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CCR1
C-C chemokine receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCR1'' gene. CCR1 has also recently been designated CD191 (cluster of differentiation 191). Function This gene encodes a member of the beta chemokine receptor family, which belongs to G protein-coupled receptors. The ligands of this receptor include CCL3 (or MIP-1 alpha), CCL5 (or RANTES), CCL7 (or MCP-3), and CCL23 (or MPIF-1). Chemokines and their receptors, which mediate signal transduction, are critical for the recruitment of effector immune cells to the site of inflammation. Knockout studies of the mouse homolog suggested the roles of this gene in host protection from inflammatory response, and susceptibility to virus and parasite. This gene and other chemokine receptor genes, including CCR2, CCRL2, CCR3, CCR5 and CXCR1, are found to form a gene cluster on chromosome 3p. Interactions CCR1 has been shown to interact with CCL5 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (also CCL5) is a protein whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemokine
Chemokines (), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells. In addition to playing a major role in the activation of host immune responses, chemokines are important for biological processes, including morphogenesis and wound healing, as well as in the pathogenesis of diseases like cancers. Cytokine proteins are classified as chemokines according to behavior and structural characteristics. In addition to being known for mediating chemotaxis, chemokines are all approximately 8-10 kilodaltons in mass and have four cysteine residues in conserved locations that are key to forming their 3-dimensional shape. These proteins have historically been known under several other names including the ''SIS family of cytokines'', ''SIG family of cytokines'', ''SCY family of cytokines'', ''Platelet factor-4 superfamily'' or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CCL23
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23 (CCL23) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as Macrophage inflammatory protein 3 (MIP-3) and Myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 1 (MPIF-1). CCL23 is predominantly expressed in lung and liver tissue, but is also found in bone marrow and placenta.Patel et al. Molecular and functional characterization of two novel human C-C chemokines as inhibitors of two distinct classes of myeloid progenitors. J. Exp. Med. 185: 1163-1172, 1997. It is also expressed in some cell lines of myeloid origin. CCL23 is highly chemotactic for resting T cells and monocytes and slightly chemotactic for neutrophils. It has also been attributed to an inhibitory activity on hematopoietic progenitor cells. The gene for CCL23 is located on human chromosome 17 in a locus containing several other CC chemokines. CCL23 is a ligand for the chemokine receptor CCR1 C-C chemokine receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CCL7
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) is a small cytokine that was previously called monocyte-chemotactic protein 3 (MCP3). CCL7 is a small protein that belongs to the CC chemokine family and is most closely related to CCL2 (previously called MCP1). Genomics In the human genome, CCL7 is encoded by the CCL7 gene which is one of the several chemokine genes clustered on chromosome 17q11.2-q12. This region contains the gene for the MCP subset of CC chemokines. The CCL7 gene has been given the locus symbol SCYA7. The gene consists of three exons and two introns. The first exon contains a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR), the information for the signal sequence (23 amino acids), and the mature protein's first two amino acids. The second exon encodes amino acids 3–42 of the mature proteins. The third exon is composed of the C-terminal region of the protein, a 3′-UTR containing one or more destabilizing AU-rich sequences and a polyadenylation signal. Molecular biology CCL7 w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CCL5
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (also CCL5) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CCL5'' gene. The gene has been discovered in 1990 by ''in situ'' hybridisation and it is localised on 17q11.2-q12 chromosome. It is also known as RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted). RANTES was first described by Dr. Tom Schall who named the protein, the original source of the name Rantes was from the Argentine movie ''Man Facing Southeast'' about an alien who shows up in a mental ward who was named Rantés, the rather clunky acronym was only made to fit the name. Function CCL5 belongs to the CC subfamily of chemokines, due to its adjacent cysteines near N terminus. It is an 8kDa protein acting as a classical chemotactic cytokine or chemokine. It consists of 68 amino acids. CCL5 is proinflammatory chemokine, recruiting leukocytes to the site of inflammation. It is chemotactic for T cells, eosinophils, and basophils, but also for monocytes, natur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CCR2
C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2 or CD192 ( cluster of differentiation 192) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCR2'' gene. CCR2 is a CC chemokine receptor. Gene This CCR2 gene is located in the chemokine receptor gene cluster region. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants are expressed by the gene. Function This gene encodes two isoforms of a receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2), a chemokine which specifically mediates monocyte chemotaxis. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is involved in monocyte infiltration in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis as well as in the inflammatory response against tumors. The receptors encoded by this gene mediate agonist-dependent calcium mobilization and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Animal studies Alzheimer ''CCR2'' deficient mice have been shown to develop an accelerated Alzheimer's-like pathology in comparison to wild type mice. This is not the first time that immune ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CCR3 (gene)
C-C chemokine receptor type 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCR3'' gene. CCR3 has also recently been designated CD193 ( cluster of differentiation 193). Function The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor for C-C type chemokines. It belongs to family 1 of the G protein-coupled receptors. This receptor binds and responds to a variety of chemokines, including eotaxin ( CCL11), eotaxin-3 ( CCL26), MCP-3 ( CCL7), MCP-4 ( CCL13), and RANTES ( CCL5). It is highly expressed in eosinophils and basophils, and is also detected in TH1 and TH2 cells, as well as in airway epithelial cells. This receptor may contribute to the accumulation and activation of eosinophils and other inflammatory cells in the allergic airway, and possibly at sites of parasitic infection. It is also known to be an entry co-receptor for HIV-1. This gene and seven other chemokine receptor genes form a chemokine receptor gene cluster on the chromosomal region 3p21. Alternatively spliced transcrip ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CCRL2
C-C chemokine receptor-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCRL2'' gene. Recently it was found that CCRL2 also acts as a receptor for the chemokine chemerin Chemerin, also known as retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2 (RARRES2), tazarotene-induced gene 2 protein (TIG2), or RAR-responsive protein TIG2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RARRES2'' gene. Function Retinoids exert b .... Function This gene encodes a chemokine receptor like protein, which is predicted to be a seven transmembrane protein and most closely related to CCR1. Chemokines and their receptors mediated signal transduction are critical for the recruitment of effector immune cells to the site of inflammation. This gene is expressed at high levels in primary neutrophils and primary monocytes, and is further upregulated on neutrophil activation and during monocyte to macrophage differentiation. The function of this gene is unknown. This gene is mapped to the region where ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CCL3
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1-alpha) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCL3'' gene. Function CCL3 is a cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is involved in the acute inflammatory state in the recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes through binding to the receptors CCR1, CCR4 and CCR5. Sherry et al. (1988) demonstrated 2 protein components of MIP1, called by them alpha (CCL3, this protein) and beta ( CCL4). CCL3 produces a monophasic fever of rapid onset whose magnitude is equal to or greater than that of fevers produced with either recombinant human tumor necrosis factor or recombinant human interleukin-1. However, in contrast to these two endogenous pyrogens, the fever induced by MIP-1 is not inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen and CCL3 may participate in the febrile response that is not mediated through prostaglandin synthesis and clinical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Immunology
''International Immunology'' is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Japanese Society for Immunology, addressing studies in allergology and immunology. Abstracting and indexing ''International Immunology'' is abstracted and indexed in Science Citation Index, Current Contents/Life Sciences, MEDLINE/Index Medicus, EMBASE, and BIOSIS Previews. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', its 2009 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as ... is 3.403, ranking it 41 out of 128 journals in the category "Immunology". External links * {{Official website, http://intimm.oupjournals.org/ Japanese Society for Immunology English-language journals Publications established in 1989 Immunology journals Monthly journals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein–protein Interaction
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect. Many are physical contacts with molecular associations between chains that occur in a cell or in a living organism in a specific biomolecular context. Proteins rarely act alone as their functions tend to be regulated. Many molecular processes within a cell are carried out by molecular machines that are built from numerous protein components organized by their PPIs. These physiological interactions make up the so-called interactomics of the organism, while aberrant PPIs are the basis of multiple aggregation-related diseases, such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob and Alzheimer's diseases. PPIs have been studied with many methods and from different perspectives: biochemistry, quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, signal trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CXCR1
Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha is a chemokine receptor. This name and the corresponding gene symbol IL8RA have been replaced by the HGNC approved name C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 and the approved symbol CXCR1. It has also been designated as CD181 (cluster of differentiation 181). The IUPHAR Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification use the HGNC recommended name, CXCR1. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. This protein is a receptor for interleukin 8 (IL8). It binds to IL8 with high affinity, and transduces the signal through a G-protein-activated second messenger system. Knockout studies in mice suggested that this protein inhibits embryonic oligodendrocyte precursor migration in developing spinal cord. IL8RA, IL8RB, which encodes another high affinity IL8 receptor, and IL8RBP, a pseudogene of IL8RB, form a gene cluster in a region mapped to chromosome 2q33-q36. Stimulation of CXCR1 in neutrophils ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
