Sonic The Hedgehog (character)
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is a
title character The title character in a narrative work is one who is named or referred to in the title of the work. In a performed work such as a play or film, the performer who plays the title character is said to have the title role of the piece. The title of ...
and the
main protagonist A protagonist () is the main character of a story. The protagonist makes key decisions that affect the plot, primarily influencing the story and propelling it forward, and is often the character who faces the most significant obstacles. If a st ...
of the video game series of the same name published by
Sega is a Japanese multinational corporation, multinational video game and entertainment company headquartered in Shinagawa, Tokyo. Its international branches, Sega of America and Sega Europe, are headquartered in Irvine, California and London, r ...
, and appears in numerous spin-off
comics a medium used to express ideas with images, often combined with text or other visual information. It typically the form of a sequence of panels of images. Textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia can indicate ...
,
animations Animation is a method by which still figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most ani ...
, and other media. He is an
anthropomorphic Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology. Personification is the related attribution of human form and characteristics t ...
blue
hedgehog A hedgehog is a spiny mammal of the subfamily Erinaceinae, in the eulipotyphlan family Erinaceidae. There are seventeen species of hedgehog in five genera found throughout parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and in New Zealand by introductio ...
who can run at supersonic speeds and curl into a ball, primarily to attack enemies. In most games, Sonic must race through levels, collecting power-up rings and avoiding obstacles and enemies. Programmer
Yuji Naka , credited in some games as YU2, is a Japanese video game programmer, designer and producer. He is the former head of the Sega studio Sonic Team, where he was the lead programmer of the original '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' series on the Sega Mega ...
and artist
Naoto Ohshima (born February 26, 1964) is a Japanese artist and video game designer, best known for designing Sonic the Hedgehog and Dr. Eggman characters from Sega's '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' franchise. Although Yuji Naka created the original tech demo aroun ...
are generally credited with creating Sonic. Most of the games are developed by
Sonic Team is a video game developer owned by the Japanese video game company Sega as part of its Sega CS Research and Development No. 2 division. Sonic Team is best known for the long-running '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' series and games such as '' Nights ...
. The original ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' (1991) was released to provide Sega with a
mascot A mascot is any human, animal, or object thought to bring luck, or anything used to represent a group with a common public identity, such as a school, professional sports team, society, military unit, or brand name. Mascots are also used as fi ...
to rival
Nintendo is a Japanese Multinational corporation, multinational video game company headquartered in Kyoto, Japan. It develops video games and video game consoles. Nintendo was founded in 1889 as by craftsman Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produce ...
's flagship character
Mario is a character created by Japanese video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto. He is the title character of the ''Mario'' franchise and the mascot of Japanese video game company Nintendo. Mario has appeared in over 200 video games since his cre ...
. Sonic was redesigned by Yuji Uekawa for ''
Sonic Adventure is a 1998 platform game for Sega's Dreamcast and the first main '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' game to feature 3D gameplay. It follows Sonic the Hedgehog, Miles "Tails" Prower, Knuckles the Echidna, Amy Rose, Big the Cat, and E-102 Gamma in their ...
'' (1998), with a more mature look designed to appeal to older players. Sonic is one of the world's best-known video game characters and a gaming icon. His series had sold more than 80 million copies by 2011.


Origins and history

While Sega was seeking a flagship series to compete with Nintendo's
Mario series is a media franchise, produced and published by video game company Nintendo, created by Japanese game designer Shigeru Miyamoto and starring the fictional Italian plumber Mario. It is primarily a video game franchise, but has extended to o ...
, several character designs were submitted by its research and development department. Many results came forth from their experiments with character design, including an armadillo, a dog, a
Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...
look-alike in pajamas (who would later be the basis of
Doctor Eggman Doctor Ivo "Eggman" Robotnik is the main antagonist of Sega's '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' franchise. Eggman was created and designed by Naoto Ohshima as part of many design choices for Sega's new mascot. After the creation of Sonic the Hedgehog, ...
's design), and a rabbit (who would use its extendable ears to collect objects, an aspect later incorporated in ''
Ristar ''Ristar'' is a 1995 platform game developed and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. The game stars an anthropomorphic cartoon star who uses his hands and long, stretchable arms to both move and fight enemies. Reception for the game was gen ...
'').
Naoto Ohshima (born February 26, 1964) is a Japanese artist and video game designer, best known for designing Sonic the Hedgehog and Dr. Eggman characters from Sega's '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' franchise. Although Yuji Naka created the original tech demo aroun ...
took some of these internal designs with him on a trip to
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
and sought feedback by asking random passersby at
Central Park Central Park is an urban park in New York City located between the Upper West Side, Upper West and Upper East Sides of Manhattan. It is the List of New York City parks, fifth-largest park in the city, covering . It is the most visited urban par ...
their opinions; of the designs, the spiky teal hedgehog, initially codenamed , led this informal poll, followed by Eggman and the dog character. Ohshima felt that people selected it because it "transcends race and gender and things like that". On return to Japan, Ohshima pitched this to the department, and the hedgehog was ultimately selected as the new
mascot A mascot is any human, animal, or object thought to bring luck, or anything used to represent a group with a common public identity, such as a school, professional sports team, society, military unit, or brand name. Mascots are also used as fi ...
. The detailed design of Sonic was aimed to be something that could be easily drawn by children and be familiar, as well as exhibit a "cool" attitude, representative of the United States at the time. Sonic's blue pigmentation was chosen to match Sega's cobalt blue logo, and his shoes evolved from a design inspired by both
Santa Claus Santa Claus, also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Kris Kringle, or simply Santa, is a Legend, legendary figure originating in Western Christianity, Western Christian culture who is said to Christmas gift-bringer, bring ...
and
Michael Jackson Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. Over a ...
's boots with the addition of the color red, which was inspired by the contrast of those colors on Jackson's 1987 album '' Bad''; his personality was based on then-presidential candidate and later
President of the United States The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United Stat ...
Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton ( né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and agai ...
's "Get it done" attitude during the 1992 presidential campaign. To help sell the idea to Sega's higher-ups, Ohshima pitched the concept framed by a fictional fighter pilot that had earned the name "Hedgehog" due to his spiky hair, and had decorated his plane with images of Sonic. When this pilot retired, he married a children's book author, who wrote stories about the Sonic character, the first which became the plot for the first ''Sonic'' game; Ohshima stated that this influence can be seen in the logo of the game, which features Sonic in a pilot's wing emblem. The origins of ''Sonic'' can be traced farther back to a tech demo created by
Yuji Naka , credited in some games as YU2, is a Japanese video game programmer, designer and producer. He is the former head of the Sega studio Sonic Team, where he was the lead programmer of the original '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' series on the Sega Mega ...
, who had developed an algorithm that allowed a sprite to move smoothly on a curve by determining its position with a
dot matrix A dot matrix is a 2-dimensional patterned array, used to represent characters, symbols and images. Most types of modern technology use dot matrices for display of information, including mobile phones, televisions, and printers. The system is al ...
. Naka's original prototype was a platform game that involved a fast-moving character rolling in a ball through a long winding tube, and this concept was subsequently fleshed out with Oshima's character design and levels conceived by designer
Hirokazu Yasuhara (also credited as Carol Yas) is a Japanese video game designer. He is best known for designing the gameplay and stages of the initial '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' video games for Sega Genesis in the 1990s, based on technical demos and engines program ...
. Sonic was created without the ability to swim because of a mistaken assumption by Yuji Naka that all hedgehogs could not do so. A group of fifteen people started working on the first ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' game, and renamed themselves
Sonic Team is a video game developer owned by the Japanese video game company Sega as part of its Sega CS Research and Development No. 2 division. Sonic Team is best known for the long-running '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' series and games such as '' Nights ...
. The game's soundtrack was composed by
Masato Nakamura is a Japanese musician, bass guitarist, and record producer. He is a member of the J-pop band Dreams Come True, which was formed in 1988 and went on to sell over 50million CDs. He also composed the soundtracks for the video games ''Sonic the H ...
of the band Dreams Come True. Sega sponsored the group's "Wonder 3" tour, painting Sonic on the tour bus, distributing pamphlets advertising the game, and having footage of the game broadcast above stage prior to its release. The original concepts gave Sonic fangs and put him in a band with a human girlfriend named Madonna. However, a team from Sega of America, led by Madeline Schroeder, who calls herself "Sonic's mother," "softened" the character up for an American audience by removing those elements. This sparked a heated issue with Sonic Team. Naka later admitted that it was probably for the best. Sonic's appearance varies greatly depending on the
medium Medium may refer to: Science and technology Aviation *Medium bomber, a class of war plane *Tecma Medium, a French hang glider design Communication * Media (communication), tools used to store and deliver information or data * Medium of ...
and the style in which he is drawn. In the video games, Sonic's original design by Oshima was short and round, with short quills, a round body, and no visible irises. Artwork featuring this design and drawn by Akira Watanabe was displayed on the package artwork for ''Sonic the Hedgehog''. Sonic's proportions would change for the release of ''
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 is a 1992 platform game developed by Sega Technical Institute (STI) for the Sega Genesis. It follows Sonic as he attempts to stop Doctor Eggman from stealing the Chaos Emeralds to power his space stationnamed The Death Egg. Like the first ''S ...
'' on the Mega Drive; Sonic's head to height ratio was changed from 1:2 to 1:2.5. For the 1998 release of ''
Sonic Adventure is a 1998 platform game for Sega's Dreamcast and the first main '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' game to feature 3D gameplay. It follows Sonic the Hedgehog, Miles "Tails" Prower, Knuckles the Echidna, Amy Rose, Big the Cat, and E-102 Gamma in their ...
'', Sonic was redesigned by
Yuji Uekawa is a video game developer owned by the Japanese video game company Sega as part of its Sega CS Research and Development No. 2 division. Sonic Team is best known for the long-running ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series and games such as '' Nights int ...
as a character with longer legs and a less spherical body, longer and more drooping quills, and green-colored irises. For the 2006 game, Sonic was redesigned to make him look adult-like and taller to appeal to the next generation players. This was also done because Sonic would interact with humans more often and his design was supposed to fit. An alternative "Werehog" form was introduced in ''
Sonic Unleashed ''Sonic Unleashed'' is a 2008 platform video game in the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series. The story follows Sonic the Hedgehog (character), Sonic as he attempts to restore the world after his nemesis Doctor Eggman shatters it with a powerful laser ...
'', placing more emphasis on Sonic's melee skills rather than speed. Although Tetsu Katano acknowledged the large negative fan response to the Werehog, he believes it could return in a future game. Bob Raffei, CEO of ''Sonic Boom'' developer Big Red Button, stated that ''Sonic Boom'' Sonic is "very different... both in tone and art direction."


Voice portrayal

Sonic originally had a few voice samples in ''
Sonic CD is a 1993 platform game for the Sega CD developed and published by Sega. The story follows Sonic the Hedgehog as he attempts to save an extraterrestrial body, Little Planet, from Doctor Robotnik. Like other '' Sonic'' games, Sonic runs and ...
'', with designer Masato Nishimura providing the voice. Sonic's first true voice actor was
Takeshi Kusao is a Japanese actor, voice actor and singer. He was born in Tokorozawa, Saitama, and works for Aoni Production.Doi, Hitoshi"Kusao Takeshi" ''Seiyuu Database''. January 11, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011. Among his many roles, he is best kno ...
for the arcade game ''
SegaSonic the Hedgehog is a 1993 arcade game in the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series by Sega. Controlling Sonic the Hedgehog and his friends Mighty the Armadillo and Ray the Flying Squirrel, the player must escape an island as quickly as possible after they are kidnap ...
'', with
Junichi Kanemaru is a Japanese voice actor and singer employed by 81 Produce as of 2020. His roles included Hayato Kazami in ''Future GPX Cyber Formula'', Ryo Akiyama in ''Digimon Tamers'' and Sonic the Hedgehog in the eponymous series since 1998. He came in e ...
continually voicing the role beginning with the release of ''
Sonic Adventure is a 1998 platform game for Sega's Dreamcast and the first main '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' game to feature 3D gameplay. It follows Sonic the Hedgehog, Miles "Tails" Prower, Knuckles the Echidna, Amy Rose, Big the Cat, and E-102 Gamma in their ...
''. Kanemaru also voices Sonic in ''
Sonic X is a Japanese anime television series based on Sega's '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' video game series. Produced by TMS Entertainment under partnership with Sega and Sonic Team, and directed by Hajime Kamegaki, ''Sonic X'' initially ran for 52 ...
'', ''
Sonic Boom A sonic boom is a sound associated with shock waves created when an object travels through the air faster than the speed of sound. Sonic booms generate enormous amounts of sound energy, sounding similar to an explosion or a thunderclap to t ...
'', and the Japanese dub of the ''
Wreck-It Ralph ''Wreck-It Ralph'' is a 2012 American computer-animated comedy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The 52nd Disney animated feature film, it was directed by Rich Moore (in his feature director ...
'' films. In ''
Sonic Unleashed ''Sonic Unleashed'' is a 2008 platform video game in the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series. The story follows Sonic the Hedgehog (character), Sonic as he attempts to restore the world after his nemesis Doctor Eggman shatters it with a powerful laser ...
'', Sonic was voiced by
Tomokazu Seki is a Japanese voice actor and singer. He has previously worked with Haikyō. He is honorary president of and affiliated with Atomic Monkey and the chairman of theater company HeroHero Q. He is a special lecturer at Japan Newart College. Caree ...
while in Werehog form. Jaleel White voiced the character in the DiC animated series ''
Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog ''Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog'' is an animated series that was based on the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' video game series produced by Sega of America, DIC Animation City, Bohbot Entertainment and the Italian studio Reteitalia S.p.A. in associati ...
'', ''
Sonic SatAM ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' is an animated television series based on the video game series of the same name. It was story edited by Len Janson and produced by DIC Productions, Sega of America, and the Italian studio Reteitalia in association with ...
'', and ''
Sonic Underground ''Sonic Underground'' (French: ''Sonic Le Rebelle'') is an animated television series co-produced by DIC Productions, L.P., Les Studios Tex S.A.R.L. and TF1. It is the third ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' animated series, and the last to be produced by ...
''.
Sam Vincent James Samuel Vincent (born May 18, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player and coach. Vincent won the State of Michigan "Mr. Basketball" award in 1981, the first year the award was given. He attended Lansing's Eastern High Sch ...
provided his singing voice in the latter DiC cartoon. Starting with ''Sonic Adventure'', Sonic was voiced in English by Ryan Drummond. Drummond was replaced by Jason Griffith starting from ''Sonic X'', with Griffith voicing Sonic within the games starting with ''
Shadow The Hedgehog is a fictional character appearing in Sega's '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' franchise. Shadow was created by Takashi Iizuka and Shiro Maekawa, and first made his debut in ''Sonic Adventure 2'' (2001). Although this was intended to be his only appear ...
'' in 2005. Griffith was replaced by Roger Craig Smith, starting with ''
Sonic Free Riders is a motion controlled racing video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega exclusively for the Xbox 360. The game requires the use of Microsoft's Kinect peripheral and was a Kinect launch title in November 2010. ''Sonic Free Riders'' ...
'' and '' Sonic Colors''. Smith announced on his Twitter account on January 29, 2021, that he would no longer voice Sonic, with his departure confirmed by Sega the same day. On May 26, 2021, Smith and Sega confirmed that he was voicing Sonic once again. Ben Schwartz voiced Sonic in the 2020 feature film and reprised his role for its 2022 sequel. Canadian actor Deven Mack voices Sonic in the ''
Sonic Prime ''Sonic Prime'' is an animated television series based on the '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' video game series, co-produced by Sega of America, Netflix Animation, WildBrain Studios and Man of Action Entertainment. It is the sixth animated television s ...
'' animated series.


Appearances


Video games

Sonic's first shown appearance in a video game was in the 1991 arcade
racing game Racing games are a video game genre in which the player participates in a racing competition. They may be based on anything from real-world racing leagues to fantastical settings. They are distributed along a spectrum between more realistic ra ...
''
Rad Mobile is a racing arcade game developed by Sega AM3 and published by Sega. It was first published in Japan in October 1990, followed by an international release for arcades in February 1991. ''Rad Mobile'' was Sega's first 32-bit game, using Sega's ...
'', as a decorative ornament hanging from a rearview mirror. This was followed by an unlicensed appearance in '' The Adventures of Quik & Silva'' as a villain. Sonic's first playable appearance was in the
platform game A platform game (often simplified as platformer and sometimes called a jump 'n' run game) is a sub-genre of action video games in which the core objective is to move the player character between points in an environment. Platform games are charac ...
'' Sonic the Hedgehog'' for the
Sega Mega Drive/Genesis The Sega Genesis, known as the outside North America, is a 16-bit Fourth generation of video game consoles, fourth generation home video game console developed and sold by Sega. It was Sega's third console and the successor to the Master Syst ...
, which also introduced his nemesis
Dr. Robotnik Doctor Ivo "Eggman" Robotnik is the main antagonist of Sega's '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' franchise. Eggman was created and designed by Naoto Ohshima as part of many design choices for Sega's new mascot. After the creation of Sonic the Hedgehog, Oh ...
. His two-tailed fox friend Tails joined him in the game's 1992 sequel, ''
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 is a 1992 platform game developed by Sega Technical Institute (STI) for the Sega Genesis. It follows Sonic as he attempts to stop Doctor Eggman from stealing the Chaos Emeralds to power his space stationnamed The Death Egg. Like the first ''S ...
''. ''
Sonic CD is a 1993 platform game for the Sega CD developed and published by Sega. The story follows Sonic the Hedgehog as he attempts to save an extraterrestrial body, Little Planet, from Doctor Robotnik. Like other '' Sonic'' games, Sonic runs and ...
'', released in 1993, introduced Sonic's self-appointed girlfriend
Amy Rose The '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' video game franchise began in 1991 with the game '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' for the Sega Genesis, which pitted a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog named Sonic against a rotund male human villain named Doctor Eggman (or ...
and recurring robotic
doppelgänger A doppelgänger (), a compound noun formed by combining the two nouns (double) and (walker or goer) (), doppelgaenger or doppelganger is a biologically unrelated look-alike, or a double, of a living person. In fiction and mythology, a doppelg ...
Metal Sonic The ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' video game franchise began in 1991 with the game ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' for the Sega Genesis, which pitted a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog named Sonic against a rotund male human villain named Doctor Eggman (or Doctor ...
as Sonic traveled through time to ensure a good future for the world. ''
Sonic 3 is a 1994 platform game developed and published by Sega for the Genesis. Like previous '' Sonic'' games, players traverse side-scrolling levels while collecting rings and defeating enemies. They control Sonic and Tails, who attempt to retri ...
'' and its direct sequel ''
Sonic & Knuckles is a 1994 platform game developed and published by Sega. Players control Sonic the Hedgehog and Knuckles the Echidna in their quests to save Angel Island; Sonic tries to prevent Doctor Robotnik from relaunching his orbital weapon, the Death Egg ...
'', both released in 1994, saw Sonic and Tails battle Robotnik again, with the additional threat of Knuckles, who is tricked by Robotnik into thinking Sonic is a threat. '' Sonic 4'' (2010–2012) continues where the story of ''Sonic 3'' left off, reducing Sonic to the only playable character and releasing in episodic installments. The second episode sees the return of both Tails as Sonic's sidekick and Metal Sonic as a recurring enemy. Other two-dimensional platformers starring Sonic include ''
Sonic Chaos ''Sonic Chaos'' is a 1993 platform game published by Sega for the Master System and Game Gear. Players control Sonic the Hedgehog and his sidekick Miles "Tails" Prower in their quest to retrieve the Chaos Emeralds from Doctor Robotnik, who has ...
'' (1993), ''
Sonic Triple Trouble ''Sonic the Hedgehog: Triple Trouble'' is a 1994 platform game developed by Aspect and published by Sega for the Game Gear. It is the sequel to '' Sonic Chaos'' (1993) and features classic side-scrolling ''Sonic'' gameplay. The player contro ...
'' (1994), ''
Sonic Blast ''Sonic Blast'' is a 1996 Side-scrolling video game, side-scrolling platform game, platform video game known for its use of Pre-rendering, pre-rendered visuals. To stop Doctor Robotnik from using Chaos Emerald shards to fortify his base, the pl ...
'' (1996), ''
Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure (also known as ''Sonic Pocket Adventure'') is a platform game developed by SNK and released for the Neo Geo Pocket Color in 1999. The game is based on ''Sonic the Hedgehog 2'' (1992) for the Sega Genesis, borrowing much of the stage themes and ...
'' (1999), ''
Sonic Advance is a 2001 platform game developed by Dimps for the Game Boy Advance (GBA). It was the first ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' game released on a Nintendo console with '' Sonic Adventure 2: Battle'' on the GameCube, and was produced in commemoration of ...
'' (2001), ''
Sonic Advance 2 is a 2002 side-scrolling platform video game developed by Dimps for the Game Boy Advance. It is an installment in the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series and the sequel to 2001's '' Sonic Advance''. The story follows Sonic as he sets out to save his ...
'' (2002), '' Sonic Advance 3'' (2004), ''
Sonic Rush is a 2005 Platform game, platform video game developed by Sonic Team and Dimps for the Nintendo DS as part of Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog, ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series. It was released on November 15, 2005, in North America, November 18 in the PAL ...
'' (2005), ''
Sonic Rush Adventure is a 2007 adventure platform game for the Nintendo DS and the sequel to 2005's ''Sonic Rush''. It follows Sonic the Hedgehog and Tails, who are teleported to an alternate dimension and seek the help of Blaze the Cat, while battling a band of ro ...
'' (2007), '' Sonic Colors'' (2010), and '' Sonic Generations'' (2011), all in which were released for handheld consoles. ''
Sonic Adventure is a 1998 platform game for Sega's Dreamcast and the first main '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' game to feature 3D gameplay. It follows Sonic the Hedgehog, Miles "Tails" Prower, Knuckles the Echidna, Amy Rose, Big the Cat, and E-102 Gamma in their ...
'' (1998) was Sonic Team's return to the character for a major game. It featured Sonic returning from vacation to find the city of Station Square under attack by a new foe named
Chaos Chaos or CHAOS may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media Fictional elements * Chaos (''Kinnikuman'') * Chaos (''Sailor Moon'') * Chaos (''Sesame Park'') * Chaos (''Warhammer'') * Chaos, in ''Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy'' * Cha ...
, under the control of Dr. Robotnik (now known as
Dr. Eggman Doctor Ivo "Eggman" Robotnik is the main antagonist of Sega's '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' franchise. Eggman was created and designed by Naoto Ohshima as part of many design choices for Sega's new mascot. After the creation of Sonic the Hedgehog, Oh ...
). It was also the first Sonic game to feature a complete
voice-over Voice-over (also known as off-camera or off-stage commentary) is a production technique where a voice—that is not part of the narrative (non- diegetic)—is used in a radio, television production, filmmaking, theatre, or other presentation ...
. ''
Sonic Adventure 2 is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team USA and published by Sega. It was the final ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' game for the Dreamcast after Sega left the home console market. It features two good-vs-evil stories: Sonic the Hedgehog, Tail ...
'' (2001) placed Sonic on-the-run from the military (G.U.N.) after being mistaken for
Shadow the Hedgehog is a fictional character appearing in Sega's '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' franchise. Shadow was created by Takashi Iizuka and Shiro Maekawa, and first made his debut in ''Sonic Adventure 2'' (2001). Although this was intended to be his only appear ...
. ''
Sonic Heroes is a 2003 3D platform game developed by Sonic Team USA and published by Sega as part of the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series. The player races a team of series characters through levels to amass rings, defeat robots, and collect the seven Cha ...
'' (2003) featured Sonic teaming up with Tails and Knuckles, along with other character teams like Team Rose and Chaotix, against the newly rebuilt Metal Sonic, who had betrayed his master with intentions of world domination. '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' (2006) features Sonic in the city of water, "Soleanna," where he must rescue Princess Elise from Dr. Eggman while trying to avoid a new threat to his own life,
Silver the Hedgehog The ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' video game franchise began in 1991 with the game ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' for the Sega Genesis, which pitted a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog named Sonic against a rotund male human villain named Doctor Eggman (or Doctor ...
. He is the only playable character in ''
Sonic Unleashed ''Sonic Unleashed'' is a 2008 platform video game in the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series. The story follows Sonic the Hedgehog (character), Sonic as he attempts to restore the world after his nemesis Doctor Eggman shatters it with a powerful laser ...
'' (2008), in which he unwillingly gains a new personality, "Sonic the Werehog," the result of Sonic being fused with Dark Gaia's power. He gains strength and flexibility in exchange for his speed, and new friends including a strange creature named Chip who helps him along the way. In '' Sonic Colors'' (2010), Eggman tries to harness the energy of alien beings known as "Wisps" for a mind-control beam. '' Sonic Generations'' (2011) features two playable incarnations of Sonic: the younger "classic" Sonic, whose gameplay is presented in a style reminiscent of the Mega Drive/Genesis games, and present-day "modern" Sonic, who uses the gameplay style present in ''Unleashed'' and ''Colors'', going through stages from past games to save their friends. ''Sonic Generations'' features various theme songs including modern and retro versions that are able to be selected from throughout Sonic's twenty-year history. In April 2013, Sega announced that ''
Sonic Lost World is a 2013 action-adventure platform game developed by Sonic Team. It is part of the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series, and was released in October 2013 for the Wii U and Nintendo 3DS in PAL regions by Nintendo and by Sega in North America and Japan. ...
'' would launch in October 2013 for the
Wii U The Wii U ( ) is a home video game console developed by Nintendo as the successor to the Wii. Released in late 2012, it is the first eighth-generation video game console and competed with Microsoft's Xbox One and Sony's PlayStation 4. Th ...
and
Nintendo 3DS The is a handheld game console produced by Nintendo. It was announced in March 2010 and unveiled at E3 2010 as the successor to the Nintendo DS. The system features backward compatibility with Nintendo DS video games. As an eighth-generatio ...
. ''
Sonic and the Secret Rings is a 2007 platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Wii. A spin-off from the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series, it is the first title in the franchise for the system, and follows Sonic the Hedgehog's quest to stop an ...
'' (2007) features Sonic in the storybook world of ''
One Thousand and One Nights ''One Thousand and One Nights'' ( ar, أَلْفُ لَيْلَةٍ وَلَيْلَةٌ, italic=yes, ) is a collection of Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age. It is often known in English as the ''Arabian ...
''. A sequel, '' Sonic and the Black Knight'' (2009), continued the storybook theme, this time taking place within the realm of the
Arthurian legend The Matter of Britain is the body of medieval literature and legendary material associated with Great Britain and Brittany and the legendary kings and heroes associated with it, particularly King Arthur. It was one of the three great Wester ...
. Sonic has also been featured in other games of many genres other than 2D and 3D platform games. These include ''
Sonic Spinball ''Sonic the Hedgehog Spinball'' is a 1993 pinball video game developed by Sega Technical Institute and published by Sega. It is a Spin-off (media), spinoff of the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series set in the continuity of the ''Sonic the Hedgehog ...
'', ''Sonic Labyrinth'' (1995), the racing games ''Sonic Drift'' (1994), ''Sonic Drift 2'' (1995), ''Sonic R'' (1996), ''Sonic Riders'' (2006), ''Sonic Rivals'' (2006), ''Sonic Rivals 2'' (2007), ''Sonic Riders: Zero Gravity'' (2008), and ''
Sonic Free Riders is a motion controlled racing video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega exclusively for the Xbox 360. The game requires the use of Microsoft's Kinect peripheral and was a Kinect launch title in November 2010. ''Sonic Free Riders'' ...
'' (2010), the fighting games ''Sonic the Fighters'' (1996) and ''Sonic Battle'' (2003), the mobile game ''Sonic Jump'' (2005), and the role-playing video game ''Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood'' (2008). Video games such as ''Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine'' (1993), ''Knuckles' Chaotix'' (1995), ''Tails' Skypatrol'' (1995), ''Tails Adventure'' (1995), and ''Shadow the Hedgehog (video game), Shadow the Hedgehog'' (2005) starred supporting characters of the ''Sonic'' series, although Sonic himself cameos in most of them.


Cameos and crossovers

Sonic makes cameos in various other games, such as ''Billy Hatcher and the Giant Egg'' as a power-up, in the main hallway in ''Phantasy Star Universe'', and in the 2008 remake of ''Samba de Amigo''. He is also a playable character in ''Nights into Dreams..., Christmas NiGHTS into Dreams''. Nintendo, Sega's former rival, references Sonic in ''Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest'', by showing Sonic's shoes next to a trash can that reads "No Hopers" on the Cranky's Video Game Heroes screen. Sonic has appeared in several Crossover (fiction), crossover games, including playable appearances in ''Super Smash Bros. Brawl'' (2008), ''Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U'' (2014), and ''Super Smash Bros. Ultimate'' (2018), ''Lego Dimensions'' (2015), and ''Cookie Run: Kingdom'' (2021). He appears in the crossover party game series ''Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games (series), Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games'' and is also a playable character in all three ''Sega Superstars (series), Sega Superstars'' games. An official Sonic the Hedgehog skin is available in the platformer battle royale game ''Fall Guys''. Sonic appears as a playable character in ''Puyo Puyo Tetris 2'' via free update. An official Sonic the Hedgehog world with skins are available with DLC in ''Minecraft''.


Animation

The first three animated series featuring Sonic were created by the international company DiC. The first of these series, ''
Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog ''Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog'' is an animated series that was based on the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' video game series produced by Sega of America, DIC Animation City, Bohbot Entertainment and the Italian studio Reteitalia S.p.A. in associati ...
'', premiered in 1993, and depicts Sonic and his friend Tails opposing Doctor Ivo Robotnik and his robots on the planet Mobius. Another animated series premiering the same year, simply titled ''Sonic the Hedgehog (TV series), Sonic the Hedgehog'', depicts Sonic and a group of rebels aiming to defeat Robotnik in a futuristic version of Mobius. The third animated series, ''
Sonic Underground ''Sonic Underground'' (French: ''Sonic Le Rebelle'') is an animated television series co-produced by DIC Productions, L.P., Les Studios Tex S.A.R.L. and TF1. It is the third ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' animated series, and the last to be produced by ...
'', premiered in 1999, and features Sonic as the protagonist alongside his siblings Sonia and Manic. In 1996, a two-part Original video animation, OVA, ''Sonic the Hedgehog (OVA), Sonic the Hedgehog,'' was released in Japan. For the American release, the two episodes combined and released as ''Sonic the Hedgehog: The Movie'' by ADV Films. A new series, ''
Sonic X is a Japanese anime television series based on Sega's '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' video game series. Produced by TMS Entertainment under partnership with Sega and Sonic Team, and directed by Hajime Kamegaki, ''Sonic X'' initially ran for 52 ...
,'' began airing in 2003. The 78-episode anime series detailed Sonic's struggle to protect the Chaos Emeralds from Eggman and new villains. Featuring a cross-world and interstellar journey, ''Sonic X'' depicted Sonic and his human friend Chris Thorndyke in quests to save the world. ''Sonic: Night of the Werehog'' is a short film produced by Marza Animation Planet, Sega's VE Animation Studio, released to coincide with the release of ''
Sonic Unleashed ''Sonic Unleashed'' is a 2008 platform video game in the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series. The story follows Sonic the Hedgehog (character), Sonic as he attempts to restore the world after his nemesis Doctor Eggman shatters it with a powerful laser ...
''. In the film, Sonic and Chip enter a haunted house, and must deal with two ghosts trying to scare them in attempt to win the heart of the girl ghost. Sonic also makes multiple cameo appearances in the Disney films, ''Wreck-It Ralph'' and its sequel ''Ralph Breaks the Internet''. In October 2013, Sega announced a CGI animated series, ''
Sonic Boom A sonic boom is a sound associated with shock waves created when an object travels through the air faster than the speed of sound. Sonic booms generate enormous amounts of sound energy, sounding similar to an explosion or a thunderclap to t ...
''. The show ran for 104 11-minute episodes between 2014 and 2017 on Cartoon Network in the U.S. and the UK, and Canal J and Gulli in France. Sonic makes several appearances in 2014 anime ''Sega Hard Girls, Hi-sCoool! SeHa Girls'' and guest-stars in the ''OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes'' episode "Let's Meet Sonic". In February 2021, ''
Sonic Prime ''Sonic Prime'' is an animated television series based on the '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' video game series, co-produced by Sega of America, Netflix Animation, WildBrain Studios and Man of Action Entertainment. It is the sixth animated television s ...
'' was announced by Netflix with a 2022 release window, though the series' development was initially revealed in a deleted tweet in December 2020. The show will primarily be for children ages six to eleven, as well as longtime fans of the franchise. In October 2022, Netflix sets its release for December.


Live-action films

On June 10, 2014, a film based on the ''Sonic'' series was announced. Simply known as ''Sonic the Hedgehog (film), Sonic the Hedgehog'', it was produced by Neal Moritz on his Original Film banner alongside Takeshi Ito and Mie Onishi, with Toby Ascher as executive producer. The film was written by Patrick Casey (writer), Pat Casey and Josh Miller (filmmaker), Josh Miller and produced as a joint venture between Paramount Pictures and Marza Animation Planet. The film is a live-action and Computer-generated imagery, CGI hybrid. The movie was filmed in 2018, with a release date initially set for November 8, 2019. Upon the release of the film's first trailer in late April 2019, however, Sonic's appearance was heavily criticized, leading to the director, Jeff Fowler, to announce a redesign of him, pushing back the release date to February 14, 2020. The second trailer for the film was released on November 12, 2019, featuring the redesign, which drew in a far more positive response from both fans and critics alike. In the first film, it centers on Sonic, born with supersonic speed powers and abilities, who befriends the sheriff named Tom Wachowski, to stop the villainous Dr. Robotnik who plots to have Sonic's speed powers for world domination. A sequel, ''Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (film), Sonic the Hedgehog 2'', was released on April 8, 2022, and it centers on Sonic and Tails on a race to prevent Robotnik and Knuckles from getting the hands on the Master Emerald. The original design of Sonic from the first movie's initial trailer appears in ''Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (film), Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers'', voiced by Tim Robinson (comedian), Tim Robinson. Named "Ugly Sonic", he is portrayed as a washed up actor looking to make a comeback after he was kicked off the film.


Print media

Sonic's first comic appearance was in a promotional comic printed in ''Disney Adventures'' magazine (and also given away as a free pull-out with a copy of ''Mean Machines'' magazine), which established a backstory for the character involving the origin of his color and abilities and the transformation of kindly scientist Dr. Ovi Kintobor into the evil Dr. Ivo Robotnik. Numerous British publications, including "Sega handbook" ''Stay Sonic'' (1993), four novels published by Virgin Books (1993–1994) and the comic book ''Sonic the Comic'' (1993–2001), published by Fleetway Publications/Egmont Publishing, used this premise as their basis. The American comics published by Archie Comics, ''Sonic the Hedgehog (Archie Comics), Sonic the Hedgehog'' (1993–2017), ''Sonic X#Comic series, Sonic X'' (2005–2008), and ''Sonic Universe'' (2009–2017) are based on the settings established by earlier animated TV series, the ABC "Sonic the Hedgehog (TV series), SatAM" cartoon, the ''
Sonic X is a Japanese anime television series based on Sega's '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' video game series. Produced by TMS Entertainment under partnership with Sega and Sonic Team, and directed by Hajime Kamegaki, ''Sonic X'' initially ran for 52 ...
'' anime, and an expansion to the series, respectively. The former series is currently the second longest-running Brand licensing, licensed comic series in the history of American comic books, second only to Marvel Comics, Marvel's Conan (comics), Conan series (first issue released in 1970). In France two comic books named "Sonic Adventures" were published by Sirène in 1994. ''Guinness World Records'' recognized Sonic comic as the longest-running comic based on a game. Archie Comics also released a twelve part crossover with Mega Man beginning in 2013. The Archie comics were later succeeded by a new Sonic the Hedgehog (IDW Publishing), comic series by IDW Publishing in 2018, which is currently ongoing. Sonic has also been featured in two different Sonic the Hedgehog (manga), manga. One series was simply called ''Sonic the Hedgehog'', and featured a story about a normal hedgehog boy named Nicky who can change into Sonic. The other series was a compilation of short stories and was separated into two volumes, the first being called ''Dash and Spin'', and the other called ''Super Fast Sonic!!''.


Characteristics

According to various official materials from Sega, Sonic is described as a character who is "like the wind": a drifter who lives as he wants,
Sega is a Japanese multinational corporation, multinational video game and entertainment company headquartered in Shinagawa, Tokyo. Its international branches, Sega of America and Sega Europe, are headquartered in Irvine, California and London, r ...
(2004). ''
Sonic Heroes is a 2003 3D platform game developed by Sonic Team USA and published by Sega as part of the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' series. The player races a team of series characters through levels to amass rings, defeat robots, and collect the seven Cha ...
'' instruction manual, pp. 6
and makes life a series of events and adventures. Sonic hates oppression and staunchly defends freedom.
Sega is a Japanese multinational corporation, multinational video game and entertainment company headquartered in Shinagawa, Tokyo. Its international branches, Sega of America and Sega Europe, are headquartered in Irvine, California and London, r ...
(1999). ''
Sonic Adventure is a 1998 platform game for Sega's Dreamcast and the first main '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' game to feature 3D gameplay. It follows Sonic the Hedgehog, Miles "Tails" Prower, Knuckles the Echidna, Amy Rose, Big the Cat, and E-102 Gamma in their ...
'' instruction manual, pp. 18
Although he is mostly quick-witted and easygoing, he has a short temper and is often impatient with slower things. Sonic is a habitual daredevil hedgehog who is honest, loyal to friends, keeps his promises, and dislikes tears.
Sega is a Japanese multinational corporation, multinational video game and entertainment company headquartered in Shinagawa, Tokyo. Its international branches, Sega of America and Sega Europe, are headquartered in Irvine, California and London, r ...
(1997). ''Sonic Jam'', Sega Saturn. Sonic World's Character Profiles (in English)
He took the young Tails under his wing like a little brother, and is uninterested in marital proposals from
Amy Rose The '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' video game franchise began in 1991 with the game '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' for the Sega Genesis, which pitted a blue anthropomorphic hedgehog named Sonic against a rotund male human villain named Doctor Eggman (or ...
. In times of crisis, he focuses intensely on the challenge as if his personality had undergone an astonishing change. Sonic's greatest strength is his running speed, being known in the game's universe as the world's fastest hedgehog. Many of his abilities are variations on the tendency for hedgehogs to roll into tight balls for protection with the addition of spinning his body. Since his introduction in 1991's '' Sonic the Hedgehog'', Sonic's primary offensive maneuver is the basic "Spin Attack" (or "Sonic Spin Attack").
Sega is a Japanese multinational corporation, multinational video game and entertainment company headquartered in Shinagawa, Tokyo. Its international branches, Sega of America and Sega Europe, are headquartered in Irvine, California and London, r ...
(1991). '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' instruction manual, pp. 3
Later games in the series expanded on this basic attack and two of these enhancements have become mainstays of his: the Spin Dash which was introduced in ''
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 is a 1992 platform game developed by Sega Technical Institute (STI) for the Sega Genesis. It follows Sonic as he attempts to stop Doctor Eggman from stealing the Chaos Emeralds to power his space stationnamed The Death Egg. Like the first ''S ...
'' and involves Sonic spinning on the spot before blasting off at full speed,
Sega is a Japanese multinational corporation, multinational video game and entertainment company headquartered in Shinagawa, Tokyo. Its international branches, Sega of America and Sega Europe, are headquartered in Irvine, California and London, r ...
(1991). ''
Sonic the Hedgehog 2 is a 1992 platform game developed by Sega Technical Institute (STI) for the Sega Genesis. It follows Sonic as he attempts to stop Doctor Eggman from stealing the Chaos Emeralds to power his space stationnamed The Death Egg. Like the first ''S ...
'' instruction manual, pp. 6
and the Homing Attack, officially introduced in ''
Sonic Adventure is a 1998 platform game for Sega's Dreamcast and the first main '' Sonic the Hedgehog'' game to feature 3D gameplay. It follows Sonic the Hedgehog, Miles "Tails" Prower, Knuckles the Echidna, Amy Rose, Big the Cat, and E-102 Gamma in their ...
'', in which Sonic dashes toward a target in midair. Sonic's only weakness is that he cannot swim, sinking like a rock if plunged to a deep body of water. The reason for this is because Yuji Naka had a misunderstanding about hedgehogs not being able to swim. The only exception is that he can swim in the Sonic the Hedgehog Adventure Gamebooks. When the seven Chaos Emeralds are collected and used, Sonic transforms into , a faster, stronger and invulnerable version of himself that can fly. In Super Sonic form, Sonic's irises turn red and his body becomes golden.


Reception and legacy

As Sega's mascot and one of the key reasons for the company's success during the History of video game consoles (fourth generation), 16-bit era of video game consoles, Sonic is one of the most famous video game characters in the world. In 1993, Sonic became the first video game character to have a balloon in Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. In 1996, Sonic was also the first video game character to be seen in a Tournament of Roses Parade, Rose Parade. Sonic was one of the three game characters inducted on the inaugural Walk of Game class in 2005, along with former rivals
Mario is a character created by Japanese video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto. He is the title character of the ''Mario'' franchise and the mascot of Japanese video game company Nintendo. Mario has appeared in over 200 video games since his cre ...
and Link (The Legend of Zelda), Link (both from
Nintendo is a Japanese Multinational corporation, multinational video game company headquartered in Kyoto, Japan. It develops video games and video game consoles. Nintendo was founded in 1889 as by craftsman Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produce ...
). One of a class of genes involved in Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly embryonic development, called hedgehog signaling pathway, hedgehog genes, has been named "sonic hedgehog" after him. On the other hand, Sonic's apparent romantic relationship with Princess Elise in the 2006 video game resulted in major criticism. Sonic's characterization and relationship with Eggman in ''Sonic Boom'' earned a positive response by Patrick Lee of ''The A.V. Club'' and Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media. Sonic has also been used as a symbol for Sega's various sponsorships. Between 1993 and 1997, Sega sponsored the JEF United Ichihara Chiba association football, football team, during which period Sonic appeared in the team's uniform. During the 1993 Formula One season, 1993 Formula One championship, Sega sponsored the WilliamsF1, Williams Grand Prix team, which won the Constructors' Championship that year, as well as the team's lead driver, Alain Prost, winning the Drivers' Championship. Sonic was featured in the cars, helmets, and their rivals McLaren used to paint a squashed hedgehog after winning races over Williams. The 1993 European Grand Prix featured a Sonic balloon and Sonic billboards. In 1992, according to Sega of America marketing director Al Nilsen, Sonic was found to be more recognizable than Mickey Mouse in the six-to eleven-year-old demographic, based on the character's respective Q Scores, although this claim could not be confirmed by Q Score developer Marketing Evaluations, Inc. Nintendo Power listed Sonic as their sixth favorite hero, stating that while he was originally Mario's nemesis, he seems at home on Nintendo platforms. They added that he has remained as one of gaming's greatest icons. In 2004, the character won a Golden Joystick Award for "The Sun Ultimate Gaming Hero". The character's popularity declined in the mid-1990s, and Sonic failed to place in ''Electronic Gaming Monthly''s Coolest Mascot of 1996 in either the editors' or readers' picks, being beaten out by not only competitors Mario and Crash Bandicoot (character), Crash Bandicoot, but Sega's own Nights (character), Nights; however, in a 2008 poll of 500 people, Sonic was voted the most popular video game character in the UK with a 24% vote while his old rival Mario came second with 21% of the vote. Later that year, Sonic was ranked as the most iconic video game character in an MSN rankings list. In 2011, ''Empire (magazine), Empire'' ranked him as the 14th greatest video game character. And he was voted 10th out of the top 50 video game characters of all time in ''Guinness World Records'' 2011 Gamers' Edition. Sonic ranked ninth on GameDaily's Top 10 Smash Bros characters list. GameDaily also listed his "next-generation stumble" in their list of video game characters' worst moments, using his relationship with a human female as one of the worst parts of it. Ken Balough, Sega's former associate brand manager, said that Sonic's appeal endured because the character is "a gaming legend, first and foremost" who originated "from a series of games that defined a generation in gaming history, and his iconic personality was the epitome of speed in the early ‘90s, pushing the limits of what gamers knew and expected from high-speed action and platforming games." A Japanese team developing the Radio & Plasma Wave Investigation (RPWI) instrumentation for the upcoming ''Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer'' spacecraft, to be launched by ESA and Airbus in 2022, was able to gain Sega's approval to use Sonic as the mascot for the device. An Internet meme called "Sanic" has been used based on a poorly drawn Sonic; typically, the meme uses one of Sonic's catchphrases but with poor grammar. Sega's official Sonic Twitter account has made numerous references to it, and it appeared in official downloadable content for ''Sonic Forces'' on in-game shirts. The meme also appears as a drawing in the Sonic the Hedgehog (film), theatrical film.


Notes


References


External links

* Official character profiles o
Sonic Central
an

(archived)

(in Japanese)
Sonic the Hedgehog
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