V16 Engine

A V16 engine is a sixteen-cylinder piston engine where two banks of eight cylinders are arranged in a V configuration around a common crankshaft. V16 engines are less common than engines with fewer cylinders, such as V8 and V12 engines. Each bank of a V16 engine can be thought of as a straight-8, a design that can be inherently balanced. Most V16 engines have a 45° bank angle.

The first use of a V16 engine was in the 1910 Antoinette VII experimental aircraft, followed by several cars in the 1930s. Today, the most common applications for V16 engines are railroad locomotives, marine craft, and stationary power generators.

Automotive applications

Production cars

The first production car to use a V16 engine was the Cadillac V-16, introduced in January 1930. The Cadillac V16 engine was initially produced with a displacement of , OHV and a V-angle of 45 degrees. For the 1938 Series 90, the engine was revised to a displacement of , a flathead valvetrain and a V-angle of 135 degrees (the latter in order to achieve a lower cowl height). This 431 cu. in. version produced as much power as its immediate predecessor while being far less complex, had a stiffer crankshaft that aided durability and smoothness, and even had an external oil filter, a rarity for any car at any price in those days.

The Marmon Motor Car Company actually began development of a V16 engine in 1927 (earlier than Cadillac). Its development program took longer, however, and the ''Marmon Sixteen'' was released in 1931. This engine had a V-angle of 45 degrees, used pressed steel cylinder liners and was constructed mostly of aluminium. Only 400 Marmon Sixteens were produced between 1931 and 1933.

In 1991, the Cizeta-Moroder V16T began production, featuring a 16-cylinder engine in a unique configuration. Rather than a conventional V16 layout, the engine was actually two separate transversely mounted V8 engines with gearing between the two providing a single output from the centre of the engine assembly to the transmission. Only a few cars were produced before the company ceased operations.

Prototype cars

The Peerless Motor Company developed a V16 engine in the early 1930s, yet just a single prototype was built before all automobile production ceased and the company converted its factory into a brewery following the end of Prohibition in the United States.

In the late 1980s, the BMW Goldfish V16 engine was developed, based on BMW's then-new V12 engine. Prototypes were fitted to a long-wheelbase 7 Series and then in the early 1990s to a Bentley Mulsanne. At around the same time, Mercedes-Benz developed a V16 engine for the S-class limousine. Between 1988 and 1990, approximately 35 prototypes were built.

The 2003 Cadillac Sixteen concept car was unveiled with a V16 engine, which was based on the General Motors LS V8 engines. The following year, the Rolls-Royce 100EX concept car was unveiled with a V16 engine. The car featured in the film ''Johnny English Reborn'' is powered by this V16 engine.

The 2017 Devel Sixteen Prototype used a quad-turbo V16 engine.

Racing cars

The first known use of a V16 in motor racing was the ''Maserati Tipo V4'' car used in Grand Prix racing. The Tipo V4 debuted at Monza in 1929 and achieved a world speed record of at an event in Cremona, Italy.

At the 1931 Indianapolis 500, a custom-built V16 engine was fitted to a Cord "supercar" driven by Shorty Cantlon. The car was competitive, charging from 26th on the grid to 3rd, but was slowed by unreliability, further exacerbated by having to change all sixteen spark plugs. The following year, Bryan Saulpaugh qualified the car in third position. The car suffered a broken oil line on lap 55 and their race was over. Shortly after the race the V16 was removed and replaced with a conventional Miller four-cylinder engine.

The mid-engined Auto Union ''Type A'', ''Type B'' and ''Type C'' Grand Prix cars of 1933 to 1938 were powered by supercharged engines. Due to a rule change in 1938, these were replaced by a V12 engine for the ''Type D'' racing car. Prior to this rule change, the Alfa Romeo Tipo 316 competed at the 1938 Tripoli Grand Prix powered by a 60-degree V16 engine.

The only known use of a V16 engine in the post-World War II era is the British Racing Motors (BRM) V16 engine used in Formula One racing from 1950 to 1955. The engine was a supercharged design, which was unsuccessful despite its high power output. Officially, it produced but probably delivered around . The car was difficult to drive, due to the power band being in a narrow range and at high RPM.

Marine / rail applications

The V16 configuration is also used in several large displacement diesel engines that are used as marine engines or in rail locomotives. This is due to manufacturers often designing an engine around a fixed displacement per cylinder, then adding additional cylinders to the design until the required power output is achieved. For example, the Electro-Motive Diesel 710 engine range uses a displacement of per cylinder, with the 16 cylinder version (called the ''EMD 16-710'') producing over .

GE Transportation Systems produces the ''7FD Series'' four-stroke engines (used in marine, locomotive, and stationary applications), which have a displacement of per cylinder and can produce over . GE also manufactures the GEVO-16, which produces over .

Another V16 diesel engine is the ''Wärtsilä 46F'', which produces over at 600 rpm.

In the UK from 1947 onwards, the English Electric company's subsidiary English Electric diesel engines developed a V16 engine for rail and marine use based on its 10" bore x 12" stroke (254mm x 305mm) K series from the 1930s, notably used in British Railways class 40 and 50 locomotives with power output in the range 2000-3000 hp (1492-2238 kW) at speeds ranging from 600 to 900 rpm. This engine too derives from a series based on a fixed cylinder size of 942 cu.in. (15.4 L) per cylinder, giving the V16 a total capacity of 15,072 cu.in. (246 L).

Another notable maker to offer the V16 configuration was Detroit Diesel corporation, especially in their 71, 92 and 149 series 2-stroke diesel engines, with output ranging from around 650 to over 2400 bhp (485-1790 kW) at speeds over 2000 rpm in the smaller ranges. Once again these engines were based on common parts (the numeric designation is the cylinder size in cubic inches) and were used for maritime, generator and off-road mine truck applications. The modular nature of the engines meant that the V16 configuration was built by putting together 2 V8 engine blocks and the 2-stroke cycle offered excellent power to weight, with the 16V149 being capable of equalling the output of much larger, slower-running 4-stroke engines.

Fairbanks Morse manufactures the following V16 diesel engines, FM , ALCO 251F, FM , COLT-PIELSTICK PA6B STC, FM , COLT-PIELSTICK PC2.5 STC, FM , MAN 28/33D STC, FM , MAN 32/44CR, FM , MAN 48/60 CR and the FM , MAN 175D.

Aircraft applications

The 1910 version of the Antoinette VII was powered by a V16 engine and competed in the 1910 Gordon Bennett Cup in the United States.

The 1930s Hindenburg airships were each powered by four Daimler-Benz DB 602 V16 diesel engines.

In the first half of the 20th century, several prototype aircraft used V16 engines, including:
* 1907 prototype designed by Antoinette engineer Léon Levavasseur.
* Duesenberg developed a V16 engine for use in military aircraft in the mid 1910s. World War I ended prior to the engine being tested in an aircraft.
* The Chrysler IV-2220 inverted V16 engine began development in 1939, when Chrysler was contracted by the United States government to create a new engine for use in fighter aircraft. The resulting engine was rated at ,, however it took until June 1945 for the engine to be in a state ready for testing. A prototype engine was installed in a P-47 Thunderbolt (designated the ''XP-47H''), which achieved a top speed of . World War II ended shortly after the tests, therefore development of the engine ceased.

See also

* Flat-sixteen engine
* W16 engine

References

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Piston engine configurations
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