Rhodopsin-like receptors are a

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, res ...

s that comprise the largest group of

G protein-coupled receptor G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily-related p ...

Scope

G-protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs, constitute a vast protein family that encompasses a wide range of functions (including various autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine processes). They show considerable diversity at the sequence level, on the basis of which they can be separated into distinct groups. GPCRs are usually described as "superfamily" because they embrace a group of

families Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideal ...

for which there are indications of evolutionary relationship, but between which there is no statistically significant similarity in sequence. The currently known superfamily members include the rhodopsin-like GPCRs (this family), the secretin-like GPCRs, the cAMP receptors, the

fungal mating pheromone receptors Fungal pheromone mating factor receptors form a distinct family of G-protein-coupled receptors. Function Mating factor receptorSTE2anSTE3are integral membrane proteins that may be involved in the response to mating factors on the cell membran ...

, and the

metabotropic glutamate receptor The metabotropic glutamate receptors, or mGluRs, are a type of glutamate receptor that are active through an indirect metabotropic process. They are members of the group C family of G-protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs. Like all glutamate re ...

family. There is a specialised database for

GPCRs G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily-related p ...

Function

The rhodopsin-like GPCRs themselves represent a widespread protein family that includes hormone, neuropeptide, neurotransmitter, and light receptors, all of which transduce extracellular signals through interaction with guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins. Although their activating ligands vary widely in structure and character, the amino acid sequences of the receptors are very similar and are believed to adopt a common structural framework comprising 7 transmembrane (TM) helices.

Classes

Rhodopsin-like GPCRs have been classified into the following 19 subgroups (A1-A19) based on a phylogenetic analysis.

Subfamily A1

Chemokine receptor Chemokine receptors are cytokine receptors found on the surface of certain cells that interact with a type of cytokine called a chemokine. There have been 20 distinct chemokine receptors discovered in humans. Each has a rhodopsin-like 7-trans ...

** Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 (, CKR1) ** Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (, CKR2) ** Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3 (, CKR3) ** Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4 (, CKR4) ** Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (, CKR5) ** Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8 (, CKR8) ** Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2 (, CKRX) * chemokine (C motif) receptor 1 (, CXC1) * chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 (, C3X1) * GPR137B (, TM7SF1)

Subfamily A2

** Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 1 (, CCR11) ** Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 6 (, CKR6) ** Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 (, CKR7) ** Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 9 (, CKR9) ** Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 10 (, CKRA) *

CXC chemokine receptors CXC chemokine receptors are integral membrane proteins that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CXC chemokine family. They represent one subfamily of chemokine receptors, a large family of G protein-linked receptors that are ...

** Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 () ** Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (, Fusin) ** Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5 () ** Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 (, BONZO) ** Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 7 (, RDC1) *

Interleukin-8 Interleukin 8 (IL-8 or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8, CXCL8) is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells, airway smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Endothelial cells store IL-8 in their storage ...

(IL8R) ** IL8R-α (, CXCR1) ** IL8R-β (, CXCR2) * Adrenomedullin receptor () * Duffy blood group, chemokine receptor (, DUFF) * G Protein-coupled Receptor 30 (, CML2, GPCR estrogen receptor)

Subfamily A3

* Angiotensin II receptor ** Angiotensin II receptor, type 1 (, AG2S) ** Angiotensin II receptor, type 2 (, AG22) **

Apelin receptor The Apelin Receptor (APLNR, also known as APJ) is a G protein-coupled receptor. APLNR possesses two endogenous ligands which are APELIN Apelin (also known as APLN) is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the ''APLN'' gene. Apelin is one of t ...

(, APJ) *

Bradykinin receptor The bradykinin receptor family is a group of G-protein coupled receptors whose principal ligand is the protein bradykinin. There are two Bradykinin receptors: the B1 receptor and the B2 receptor. B1 receptor Bradykinin receptor B1 (B1) is a ...

Bradykinin receptor B1 Bradykinin receptor B1 (B1) is a G-protein coupled receptor encoded by the BDKRB1 gene in humans. Its principal ligand is bradykinin, a 9 amino acid peptide generated in pathophysiologic conditions such as inflammation, trauma, burns, shock, and ...

(, BRB1) **

Bradykinin receptor B2 Bradykinin receptor B2 is a G-protein coupled receptor for bradykinin, encoded by the BDKRB2 gene in humans. Mechanism The B2 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor, probably coupled to Gq and Gi. Gq stimulates phospholipase C to increase i ...

(, BRB2) * GPR15 (, GPRF) * GPR25 ()

Subfamily A4

Opioid receptor Opioid receptors are a group of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands. The endogenous opioids are dynorphins, enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins and nociceptin. The opioid receptors are ~40% identical to somatostatin ...

delta Opioid receptor Delta commonly refers to: * Delta (letter) (Δ or δ), a letter of the Greek alphabet * River delta, at a river mouth * D (NATO phonetic alphabet: "Delta") * Delta Air Lines, US * Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 Delta may also r ...

(, OPRD) **

kappa Opioid receptor Kappa (uppercase Κ, lowercase κ or cursive ; el, κάππα, ''káppa'') is the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiceless velar plosive sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, has a value ...

(, OPRK) ** mu Opioid receptor (, OPRM) **

Nociceptin receptor The nociceptin opioid peptide receptor (NOP), also known as the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) receptor or kappa-type 3 opioid receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''OPRL1'' (opioid receptor-like 1) gene. The nociceptin receptor ...

(, OPRX) *

Somatostatin receptor Somatostatin receptors are receptors for the ligand somatostatin, a small neuropeptide associated with neural signaling, particularly in the post-synaptic response to NMDA receptor co-stimulation/activation. Somatostatin is encoded by a CRE ...

Somatostatin receptor 1 Somatostatin receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SSTR1'' gene. Function Somatostatin acts at many sites to inhibit the release of many hormones and other secretory proteins. The biological effects of somatostatin ar ...

(, SSR1) **

Somatostatin receptor 2 Somatostatin receptor type 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SSTR2'' gene. The SSTR2 gene is located on chromosome 17 on the long arm in position 25.1 in humans. It is also found in most other vertebrates. The somatostatin recep ...

(, SSR2) **

Somatostatin receptor 3 Shekel Somatostatin receptor type 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SSTR3'' gene. Function Somatostatin acts at many sites to inhibit the release of many hormones and other secretory proteins. The biological effects of somatos ...

(, SSR3) **

Somatostatin receptor 4 Somatostatin receptor type 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SSTR4'' gene. Function Somatostatin acts at many sites to inhibit the release of many hormones and other secretory proteins. The biologic effects of somatostatin are ...

(, SSR4) **

Somatostatin receptor 5 Somatostatin receptor type 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SSTR5'' gene. Somatostatin acts at many sites to inhibit the release of many hormones and other secretory proteins. The biological effects of somatostatin are probably ...

(, SSR5) * GPCR neuropeptide receptor ** Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1 (, GPR7) ** Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2 (, GPR8) * GPR1 orphan receptor ()

Subfamily A5

Galanin receptor The galanin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor, or metabotropic receptor which binds galanin. Galanin receptors can be found throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems and the endocrine system. So far three subtypes are known to ...

** Galanin receptor 1 (, GALR) ** Galanin receptor 2 (, GALS) ** Galanin receptor 3 (, GALT) * Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor **

Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1, also termed CYSLTR1, is a receptor for cysteinyl leukotrienes (LT) (see leukotrienes#Cysteinyl leukotrienes). CYSLTR1, by binding these cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs; viz, LTC4, LTD4, and to a much lesser extent, LTE4) c ...

() **

Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2, also termed CYSLTR2, is a receptor for cysteinyl leukotrienes (LT) (see leukotrienes#Cysteinyl leukotrienes). CYSLTR2, by binding these cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs; viz, LTC4, LTD4, and to a much lesser extent, LTE4) ...

() * Leukotriene B4 receptor ** Leukotriene B4 receptor (, P2Y7) **

Leukotriene B4 receptor 2 Leukotriene B4 receptor 2, also known as BLT2, BLT2 receptor, and BLTR2, is an Integral membrane protein that is encoded by the LTB4R2 gene in humans and the Ltbr2 gene in mice. Discovered several years after the leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1 ...

() * Relaxin receptor ** Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1 (, LGR7) ** Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (, GPR106) ** Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 3 (, SALPR) ** Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4 (, GPR100/GPR142) *

KiSS1-derived peptide receptor The KiSS1-derived peptide receptor (also known as GPR54 or the Kisspeptin receptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the peptide hormone kisspeptin (metastin). Kisspeptin is encoded by the metastasis suppressor gene KISS1, which is ex ...

(GPR54) () * Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (, GPRO) *

Urotensin-II receptor The urotensin-2 receptor (UR-II-R) also known as GPR14 is a class A rhodopsin family G protein coupled-receptor (GPCR) that is 386 amino acids long which binds primarily to the neuropeptide urotensin II. /sup> The receptor quickly rose to prominen ...

(, UR2R)

Subfamily A6

Cholecystokinin receptor Cholecystokinin receptors or CCK receptors are a group of G-protein coupled receptors which bind the peptide hormones cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin. There are two different subtypes CCKA and CCKB which are ~50% homologous: Various cholecy ...

Cholecystokinin A receptor The Cholecystokinin A receptor is a human protein, also known as CCKAR or CCK1, with CCK1 now being the IUPHAR-recommended name. Function This gene encodes a G-protein coupled receptor that binds sulfated members of the cholecystokinin (CCK) ...

(, CCKR) **

Cholecystokinin B receptor The cholecystokinin B receptor also known as CCKBR or CCK2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCKBR'' gene. This gene encodes a G protein-coupled receptor for gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK), regulatory peptides of the brain and g ...

(, GASR) * Neuropeptide FF receptor ** Neuropeptide FF receptor 1 (, FF1R) ** Neuropeptide FF receptor 2 (, FF2R) *

Orexin receptor The orexin receptor (also referred to as the hypocretin receptor) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that binds the neuropeptide orexin. There are two variants, OX1 and OX2, each encoded by a different gene (, ). Both orexin receptors exhibit ...

Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1 Orexin receptor type 1 (Ox1R or OX1), also known as hypocretin receptor type 1 (HcrtR1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCRTR1 gene. Function The orexin 1 receptor (OX1), is a G-protein coupled receptor that is heavily expresse ...

(, OX1R) **

Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 Orexin receptor type 2 (Ox2R or OX2), also known as hypocretin receptor type 2 (HcrtR2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCRTR2 gene. Structure The structure of the receptor has been solved to 2.5 Å resolution as a fusion prot ...

(, OX2R) *

Vasopressin receptor The actions of vasopressin are mediated by stimulation of tissue-specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called vasopressin receptors that are classified into the V1 (V1A), V2, and V3 (V1B) receptor subtypes. These three subtypes diffe ...

Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A Vasopressin receptor 1A (V1AR), or arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (officially called AVPR1A) is one of the three major receptor types for vasopressin ( AVPR1B and AVPR2 being the others), and is present throughout the brain, as well as in the pe ...

(, V1AR) **

Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B Vasopressin V1b receptor (V1BR) also known as vasopressin 3 receptor (VPR3) or antidiuretic hormone receptor 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AVPR1B'' (arginine vasopressin receptor 1B) gene. V1BR acts as a vasopressin receptor, ...

(, V1BR) **

Arginine vasopressin receptor 2 Vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R), or arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (officially called AVPR2), is a protein that acts as receptor for vasopressin. AVPR2 belongs to the subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. Its activity is mediated by the Gs ty ...

(, V2R) **

Oxytocin receptor The oxytocin receptor, also known as OXTR, is a protein which functions as receptor for the hormone and neurotransmitter oxytocin. In humans, the oxytocin receptor is encoded by the ''OXTR'' gene which has been localized to human chromosome 3p25. ...

() * Gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (, GRHR) * Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor (, GPR103) * GPR22 (, GPRM) * GPR176 (, GPR)

Subfamily A7

Bombesin receptor The bombesin receptors are a group of G-protein coupled receptors which bind bombesin Bombesin is a 14-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the skin of the European fire-bellied toad (''Bombina bombina'') by Vittorio Erspamer ''et al.'' an ...

** Bombesin-like receptor 3 () ** Neuromedin B receptor () ** Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor () *

Endothelin receptor There are at least four known endothelin receptors, ETA, ETB1, ETB2 and ETC, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors whose activation result in elevation of intracellular-free calcium, which constricts the smooth muscles of the blood vessels ...

Endothelin receptor type A Endothelin receptor type A, also known as ETA, is a human G protein-coupled receptor. Interactions Endothelin receptor type A has been shown to interact with HDAC7A and HTATIP Histone acetyltransferase KAT5 is an enzyme that in humans is en ...

(, ET1R) **

Endothelin receptor type B Endothelin receptor type B, also known as ETB is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EDNRB'' gene. Function Endothelin receptor type B is a G protein-coupled receptor which activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger ...

(, ETBR) **

GPR37 Probable G-protein coupled receptor 37 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR37'' gene. Interactions GPR37 has been shown to interact with HSPA1A and Parkin (ligase). GPR37 is a receptor for prosaposin. It was previously thought t ...

(, ETBR-LP2) * Neuromedin U receptor ** Neuromedin U receptor 1 () ** Neuromedin U receptor 2 () *

Neurotensin receptor Neurotensin receptors are transmembrane receptors that bind the neurotransmitter neurotensin. Two of the receptors encoded by the and genes contain seven transmembrane helices and are G protein coupled. Numerous crystal structures have been ...

Neurotensin receptor 1 Neurotensin receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NTSR1'' gene. For a crystal structure of NTS1, see pdb code 4GRV. In addition, high-resolution crystal structures have been determined in complex with the peptide full ago ...

(, NTR1) **

Neurotensin receptor 2 Neurotensin receptor type 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NTSR2'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger ...

(, NTR2) *

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR) is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds thyrotropin-releasing hormone. The TRHR is found on the cell membrane of thyrotropes of the anterior pituitary. When the TRHR binds TRH it activates phosp ...

(, TRFR) *

Growth hormone secretagogue receptor Growth hormone secretagogue receptor(GHS-R), also known as ghrelin receptor, is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs), such as ghrelin, the "hunger hormone". The role of GHS-R is thought to be in regulating en ...

() *

GPR39 G-protein coupled receptor 39 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR39'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation ...

() * Motilin receptor (, GPR38)

Subfamily A8

Anaphylatoxin receptors The anaphylatoxin receptors are a group of G-protein coupled receptors which bind anaphylatoxins. Members of this family include: * C3a receptor * C5a receptor The C5a receptor also known as complement component 5a receptor 1 (C5AR1) or CD88 ...

C3a receptor The C3a receptor also known as complement component 3a receptor 1 (C3AR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor protein involved in the complement system. The receptor binds to complement component C3a, although there is limited evidence that this rec ...

(, C3AR) **

C5a receptor The C5a receptor also known as complement component 5a receptor 1 (C5AR1) or CD88 (Cluster of Differentiation 88) is a G protein-coupled receptor for C5a. It functions as a complement receptor. C5a receptor modulates inflammatory responses, ob ...

(, C5AR) ** Chemokine-like receptor 1 (, CML1) *

Formyl peptide receptor The formyl peptide receptors (FPR) belong to a class of G protein-coupled receptors involved in chemotaxis. In humans, there are three formyl peptide receptor isoforms, each encoded by a separate gene that are named FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3. The ...

Formyl peptide receptor 1 Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1, FPR1 receptor, fMet-Leu-Phe receptor 1, FMLP receptor 1, or N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine receptor 1) is a cell surface receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the ''formyl peptide receptor 1'' (''F ...

(, FMLR) **

Formyl peptide receptor-like 1 N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) located on the surface of many cell types of various animal species. The human receptor protein is encoded by the ''FPR2'' gene and is activated to regulate cell function b ...

(, FML2) ** Formyl peptide receptor-like 2 (, FML1) *

MAS1 oncogene The MAS1 oncogene (MAS receptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the angiotensin II metabolite angiotensin (1-7). The MAS1 receptor, when activated by binding angiotensin-(1-7), opposes many of the effects of the angiotensin II rece ...

MAS1 MAS proto-oncogene, or MAS1 proto-oncogene, G protein-coupled receptor (MRGA'', ''MAS'', ''MGRA""), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MAS1'' gene. The structure of the MAS1 product indicates that it belongs to the class of receptors ...

(, MAS) ** MAS1L (, MRG) *

GPR1 G protein-coupled receptor 1, also known as GPR1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR1'' gene. GPR1 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane ...

() *

GPR32 G protein-coupled receptor 32, also known as GPR32 or the RvD1 receptor, is a human receptor (biochemistry) belonging to the rhodopsin-like subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Gene The ''GPR32'' was initially identified and defined by mo ...

(, GPRW) * GPR44 () * GPR77 (, C5L2)

Subfamily A9

Melatonin receptor Melatonin receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) which bind melatonin. Three types of melatonin receptors have been cloned. The MT1 (or Mel1A or MTNR1A) and MT2 (or Mel1B or MTNR1B) receptor subtypes are present in humans and other ma ...

Melatonin receptor 1A Melatonin receptor type 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MTNR1A'' gene. Function This gene encodes the MT1 protein, one of two high-affinity forms of a receptor for melatonin, the primary hormone secreted by the pineal gland. ...

(, ML1A) **

Melatonin receptor 1B Melatonin receptor 1B, also known as MTNR1B, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MTNR1B'' gene. Function This gene encodes the MT2 protein, one of two high-affinity forms of a receptor for melatonin, the primary hormone secreted by ...

(, ML1B) * Neurokinin receptor **

Tachykinin receptor 1 The tachykinin receptor 1 (TACR1) also known as neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) or substance P receptor (SPR) is a G protein coupled receptor found in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The endogenous ligand for this receptor ...

(, NK1R) **

Tachykinin receptor 2 Substance-K receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TACR2'' gene. Function This gene belongs to a family of genes that function as receptors for tachykinins. Receptor affinities are specified by variations in the 5'-end of th ...

(, NK2R) **

Tachykinin receptor 3 Tachykinin receptor 3, also known as TACR3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''TACR3'' gene. Function This gene belongs to a family of genes that function as receptors for tachykinins. Receptor affinities are specified by variat ...

(, NK3R) *

Neuropeptide Y receptor Neuropeptide Y receptors are a family of receptors belonging to class A G-protein coupled receptors and they are activated by the closely related peptide hormones neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. These receptors are invo ...

Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NPY1R'' gene. Selective ligands Agonists * Neuropeptide Y (endogenous agonist, non subtype selective) * Peptide YY Peptide YY (PYY) also known as peptide tyro ...

(, NY1R) **

Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2 Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 (Y2R) is a member of the neuropeptide Y receptor family of G-protein coupled receptors, that in humans is encoded by the ''NPY2R'' gene. Selective ligands Agonists * Neuropeptide Y (endogenous agonist, non subt ...

(, NY2R) **

Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1 Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1, also known as Neuropeptide Y receptor type 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PPYR1'' gene. Selective Ligands Agonists * Pancreatic polypeptide * Neuropeptide Y (endogenous agonist, non subtype s ...

(, NY4R) **

Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5 Neuropeptide Y receptor type 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NPY5R'' gene. Selective ligands Agonists * Neuropeptide Y (endogenous agonist, non subtype selective) * BWX-46 (selective NPY5 agonist, CAS# 172997-92-1) * Peptid ...

(, NY5R) *

Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor The prolactin-releasing peptide receptor (PrRPR) also known as G-protein coupled receptor 10 (GPR10) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PRLHR'' gene. PrRPR is a G-protein coupled receptor that binds the prolactin-releasing peptide (P ...

( PRLHR, GPRA) * Prokineticin receptor 1 (, GPR73) * Prokineticin receptor 2 (, PKR2) *

GPR19 Probable G-protein coupled receptor 19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR19'' gene. GPR19 has been proposed as the receptor for the peptide hormone Peptide hormones or protein hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptide, o ...

(, GPRJ) * GPR50 (, ML1X) * GPR75 () * GPR83 (, GPR72)

Subfamily A10

* Glycoprotein hormone receptor ** FSH-receptor () **

Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor The luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), also lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LCGR) or luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) is a transmembrane receptor found predominantly in the ovary and testis, but also many extragona ...

(, LSHR) ** Thyrotropin receptor () * Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (, GPR48) * Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (, GPR49) * Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 6 ()

Subfamily A11

* GPR40-related receptor **

Free fatty acid receptor 1 Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1), also known as GPR40, is a class A G-protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the FFAR1 gene. It is strongly expressed in the cells of the pancreas and to a lesser extent in the brain. This membrane p ...

(, GPR40) ** Free fatty acid receptor 2 (, GPR43) ** Free fatty acid receptor 3 (, GPR41) ** GPR42 (, FFAR1L) * P2 purinoceptor ** Purinergic receptor P2Y₁ () ** Purinergic receptor P2Y₂ () ** Purinergic receptor P2Y₄ () ** Purinergic receptor P2Y₆ () ** Purinergic receptor P2Y₈ () ** Purinergic receptor P2Y₁₁ () *

Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA1), formerly known as G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HCAR1'' gene. HCA1, like the other hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors HCA2 and HCA3, is a G protei ...

(, GPR81) * Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2, Niacin receptor 1 (, GPR109A) * Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3, Niacin receptor 2 (, GPR109B, HM74) *

GPR31 G-protein coupled receptor 31 also known as 12-(S)-HETE receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR31'' gene. The human gene is located on chromosome 6q27 and encodes a G-protein coupled receptor protein composed of 319 amino aci ...

(, GPRV) * GPR82 () * Oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) receptor 1 (, GPR80) * Succinate receptor 1 (, GPR91)

Subfamily A12

* P2 purinoceptor ** Purinergic receptor P2Y₁₂ () ** Purinergic receptor P2Y₁₃ (, GPR86) ** Purinergic receptor P2Y₁₄ (, UDP-glucose receptor, KI01) * GPR34 () * GPR87 () * GPR171 (, H963) * Platelet-activating factor receptor (, PAFR)

Subfamily A13

Cannabinoid receptor Cannabinoid receptors, located throughout the body, are part of the endocannabinoid system a class of cell membrane receptors in the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. As is typical of G protein-coupled receptors, the cannabinoid recep ...

** Cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain) (, CB1R) **

Cannabinoid receptor 2 (macrophage) The cannabinoid receptor type 2, abbreviated as CB2, is a G protein-coupled receptor from the cannabinoid receptor family that in humans is encoded by the ''CNR2'' gene. It is closely related to the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), which is la ...

(, CB2R) * Lysophosphatidic acid receptor ** Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 () ** Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2 () ** Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 () * Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor ** Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 () ** Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 () ** Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 () ** Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 4 () ** Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 5 () * Melanocortin/ACTH receptor **

Melanocortin 1 receptor The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), also known as melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MSHR), melanin-activating peptide receptor, or melanotropin receptor, is a G protein–coupled receptor that binds to a class of pituitary peptide hormones ...

(, MSHR) **

Melanocortin 3 receptor Melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene. Function This gene encodes MC3R, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) for melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) that is exp ...

() **

Melanocortin 4 receptor Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is a melanocortin receptor that in humans is encoded by the gene. It encodes the MC4R protein, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that binds α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). In mouse models, MC4 recepto ...

() **

Melanocortin 5 receptor Melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5R) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene. It is located on the chromosome 18 in the human genome. When the MC5R was disrupted in transgenic mice, it induced disruption of their exocrine glands and resulted ...

() **

ACTH receptor The adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor or ACTH receptor also known as the melanocortin receptor 2 or MC2 receptor is a type of melanocortin receptor (type 2) which is specific for ACTH. A G protein–coupled receptor located on the external ...

(), ACTR) *

GPR3 G-protein coupled receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR3'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family of transmembrane receptors and is involved in signal transduction. GP ...

() *

GPR6 G protein-coupled receptor 6, also known as GPR6, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''GPR6'' gene. Function GPR6 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family of transmembrane receptors. It has been reported that GPR6 is b ...

() *

GPR12 Probable G-protein coupled receptor 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR12'' gene. The gene product of GPR12 is an orphan receptor, meaning that its endogenous ligand is currently unknown. Gene disruption of GPR12 in mice result ...

(, GPRC)

Subfamily A14

Eicosanoid receptor Most of the eicosanoid receptors are integral membrane protein G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that bind and respond to eicosanoid signaling molecules. Eicosanoids are rapidly metabolized to inactive products and therefore are short-lived. A ...

** Prostaglandin D₂ receptor (, PD2R) ** Prostaglandin E₁ receptor (, PE21) ** Prostaglandin E₂ receptor (, PE22) ** Prostaglandin E₃ receptor (, PE23) ** Prostaglandin E₄ receptor (, PE24) **

Prostaglandin F receptor Prostaglandin F receptor (FP) is a receptor belonging to the prostaglandin (PG) group of receptors. FP binds to and mediates the biological actions of Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). It is encoded in humans by the ''PTGFR'' gene. Gene The ''PTG ...

(, PF2R) ** Prostaglandin I₂ (prostacyclin) receptor (, PI2R) ** Thromboxane A₂ receptor (, TA2R)

Subfamily A15

* Lysophosphatidic acid receptor ** Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 4 () ** Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 () ** Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6 () * P2 purinoceptor ** Purinergic receptor P2Y₁₀ (, P2Y10) *

Protease-activated receptor Protease-activated receptors (PAR) are a subfamily of related G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by cleavage of part of their extracellular domain. They are highly expressed in platelets, and also on endothelial cells, myocytes an ...

** Coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1 (, PAR2) ** Coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 2 (, PAR3) ** Coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 3 (, PAR4) * Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 2 (lymphocyte-specific G protein-coupled receptor) () *

Proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors Proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors are transmembrane receptors which sense acidic pH and include GPR132 (G2A), GPR4, GPR68 (OGR1) and GPR65 (TDAG8). These G protein-coupled receptors are activated when extracellular pH falls into the ra ...

GPR4 G-protein coupled receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR4'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' ...

() **

GPR65 Psychosine receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR65'' gene. GPR65 is also referred to as TDAG8. Species, tissue, and subcellular distribution GPR65 (TDAG8) is primarily expressed in lympho ...

() ** GPR68 () **

GPR132 G protein coupled receptor 132, also termed G2A, is classified as a member of the proton sensing G protein coupled receptor (GPR) subfamily. Like other members of this subfamily, i.e. GPR4, GPR68 (OGR1), and GPR65 (TDAG8), G2A is a G protein c ...

(, G2A) *

GPR17 Uracil nucleotide/cysteinyl leukotriene receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR17'' gene located on chromosome 2 at position q21. The actual activating ligands for and some functions of this receptor are dis ...

(, GPRH) *

GPR18 ''N''-Arachidonyl glycine receptor (NAGly receptor), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 18 (GPR18), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR18'' gene. Along with the other previously "orphan" receptors GPR55 and GPR119, GPR18 h ...

(, GPRI) * GPR20 (, GPRK) *

GPR35 G protein-coupled receptor 35 also known as GPR35 is a G protein-coupled receptor which in humans is encoded by the ''GPR35'' gene. Heightened expression of GPR35 is found in immune and gastrointestinal tissues, including the crypts of Lieberküh ...

() *

GPR55 G protein-coupled receptor 55 also known as GPR55 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR55'' gene. GPR55, along with GPR119 and GPR18, have been implicated as novel cannabinoid receptors. History GPR55 was id ...

() *

Coagulation factor II receptor Proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) also known as protease-activated receptor 1 or coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''F2R'' gene. PAR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor and one of four prot ...

(, THRR)

Subfamily A16

Opsin Animal opsins are G-protein-coupled receptors and a group of proteins made light-sensitive via a chromophore, typically retinal. When bound to retinal, opsins become Retinylidene proteins, but are usually still called opsins regardless. Most ...

s ** Rhodopsin (, OPSD) ** Opsin 1 (cone pigments), short-wave-sensitive (color blindness, tritan) (, OPSB) (blue-sensitive opsin) ** Opsin 1 (cone pigments), medium-wave-sensitive (color blindness, deutan) (, OPSG) (green-sensitive opsin) ** Opsin 1 (cone pigments), long-wave-sensitive (color blindness, protan) (, OPSR) (red-sensitive opsin) ** Opsin 3, Panopsin () ** Opsin 4, Melanopsin () ** Opsin 5 (, GPR136) **

Retinal G protein coupled receptor RPE-retinal G protein-coupled receptor also known as RGR-opsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RGR'' gene. RGR-opsin is a member of the rhodopsin-like receptor subfamily of GPCR. Like other opsins which bind retinaldehyde, it conta ...

() ** Retinal pigment epithelium-derived rhodopsin homolog (, OPSX) (visual pigment-like receptor opsin)

Subfamily A17

* 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor ** 5-HT_2A (, 5H2A) ** 5-HT_2B (, 5H2B) ** 5-HT_2C (, 5H2C) ** 5-HT₆ (, 5H6) * Adrenergic receptor ** Alpha_1A (, A1AA) ** Alpha_1B (, A1AB) ** Alpha_1D (, A1AD) ** Alpha_2A (, A2AA) ** Alpha_2B (, A2AB) ** Alpha_2C (, A2AC) ** Beta₁ (, B1AR) ** Beta₂ (, B2AR) ** Beta₃ (, B3AR) *

Dopamine receptor Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Dopamine receptors activate different effectors through not only G-protein coupling, but also signaling through diffe ...

** D₁ (, DADR) ** D₂ (, D2DR) ** D₃ (, D3DR) ** D₄ (, D4DR) ** D₅ (, DBDR) * Trace amine receptor **

TAAR1 Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TAAR1'' gene. TAAR1 is an intracellular amine-activated and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is primarily ex ...

(, TAR1) **

TAAR2 Trace amine-associated receptor 2 (TAAR2), formerly known as G protein-coupled receptor 58 (GPR58), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TAAR2'' gene. TAAR2 is coexpressed with Gα proteins; however, its signal transduction mechanism ...

(, GPR58) **

TAAR3 Putative trace amine-associated receptor 3 (TAAR3) is a human pseudogene with the gene symbol ''TAAR3P''. Retrieved 28 November 2019 In other species such as mice, TAAR3 is a functional protein-coding gene that encodes a trace amine-associated ...

(, GPR57) ** TAAR5 (, PNR) **

TAAR6 Trace amine associated receptor 6, also known as TAAR6, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''TAAR6'' gene. Function TAAR6 belongs to the trace amine-associated receptor family. Trace amines are endogenous amine compounds that are c ...

(, TAR4) **

TAAR8 Trace amine-associated receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TAAR8'' gene. In humans, TAAR8 is the only trace amine-associated receptor that is known to be Gi/o-coupled. In humans, molecular modelling and docking experiments ...

(, GPR102) **

TAAR9 Trace amine-associated receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TAAR9'' gene. TAAR9 is a member of a large family of rhodopsin G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs, or GPRs). GPCRs contain 7 transmembrane domains and transduce ...

(, TAR3) * Histamine H₂ receptor (, HH2R)

Subfamily A18

* Histamine H₁ receptor (, HH1R) * Histamine H₃ receptor () * Histamine H₄ receptor () *

Adenosine receptor The adenosine receptors (or P1 receptors) are a class of purinergic G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as the endogenous ligand. There are four known types of adenosine receptors in humans: A1, A2A, A2B and A3; each is encoded by a di ...

** A₁ (, AA1R) ** A_2a (, AA2A) ** A_2b (, AA2B) ** A₃ (, AA3R) *

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, or mAChRs, are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-coupled receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells. They play several roles, including acting as the main end-rec ...

** M₁ (, ACM1) ** M₂ (, ACM2) ** M₃ (, ACM3) ** M₄ (, ACM4) ** M₅ (, ACM5) * GPR21 (, GPRL) * GPR27 () * GPR45 (, PSP24) * GPR52 () * GPR61 () *

GPR62 Probable G-protein coupled receptor 62 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR62'' gene. G protein–coupled receptor G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, ...

() * GPR63 () *

GPR78 Probable G-protein coupled receptor 78 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR78'' gene. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs, or GPRs) contain 7 transmembrane domains and transduce extracellular signals through heterotrimeric G protei ...

() * GPR84 () * GPR85 () * GPR88 () * GPR101 () * GPR161 (, RE2) * GPR173 (, SREB3)

Subfamily A19

* 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor ** 5-HT_1A (, 5H1A) ** 5-HT_1B (, 5H1B) ** 5-HT_1D (, 5H1D) ** 5-HT_1E (, 5H1E) ** 5-HT_1F (, 5H1F) ** 5-HT₄ () ** 5-HT_5A (, 5H5A) ** 5-HT₇ (, 5H7)

Unclassified

Olfactory receptor Olfactory receptors (ORs), also known as odorant receptors, are chemoreceptors expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons and are responsible for the detection of odorants (for example, compounds that have an odor) which give r ...

* Nematode chemoreceptor (multiple, including ） *

Taste receptor A taste receptor or tastant is a type of cellular receptor which facilitates the sensation of taste. When food or other substances enter the mouth, molecules interact with saliva and are bound to taste receptors in the oral cavity and other loc ...

type 2 * Vomeronasal receptor type 1 ** VN1R1 ** VN1R2 ** VN1R3 ** VN1R4 ** VN1R5

References

External links

* * This database includes multiple sequence alignments of all GPCR families and sub-families. {{G protein-coupled receptors G protein-coupled receptors Protein domains Protein families