Salim–Javed

Salim–Javed were an Indian screenwriting duo, composed of Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar, working in Bollywood. They are noted for being the first Indian screenwriters to achieve star status, becoming the most successful Indian screenwriters of all time. They are regarded as "Hindi cinema's greatest screenwriters". They worked together on 24 films during 1971–1987, of which twenty were commercially and critically successful films. They worked together on 22 Bollywood films, as well as two Kannada films.

Salim–Javed revolutionized Indian cinema in the 1970s, transforming and reinventing the Bollywood formula, and pioneering the Bollywood blockbuster format. A significant departure from the romance films that had previously dominated Bollywood, Salim–Javed pioneered cultural phenomena such as the " angry young man" character archetype, the masala film, the Dacoit Western genre, and Bombay underworld crime films. Salim–Javed's films also had a wider impact on Indian society, with themes relevant to the socio-economic and socio-political climate of 1970s India, especially during The Emergency period, such as urban slum poverty, political corruption, and organized crime, while presenting progressive, feminist and anti-establishment themes, which resonated with Indian audiences in the 1970s and early 1980s. During their time working together, the duo won six Filmfare Awards, out of ten nominations. Their films are also among the highest-grossing Indian films of all time, including ''Sholay'' (1975), the highest-grossing Indian film ever at the time, as well as films such as ''Seeta Aur Geeta'' (1972), '' Zanjeer'' (1973), ''Deewaar'' (1975), ''Kranti'' (1981), and the ''Don'' franchise. ''Sholay'' is also considered to be one of the greatest Indian films of all time.

While working together, Salim Khan was largely responsible for developing the stories and characters, which were considered unconventional at the time, while Javed Akhtar was largely responsible for writing the dialogues. Many of the dialogues they wrote for their films have become famous. Although the dialogues are often referred to as Hindi, they are actually mostly in Urdu) – ''Premada Kanike'' and ''Raja Nanna Raja''. Though they split in 1982, due to ego issues, some of the scripts they wrote were made into hit films later like ''Zamana'' and ''Mr. India''.

Salim–Javed (as they are famously called) have scripted many commercially and critically accepted movies for movie making giants like Nasir Hussain (''Yaadon Ki Baaraat''), Prakash Mehra ('' Zanjeer'' and ''Haath Ki Safai''), Ravi Tandon ('' Majboor''), Yash Chopra (''Deewaar, Trishul'' and ''Kaala Patthar''), Yash Johar ('' Dostana''), Ramesh Sippy (''Seeta Aur Geeta'' and ''Sholay''), Ramesh Talwar ('' Zamana''), Shekhar Kapoor (''Mr. India'') and with Chand Barot (''Don''). The duo split up in the early 1982 and ended their 12-year professional relationship because they developed ego issues. Of the 24 films they wrote the scripts for, the film which were not successful at box office include ''Aakhri Dao'' (1975), ''Immaan Dharam'' (1977), ''Kaala Patthar'' (1979) and '' Shaan'' (1981).

After their split

Salim Khan after the split was not very active in films. Though he did write the scripts for about 10 films after his split with Javed Akhthar like '' Naam'' (1986), ''Kabzaa'', '' Toofan (1989)'', '' Jurm'' (1990), ''Akayla, Patthar Ke Phool'', ''Mast Kalandar'' (all in 1991), '' Aa Gale Lag Jaa'' (1994), ''Majhdhaar'' and '' Dil Tera Diwana'' (both 1996). Of these scripts, ''Toofan, Akayla, Majhdaar, Aa Gale Lag Jaa'' and ''Dil Tera Deewana'' failed at the box office. Salim Khan's eldest son, Salman Khan, made his film debut at the age of twenty two with ''Biwi Ho To Aisi'' in the year 1988 and eventually went on to become one of the most successful actors in the history of Bollywood. Salman Khan has collaborated with his father Salim Khan in ''Patthar Ke Phool'' and ''Majhdhaar'', and with Javed Akhtar in only one film – '' Marigold'' (2007), in his three-decade long career. Javed Akhtar, on the other hand, has worked in all the films produced by his children Farhan Akhtar and Zoya Akhtar's Excel Entertainment. Javed Akhtar started writing lyrics for films beginning with ''Silsila'' in 1981 and since 1982 has written lyrics for around 80 films and scripts for over 20 films till the present times. Javed and Salim were not even on talking terms after their split till 2012, when their original script ''Zanjeer'' was being remade into a 2013 film of the same name by producer Sumeet Mehra. Salim and Javed had filed a suit in the Bombay High Court in July 2013 claiming they had copyrights over the script, story and dialogues of the original film, produced by Prakash Mehra and demanded compensation from the makers of the remake. This court case brought them together again on talking terms.

Their last unofficial partnership was for the film ''Baghban'' (2003). Amitabh Bachchan requested to Javed Akhtar to write his final speech. Salman Khan, for his speech prior to that, requested his father Salim Khan to write his speech. However, neither Salim Khan nor Javed Akhtar were credited.

Contributions

Screenwriter profession

They have worked together in 24 films including two Kannada films – ''Premada Kanike'' and ''Raja Nanna Raja''. Though they split in 1982 some of the scripts they wrote were made into films later like Zamana and Mr. India. They are credited with the creation of the "angry young man" image of Amitabh Bachchan. For a significant number of his major hits, they wrote the screenplay, story and dialogue. They brought credibility to a profession which had previously been relegated to the background. It is due to their efforts and work that screenplay/story/dialogue writers are seeing the limelight. They fought for and achieved the mentioning of screenplay/story/dialogue writer's names on the movie posters.

According to Javed Akhtar, in their early periods, on the cinema posters, there were no names of script writer, story and screenplay. Realizing that the hard work is done by this duo, and not getting the appropriate recognition, Salim and Javed decided to paint their names on all the posters pasted in the city. They hired a rikshaw and put the paint bucket on that and did all the work themselves the entire night. After that, the directors also started to put their name on the posters.

Bollywood cinema

Salim–Javed revolutionized Indian cinema, particularly Bollywood. At the time, Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation, dominated by family-friendly romance films with "romantic hero" leads. The arrival of the non-conformist screenwriter pair Salim–Javed marked a paradigm shift for the industry, with their creative innovations that proved to be a significant breakthrough for Hindi cinema, and resurrected Indian cinema.

Salim–Javed began the genre of gritty, violent, Bombay underworld crime films, in the 1970s, with films such as '' Zanjeer'' (1973) and ''Deewaar'' (1975). ''Deewaar'', which pitted "a policeman against his brother, a gang leader based on real-life smuggler Haji Mastan" portrayed by Bachchan, was described as being "absolutely key to Indian cinema" by Danny Boyle.

They also pioneered the masala film format. ''Yaadon Ki Baarat'' (1973), directed by Nasir Hussain and written by Salim–Javed, has been identified as the first masala film and the "first" quintessentially "Bollywood" film.Kaushik Bhaumik,
An Insightful Reading of Our Many Indian Identities
The Wire, 12/03/2016 Salim–Javed subsequently went on to write more successful masala films in the 1970s and 1980s.

Both of these trends, the violent crime film and the masala film, came together with the blockbuster ''Sholay'' (1975). It combined the dacoit film conventions of ''Mother India'' (1957) and ''Gunga Jumna'' (1961) with that of Spaghetti Westerns, spawning the Dacoit Western genre (also known as the "Curry Western"), which was popular in the 1970s. ''Sholay'' is considered to be one of the greatest Indian films of all time. It has been described as the "''Star Wars'' of Bollywood", with its impact on Bollywood comparable to the impact ''Star Wars'' (1977) later had on Hollywood, while the villain Gabbar Singh ( Amjad Khan) has been compared to Darth Vader. Salim–Javed also created the ''Don'' franchise, one of the biggest Indian film franchises.

Salim–Javed were also responsible for launching the career of Bollywood superstar Amitabh Bachchan. Salim Khan conceived the "angry young man" persona that he became famous for, and introduced him to directors Prakash Mehra and Manmohan Desai. Salim–Javed often wrote their scripts with Bachchan in mind for the lead role, and insisted he be cast for their films early in his career, including ''Zanjeer'', ''Deewaar'', and ''Sholay'', roles which established Bachchan as a superstar.

South Indian cinema

Their work was also highly influential in South Indian cinema. In addition to writing two Kannada films – the highly successful Rajkumar and Arathi starrers of 1976 – ''Raja Nanna Raja'' and ''Premada Kanike'', many of their Bollywood films had remakes produced in other South Indian film industries, including Tamil cinema, Telugu cinema and Malayalam cinema. While the Bollywood directors and producers held the rights to their films in Northern India, it was Salim–Javed who held the rights to their films in South India, where they sold the remake rights to various South Indian filmmakers, usually for around each, for films such as ''Zanjeer'', ''Yaadon Ki Baarat'', and ''Don''.

Much like their role in launching the career of Amitabh Bachchan, Salim–Javed also played an important role in launching the career of South Indian superstar Rajinikanth. Several Tamil remakes of their films became breakthroughs for Rajinikanth, who was cast in Amitabh Bachchan's role. The Tamil remake of ''Don'' (1978) in particular, ''Billa'' (1980), was a turning point in Rajinikanth's career, as his first blockbuster hit. He also starred in several other hit Salim–Javed adaptations in Bachchan's role, including ''Thee'' (1981), ''Mr. Bharath'' (1986), and ''Naan Vazhavaippen'' (1979). Of the four prominent south industries, their movies were remade the least in Kannada.

Screenwriter V. Vijayendra Prasad, responsible for a number of blockbusters in the early 21st century, including the South Indian franchise ''Baahubali'' and the 2015 Hindi film ''Bajrangi Bhaijaan'' (starring Salim's son Salman Khan), cited Salim–Javed as a major inspiration on his work, especially their screenplay for ''Sholay'', among other films.

Indian society

Salim–Javed's films had a wider impact on Indian society. Their films reflected the socio-economic and socio-political realities of 1970s India, channeling the growing popular discontent and disillusionment among the masses, and the failure of the state in ensuring their welfare and well-being, in a time when prices were rapidly rising, commodities were becoming scarce, public institutions were losing legitimacy, and smugglers and gangsters were gathering political clout. There was also an unprecedented growth of slums across India in the 1970s, particularly in Bombay, the most famous being Dharavi, which was represented in ''Deewaar'' (1975).

Their films often dealt with themes relevant to Indian society at the time, such as urban poverty in slums, corruption in society, and the Bombay underworld crime scene. While inspired by Mehboob Khan's ''Mother India'' (1957) and Dilip Kumar's ''Gunga Jumna'' (1961), Salim–Javed reinterpreted their rural themes in a contemporary urban context reflecting the changing socio-political climate of 1970s India, which resonated with Indian audiences in the 1970s.

Some of their films in the 1970s, especially ''Deewaar'', were perceived by audiences to be anti-establishment. This was represented by the "angry young man", conceived by Salim–Javed and portrayed by Amitabh Bachchan, often presented as a vigilante or anti-hero, establishing Bachchan's image as the "angry young man" of Indian cinema. The "angry young man" was seen as a new kind of hero, with his suppressed rage giving a voice to the angst of the urban poor.

Their portrayal of female heroines was also progressive and feminist for Indian society the time. For example, ''Seeta Aur Geeta'' (1972) subverted the formula of Dilip Kumar starrer ''Ram Aur Shyam'' (1972), replacing twin brothers with twin sisters, and having the heroine Hema Malini eventually become the "hero" while male lead Dharmendra is in a mostly supporting role. Parveen Babi's character in ''Deewaar'' is portrayed as "a modern woman who felt no guilt or shame in having pre-marital sex, drinking or smoking," which was "novel and revolutionary" at the time, and she became seen as the "new Bollywood woman". Similar feminist undertones appear in ''Sholay'' (1975), where Basanti (Hema Malini) is a "straight-talking, earthy and independent young woman doing a man’s job".

International cinema

Beyond their influence on Indian films, their work has also influenced international films. Their 1975 film ''Deewaar'' had an influence on Hong Kong cinema and in turn Hollywood cinema, by playing a key role in the creation of the heroic bloodshed crime genre of 1980s Hong Kong action cinema. ''Deewaar'', along with several later 1970s "angry young man" epics it inspired, such as ''Amar Akbar Anthony'' (1977), had similarities to elements later seen in 1980s Hong Kong heroic bloodshed films. Hong Kong's Shaw Brothers studio remade ''Deewaar'' as '' The Brothers'' (1979), which in turn inspired John Woo's internationally acclaimed breakthrough ''A Better Tomorrow'' (1986). ''A Better Tomorrow'' set the template for heroic bloodshed films, a genre that went on to have a significant influence on Hong Kong films in the 1980s and later Hollywood movies in the 1990s, inspiring filmmakers such as Quentin Tarantino along with John Woo's entry into Hollywood.

According to Loveleen Tandan, the screenwriter Simon Beaufoy, who wrote the screenplay for the Academy Award winning ''Slumdog Millionaire'' (2008), "studied Salim-Javed's kind of cinema minutely." In particular, ''Deewaar'' was praised by Danny Boyle and influenced the making of ''Slumdog Millionaire''. Actor Anil Kapoor (who stars in the film) noted that some scenes of ''Slumdog Millionaire'' "are like ''Deewaar'', the story of two brothers of whom one is completely after money while the younger one is honest and not interested in money." One of the techniques often used by Salim–Javed was their use of a montage sequence to represent a child growing into an adult, a technique that dates back to ''Awaara'' (1951), directed by Raj Kapoor and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas. For example, ''Deewaar'' showed a character entering a temple as a child and then leaving the temple as an adult. ''Slumdog Millionaire'' paid homage to Salim–Javed by showing a montage sequence where two "brothers jump off a train and suddenly they are seven years older". In ''Slumdog Millionaire'', two characters have names referencing the duo: Salim K. Malik (brother of protagonist Jamal Malik) and Javed Khan (played by Mahesh Manjrekar).

Filmography

Hindi films

Kannada films

Awards and nominations

Filmfare Awards

Films with Salim–Javed writing credits that were nominated for or won the Filmfare Award for Best Film:

*'' Zanjeer'' (1973) Nominated
*''Deewaar'' (1975) Won
*''Sholay'' (1975) Nominated
*''Trishul'' (1978) Nominated
*''Kaala Patthar'' (1979) Nominated
*''Shakti'' (1982) Won
*''Baghban'' (2003) Nominated
*'' Don: The Chase Begins Again'' (2006) Nominated

''Sholay'' received a special award at the 50th Filmfare Awards in 2005: Best Film of 50 Years.

British Film Institute

''Sholay'' (1975) was ranked first in the British Film Institute's 2002 poll of " Top 10 Indian Films" of all time.

Box office performance

The following table lists the box office performance of Bollywood films written by Salim–Javed. The table covers the domestic box office in India, in addition to the overseas box office. The vast majority of the overseas box office for their films up until the 1980s came from the Soviet Union, which was the largest overseas market for Indian films up until then.

The gross revenue figures in the table do not take inflation into account. The gross revenue numbers given below are nominal figures, not inflation-adjusted figures. In terms of footfalls (ticket sales), the 22 films listed below are estimated to have sold a total of over tickets worldwide, averaging more than ticket sales per film.

Notes

References

External links

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20th-century Indian Muslims
Filmfare Awards winners
Indian male screenwriters
Indian screenwriting duos
Screenwriters from Mumbai
Urdu-language writers