides physical (hard copies) or digital access (soft copies) materials, and may be a physical location or a vir ...
named . AmigaOS still required a 68K processor, while the PPC was in effect used as an extremely fast
coprocessor
A coprocessor is a computer processor used to supplement the functions of the primary processor (the CPU). Operations performed by the coprocessor may be floating-point arithmetic, graphics, signal processing, string processing, cryptography o ...
that carried out specific instructions.
This causes significant slowdown when the OS task switches between the 68K and PPC (a
context switch
In computing, a context switch is the process of storing the state of a process or thread, so that it can be restored and resume execution at a later point, and then restoring a different, previously saved, state. This allows multiple processes ...
), because CPU caches must be flushed to maintain memory integrity. The more CPU switches occur in an application, the more the slowdown, often so much that it was pointless to use the PPC processor, being slower than the 68k native binary. The main workaround for this was to simply avoid as many 68k OS calls as possible, or to group them together, but it was difficult and time-consuming for developers to do this.
WarpOS was launched as a controversial alternative to Phase5's PowerUP kernel, but eventually became the most used and nominally the standard PPC kernel on AmigaOS.
WarpUP
WarpUP is a high-speed
kernel
Kernel may refer to:
Computing
* Kernel (operating system), the central component of most operating systems
* Kernel (image processing), a matrix used for image convolution
* Compute kernel, in GPGPU programming
* Kernel method, in machine learnin ...
for
PowerPC
PowerPC (with the backronym Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC – Performance Computing, sometimes abbreviated as PPC) is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) created by the 1991 Apple Inc., App ...
versions of
Amiga
Amiga is a family of personal computers introduced by Commodore in 1985. The original model is one of a number of mid-1980s computers with 16- or 32-bit processors, 256 KB or more of RAM, mouse-based GUIs, and significantly improved graphi ...
.
WarpUP forms a
hardware abstraction layer
Hardware abstractions are sets of routines in software that provide programs with access to hardware resources through programming interfaces. The programming interface allows all devices in a particular class ''C'' of hardware devices to be acce ...
between the
hardware and
software
Software is a set of computer programs and associated documentation and data. This is in contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and which actually performs the work.
At the lowest programming level, executable code consists ...
, and ensures that the applications function correctly on PowerPC architecture. It also forms an interface between PowerPC driven hardware, and 68k compliant software, which allows the optimal exploitation of the speed of the PowerPC CPU, while making the
porting
In software engineering, porting is the process of adapting software for the purpose of achieving some form of execution in a computing environment that is different from the one that a given program (meant for such execution) was originally desi ...
of 68k applications as easy as possible.
Several advantages that WarpUP claims to offer are:
* High speed communication between 68k programs and PowerPC CPUs
* Native multi-tasking, memory management,
semaphores, list and tag management, signalling and message handling
* Memory protection (tasks are allowed to allocate to protected memory areas if need be)
* Virtual Signals (signals are shared between CPUs and will always be redirected to the correct CPU when needed)
* Inter-CPU messaging system (messages are passed between the CPUs when needed)
* Optimal use of the PowerPC
memory management unit
A memory management unit (MMU), sometimes called paged memory management unit (PMMU), is a computer hardware unit having all memory references passed through itself, primarily performing the translation of virtual memory addresses to physical ad ...
and the PowerPC
CPU cache
A CPU cache is a hardware cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to reduce the average cost (time or energy) to access data from the main memory. A cache is a smaller, faster memory, located closer to a processor core, which ...
* Memory management unit and exception-handling support for applications
* PowerSave function that turns the PowerPC off if no applications are using it
* PowerPC Enforcer, protects the first page of memory
* A detailed crash requester that provides detailed information to help developers locate errors
* Integrated debugging system that enables bug tracking easier
* Specific support for highly optimized software such as games and demos
* Support for Amiga-compliant applications
* Libraries for PowerPC native, mixed, and fat binary applications
* WarpUP is also usable for alternative developer systems such as
Modula
The Modula programming language is a descendant of the Pascal language. It was developed in Switzerland, at ETH Zurich, in the mid-1970s by Niklaus Wirth, the same person who designed Pascal. The main innovation of Modula over Pascal is a module ...
- or E-
compiler
In computing, a compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one programming language (the ''source'' language) into another language (the ''target'' language). The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that ...
s with PowerPC support. This is because
objects
Object may refer to:
General meanings
* Object (philosophy), a thing, being, or concept
** Object (abstract), an object which does not exist at any particular time or place
** Physical object, an identifiable collection of matter
* Goal, an ...
are not mandatorily created in
Executable and Linkable Format
In computing, the Executable and Linkable FormatTool Interface Standard (TIS) Portable Formats SpecificationVersion 1.1'' (October 1993) (ELF, formerly named Extensible Linking Format), is a common standard file format for executable files, obj ...
(ELF). Instead, the Amiga compliant
hunk format
Hunk may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Hunk'' (film), a 1987 comedy movie starring John Allen Nelson, Steve Levitt, James Coco, and Avery Schreiber
* '' The Hunks'' a reality television series
* Hunk, a movie character, the Scarecrow's Ka ...
can be used also.
* Easy to install
* Hardware independent
Features
WarpOS had similar features to PowerUP, but with some major differences. Most pertinently, it used the
PowerOpen
The PowerOpen Environment (POE), created in 1991 from the AIM alliance, is an open standard for running a Unix-based operating system on the PowerPC computer architecture.
History
The AIM alliance was announced on October 2, 1991, yielding th ...
application binary interface
In computer software, an application binary interface (ABI) is an interface between two binary program modules. Often, one of these modules is a library or operating system facility, and the other is a program that is being run by a user.
An ' ...
(ABI), in contrast to PowerUP which used the newer and better supported
UNIX System V
Unix System V (pronounced: "System Five") is one of the first commercial versions of the Unix operating system. It was originally developed by AT&T and first released in 1983. Four major versions of System V were released, numbered 1, 2, 3, an ...
(SysV), which ensured both kernels could not be directly compatible.
From version 14, the WarpOS kernel used a slightly different
multitasking scheduler than AmigaOS (or PowerUP), based on that in Unix systems with "nice" values, and priorities for its own tasks and processes. This was meant to ensure that all tasks got CPU time, and weren't ''starved'' of CPU time by compute-intensive tasks (as was the case with the original AmigaOS scheduler). However, this was ineffective as it was still limited by the native AmigaOS scheduler and it did create extra difficulties synchronising with the 68k side (particularly for sound). In version 15 WarpOS introduced a concept called ''atomic tasks''. Such tasks are noninterruptible, and scheduling does not take place unless the task explicitly allows to do so.
WarpOS also had an inbuilt
debugger
A debugger or debugging tool is a computer program used to software testing, test and debugging, debug other programs (the "target" program). The main use of a debugger is to run the target program under controlled conditions that permit the pr ...
which could be sent to dump information on any crashed tasks to either console window on screen or to serial, depending on environment variables.
One of the most lauded features of WarpOS was that it continued the ''
Amiga Hunk
Hunk is the executable file format of tools and programs of the Amiga Operating System based on Motorola 68000 CPU and other processors of the same family. This kind of executable got its name from the fact that the software programmed on Amiga ...
'' format of original Amiga
executable
In computing, executable code, an executable file, or an executable program, sometimes simply referred to as an executable or binary, causes a computer "to perform indicated tasks according to encoded instruction (computer science), instructi ...
s in a variant format named ''Extended Hunk format'' (EHF), and implemented the hunk type named ''HUNK_PPC_CODE''. This allowed AmigaOS to transparently handle WarpOS executables without needing to patch the OS to recognise them, which PowerUP ''did'' need to do to run its ELF file format. While elegant in theory, the EHF format's downfall was its lack of widespread compiler support (especially
GNU Compiler Collection
The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) is an optimizing compiler produced by the GNU Project supporting various programming languages, hardware architectures and operating systems. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) distributes GCC as free software ...
(GCC)), and the ELF file format was adopted by
AmigaOS 4
AmigaOS 4 (abbreviated as OS4 or AOS4) is a line of Amiga operating systems which runs on PowerPC microprocessors. It is mainly based on AmigaOS 3.1 source code developed by Commodore, and partially on version 3.9 developed by Haage & Partner. "T ...
and
MorphOS
MorphOS is an AmigaOS-like computer operating system (OS). It is a mixed Proprietary software, proprietary and Open-source software, open source OS produced for the Pegasos PowerPC (PPC) processor based computer, PowerUP accelerator equipped Amig ...
.
Unlike PowerUP, WarpOS could also produce mixed (fat) binaries with both 68k and PPC code, which could run on both Amiga PPC boards and ordinary Amiga systems. This practice was very rare due to the programming complexity of doing so, but the picture datatype in AmigaOS 3.9 (a shared library that loaded, processed and dithered pictures through the AmigaOS datatypes system) was a notable example of its use. PPC equipped systems would notice an immediate large speed-up, while 68k systems and emulators would still be compatible without having crashing or installing another binary.
WarpOS had two housekeeping tasks named Defiant and Babylon5, thought to be named after the
USS Defiant
The USS ''Defiant'' is the name of several starships in the Star Trek media franchise, most notably a vessel featured in '' Star Trek: Deep Space Nine'' (1993–1999). Introduced in the show's third season, it is a warship attached to the sho ...
from
Star Trek DS9 and
Babylon 5
''Babylon 5'' is an American space opera television series created by writer and producer J. Michael Straczynski, under the Babylonian Productions label, in association with Straczynski's Synthetic Worlds Ltd. and Warner Bros. Domestic Tel ...
, its developers being
science fiction
Science fiction (sometimes shortened to Sci-Fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel unive ...
fans. These would often be reported by new users who did not know what they were appearing in tasks lists.
Controversy
Haage & Partner
Haage & Partner is a German company established in 1995. The company distributes software products where they usually are the exclusive distributor. Products are aimed at Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, and has been aimed at AmigaOS in the past. T ...
, an Amiga software and hardware manufacturer (which also created AmigaOS 3.9), developed a competing kernel to PowerUP named WarpUP, which they claimed would work around the context switching problem, a claim which would be bitterly challenged by Phase5. Phase5 claimed correctly that this hardware problem could not be circumvented by simply optimising the kernel and was a limitation inherent to the almost unique board design, which shared the memory bus between two CPUs of radically different families. WarpOS versions up to V7 were wrappers added around Phase5's
PowerUP
In video games, a power-up is an object that adds temporary benefits or extra abilities to the player character as a game mechanic. This is in contrast to an item, which may or may not have a permanent benefit that can be used at any time chosen ...
kernel but starting from version 8 it was its own PPC kernel running alongside AmigaOS and was renamed WarpOS.
As PowerUP was on the EPROM of the boards and Phase5 could not run at the same time with WarpOS, it had to be deactivated by a small software tool. As H&P did not have access to the EPROM, the tool had to make assumptions about the PowerUP kernel and naturally this broke in updated versions. This led to open accusations by WarpOS advocates and by the author, Sam Jordan, that Phase5 were intentionally trying to prevent WarpOS running on their boards. Phase5 also claimed that Haage & Partner abused a free developer board gifted to them to launch this competing kernel (although free, WarpOS was supported almost exclusively by H&P's commercial Storm
C++
C++ (pronounced "C plus plus") is a high-level general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language, or "C with Classes". The language has expanded significan ...
compiler), and that they had reverse-engineered PowerUP to do so. H&P pointed out that it was unavoidable as long Phase5 refused to allow users to choose what kernel to put on the board EPROM, claiming that the PowerUP kernel was essential for initialising the boards on boot and erasing them would simply render the boards useless.
Worse still, users were originally only able to run one of these kernels, resulting in much duplication of effort between competing developers determined to use one or the other, often with two versions of software being developed independently. Despite there being little or no real difference in performance, debugging capability, usability or stability in either system, and it had become patently clear that neither could hope to work around the hardware context switch issue, a series of claims were made on each side and much fighting in Usenet followed.
This resulted in a great number of hurriedly ported, often semi-functional ports of open source software from Windows, often just to "one up" the other side. Steffen Haeuser (who had gained notoriety by declaring, "ELF is a monster !!!", referring to the ELF fileformat) of Hyperion Entertainment CVBA was particularly infamous for his "political" ports being so rushed that they lacked sound or were very unstable, being released just to make up the numbers and produce a list of software greater than that of PowerUP.
The impasse between the competing systems was eventually ended by a PowerUP wrapper for WarpOS by Franke Wille, which allowed running PowerUP software on WarpOS systems.
The bitter infighting in the Amiga community over the two kernels, while brief, produced a rift that eventually culminated in a split between AmigaOS and MorphOS, with most WarpOS and PowerUP developers switching either new AmigaOS implementation respectively.
WarpOS was intended to be used as a basis for
AmigaOS 4
AmigaOS 4 (abbreviated as OS4 or AOS4) is a line of Amiga operating systems which runs on PowerPC microprocessors. It is mainly based on AmigaOS 3.1 source code developed by Commodore, and partially on version 3.9 developed by Haage & Partner. "T ...
but Haage & Partner dropped the project when their ''AmigaOS 4 PPC'' contract was cancelled by
Amiga, Inc. in 2000. When
Hyperion Entertainment
Hyperion Entertainment CVBA (formerly Hyperion Entertainment VOF) is a Belgian software company which in its early years focused in porting Windows games to Amiga OS, Linux, and Mac OS. In 2001, they accepted a contract by Amiga Incorporated t ...
took over the project, they originally had the same idea, but it was later admitted by their developers that it was of very little use in modernising the OS, being written wholly in non-annotated machine code assembly language.
The choice of WarpOS over its rival proved to be a
Pyrrhic victory
A Pyrrhic victory ( ) is a victory that inflicts such a devastating toll on the victor that it is tantamount to defeat. Such a victory negates any true sense of achievement or damages long-term progress.
The phrase originates from a quote from P ...
, as the standards it had developed around, namely EHF and PowerOpen, were to be wholly abandoned in later development of AmigaOS and its
clones
Clone or Clones or Cloning or Cloned or The Clone may refer to:
Places
* Clones, County Fermanagh
* Clones, County Monaghan, a town in Ireland
Biology
* Clone (B-cell), a lymphocyte clone, the massive presence of which may indicate a pathologi ...
. The dual CPU model did not recur.
Legacy support in other operating systems
AmigaOS
AmigaOS is a family of proprietary native operating systems of the Amiga and AmigaOne personal computers. It was developed first by Commodore International and introduced with the launch of the first Amiga, the Amiga 1000, in 1985. Early version ...
4
A wrapper was made for AmigaOS 4.0 & 4.1, first it was included, then it was distributed by GuruMedation team, (not to be confused by Amiga's "Blue" Screen of death that also has the same name). This wrapper supported PowerPC 603e, 604e, AMCC440EP, G3 and G4 CPU's. But failed to work on AMCC460 and P.A.Semi PA6T,
Work is under way to make new wrapper named ReWarp. A group named Sakura is responsible for the new wrapper.
MorphOS
MorphOS
MorphOS is an AmigaOS-like computer operating system (OS). It is a mixed Proprietary software, proprietary and Open-source software, open source OS produced for the Pegasos PowerPC (PPC) processor based computer, PowerUP accelerator equipped Amig ...
also uses a wrapper to run WarpUP programs, they also have a wrapper for PowerUP, a WarpOS competitor.
Games for WarpOS
* CrossFire II
*
Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War
Game was first released on WarpOS, then ported to AmigaOS4.0
*
ADoomPPC
Original title: DOOM
* Earth 2140
*
AmiHeretic
*
Heretic II
''Heretic II'' is a dark fantasy action-adventure game developed by Raven Software and published by Activision in 1998 continuing the story of Corvus, the main character from its predecessor, '' Heretic''. It is the fourth game in the '' Hexen: ...
(Only for WarpOS, not for AmigaOS)
*
WarpHexen
Original title: Hexen: Beyond_Heretic
(Same game named UHexen for AmigaOS4)
*
Nightlong: Union City Conspiracy
*
Payback
Payback may refer to:
* Revenge, a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance
Payback may also refer to:
Art, entertainment, and media Fictional entities
* Payback, a member of the fictional comics superhero team Shadow ...
*
AmiQuake
*
The Feeble Files
''The Feeble Files'' is an adventure video game about the adventures of an alien called Feeble. The game is a science fiction comedy, with a similar style of British humour to that of Adventure Soft's previous games, the Simon the Sorcerer serie ...
* Quake II
Game was first released on WarpOS, then ported to AmigaOS4.0
*
Shogo: Mobile Armor Division
(Only for WarpOS, not for AmigaOS)
*
Wipeout 2097
''Wipeout 2097'' (released as ''Wipeout XL'' in North America and Japan) is a futuristic racing game developed and published by Psygnosis. It is the second installment released in the '' Wipeout series'' and the direct sequel of the original ga ...
(Only for WarpOS, not for AmigaOS)
Demos for WarpOS
* ''PPC/Warp3D'' – demo by CdBS Software; 2nd at UkonxParty 2000
* ''V1.0 Demo'' – PPC/Warp3D by CdBS Software
* ''DeathTrial'' – FixPatch 0.1
* ''MusicDisk'' – Earth-Tribe-Media
* ''One Day Miracle'' – by Fit ASM'02 64k intro
* ''Booring Trip PPC'' – for UkonxParty 4 in France
* ''Greuh!Zillement Beta'' – 2nd @ LTP4
* ''Salvation'' – PPC dentro, by Horizontal Lamerz
* ''Flow'' – Winner 64kb at FuckYanica One
* ''Megademo IV'' – Quick PPC port
* ''DeathTrial'' – by Mkd:AGA/CGXwarposPPCAhi+dbplayer
* ''Equinoxe demoparty invitation''
* ''PRO_GEAR_SPEC'' – WarpOS PPC demo by mankind
* ''Mankind MesaGLUT'' – wos+ahi surreal demo
* ''212'' – by Madwizards; 1st at Delirium 2001
* ''Amsterdam Blessings'' – by Madwizards; 3rd at M/S 2001
* ''Cull Bazaar'' – by Madwizards; 11th at Assembly 2001
* ''Nuance "Subtle Shades 2"'' – 5th place at MS2K+1
* ''4th place at MS99 by NUANCE''
* ''NoSyncIzBack!'' – WOS demo 3rd at IGDRP 2.
* ''Planet Potion'' – A 64 kB Intro by Potion
* ''Suicidal'' – A 64 kB Intro by Potion
* ''Sayontsheck'' – PPC AGA Demo by Lamers
* ''Luminance'' – PPC WOS v1.1 – UKONX; 1st at Slach 2 1999
* ''NoSync'' – by Universe – WOS demo 3rd at Equinoxe 2003
* ''PowerUp'' – by Universe: Winner WOS demo at Slash 2001
* ''Everything Dies'' – by Venus Art, PPC WarpUP version
* ''Ghost'' – by Venus Art, PPC WarpUP version
Emulators for WarpOS
* IFusion, FusionPPC – MacOS 8/9 emulator
* WarpSNES
Programs for WarpOS
* Frogger – ''Video player''
* fxpaint
* perfectpaint
* wosdb – ''simple debugger''
See also
*
Amiga exec
References
;Notes
Warpsness problems : Steffen Haeuser explains WarpUp kernel at comp.sys.amiga.games
# See also pages regardin
at Amiga.History site.
on Haage&Partners site.
BlizzardPPC FlashWhy WarpOS and Warp3D have problems with Blizzard PPC
# Dietrich, Wolf
Haage and Partner Announce WarpUP, Phase5 Blasts H&P
comp.sys.amiga.gamesSteffen Haeuser comments ELF
ppclibemuppc.library emulation under WarpOS
Benjamin Hermans comments WarpOS
# Jordan, S: powerpc.library/WarpOS history. 2001
Further reading
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
{{Microkernel
Amiga
AmigaOS
MorphOS
Operating system kernels
Microkernels