Television
Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertisin ...
in
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
has grown significantly since the first broadcasts in 1950, becoming one of largest and most productive commercial television systems in the world.
[Straubhaar, Joseph]
Brazil - The Museum of Broadcasting Communications
Its biggest network,
TV Globo
TV Globo (, "Globe TV", or simply Globo), formerly known as Rede Globo, is a Brazilian free-to-air television network, launched by media proprietor Roberto Marinho on 26 April 1965. It is owned by media conglomerate Grupo Globo. The TV station ...
(formerly Rede Globo), is the second largest commercial network in South America, and is one of the largest television exporters around the world, particularly of
telenovela
A telenovela is a type of a television serial drama or soap opera produced primarily in Latin America. The word combines ''tele'' (for "television") and ''novela'' (meaning "novel"). Similar drama genres around the world include '' teleserye'' ...
s, having become popular in many countries.
There are 14 free-to-air television networks, as well as satellite channels broadcasting throughout the country.
History
Early years
In 1939,
Telefunken
Telefunken was a German radio and television apparatus company, founded in Berlin in 1903, as a joint venture of Siemens & Halske and the ''Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft'' (AEG) ('General electricity company').
The name "Telefunken" app ...
, a German manufacturing and electronics company, held the first television exhibition during the Sample Fair Expo in Germany. Then in July 1941,
RCA
The RCA Corporation was a major American electronics company, which was founded as the Radio Corporation of America in 1919. It was initially a patent trust owned by General Electric (GE), Westinghouse, AT&T Corporation and United Fruit Comp ...
and
NBC
The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an Television in the United States, American English-language Commercial broadcasting, commercial television network, broadcast television and radio network. The flagship property of the NBC Enterta ...
debuted their first television station in
New York
New York most commonly refers to:
* New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York
* New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States
New York may also refer to:
Film and television
* '' ...
, in what would become the very first commercial TV station in the world. The broadcast tower, installed at the top of the
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from "Empire State", the nickname of the st ...
, allowed the station to broadcast on Channel 1 in the immediate vicinity of Manhattan in deference to FCC rules which allowed the earliest broadcasters to use Channel 1 on the VHF band for experimental commercial broadcasts. By 1946 shortly after World War II, in agreement with the US government and David Sarnoff's RCA, NBC switched its broadcast frequency to VHF channel 4, and the VHF transmission system was adopted in the US, operating 12 VHF channels from 2 to 13 by order of the FCC.
In Brazil around the same time, the concessions for the first television broadcast network were decreed and distributed by President
Eurico Gaspar Dutra
Eurico Gaspar Dutra (; 18 May 1883 – 11 June 1974) was a Brazilian military leader and politician who served as the 16th president of Brazil from 1946 to 1951. He was the first President of the Fourth Brazilian Republic, which followed the ...
's administration, and a cornerstone was placed for the very first transmitter in Brazil for the first commercial network, Rede Tupi. It was initially located in the municipality of Morro do Pão de Açúcar, in the city of
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...
. By 1949, a group of technicians and engineers arrived in Brazil and visited the planned location for the broadcast tower for the first time only to find that due to the topography in Rio, the planned broadcast tower site wouldn't be the ideal place for its installation. As media mogul
Assis Chateaubriand
Francisco de Assis Chateaubriand Bandeira de Melo (pronounced ), also nicknamed Chatô (October 4, 1892 – April 4, 1968), was a Brazilian lawyer, journalist, politician and diplomat. He was founder and director of the then main press chain o ...
was interested in the opening of the first broadcast television network in Brazil and Latin America and already knew that the US was crucial in sponsoring the first TV broadcast in
Cuba
Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
on
Christmas Day
Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, ...
of 1950, he decided to transfer to
São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
for the inaugural broadcast, and the government gave the concession of channel 3, given by
Radio Difusora in order to start
Rede Tupi
Rede Tupi (; in English, Tupi Network) was a Brazilian television network free-to-air. Its parent broadcaster, located in the city of São Paulo, was the first TV station to operate in the country, being inaugurated on 18 September 1950 by journ ...
's operations.
Then, Chateaubriand ordered the broadcasting equipment necessary, for the station had already been built, just in time for this installation. In July 1950, the equipment arrived by ship in Port Santos and was accompanied to the capital by one of the many artists of the Emissoras Associadas group in São Paulo via motorcade. The motorcade was a hit, and crowds gathered to see the equipment being driven to the new station, a preview of what the new station would offer.
Formation
The first broadcasts in Brazil were for the
1950 World Cup
The 1950 FIFA World Cup was the fourth edition of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football championship for senior men's national teams and held in Brazil from 24 June to 16 July 1950. The planned 1942 and 1946 World Cups were ...
, in which the country hosted.
The above statement is contradicted by the following article that appeared in the Journal Dos Sports on 16 June 1950:
Oficializada a proibição das reportagens durante os jogos. Não será permitida, tambem, qualquer transmissão ou experiencia de televisão. Confirmando o que tivemos opportunidade de adiantar a CBD divulgou ontem em nota official a seguinte comunicação: "A Confederação Brasiliera de Desportes, de pieno acordo, com as recomendações expressas da FIFA, comunica aos interesrados:
a) - Não será permitido, no Estadio Municipal, ou outro qualquer local onde serão realizados os jogos da "Copa do Mundo", o servico de reportagens nos vestiarios, antes e durante os citados jogos.
b) - As reportagens, apos as partidas, ficarão a criterio das delegações participantes do Campeonato.
c) - Não será permitida a presenca de jornalistas e locutores, assim como o uso de fiosdentro do campo.
d) - Está teminantemente proibida qualquer transmissão ou experiencia, por meio de aparelhos de televisão.
''Which according to Google Translate means:''
The ban on reporting during games was made official. It will not be allowed, also, any transmission or television experience. Confirming that we had the opportunity to advance, the CBD released the following communication yesterday in an official note: "The Confederação Brasiliera de Desportes, in full agreement, with the express recommendations of FIFA, informs those interested:
a) - It will not be allowed, in the Municipal Stadium, or any other place where the "World Cup" games will be held, the service of reporting in the locker rooms, before and during the aforementioned games.
b) - The reports, after the matches, will be at the discretion of the participating delegations in the Championship.
c) - The presence of journalists and announcers, as well as the use of wires within the field, will not be allowed.
d) - Any transmission or experience through television sets is strictly prohibited.
Finally, on the 18th of September, 1950, network television in Brazil made its official debut in São Paulo with
TV Tupi
Rede Tupi (; in English, Tupi Network) was a Brazilian television network free-to-air. Its parent broadcaster, located in the city of São Paulo, was the first TV station to operate in the country, being inaugurated on 18 September 1950 by journ ...
on channel 3, in an historical ceremony that was considered simplistic for the occasion in one question away. And Chateaubriand, owner of the new channel, had transmitters built across the city so that the people of the so-called Paulista would know what television is, as many people still didn't even know about TV at all. A number of TV sets were given to restaurants, bars and other places so that those who have not yet brough TVs would see the new medium themselves. It was the first
Lusophone
Lusophones ( pt, Lusófonos) are ethnic group, peoples that speak Portuguese language, Portuguese as a native language, native or as common second language and nations where Portuguese features prominently in society. Comprising an estimated 270 m ...
or
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
-speaking country to introduce television, even before the home country of
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...
with
RTP (1955). It was also the fifth nation in the world to have a television station with daily broadcasts, behind the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Mexico. The first television show on Tupi was first broadcast on the eve of September, and is considered the first Brazilian television program, TV na Taba, in an allusion to the indigenous people, who were already inhabited the Brazilian lands in the pre-Cabral era.
The network's symbol, a small Indian boy with an antenna on his head, appeared with the opening message: "Good evening. You are in the open TV station in Brazil," considering to be the first line of Brazilian television, starring the young actress Sonia Maria Dorce, then aged 6. The symbol of Tupi was that of a Native Brazilian kid with a feather on the head, in another nod to the indigenous peoples of the country.
In the 1950s, Brazilian television was marked by informality, since there were no trained professionals in the country with any experience in this media field.
On January 20, 1951, Tupi began airing in Rio de Janeiro on channel 6, with two transmitters installed at the strategic points located from the expanding signals in its transmitters in Urca. The new regional studios, as well as the broadcast transmitters, opened in time for the celebrations of the feast of
Saint Sebastian
Saint Sebastian (in Latin: ''Sebastianus''; Narbo, Gallia Narbonensis, Roman Empire c. AD 255 – Rome, Italia, Roman Empire c. AD 288) was an early Christian saint and martyr. According to traditional belief, he was killed during the Dioclet ...
, the city's patron and one of the big events before the traditional Carnival. The opening ceremony of the new officers and studios featured the blessing given by Frei José Francisco de Guadalupe Mojica (Frei José Mojica), an actor who left the cinema industry to pursue a religious career. The studios were located on Venezuela Avenue, in downtown Rio, where Radio Tamoio's studios were used as a function of the studio, and the station's auditorium and technical centers was operated in the former premises of Cassino da Urca, on João Luiz Alves Avenue, in Urca.
In 1952, Reporter Esso, a radio news bulletin, made its television premiere on Tupi replacing ''Imagines do Dia''. The newscast was broadcast on regional lines, anchored by Gontijo Teodoro in Rio and Randal Juliano in São Paulo.
In 1953, Victor Costa, who was the director of Radio Nacional from the 1940s, bought the São Paulo counterpart and formed the Victor Costa Organization, which took over Radio Excelsior's operations from its former owner, Paulo Machado de Carvalho, who sold the station to the VCO with the objective of putting money to defray the costs of the concession of the future channel 7. Machado de Carvalho also decided to dispose of his part of the association in Rio and sold itself to Pipa do Amaral, who became the sole owner of the station. They decided to face the competition by combining its stations to create "Emissoras Unidas," an association of Paulo Machado de Carvalho, including Radios Record, Panamericana (now
Jovem Pan
Jovem Pan is the main Brazilian radio station based in São Paulo, Brazil. It is also the largest network of radio stations of the southern hemisphere, of Latin Americaand one of the biggest radio stations in the world.The network has several bu ...
) and São Paulo.
In the same year, Machado de Carvalho opened the nation's second TV station, TV Record, on channel 7 in São Paulo. The station went on the air on the 27th of September, and the studios was located in Miruna Avenue in the Aeroporto District. It became the TV unit of Machado de Carvalho's Emissoras Unidas.
In the same year, "Alô, Doçura", an original series created by Cassiano Gabus Mendes, went on the air on Tupi. Starring Eva Wilma and John Herbert, the program was shown on Tupi on channels 3 and 6.
Another characteristic of television productions of this early period was live impromptu, as there was no
videotape
Videotape is magnetic tape used for storing video and usually sound in addition. Information stored can be in the form of either an analog or digital signal. Videotape is used in both video tape recorders (VTRs) and, more commonly, videocassett ...
. The high costs of TV sets, which were imported, restricted the access of the media to the urban elites of major cities.
Technical resources were primary, offering broadcasters just enough to keep the stations on the air. It was during that period that TV news and telenovelas were established.
In 1954, Victor Costa decided to buy Radio Mundial, owned by Diario da Noite in Rio, which held the concession of channel 11 in the city. Victor already had, with the purchase of Radio Excelsior, the concession of channel 9 in São Paulo, making a clear that Costa's desire decided to start a new network of TV stations.
The first broadcast of soccer matches were broadcast on Record, with the narration by Geraldo Jose de Almeida. It would become the first television network to broadcast live sporting events, like soccer matches.
Also, the death of President Getúlio Vargas was only reported at 01:00 PM, when Tupi in Rio was on the air. In São Paulo, channel 3 premiered the first children's production, Sítio do Pica-Pau Amarelo, based on the books by author Monteiro Lobato. It was shown once a week, and was also broadcast on Emissoras Associadas in Rio.
On July the 15th, 1955, TV Rio went on air on channel 13, at the initiative of Joao Batista de Amaral, brother-in-law of Machado de Carvalho, as an affiliate of Emissoras Unidas. Its studios and offices was located in the Casino Atlantico in Atlantic Avenue, postal 6, Copacabana.
The two stations decided to build a link between two cities, same exactly as what the technological method came from the US, linking city by city until completion of the route. TV Rio built its link to Guaratinguetá, half of distance from Rio, and Record end a link to São Paulo.
In the same year, Victor Costa acquired TV Paulista on channel 5, preferring to what he bought a station ready to have the assembly of the new one with concession given by Radio Excelsior. The studios were relocated to Palmeiras Street in Santa Cecilia, where Radio Nacional São Paulo and Excelsior were located. Soon afterwards, Victor Costa offered the concession of channel 9 in São Paulo up for sale.
On the 8th of September, 1955, TV Itacolomi went on the air in Belo Horizonte on channel 4 — the first television station in the state of Minas Gerais. The station was owned and operated by and the key station of TV Tupi and Emissoras Associadas.
The advent of videotape around 1960 brought imported programs to Brazilian television.
As a typical characteristic of countries developing their television systems, imported shows dominated the programming for much of the decade, but their presence also stimulated some efforts at creating local networks.
TV Tupi soon faced strong competition from yet another network,
TV Excelsior
Rede Excelsior was a Brazilian television network founded by Mário Wallace Simonsen on July 9, 1960, in São Paulo, São Paulo. Its last broadcast happened on September 30, 1970, when the Brazilian military dictatorship put an abrupt end to ...
, owned by Victor Costa, who would begin building a national TV network.
Expansion, Rede Globo's beginnings
![Torre da TV Bandeirantes aérea](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Torre_da_TV_Bandeirantes_a%C3%A9rea.jpg)
Television became a mass medium in Brazil earlier than in most developing countries.
The
military dictatorship
A military dictatorship is a dictatorship in which the military exerts complete or substantial control over political authority, and the dictator is often a high-ranked military officer.
The reverse situation is to have civilian control of the m ...
which took power in 1964 saw audiovisual communication as a tool for creating a stronger national identity, a broader consumer economy, and controlling political information.
The military pushed television deeper into the population by subsidizing credit for set sales, building national microwave and satellite distribution systems, which prompted the growth of Rede Globo, which they chose as a privileged partner.
[Shah, Angilee]
"Network-Builder Describes Role in Brazil's TV Globo"
. UCLA
The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is a public land-grant research university in Los Angeles, California. UCLA's academic roots were established in 1881 as a teachers college then known as the southern branch of the California St ...
International Institute. TV Excelsior, an opponent of the regime, on the other hand, was forced to close after losing government advertisement.
Globo, launched a few months after the
1964 coup, created the first true national network by the late 1960s.
Censorship of news was extensive under the military governments between 1966 and 1978, but it also encouraged national television program production.
In the early 1970s, several government ministers pushed the commercial networks to develop more Brazilian programming and reduce reliance on imported programs, particularly those with violent and sexual content.
While Globo adopted an international model for operations, 90 percent of its content was produced in Brazil.
The 1960s represented a formative period for television development.
Telenovelas had largely been patterned after those in other
Latin American
Latin Americans ( es, Latinoamericanos; pt, Latino-americanos; ) are the citizens of Latin American countries (or people with cultural, ancestral or national origins in Latin America). Latin American countries and their diasporas are multi-eth ...
countries, even using imported scripts, but during that decade they were developed into a considerably more sophisticated genre, specifically after the airing of ''
Beto Rockfeller
''Beto Rockfeller'' is a Brazilian telenovela produced by TV Tupi and aired from November 4, 1968, to November 30, 1969. It was created by Cassiano Gabus Mendes, written by Bráulio Pedroso and directed by Lima Duarte and Walter Avancini.
Plot
B ...
'', a well-produced story about a
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...
good-lifer, in 1968 by Tupi.
By the 1970s, telenovelas were the most popular programs and dominated
prime time
Prime time or the peak time is the block of broadcast programming taking place during the middle of the evening for a television show. It is mostly targeted towards adults (and sometimes families). It is used by the major television networks to ...
on the major networks, Globo and Tupi.
Globo, in particular, began to attract major writers and actors from both film and theater to work in its telenovelas.
The Brazilian telenovelas became good enough, as commercial television entertainment, to be exported throughout
Latin America
Latin America or
* french: Amérique Latine, link=no
* ht, Amerik Latin, link=no
* pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived f ...
,
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russ ...
,
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
and
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
.
Brazilian exports reached over a hundred countries and the programs have often proved to be great international hits.
This is particularly the case with historical telenovelas such as ''
Escrava Isaura''.
Alongside telenovelas, the ''show de auditório'' (a form of
variety show
Variety show, also known as variety arts or variety entertainment, is entertainment made up of a variety of acts including musical theatre, musical performances, sketch comedy, magic (illusion), magic, acrobatics, juggling, and ventriloquism. It is ...
) was carried over from radio, which often featured a mix of entertainment, music, comedy, and
game show
A game show is a genre of broadcast viewing entertainment (radio, television, internet, stage or other) where contestants compete for a reward. These programs can either be participatory or Let's Play, demonstrative and are typically directed b ...
segments. These shows appealed heavily to the lower- and middle-classes, and often featured content that was considered
sensational and vulgar for the period—leading to them falling out of favour by the late-1960s due to the military government.
Color broadcasting
Between 1962 and 1963,
Rede Tupi
Rede Tupi (; in English, Tupi Network) was a Brazilian television network free-to-air. Its parent broadcaster, located in the city of São Paulo, was the first TV station to operate in the country, being inaugurated on 18 September 1950 by journ ...
and
Rede Excelsior
Rede Excelsior was a Brazilian television network founded by Mário Wallace Simonsen on July 9, 1960, in São Paulo, São Paulo. Its last broadcast happened on September 30, 1970, when the Brazilian military dictatorship put an abrupt end to ...
made the first unofficial transmissions in color, in specific programs in the city of
São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
(both using
NTSC
The first American standard for analog television broadcast was developed by National Television System Committee (NTSC)National Television System Committee (1951–1953), Report and Reports of Panel No. 11, 11-A, 12–19, with Some supplement ...
). On February 19, 1972, color broadcasting officially began, using the
PAL-M
PAL-M is the analogue TV system used in Brazil since 19 February 1972. At that time, Brazil was the first South American country to broadcast in colour. Colour TV broadcast began on 19 February 1972, when the TV networks Globo and Bandeirantes t ...
TV standard. This has the same line/frame rate as NTSC, but better color encoding.
Satellite television broadcasts began in 1960. Rede Tupi was the pioneer satellite broadcaster when it broadcast Brasilia's opening in the spring of that year, and soon it began select nationwide broadcasts thru satellite transmission.
The rise of Rede Globo
From the early 1970s to late 1980s, Globo dominated both the audience and the development of television programming.
It had a 60-80% share in major cities at any given time.
As television researcher Joseph Straubhaar declared, "even people who might have had questions about the news almost always accepted the Globo novelas".
During this period, Globo was accused of being the mouthpiece of the dictatorship, mainly because of its omission in covering the ''
Diretas Já
Diretas Já (, ''Direct (Elections) Now'') was a civil unrest movement which, in 1984, demanded direct presidential elections in Brazil.
Participants of the movement
The movement brought together diverse elements of Brazilian society. Participa ...
'' movement, in which thousands of Brazilians gathered on public squares to demand a direct election for president.
In 1980, Tupi went bankrupt and was closed by the military government. Its signal was split and given to
Silvio Santos
Senor Abravanel, known professionally as Silvio Santos (Portuguese: /ˈsiwvju ˈsɐ̃tus/) (born December 12, 1930), is a Brazilian entrepreneur, media tycoon and television host. He is the owner of holdings that include SBT, the second largest ...
, who launched
SBT
sbt is an open-source build tool for Scala (programming language), Scala and Java (programming language), Java projects, similar to Apache Software Foundation, Apache's Apache Maven, Maven and Gradle.
Its main features are:
*Native support fo ...
, and Adolpho Bloch, who launched
Rede Manchete
Rede Manchete (; lit.: Headline Network; also known as TV Manchete or only Manchete) was a Brazilian television network that was founded in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1983 by the Ukrainian-Brazilian journalist and businessman Adolpho Bloch. The ne ...
. Since Tupi's disappearance, Globo virtually dominated the market alone. The only time its leadership was threatened was when Manchete aired ''
Pantanal
The Pantanal () is a natural region encompassing the world's largest tropical wetland area, and the world's largest flooded grasslands. It is located mostly within the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, but it extends into Mato Grosso and p ...
'' in 1990. Nevertheless, Manchete never achieved the same success with any other of its telenovelas, and would have the same fate of Tupi, ceasing its operations in May 1999, and having its signal replaced by that of
RedeTV!
RedeTV! () is a Brazilian television network owned by Amilcare Dallevo and Marcelo de Carvalho. It is the newest television network, among the five major networks in Brazil, being a relaunch of Rede Manchete in 1999.
RedeTV! has modern produc ...
.
With Globo dominating the ratings, other broadcast television networks found themselves pursuing smaller, more specific audience segments largely defined by social class.
SBT targeted lower middle class, working class and poor audiences, mostly with variety and game shows,
in addition to soaps imported from
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
's
Televisa
Grupo Televisa is a Mexican multimedia mass media company. A major Latin American mass media corporation, it often presents itself as the largest producer of Spanish-language content.
In April 2021, Televisa and Univision Communications announce ...
. This strategy gained it a consistent second place in ratings for most of the 1980s and 1990s.
On the other hand, Manchete initially targeted a more elite audience, with news, high budget telenovelas, and imported programs, but found the segment too small to gain an adequate advertiser support.
Bandeirantes tended to emphasize news, public affairs and sports.
All three ultimately wished to pursue a general audience with general appeal programming, such as telenovelas, but discovered that such efforts would not generate an audience sufficient to pay for the increased programming costs.
In 1984, Globo initially supported the military government against ''Diretas Já'', a popular campaign for the direct election of a civilian government,
while other television networks, most notably Manchete, supported the change. Perceiving that it might literally lose its audience to competitors, Globo switched sides and supported the transition to a civilian regime, which was indirectly elected in a compromise situation.
The new political circumstances immediately reduced political censorship and pressure on broadcasters.
In the 1990s,
UHF television channels were launched, such as music oriented
MTV Brasil
MTV Brasil was a Brazilian over-the-air television network owned by Grupo Abril focused on the youth. The network was launched on 20 October 1990, as the first specialty television network to broadcast over-the-air, becoming the local version ...
, and the Catholic channel Rede Vida. Also during that period,
TV Cultura
TV Cultura or simply Cultura, is a free Brazilian public television network headquartered in São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the mos ...
and
Rede Record
RecordTV (), formerly known as Rede Record, is a Brazilian free-to-air television network. It is currently the second largest commercial TV station in Brazil, and the 28th largest in the 2012 world ranking. In 2010, it was elected by the adverti ...
, both based in São Paulo, began to air their signal in national broadcasting systems.
Audience decline, Globo versus Record
The 2000s saw the decline of television audience in the country, as internet access grew rapidly. The daily average of TV sets turned on dropped from 65% in 1982–1991 to 42% in 2008.
["Audiência das novelas da Globo"](_blank)
. ''Veja Veja may refer to :
Places
* Veja, a town in Lazio, central Italy; now Vejano comune
* Veja, a village in Stănița Commune, Neamț County, Romania
* Veja River, Romania
* Veja State, a former princely state in present Gujarat, western India
Perso ...
'', November 2008. In the decade, the top five TV networks in the country lost altogether 4.3% of their share.
SBT lost 44% of its viewership in the prime time, while Globo lost 9%.
[ Feltrin, Ricardo]
"SBT perde um terço de telespectadores na década"
''Folha de S. Paulo
''Folha de S.Paulo'' (sometimes spelled ''Folha de São Paulo''), also known as simply ''Folha'' (, ''Sheet''), is a Brazilian daily newspaper founded in 1921 under the name ''Folha da Noite'' and published in São Paulo by the Folha da Manhã co ...
''. December 18, 2009. The biggest decline for Globo were in its showcase telenovelas, aired at 9 p.m., which reached an all-time low during the decade. The network's latest telenovela in the time slot, ''
Viver a Vida
''Viver a Vida'' (literally: Living Life, English title: ''Seize the Day'') is a Brazilian telenovela broadcast by Globo from September 14, 2009 to May 14, 2010. It is written by Manoel Carlos in collaboration with Ângela Chaves, Cláudia Lage, ...
'', scored the lowest ratings of the past ten years. According to Renata Pallottin, a professor at
University of São Paulo
The University of São Paulo ( pt, Universidade de São Paulo, USP) is a public university in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. It is the largest Brazilian public university and the country's most prestigious educational institution, the best ...
's Art and Communication School, this happens because recent telenovelas, which has the same basic story sketches since the 1970s, has proven to be unappealing to younger audiences, who watch
American television
Television is one of the major mass media outlets in the United States. , household ownership of television sets in the country is 96.7%, with approximately 114,200,000 American households owning at least one television set as of August 2013. ...
series on cable TV or surf the web instead.
As such, telenovelas audience grew significantly older and richer in the past decade.
While other TV networks face the lack of interest among viewers, one TV network weathered the decline fairly unscathed:
Rede Record
RecordTV (), formerly known as Rede Record, is a Brazilian free-to-air television network. It is currently the second largest commercial TV station in Brazil, and the 28th largest in the 2012 world ranking. In 2010, it was elected by the adverti ...
. In fact, the network rose its audience by 123% in the decade, partially due to investments of over US$150 million per year.
Although Globo maintains more than the double of Record's average ratings, the latter has been able to surpass Globo's audience on specific time slots, such as Sundays, and mornings. In some state capitals, such as
Goiânia
Goiânia (; ) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Goiás. With a population of 1,536,097, it is the second-largest city in the Central-West Region and the 10th-largest in the country. Its metropolitan area has a population ...
,
Fortaleza
Fortaleza (, locally , Portuguese for ''Fortress'') is the state capital of Ceará, located in Northeastern Brazil. It belongs to the Metropolitan mesoregion of Fortaleza and microregion of Fortaleza. It is Brazil's 5th largest city and the t ...
, and
Belém
Belém (; Portuguese for Bethlehem; initially called Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão-Pará, in English Our Lady of Bethlehem of Great Pará) often called Belém of Pará, is a Brazilian city, capital and largest city of the state of Pará in t ...
, for instance, Record's ''Domingo Espetacular'' already surpasses the audience of Globo's ''
Fantástico
''Fantástico'' (originally known as ''Fantástico: O Show da Vida'', Portuguese for ''Fantastic The Show of Life'') is a Brazilian weekly television news program broadcast on Sunday nights on Rede Globo since August 5, 1973, created by José Bo ...
'', while Record's ''Fala Brasil'' already surpasses Globo's ''Bom Dia Brasil'' in São Paulo. Globo also faces a decrease of its audience in
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...
, where the network is headquartered. On December 11, 2009, Record surpassed the audience of Globo in Rio during the broadcast of ''
The Elite Squad''. Almost a year later, on December 2, 2010, Globo came on an unprecedented third place in the
Greater Rio ratings in the 11 p.m.–12 a.m. time slot. On a previous occasion, Record came first in the area's ratings from 7 a.m. to 12 a.m. on September 8, 2010.
A recent research conducted by
Deloitte
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (), commonly referred to as Deloitte, is an international professional services network headquartered in London, England. Deloitte is the largest professional services network by revenue and number of profession ...
showed that surfing the web has surpassed watching TV as the entertainment activity preferred by most Brazilians.
Other forms of entertainment, such as watching DVDs, and viewing cable TV have also increased their popularity significantly. From 2000 to 2010, the number of households with access to cable TV increased 152%, while the DVD market saw an expansion of 430% in the same period.
The number of TV sets not turned on in any of the free-to-air channels—which indicates that they are being used for watching DVD or cable TV or playing videogames, also increased from 3.5% to 6.7% of the share in the decade.
In 2010 it further increased to 7.7% of the share, surpassing the audience of Record. Cable TV accounted for 4.5% of this, while the remaining 3.2% accounted for watching DVD and/or playing videogames.
Cable television
Cable television
Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to consumers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables, or in more recent systems, light pulses through fibre-optic cables. This contrasts with broa ...
services in Brazil were allowed to start business in 1995, according to federal law 8977/95. Since then, there were no major advances in terms of access to the technology. Brazil has one of the lowest number of households with access to cable television, as a result of the combination of high prices charged by providers and the reduced
purchasing power
Purchasing power is the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with a unit of currency. For example, if one had taken one unit of currency to a store in the 1950s, it would have been possible to buy a greater number of items than would ...
of most Brazilians.
["TV por assinatura"]
. Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor. Cable television in Brazil, as of 2010, was available to only 10 million households (around 30 million viewers, which represents less than 20% of the country's population). Most of the users are from the
upper class
Upper class in modern societies is the social class composed of people who hold the highest social status, usually are the wealthiest members of class society, and wield the greatest political power. According to this view, the upper class is gen ...
(70%).
While the
lower class represents 50% of the country's households, only 1% of them have access to cable television.
![Torre de TV Digital](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Torre_de_TV_Digital.JPG)
The cable television market used to be almost monopolized by satellite TV provider
SKY Brasil
SKY Brasil is a company, owned by Vrio, which operates a subscription television service in Brazil. It produces TV content, and owns several TV channels.
History
SKY Mexico was founded on 25 July 1996, a joint venture between British Sky Broad ...
and cable TV provider
NET
Net or net may refer to:
Mathematics and physics
* Net (mathematics), a filter-like topological generalization of a sequence
* Net, a linear system of divisors of dimension 2
* Net (polyhedron), an arrangement of polygons that can be folded up ...
, both of them partially owned by
Organizações Globo
Grupo Globo ( en, Globo Group), formerly known as Organizações Globo ( en, Globo Organization), is a Brazilian private mass media conglomerate based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Founded in 1925 by Irineu Marinho, it is the largest media group i ...
. However, in 2010, Globo sold 19% of its shares in SKY to the DirecTV Group, making Globo owner of only 7% of SKY shares. In the same year,
Embratel
Embratel is a major Brazilian telecommunications company headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. The company was the long distance arm of Telebras until it was bought by the U.S. company MCI Communications for 2.65 billion Brazilian real, reais during ...
made an offer to buy all of Globo's shares in NET for R$4.58 billion, even though Embratel has to wait the approval of
Bill
Bill(s) may refer to:
Common meanings
* Banknote, paper cash (especially in the United States)
* Bill (law), a proposed law put before a legislature
* Invoice, commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer
* Bill, a bird or animal's beak
Plac ...
N° 119, that will allow companies from countries other than Brazil to own cable operations. Since 2006, large national and international phone operators, such as
Embratel
Embratel is a major Brazilian telecommunications company headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. The company was the long distance arm of Telebras until it was bought by the U.S. company MCI Communications for 2.65 billion Brazilian real, reais during ...
,
Telefónica
Telefónica, S.A. () is a Spanish multinational telecommunications company headquartered in Madrid, Spain. It is one of the largest telephone operators and mobile network providers in the world. It provides fixed and mobile telephony, broadba ...
, and
Oi, began to enter the market. Due to cable regulations, telephone companies are using
DTH rather than
IPTV
Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is the delivery of television content over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. This is in contrast to delivery through traditional terrestrial, satellite, and cable television formats. Unlike downloaded media, ...
to launch their TV operations. In 2010's third trimester, the market share of cable companies was: NET with 44,8%, SKY with 25,7%, Via Embratel with 9,8%, Telefónica TV Digital with 5,1%, OiTV with 3,1%,
Abril Abril is a Portuguese and Spanish name meaning "April".
People with the given name
* Abril Conesa (born 2000), Spanish synchronized swimmer
* Abril Méndez, Venezuelan actress
* Abril Rodríguez (born 1986), Mexican beauty contestant
* Abril ...
(TVA) with 1,8% and smaller companies with 9,6% of the market.
Digital television
Digital terrestrial television was officially adopted by Brazil on 2 December 2007, using the
ISDB-T International
ISDB-T International, or SBTVD, short for Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão Digital ( en, Brazilian Digital Television System), is a technical standard for digital television broadcast used in Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Botswana, Chile, Honduras, Ve ...
standard, a variant of the which uses
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for video compression and
HE-AAC
High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding (HE-AAC) is an audio coding format for lossy data compression of digital audio defined as an MPEG-4 Audio profile in ISO/IEC 14496–3. It is an extension of Low Complexity AAC (AAC-LC) optimized for lo ...
for audio compression, and support for mobile television using the
1seg
is a mobile terrestrial digital audio/video and data broadcasting service in Japan, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru and the Philippines. Service began experimentally during 2005 and commercially on April 1, 2006. It is designed ...
standard. The government estimated that it would take seven years for DTT service to become available across the country; beginning with the greater
São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
metropolitan,
Belo Horizonte
Belo Horizonte (, ; ) is the sixth-largest city in Brazil, with a population around 2.7 million and with a metropolitan area of 6 million people. It is the 13th-largest city in South America and the 18th-largest in the Americas. The metropol ...
in early March 2008, and
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...
in late May 2008. Analog television will be discontinued in phases until 2023. Major Brazilian networks broadcast their digital feeds in
1080i
1080i (also known as Full HD or BT.709) is a combination of frame resolution and scan type. 1080i is used in high-definition television (HDTV) and high-definition video. The number "1080" refers to the number of horizontal lines on the screen. ...
high-definition television
High-definition television (HD or HDTV) describes a television system which provides a substantially higher image resolution than the previous generation of technologies. The term has been used since 1936; in more recent times, it refers to the g ...
.
DTV in Brazil supports
interactive television
Interactive television is a form of media convergence, adding data services to traditional television technology. It has included on-demand delivery of content, online shopping, and viewer polls. Interactive TV is an example of how new information ...
through the
Ginga platform.
On 18 January 2022, the Fórum Sistema Brasileiro TV Digital Terrestre (SBTVD Forum) recommended the Brazilian Government new technologies that would lead to Brazil's "TV 3.0" system, including the use of
ATSC 3.0
ATSC 3.0 is a major version of the ATSC standards for television broadcasting created by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC).
The standards are designed to offer support for newer technologies, including HEVC for video channels of u ...
technologies in the new standard. The new system is expected to begin deployment by 2024.
Free television channels
National networks
*
Globo
Globo (meaning ''globe'' in Portuguese, Spanish and Italian) may refer to:
*Grupo Globo, a Brazilian conglomerate primarily in mass media
**TV Globo, a television network
***GloboNews, a television 24-hour news channel
***Globo (Portuguese TV cha ...
*
RecordTV
RecordTV (), formerly known as Rede Record, is a Brazilian free-to-air television network. It is currently the second largest commercial TV station in Brazil, and the 28th largest in the 2012 world ranking. In 2010, it was elected by the adverti ...
*
SBT
sbt is an open-source build tool for Scala (programming language), Scala and Java (programming language), Java projects, similar to Apache Software Foundation, Apache's Apache Maven, Maven and Gradle.
Its main features are:
*Native support fo ...
*
Band
Band or BAND may refer to:
Places
*Bánd, a village in Hungary
*Band, Iran, a village in Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
* Band, Mureș, a commune in Romania
*Band-e Majid Khan, a village in Bukan County, West Azerbaijan Province, I ...
(
Bandeirantes
The ''Bandeirantes'' (), literally "flag-carriers", were slavers, explorers, adventurers, and fortune hunters in early Colonial Brazil. They are largely responsible for Brazil's great expansion westward, far beyond the Tordesillas Line of 1494 ...
)
*
RedeTV!
RedeTV! () is a Brazilian television network owned by Amilcare Dallevo and Marcelo de Carvalho. It is the newest television network, among the five major networks in Brazil, being a relaunch of Rede Manchete in 1999.
RedeTV! has modern produc ...
*
Gazeta Gazeta may refer to:
in Albania-language newspapers,
* Gazeta 55, daily newspaper
*Gazeta Rilindja Demokratike, daily newspaper
*Gazeta Shqip, daily newspaper
in Polish-language newspapers,
* Gazetagazeta.com, a Polish-language daily newspaper, pu ...
*
Rede Brasil (
RBTV)
*
CNT
*
NGT
*
Ideal TV
{{Infobox broadcasting network
, name = Ideal TV
, image =
, logo = Ideal TV logo.svg
, type = Broadcast television networkFormer pay television channel
, branding =
, established =
, test ...
*
TV Diário
TV Diário (Daily TV) is a Brazilian television station based in the city of Fortaleza, capital of the state of Ceará. It belongs to the Sistema Verdes Mares, one of the main media conglomerates in the country, which also includes TV Verdes Mare ...
*
Rede Família
* Rede Meio Norte
*
Rede 21
Rede 21 (Portuguese for ''21 Network'') is a Brazilian television network, launched on October 21, 1996 (relaunched on July 7, 2008), as Canal 21, broadcasting only for São Paulo. It grew to a network in 2003 with the addition of the TV Brasí ...
* RBI
Public networks
*
Cultura (
TV Cultura
TV Cultura or simply Cultura, is a free Brazilian public television network headquartered in São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the mos ...
)
*
TV Brasil
TV Brasil is a Brazilian public television network owned by Empresa Brasil de Comunicação. Its main headquarters are in Brasília, DF and Rio de Janeiro, RJ, with owned-and-operated stations in São Paulo, SP and in São Luís, MA, as we ...
*
Futura
*
TV Escola
TV Escola (literally in English: School TV) is a Brazilian public broadcasting television network created by Ministry of Education of Brazil in 1995. First broadcast in 1996 in a nationwide transmission, it airs exclusively educational programs.
...
* Multicultura Educação
* Univesp TV
* Canal Saúde
* Rede Minas
* SescTV
* TVT
Government channels
*
TV Brasil
TV Brasil is a Brazilian public television network owned by Empresa Brasil de Comunicação. Its main headquarters are in Brasília, DF and Rio de Janeiro, RJ, with owned-and-operated stations in São Paulo, SP and in São Luís, MA, as we ...
*
TV Câmara
TV Câmara ( pt, Chamber TV) is a Brazilian public television network responsible for broadcasting activities from the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies. Created in 1998, it broadcasts 24 hours a day from the Chamber.
Censorship
On March 2009, Cham ...
*
TV Câmara local
*
TV Senado
TV Senado (Portuguese for ''Senate TV'') is a Brazilian television network responsible for broadcasting activity from the Brazilian Senate. It was created in 1996 by the Brazilian Senate. The channel broadcasts 24h from the Senate.
TV Senado b ...
*
TV Justiça
*
TV NBR
TV Nacional do Brasil (TV NBR) was a government owned television channel in Brazil.
History
NBR's first transmission was on June 16, 1997, during the government of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Brazil National TV initially or just NBR. Des ...
* TV Assembleia
* Ponto Jus
Music channels
* Top TV
* MCI TV
* TV8
News channels
*
Record News
Record News (formerly known as Rede Mulher) is the first 24-hour free-to-air terrestrial news channel in Brazil, and the third Brazilian news channel to be launched after GloboNews and BandNews TV. It is owned by RecordTV.
History
In 1953, ...
Religious channels
*
TV Aparecida
*
Rede Vida
* Canção Nova
*
RIT
Rit is a brand of dye
A dye is a colored substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from pigments which do not chemically bind to the material they color. Dye is generally applied i ...
* Rede Gospel
* Rede Século 21
* Rede Boas Novas
*
Rede Super
Rede Super (''Super Network'') is a Brazilian evangelical Christian-based religious broadcast television network that is owned by the Lagoinha Church, founded by Márcio Valadão in 2000. Rede Super is headquartered in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
...
* TV Novo Tempo
* TV Evangelizar
* TV Nazaré
* Boa Vontade TV
* Rede Gênesis
*
TV Verdade
* TV Mundo Maior
* TV Universal
* Rede Mundial
* TV Plenitude
* Canal UM Europa
* TV Pai Eterno
Commercial channels
*
Shoptime.com
Shoptime is a Brazilian home shopping channel, currently owned by B2W
B2W is an online retail company in Latin America, as a result of the merger between Americanas.com and Submarino.com. Lojas Americanas are the controlling shareholder, with ...
* Polishop TV
Teenage channels
* TV União (Rede União)
Afro channels
*
TV da Gente
Nature-Eco channels
* Amazon Sat
Rural channels
* Terra Viva
Cable and satellite
Major pay television providers are
Claro (cable and satellite),
SKY
The sky is an unobstructed view upward from the surface of the Earth. It includes the atmosphere and outer space. It may also be considered a place between the ground and outer space, thus distinct from outer space.
In the field of astronomy, ...
(satellite),
Vivo TV
Vivo TV is a Brazilian pay television provider, owned by the Spanish telecommunications company Telefónica, through its subsidiary in the country, Vivo. It provides digital cable, satellite and IPTV services.
Grupo Abril's TVA was founded in 19 ...
(cable/IPTV/satellite),
Oi TV (satellite television).
National channels
* Arte1 (HD simulcast)
*
BandNews (HD simulcast)
*
BandSports
BandSports is a Brazilian cable television network that has its programming based on all sports, launched in 2002 by Grupo Bandeirantes de Comunicação.
Sports Programming
Athletics
* Diamond League
* European Athletics Championship
Bask ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Bis (HD simulcast)
* Canal Brasil (HD simulcast)
*
Canal OFF (HD simulcast)
*
Canal Rural (SD Only)
*
Canal Viva
Viva is a Globosat channel. It was inaugurated on May 18, 2010, and belongs to the lineup of pay TV operators NET, SKY and Via Embratel. The channel features programs from TV Globo and the pay channel GNT on alternative schedules.
The focus of t ...
(HD simulcast)
* Chef TV (SD Only)
* CineBrasil TV (SD Only)
*
CNN Brasil
CNN Brazil ( pt, CNN Brasil) is a Brazilian news-based pay television channel. Launched on 15 March 2020, CNN Brazil is owned by Novus Media, a joint-venture between Douglas Tavolaro, former header of RecordTV's news division, and Rubens Menin, o ...
*
Combate (pay-per-view channel) (available in HD simulcast)
* Curta! (HD simulcast)
*
ESPN Brasil
ESPN is the Brazilian division of ESPN Inc. Launched in March 1989 as Canal+, it was the first country-specific version of ESPN outside the United States, launched in June 1995. The channel has covered major sporting events, like the 1996, 2000, ...
(HD simulcast)
* Fish TV (HD simulcast)
*
Futura (HD simulcast)
*
Gloob
Gloob (Portuguese pronunciation: "Glubi"), also known as Mundo Gloob, is a Brazilian pay television children's channel that was launched on 15 June 2012, aimed at children 6 to 12 years old. Owned, operated and part of Canais Globo, a televis ...
(HD simulcast)
*
GNT GNT may refer to:
* GNT, a Brazilian television channel
* '' George Negus Tonight'', an Australian television program
* Geschwindigkeitsüberwachung Neigetechnik, a German train safety system
* Good News Translation, a Bible translation
* Grand Na ...
(HD simulcast)
*
+Globosat (HD simulcast)
*
Multishow
Multishow is an entertainment channel owned by Canais Globo, Grupo Globo's cable and satellite television channel operator. It was launched in 1991, as one of the company's first four channels (with Telecine, Top Sport – now SporTV – and GNT) ...
(HD simulcast)
* Music Box Brazil (HD simulcast)
*
PlayTV
PlayTV is an add-on unit for the PlayStation 3 (PS3) video game console that allows the PS3 to act as an HDTV or Digital television, DTV receiver, as well as a digital video recorder (DVR). It was used for recording television programmes to t ...
(SD Only)
*
Premiere FC
The Premiere is a Brazilian television channel on pay-per-view broadcasts the main football State Championships in Brazil, and the Brazilian Championship Série A and Série B. Being part of Canais Globo, it is present in SKY, Claro TV and V ...
(pay-per-view channels) (available in HD simulcast)
* Prime Box Brazil (HD simulcast)
*
Rede Telecine
Rede Telecine (''" heTelecine Network '') is a Brazilian premium television network owned by Canais Globo, a division of Grupo Globo, jointly with Hollywood studios Paramount Pictures, Universal Pictures, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and Walt Dis ...
(All channels available in HD simulcast)
** Telecine Premium
** Telecine Action
** Telecine Touch
** Telecine Fun
** Telecine Pipoca
** Telecine Cult
*
Shoptime.com
Shoptime is a Brazilian home shopping channel, currently owned by B2W
B2W is an online retail company in Latin America, as a result of the merger between Americanas.com and Submarino.com. Lojas Americanas are the controlling shareholder, with ...
(SD Only)
*
SporTV
SporTV is a Brazilian pay television sports network owned by Canais Globo, part of Grupo Globo, launched in 1991. It is the most watched sports network in Brazil.
On January 18, 2013, were launched High-definition simulcasts of SporTV and S ...
(HD simulcast)
* SporTV 2 (HD simulcast)
* SporTV 3 (HD simulcast)
*
TV Rá-Tim-Bum
TV Ra-Tim-Bum is a Brazilian cable and satellite TV channel. It is run by the Padre Anchieta Foundation and most of its programming is aimed at children.
At first the channel's programming consisted entirely of Brazilian productions, though tha ...
(HD simulcast)
* Woohoo (HD Simulcast)
*
ZooMoo
ZooMoo is an international multilanguage pay television channel owned by Rock Entertainment Holdings that was first launched in Brazil in September 2013 in high definition (HD). On 4 April 2014, ZooMoo was launched in Singapore via Starhub. The ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Sexy Hot
Globosat, was a Brazilian pay television content service, part of Grupo Globo. Established in 1991, after the creation of subscription television services in Brazil, with 29 channels and over 1,000 employees, it is the largest pay television c ...
(SD Only)
* Sextreme (SD Only)
Multinational channels
*
A&E (HD simulcast)
*
AMC
AMC may refer to:
Film and television
* AMC Theatres, an American movie theater chain
* AMC Networks, an American entertainment company
** AMC (TV channel)
** AMC+, streaming service
** AMC Networks International, an entertainment company
*** ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Animal Planet
Animal Planet (stylized in all lowercase since 2018) is an American multinational pay television channel owned by the Warner Bros. Discovery Networks unit of Warner Bros. Discovery. First established on June 1, 1996, the network is primarily dev ...
(HD simulcast)
*
AXN
AXN is a pay television channel owned by Sony Pictures Television, which was first launched in September 1997 in Asia. Local versions have since been launched in several parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and Latin America.
Funded th ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Baby TV
BabyTV (stylised as Baby''tv'') is a multilingual international television channel for babies, toddlers and preschoolers aged 3 or lower, owned by Fox Networks Group, a subsidiary of the Disney International Content and Operations division of T ...
(SD Only)
*
Cartoon Network
Cartoon Network (often abbreviated as CN) is an American cable television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. It is a part of The Cartoon Network, Inc., a division that also has the broadcasting and production activities of Boomerang, Car ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Cartoonito
Cartoonito is a brand name used by Warner Bros. Discovery for a collection of television networks and programming blocks that target preschool-age children. The name combines the "cartoon" with the Spanish suffix "ito", meaning "small".
As of 2 ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Cinecanal
Cinecanal is a Latin American pan-regional cable television channel launched on April 1, 1993. It is owned by a group of Hollywood studios and Latin American cable companies. It is owned by the Fox Networks Group, a subsidiary of Disney Internat ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Cinemax
Cinemax is an American pay television, cable, and satellite television network owned by the Home Box Office, Inc. subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery. Developed as a companion "maxi-pay" service complementing the offerings shown on parent net ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Comedy Central
Comedy Central is an American basic cable channel owned by Paramount Global through its network division's MTV Entertainment Group unit, based in Manhattan. The channel is geared towards young adults aged 18–34 and carries comedy programming ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Discovery Channel
Discovery Channel (known as The Discovery Channel from 1985 to 1995, and often referred to as simply Discovery) is an American cable channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav. , Discovery Channe ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Discovery Civilization
Investigation Discovery (stylized and branded on-air as ID since 2008) is an American multinational pay television network dedicated to true crime documentaries owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. As of February 2015, approximately 86 million Ameri ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Discovery HD Theater
Motor Trend is an American sports television network owned by Motor Trend Group, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery through its sports unit. It primarily broadcasts automotive-themed programming, including motorsports events.
It was or ...
(HD only)
*
Discovery HD World
Discovery Asia (formerly known as Discovery HD and Discovery HD World) is a Southeast Asian pay television channel that features Asia-related documentaries and original Asian programming. It is operated by Warner Bros. Discovery through its Asi ...
(HD only)
*
Discovery Kids
Discovery Kids (stylized as Discovery K!ds) is a brand name owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. Starting as a television segment within the Discovery Channel, the brand expanded as a separate television channel. Most of its worldwide channels were ei ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Discovery Home & Health
Discovery Home & Health is a television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery that features lifestyle programming.
Discovery Home & Health is available in Latin America, Australia, Republic of Ireland, Hong Kong, Philippines, Indonesia, Tha ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Discovery Science
Discovery science (also known as discovery-based science) is a scientific methodology which aims to find new patterns, correlations, and form hypotheses through the analysis of large-scale experimental data. The term “discovery science” enco ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Discovery Turbo
Discovery Turbo (previously known as Discovery Turbo MAX in Australia) is a pay television channel devoted to programming about transport. It is similar to Discovery Velocity and Motor Trend (TV network), Motor Trend. It was also briefly availab ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Disney Channel
Disney Channel, sometimes known as simply Disney, is an American pay television channel that serves as the flagship property of Disney Branded Television, a unit of the Disney General Entertainment Content division of The Walt Disney Compan ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Dog TV
DOGTV is a premium cable television network and the first television network that is made specifically for dogs. The network was founded in equal parts by Ron Levi and Guy Martinovsky, its first CEO, that sold his shares later To Jasmine Group. ...
(HD only)
*
E! (HD simulcast)
*
ESPN
ESPN (originally an initialism for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network) is an American international basic cable sports channel owned by ESPN Inc., owned jointly by The Walt Disney Company (80%) and Hearst Communications (20%). The ...
(HD simulcast)
* ESPN Extra (HD simulcast)
*
ESPN+
ESPN (originally an initialism for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network) is an American international basic cable sports channel owned by ESPN Inc., owned jointly by The Walt Disney Company (80%) and Hearst Communications (20%). The ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Eurochannel
Eurochannel is a world television channel focused on European culture and lifestyle through movies, series and other programs dedicated to European culture. Eurochannel broadcasts in original audio with subtitles in English, Spanish and Portugue ...
(SD Only)
*
Euronews
Euronews (styled on-air in lowercase as euronews) is a European television news network, headquartered in Lyon, France. The network began broadcasting on 1 January 1993 and covers world news from a European perspective.
The majority of Eurone ...
(SD Only)
*
Fashion TV
FashionTV is an international fashion and lifestyle broadcasting television channel. Founded in France in 1997, by its Polish-born president Michel Adam Lisowski, FashionTV is a widely distributed satellite channels in the world with 31 satellit ...
(HD simulcast)
* Film&Arts (HD simulcast)
*
Fox Sports
Fox Sports is the brand name for a number of sports channels, broadcast divisions, programming, and other media around the world.
The ''Fox Sports'' name has since been used for other sports media assets. These assets are held mainly by the Fo ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Fox Sports 2
Fox Sports 2 (FS2) is an American List of sports television channels, sports-oriented pay television television channel, channel owned by the Fox Sports (United States), Fox Sports Media Group, a unit of Fox Corporation. The channel is based a ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Star Channel (HD simulcast)
*
FX (HD simulcast)
*
Food Network
Food Network is an American basic cable channel owned by Television Food Network, G.P., a joint venture and general partnership between Warner Bros. Discovery Networks (which holds a 69% ownership stake of the network) and Nexstar Media Group ...
(HD simulcast)
*
History
History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the History of writing#Inventions of writing, invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbr ...
(HD simulcast)
*
H2 (HD simulcast)
*
Nickelodeon
Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television television channel, channel which launched on April 1, 1979, as the first cable channel for children. It is run by Paramount Global through its List of assets owned by Param ...
(HD simulcast)
*
ID - Investigação Discovery (HD simulcast)
*
I.Sat
I.Sat (contraction of the Spanish phrase ''Imagen Satelital'', which means "Satellite image") is an Argentine cable television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery International. It airs movies, series, music and shows. It is headquartered in ...
(SD Only)
*
Lifetime (HD simulcast)
*
Megapix (HD simulcast)
*
MTV
MTV (Originally an initialism of Music Television) is an American cable channel that launched on August 1, 1981. Based in New York City, it serves as the flagship property of the MTV Entertainment Group, part of Paramount Media Networks, a di ...
(HD simulcast)
*
MTV Live (HD only)
*
National Geographic Channel
National Geographic (formerly National Geographic Channel; abbreviated and trademarked as Nat Geo or Nat Geo TV) is an American pay television television network, network and flagship (broadcasting), flagship channel owned by the National Geograp ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Nick Jr.
Nick Jr. (known on-air as the Nick Jr. Channel) is an American pay television channel spun off from Nickelodeon's long-running programming block of the same name. It is run by Paramount Global through its networks division's Kids and Family Gr ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Paramount Network
Paramount Network is an American basic cable television channel owned by the MTV Entertainment Group unit of Paramount Media Networks. The network's headquarters are located at the Paramount Pictures studio lot in Los Angeles.
The channel was or ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Sony Channel
Sony Channel is a brand of general entertainment television channels, owned by Sony Pictures Television. It was previously known as Sony Entertainment Television (SET), but many of the channels, except the Indian television channel, were rebrand ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Space
Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. In classical physics, physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Studio Universal
''Studio Universal'' is a specialty television channel focused on films, owned by Universal Networks International. The programming is based on films (mainly from Universal Studios movies catalogue) and related programs with interviews, insights ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Sundance Channel Sundance Channel can refer to:
* Sundance TV, formerly known as Sundance Channel (United States).
* Sundance Channel (Canada)
* Sundance Channel (Netherlands)
* Sundance Channel (Europe) Sundance Channel can refer to:
* Sundance TV, formerly kno ...
(HD only)
*
SyFy
Syfy (formerly Sci-Fi Channel, later shortened to Sci Fi; stylized as SYFY) is an American basic cable channel owned by the NBCUniversal Television and Streaming division of Comcast's NBCUniversal through NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment. Lau ...
(HD simulcast)
*
The Golf Channel
Golf Channel (also verbally referred to as simply Golf) is an American sports television network owned by the NBC Sports Group division of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. Founded in Birmingham, Alabama, it is currently based out of NBC Sp ...
(HD only)
*
TBS (HD simulcast)
*
TCM (SD Only)
*
TLC
TLC may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Television
* ''TLC'' (TV series), a 2002 British situational comedy television series that aired on BBC2
* TLC (TV network), formerly the Learning Channel, an American cable TV network
** TLC (Asia), an A ...
(HD simulcast)
*
TNT
Trinitrotoluene (), more commonly known as TNT, more specifically 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, and by its preferred IUPAC name 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3. TNT is occasionally used as a reagen ...
(HD simulcast)
*
TNT Series
TNT Series (TNT Séries, with an accent, in Brazil) is a Latin American pay television channel which is focused on airing television series. It is operated by Warner Bros. Discovery. Launched as a spin-off of Latin American subscription network T ...
(HD Simulcast)
*
Tooncast
Tooncast is a Latin American pay television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery through its Warner Bros. Discovery#Assets, International division. It was launched on 1 December 2008; its programming consists of classical animation, both from H ...
(SD Only)
*
TruTV
TruTV (stylized as truTV) is an American basic cable channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The channel primarily broadcasts comedy, docusoaps and reality shows.
The channel was originally launched in 1991 as Court TV, a network that focu ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Universal TV
Universal TV, formerly Universal Channel, is an international pay television network specializing in movies and television series in the thriller, drama, comedy, horror, crime and investigation genres, owned by NBCUniversal International Netwo ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Warner Channel
Warner TV is a pay television channel mainly airing in Latin America, Europe, parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia, which is owned by Warner Bros. Discovery through its International unit that focuses on airing American series and films.
Most ...
(HD simulcast)
*
HBO
Home Box Office (HBO) is an American premium television network, which is the flagship property of namesake parent subsidiary Home Box Office, Inc., itself a unit owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The overall Home Box Office business unit is ba ...
**
HBO
Home Box Office (HBO) is an American premium television network, which is the flagship property of namesake parent subsidiary Home Box Office, Inc., itself a unit owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The overall Home Box Office business unit is ba ...
(HD simulcast)
**
HBO2 (HD simulcast)
**
HBO Family
Home Box Office (HBO) is an American premium television network, which is the flagship property of namesake parent subsidiary Home Box Office, Inc., itself a unit owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The overall Home Box Office business unit is ba ...
(HD simulcast)
**
HBO Signature (HD simulcast)
**
HBO Plus
Home Box Office (HBO) is an American pay television, premium television network, which is the flagship property of namesake parent subsidiary Home Box Office, Inc., itself a unit owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The overall Home Box Office busi ...
(HD simulcast)
**
HBO Plus 2 (SD Only)
**
HBO Pop (HD simulcast)
**
HBO Xtreme (HD simulcast)
**
HBO Mundi (HD simulcast)
*
Playboy TV
Playboy TV (originally The Playboy Channel) is a pay television channel based in the United States.
History
The channel first launched on December 9, 1980, as Escapade by Rainbow Programing Services (a joint-venture of four cable companies, ...
(HD simulcast)
*
Venus
Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is sometimes called Earth's "sister" or "twin" planet as it is almost as large and has a similar composition. As an interior planet to Earth, Venus (like Mercury) appears in Earth's sky never fa ...
(SD Only)
*
Glitz*
Glitz is a Latin American pay television channel that was launched on 1 May 2011, replacing Fashion TV, after the license agreement between the French channel and the now-Glitz* parent Warner Bros. Discovery International (division of Warner Bro ...
(Discontinued)
Criticism
As referenced by journalist
Eugênio Bucci
Eugênio Bucci (Orlândia) is a Brazilian journalist, known for his works at many Brazilian publications and also for his time as president of Radiobras (now working under the name Agência Brasil).
Biography
Bucci graduated in Social Communica ...
, the problem of "audiovisual media ownership concentration is relatively sharper" in Brazil when compared to the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
. According to the study ''Donos da Mídia'' ( en, Media owners),
Rede Globo
TV Globo (, "Globe TV", or simply Globo), formerly known as Rede Globo, is a Brazilian free-to-air Television broadcasting, television network, launched by media proprietor Roberto Marinho on 26 April 1965. It is owned by media conglomerate Gr ...
alone controls 340 television stations, more than
SBT
sbt is an open-source build tool for Scala (programming language), Scala and Java (programming language), Java projects, similar to Apache Software Foundation, Apache's Apache Maven, Maven and Gradle.
Its main features are:
*Native support fo ...
and
Rede Record
RecordTV (), formerly known as Rede Record, is a Brazilian free-to-air television network. It is currently the second largest commercial TV station in Brazil, and the 28th largest in the 2012 world ranking. In 2010, it was elected by the adverti ...
combined. This is largely attributed to the fact that television in the country was launched in the early 1950s by the
private sector
The private sector is the part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is owned by private groups, usually as a means of establishment for profit or non profit, rather than being owned by the government.
Employment
The ...
, without much state regulation and control
— in a manner very similar to the system of
for-profit, private
networks
Network, networking and networked may refer to:
Science and technology
* Network theory, the study of graphs as a representation of relations between discrete objects
* Network science, an academic field that studies complex networks
Mathematics
...
of
American TV and away from the state-owned, public TV stations in Europe and in the
Communist bloc
The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc and the Soviet Bloc, was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America under the influence of the Soviet Union that existed du ...
. The first national public television network,
TV Brasil
TV Brasil is a Brazilian public television network owned by Empresa Brasil de Comunicação. Its main headquarters are in Brasília, DF and Rio de Janeiro, RJ, with owned-and-operated stations in São Paulo, SP and in São Luís, MA, as we ...
, was only launched on December 2, 2007 (before that, since the 1960s there were local public-educative TV stations controlled by the
state
State may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Literature
* ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State
* ''The State'' (newspaper), a daily newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
* ''Our S ...
's governments), the same day that
digital television
Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of television signals using digital encoding, in contrast to the earlier analog television technology which used analog signals. At the time of its development it was considered an innovative advanc ...
was introduced in the country, initially limited to the cities of
Brasília
Brasília (; ) is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located at the top of the Brazilian highlands in the country's Central-West region. It was founded by President Juscelino Kubitsche ...
,
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a b ...
,
Salvador
Salvador, meaning "salvation" (or "saviour") in Catalan, Spanish, and Portuguese may refer to:
* Salvador (name)
Arts, entertainment, and media Music
*Salvador (band), a Christian band that plays both English and Spanish music
** ''Salvador'' ( ...
,
São Luís and
São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
.
Intellectuals and journalists in Brazil, mainly in the left of the political spectrum, criticize Brazilian TV as being too much
Americanized
Americanization or Americanisation (see spelling differences) is the influence of American culture and business on other countries outside the United States of America, including their media, cuisine, business practices, popular culture, tec ...
and promoter of irrational, superficial
consumerism
Consumerism is a social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts. With the Industrial Revolution, but particularly in the 20th century, mass production led to overproduction—the supp ...
and of having a general
conservative
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy that seeks to promote and to preserve traditional institutions, practices, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization i ...
bias, neglecting representation and respect in relation to traditionally oppressed classes and peoples like the
Afro-Brazilian
Afro-Brazilians ( pt, afro-brasileiros; ) are Brazilians who have predominantly African ancestry (see "Black people#Brazil, preto"). Most members of another group of people, Pardo Brazilians, multiracial Brazilians or ''pardos'', may also have a ...
peoples and
religion
Religion is usually defined as a social- cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relates humanity to supernatural, ...
,
Native Brazilian
Indigenous peoples in Brazil ( pt, povos indígenas no Brasil) or Indigenous Brazilians ( pt, indígenas brasileiros, links=no) once comprised an estimated 2000 tribes and nations inhabiting what is now the country of Brazil, before European con ...
s, poor women,
favela
Favela () is an umbrella name for several types of working-class neighborhoods in Brazil. The term was first used in the Providência neighborhood in the center of Rio de Janeiro in the late 19th century, which was built by soldiers who had ...
inhabitants,
atheist
Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...
s, peasants and
LGBT
' is an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. In use since the 1990s, the initialism, as well as some of its common variants, functions as an umbrella term for sexuality and gender identity.
The LGBT term is a ...
people.
Most-viewed channels
This list does not include thematical TV channels, streaming, games, and Internet (YouTube and others).
Viewing shares, 2021:
See also
*
List of Latin American television channels
A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to:
People
* List (surname)
Organizations
* List College, an undergraduate division of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America
* SC Germania List, German rugby unio ...
*
List of newspapers in Brazil
This is a list of newspapers in Brazil, both national and regional. Newspapers in other languages and themes newspapers are also included.
In 2012, Brazil's newspaper circulation increased by 1.8 percent, compared to the previous year. The average ...
*
List of Portuguese language television channels
*
*
Radio in Brazil
Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmit ...
References
Further reading
*
External links
*
10 anos da Lei de TV a Cabo: sobre conquistas e desafios*
SBTVD Development in Brazil
{{DEFAULTSORT:Television In Brazil
1950 establishments in Brazil