A regent is a person selected to act as head of state (ruling or not) because the ruler is a minor, not present, or debilitated. Currently there is only one ruling Regency in the world, sovereign Liechtenstein. The following is a list of regents.

Regents in extant monarchies

Those who held a regency briefly, for example during surgery, are not necessarily listed, particularly if they performed no official acts; this list is also not complete, presumably not even for all monarchies included. The list includes some figures who acted as regent, even if they did not themselves hold the title of regent.

Asia

Cambodia

* Prince Sisowath Monireth, Chairman of the Regency Council of Cambodia in 1960 * Chea Sim, Acting Head of State of Cambodia from 1993 to 1994, and again from 1994 to 1995, and twice in 2004 * Nhek Bun Chhay, Acting Head of State of Cambodia in 2004

Japan

* Regent Empress Dowager Jingū for her son, the future

Emperor Ōjin , also known as (alternatively spelled 譽田別命, 誉田別命, 品陀和気命, 譽田分命, 誉田別尊, 品陀別命) or , was the 15th (possibly legendary) Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. No firm dat ...

* Prince Regent Shōtoku for his aunt, Empress Suiko * Fujiwara Regents as Sesshō or Kampaku * Prince Regent

Hirohito Emperor , commonly known in English-speaking countries by his personal name , was the 124th emperor of Japan, ruling from 25 December 1926 until his death in 1989. Hirohito and his wife, Empress Kōjun, had two sons and five daughters; he was ...

for his father, Emperor Taishō, from 1921 to 1926.

Jordan

Prince Naif bin Al-Abdullah Prince Nayef bin Abdullah (14 November 1914 – 12 October 1983) was the younger son of King Abdullah I of Jordan, by his second wife, Suzdil Khanum. Nayef attended Victoria College in Cairo. He underwent Military training in Turkey, being assi ...

from 20 July to 5 September 1951, due to the schizophrenia of his brother King Talal, who was in a Swiss mental hospital. * A regency council ( Ibrahim Hashem, Suleiman Toukan, Abdul Rahman Rusheidat and chairing Queen Mother Zein al-Sharaf Talal) took over during the king's ailment & continued after the king's forced abdication (on 11 August 1952), serving from 4 June 1952 to 2 May 1953, until King Hussein came of age. * Crown Prince Hassan, from 4 July 1998 to 19 January 1999 while his brother King Hussein was undergoing cancer treatments.

Malaysia and its constitutive monarchies

=Terengganu

= * Tengku Muhammad Ismail (eight-years of age at the time), co-reigned with the three-member Regency Advisory Council (''Majlis Penasihat Pemangku Raja'') from 2006 to 2011. His father,

Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Al-Wathiqu Billah Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah ( Jawi: ; born 22 January 1962) is the 18th and current Sultan of Terengganu. He served as the 13th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the constitutio ...

the Sultan of Terengganu was elected as 13th King of Malaysia. The Malaysian constitution does not allow a simultaneous reign as both the King of Malaysia and as Monarch of the King's native state (deemed absent on the State throne). Sultan Mizan was crowned as King on 13 December 2006 and the prince as the Regent (''Pemangku Raja'') of Terengganu effective on the same date.

Oman

* for the minor

Sa`id (II) ibn Sultan Sayyid Saïd bin Sultan al-Busaidi ( ar, سعيد بن سلطان, , sw, Saïd bin Sultani) (5 June 1791 – 19 October 1856), was Sultan of Muscat and Oman, the fifth ruler of the Busaid dynasty from 1804 to 4 June 1856. His rule commenced fol ...

(b. 1790 – succeeded 20 November 1804 – d. 19 Oct 1856) : 20 November 1804 – 31 July 1806

Badr ibn Sayf Badr (Arabic: بدر) as a given name below is an Arabic masculine and feminine name given to the "full moon on its fourteenth night" or the ecclesiastical full moon. Badr may refer to: .and it is also one of the oldest and rarest names in the Arabi ...

(d. 1806) * for

Sultan Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it ...

Turki ibn Sa`id Turki or Torki bin Said al Busaidi, GCSI (1832 – 4 June 1888) ( ar, تركي بن سعيد, bal, ترکی بن سعید) was Sultan of Muscat and Oman from 30 January 1871 to 4 June 1888. He was the fifth son of Said bin Sultan. He acceded foll ...

(b. 1832 – succeeded 30 January 1871 – died 4 Jun 1888) : August – December 1875

Abdul-Aziz ibn Said Abdul Aziz or Abdul-Aziz may refer to: * Abd al-Aziz, a male Arabic theophoric name, commonly abbreviated as Aziz People * Sultan Abdulaziz (1830–1876), sultan of the Ottoman Empire * King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud (1876–1953), founder of Saudi A ...

– (b. 1850 – d. 1907)

Qatar

* H.E. Shaikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani was proclaimed as regent when his father Sheikh Qasim bin Muhammad Al Thani became incapacitated, 13 May 1913; succeeded on his death, 17 July 1913

Saudi Arabia

* 30 March 1964 – 2 November 1964 Crown Prince Faisal (b. 1906 – d. 1975) –Regent for his brother King Saud, and later his successor * 1 January 1996 – 21 February 1996 formally, but de facto until 1 August 2005 Crown Prince Abdullah (b. 1924 – d. 2015) –Regent for his brother King Fahd, and later his successor

Thailand

Prayurawongse ''Somdet Chao Phraya'' Borom Maha Prayurawongse ( th, สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาประยูรวงศ์; ; 1788 - 26 April 1855) or Dit Bunnag ( th, ดิศ บุนนาค; ) was a prominent polit ...

for King

Mongkut Mongkut ( th, มงกุฏ; 18 October 18041 October 1868) was the fourth monarch of Siam (Thailand) under the House of Chakri, titled Rama IV. He ruled from 1851 to 1868. His full title in Thai was ''Phra Bat Somdet Phra Menthora Ramathibod ...

(1851–1855) *

Sri Suriwongse Somdet Chaophraya Borom Maha Sri Suriwongse ( th, สมเด็จเจ้าพระยาบรมมหาศรีสุริยวงศ์, , ; also spelled ''Suriyawong'', etc.; 23 December 1808 – 19 January 1883), whose personal ...

for King

Chulalongkorn Chulalongkorn ( th, จุฬาลงกรณ์, 20 September 1853 – 23 October 1910) was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri, titled Rama V. He was known to the Siamese of his time as ''Phra Phuttha Chao Luang'' (พร� ...

(1868–1873) * Queen

Saovabha Phongsri Queen Saovabha Phongsri ( th, เสาวภาผ่องศรี; RTGS: Saowapha PhongsiPronunciation) was an agnatic half-sister and queen of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) of Thailand, and mother of both King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) and King Pr ...

for King

(1897) * Crown Prince Maha

Vajiravudh Vajiravudh ( th, วชิราวุธ, , 1 January 188126 November 1925) was the sixth monarch of Siam under the Chakri dynasty as Rama VI. He ruled from 23 October 1910 until his death in 1925. King Vajiravudh is best known for his efforts ...

for King

(1907) * Prince

Prajadhipok Sakdidej Prajadhipok ( th, ประชาธิปก, RTGS: ''Prachathipok'', 8 November 1893 – 30 May 1941), also Rama VII, was the seventh monarch of Siam of the Chakri dynasty. His reign was a turbulent time for Siam due to political and ...

for King

(1925) * Prince Paribatra Sukhumbandhu for King

Prajadhipok Prajadhipok ( th, ประชาธิปก, RTGS: ''Prachathipok'', 8 November 1893 – 30 May 1941), also Rama VII, was the seventh monarch of Siam of the Chakri dynasty. His reign was a turbulent time for Siam due to political and ...

(1932) * Prince

Narisara Nuwattiwong Prince Chitcharoen, the Prince Narisara Nuwattiwong ( th, นริศรานุวัดติวงศ์ ; 28 April 1863 – 10 March 1947), Prince Naris for short, né Chitcharoen (), was a member of the royal family of Siam (now Thailand), ...

for King

(1934–1935) * Prince

Oscar Anuvatana Oscar, OSCAR, or The Oscar may refer to: People * Oscar (given name), an Irish- and English-language name also used in other languages; the article includes the names Oskar, Oskari, Oszkár, Óscar, and other forms. * Oscar (Irish mythology), ...

(d. 1935), Prince

Aditya Dibabha Prince Aditya Dibabha ( th, อาทิตย์ทิพอาภา; ; ; 27 July 1900 – 19 May 1946) was a member of the Thai Royal Family and a Siamese political figure. He served as Chairman of the Regency Council between the years 1935 an ...

(1935–1944),

Pan Sukhum Pan Sukhum ( th, ปั้น สุขุม), better known by the noble title Chaophraya Yommarat (, 1862 – 30 December 1938), was a Thai government official who served several senior positions under the governments of kings Chulalongkorn (Ra ...

(1935–1938), General

Um Indrayodhin UM or um may refer to: Universities * U of M (disambiguation) or UM, abbreviation for various universities Businesses * Universal McCann, a global advertising and media agency * United Motors Company, a former name of American automotive parts s ...

(1935–1942) and Pridi Banomyong (1941–1945) for King Ananda Mahidol *

Prem Tinsulanonda Prem Tinsulanonda ( th, เปรม ติณสูลานนท์, , ; 26 August 1920 – 26 May 2019) was a Thai military officer, politician, and statesman who served as the Prime Minister of Thailand from 3 March 1980 to 4 August 1988, ...

, regent from 13 October to 1 December 2016 while King

Vajiralongkorn Vajiralongkorn ( th, วชิราลงกรณ; , ; born 28 July 1952) is the King of Thailand. He is the only son of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit. In 1972, at the age of 20, he was made crown prince by his father. After his ...

was in mourning for his father and predecessor.

Africa

Morocco

* The

Wattasid The Wattasid dynasty ( ber, Iweṭṭasen; ar, الوطاسيون, ''al-waṭṭāsīyūn'') was a ruling dynasty of Morocco. Like the Marinid dynasty, its rulers were of Zenata Berber descent. The two families were related, and the Marinids ...

Vizier Abu Zakariya Yahya was regent during the minority of the Marinid sultan

Abd al-Haqq II Abd al-Haqq II () (Abd al-Haqq ibn Uthman Abu Muhammad; 1419 – 14 August 1465) was Marinid Sultan of Morocco from 1420 to 1465. Life Abd al-Haqq II was made sultan in 1420 under the regency of a Wattasid ''vizier'', and later was nominal ...

; the Wattasid Viziers however kept the power beyond the majority of

, until 1459 when most members of their family were killed by the sultan, allowing him to return to power.

Lesotho

* Queen Mamohato was regent for the exiled King Moshoeshoe II in 1970 and again in 1990, and after his death in 1996.

Swaziland

Tibati Nkambule of Swaziland Tibati Madvolomafisha Nkambule (d. 1895), was the Queen Regent and Indlovukati of Swaziland from 1889 until 1894 following the death of King Mbandzeni (Dlamini IV). Tibati has been called "strong, traditionalist and well respected among her pe ...

was regent following the death of

Mbandzeni Mbandzeni (also known as Dlamini IV, Umbandine, Umbandeen) (1855–1889) was the King of Swaziland from 1872 until 1889. Ngwenyama, Ingwenyama Mbandzeni was the son of Mswati II and Nandzi Nkambule. His mother the wife of King Mswati had died wh ...

, until the majority of his son

Ngwane V Ngwane V (also known as Mahlokohla, Bhunu, Hhili) (11 May 1876 – 10 December 1899) was the King of Swaziland from 1895 until his death on 10 December 1899. Ngwane was born the son of Mbandzeni and his mother was Labotsibeni Mdluli. He ascende ...

(1889 to 1894) * Labotsibeni Mdluli was regent following the death of her son

, until the majority of his son

King Sobhuza II Sobhuza II, (; also known as Nkhotfotjeni, Mona; 22 July 1899 – 21 August 1982) was the Paramount Chief and later Ngwenyama of Swaziland for 82 years and 254 days, the longest verifiable reign of any monarch in recorded history. Sobhuza was ...

(1899 to 1921) * Queen Dzeliwe was regent after the death of her husband

from 1982 to 1983 * Prince Sozisa Dlamini was regent in 1983, following the death of

and the regency of Queen Dzeliwe * Queen Ntfombi was regent following the death of her husband

, until the majority of his son

King Mswati III Mswati III (born Makhosetive; 19 April 1968) is the king (Swazi: Ngwenyama, Ingwenyama yemaSwati) of Eswatini and head of the Swazi royal family. He was born in Manzini in the Protectorate of Swaziland to King Sobhuza II and one of his younger w ...

(1983 to 1986)

Europe

Belgium

* Baron Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier, Regent of Belgium until Leopold I's formal accession in 1831 * Prince Charles, Count of Flanders, prince regent of Belgium during his elder brother Leopold III's exile from 1944 to 1950 * Prince Baudouin, Duke of Brabant, prince regent of Belgium from 1950 to 1951

Denmark

* Johann Friedrich Struensee, de facto regent for

King Christian VII Christian VII (29 January 1749 – 13 March 1808) was a monarch of the House of Oldenburg who was King of Denmark–Norway and Duke of Duchy of Schleswig, Schleswig and Duchy of Holstein, Holstein from 1766 until his death in 1808. For his motto ...

, 1770–1772 * Hereditary Prince Frederick (along with, effectively, his mother, Queen Juliana Maria) for his half-brother (and her step-son),

, 1772–1784 * Crown Prince Frederick for his father,

, 1784–1808 * Crown Prince Frederick for his father, King Christian X, 1942–1943

Liechtenstein

Prince Franz Joseph A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. ...

was regent for four months for his grand-uncle Sovereign Prince Franz I. * Hereditary Prince Hans-Adam was regent for his father Sovereign Prince Franz Joseph II from 1984 until his death in 1989. * Hereditary Prince Alois has been regent for his father Sovereign Prince Hans-Adam II since 15 August 2004.

Luxembourg

* Duke Adolph of Nassau was Regent from 8 April 1889 to 3 May 1889 and from 4 November 1890 to 23 November 1890, during the terminal illness of Grand Duke William III. * Dowager Grand Duchess Marie Anne was Regent to her husband,

Grand Duke William IV William IV (Guillaume Alexander; ''French: Guillaume Alexandre''; 22 April 1852 – 25 February 1912) reigned as the Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 17 November 1905 until his death. He succeeded his father, Adolphe. William was a Protestant, the ...

, during his terminal illness from 19 November 1908 to 25 February 1912, and then Regent to her daughter,

Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde Grand may refer to: People with the name * Grand (surname) * Grand L. Bush (born 1955), American actor * Grand Mixer DXT, American turntablist * Grand Puba (born 1966), American rapper Places * Grand, Oklahoma * Grand, Vosges, village and co ...

, during her minority from 25 February 1912 to 18 June 1912. * Hereditary Grand Duke Jean was Regent for his mother, Grand Duchess Charlotte, from 4 May 1961 to 12 November 1964. * Hereditary Grand Duke Henri was Regent for his father, Grand Duke Jean, from 4 March 1998 to 7 October 2000.

Monaco

* Hereditary Prince Albert was regent from his father Prince Rainier III from 31 March 2005 to 6 April 2005, when he succeeded him as

Prince Albert II Albert II – Website of the Palace of Monaco (Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre Grimaldi; born 14 March 1958) is Prince of Monaco, since 2005. Albert was born at the Prince's Palace of Monaco, and he is the second child and only son of Prince Rai ...

Netherlands

* The Dowager Princess Anne, during the minority of her son,

William V, Prince of Orange William V (Willem Batavus; 8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806) was a prince of Orange and the last stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. He went into exile to London in 1795. He was furthermore ruler of the Principality of Orange-Nassau until his death in ...

, between 1751 and 1759 * The Dowager Princess Marie Louise, during the minority of her son, William IV, Prince of Orange from 1711-1730, and the minority of her grandson, William V, jointly with

Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Bevern (25 September 1718, Wolfenbüttel – 12 May 1788, Eisenach) was a field-marshal in the armies of the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic, the elected Duke of Courland (1741). From 13 November 1750 t ...

from 1759 till her death in 1765. *

, the Captain-General of the Dutch army, during the minority of William V, jointly with Dowager Princess Marie Louise from 1759 until her death in 1765, and with Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau (1765-1766) * Princess Carolina, during the minority of her brother, William V, and jointly with Duke Louis Ernest, between 1765 and 1766. * Council of State, during insanity of the King

William III William III or William the Third may refer to: Kings * William III of Sicily (c. 1186–c. 1198) * William III of England and Ireland or William III of Orange or William II of Scotland (1650–1702) * William III of the Netherlands and Luxembourg ...

in 1889 and again in 1890 * The Dowager Queen Emma (1890–1898), during the minority of her daughter Queen Wilhelmina, between 1890 and 1898 * Crown Princess Juliana during illness of her mother Queen Wilhelmina in 1947 and again in 1948

Norway

* King Magnus Eriksson (1343–1355) after stepping down from the throne in favor of his son Haakon Magnusson * Johann Friedrich Struensee, de facto regent for

, 1770–1772 * Hereditary Prince Frederick (along with, effectively, his mother, Queen Juliana Maria) for his half-brother (and her step-son),

, 1772–1784 * Crown Prince Frederick for his father,

, 1784–1808 *

Crown Prince Olav Olav V (; born Prince Alexander of Denmark; 2 July 1903 – 17 January 1991) was the King of Norway from 1957 until his death in 1991. Olav was the only child of King Haakon VII of Norway and Maud of Wales. He became heir apparent to the Norw ...

was regent for his father King Haakon VII in 1945, awaiting his return at end of the Second World War, and during his illness between 1955 and 1957. * Crown Prince Harald was regent during the illness of his father

King Olav V Olav V (; born Prince Alexander of Denmark; 2 July 1903 – 17 January 1991) was the King of Norway from 1957 until his death in 1991. Olav was the only child of King Haakon VII of Norway and Maud of Wales. He became heir apparent to the Norw ...

between 1990 and 1991. * Crown Prince Haakon was regent from 25 November 2003 to 12 April 2004, from 29 March to 7 June 2005 and since 19 December 2019 during the illness of his father King Harald V

Spain

Crown of Castile The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accessi ...

Ferdinand II of Aragon Ferdinand II ( an, Ferrando; ca, Ferran; eu, Errando; it, Ferdinando; la, Ferdinandus; es, Fernando; 10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), also called Ferdinand the Catholic (Spanish: ''el Católico''), was King of Aragon and Sardinia from ...

, twice regent of Castile (1504–1506, 1507–1516) for Queen Juana * Pope Adrian VI (1520–1522) and

Isabella of Portugal Isabella of Portugal (24 October 1503 – 1 May 1539) was the empress consort and queen consort of her cousin Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Duke of Burgundy. She was Queen of Spain and Germany, and La ...

(1529–1533, 1535–1536, 1538–1539) and Prince Philip (1539–1541, 1543–1548, 1551–1554) and Archduke Maximilian (1548–1551) and Maria of Austria (1548–1551) during Charles I's absences. * Joan of Austria, Princess Dowager of Portugal (''Infanta Juana''), regent of Castile (1554–1559) for

King Philip II of Spain Philip II) in Spain, while in Kingdom of Portugal, Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I ( pt, Filipe I). (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent ( es, Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, K ...

during the king's marriage to Queen

Mary I of England Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, and as "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant opponents, was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 and Queen of Spain from January 1556 until her death in 1558. Sh ...

. *

Fernando de Acevedo Fernando is a Spanish and Portuguese given name and a surname common in Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Switzerland, former Spanish or Portuguese colonies in Latin America, Africa, the Philippines, India, and Sri Lanka. It is equivalent to the G ...

as President of the Council of Castile during King Philip III's visit to Portugal in 1619. * Mariana of Austria, regent of Spain during the minority of her son Charles II from 1665 to 1675. *

Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero y de Guzmán, (8 January 1635, Palma del Río – 14 September 1709, Toledo, Spain) was a Spanish prelate, who was cardinal archbishop of Toledo. Uncle of Luis Antonio Tomás de Portocarrero y Moscoso, 5th ...

cardinal and archbishop of Toledo during King Charles II's illness in 1700. * Government Board of the Realms during the illness of Charles II and Philip V absence from 1700 to 1701. *

cardinal and archbishop of Toledo during King Philip V's absence from 1701 to 1703. * Queen Regent Elisabeth Farnese during King Charles III's absence in 1759. * Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain, French invasion (King Ferdinand VII's absence) in 1808. * Lieutenant General Joachim Murat (1808) and Jean de Dieu Soult (1813) during King Joseph's absence. * A Supreme Central and Governmental Junta of Spain and the Indies from 25 September 1808 to 31 January 1810 and a Regency Council (the Cortes of Cádiz from 1 February 1810 to 10 May 1814 during the imprisonment/abdication of Ferdinand VII. * Regencies during the

Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis "The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" was the popular name for a French army mobilized in 1823 by the Bourbon King of France, Louis XVIII, to help the Spanish Royalists restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to the absolute power of which he ha ...

Intervention (1823): Provisional Regency Council of the Realm. President: Cayetano Valdés y Flores, Provisional Government Board of Spain and the Indies. President:

Francisco de Eguía Francisco Ramón de Eguía y López de Letona, 1st Conde del Real Aprecio was a Spanish military commander and politician. Early career After seeing action against the French in the War of the Pyrenees, Eguía was promoted to field marshal in ...

, Regency Council of the Realm during King's Captivity. President: Pedro de Alcántara Álvarez de Toledo, 13th Duke of the Infantado. *

Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies ( it, Maria Cristina Ferdinanda di Borbone, Principessa delle Due Sicilie, es, link=no, María Cristina de Borbón, Princesa de las Dos Sicilias; 27 April 1806 – 22 August 1878) was Queen of Spain from 1829 ...

during the minority of her daughter

Isabella II Isabella II ( es, Isabel II; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904), was Queen of Spain from 29 September 1833 until 30 September 1868. Shortly before her birth, the King Ferdinand VII of Spain issued a Pragmatic Sanction to ensure the successio ...

from 1833 to 1840. *

Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara Baldomero Fernández-Espartero y Álvarez de Toro (27 February 17938 January 1879) was a Spanish marshal and statesman. He served as the Regent of the Realm, three times as Prime Minister and briefly as President of the Congress of Deputies. ...

during the minority of

from 1840 to 1843. * Francisco Serrano, duke of la Torre, during the interregnum between the reigns of Isabella II and Amadeo I, from 1868 to 1871. * Antonio Cánovas del Castillo during King Alfonso XII's absence from 1874 to 1875. *

Maria Christina of Austria Maria Christina Henriette Desideria Felicitas Raineria of Austria ( es, María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena; 21 July 1858 – 6 February 1929) was the second queen consort of Alfonso XII of Spain. She was queen regent during the vacancy of the ...

, regent during her pregnancy after her husband's death and then for her son Alfonso XIII from 26 November 1885 – 17 May 1902. * The Caudillo general

Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde (; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who led the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War ...

, became de facto regent for life in 1947 to 1975, after reinstating the monarchy with a vacant royal throne ultimately filled by Juan Carlos.

Sweden

Mats Kettilmundsson Mats Kettilmundsson (also Mattias) (ca. 1280 - died 11 May 1326) was a Swedish knight, riksdrots and statesman. Biography In 1302, Mats Kettilmundsson was one of the knights and confidants of Duke Eric Magnusson (c. 1282–1318). He presided o ...

(1318–1319), between the deposition of the king Birger Magnusson and the election of three-year-old Magnus Eriksson asking. * Ingeborg of Norway (1319–1326) president of the council of regents for her underage son, the king Magnus Eriksson, in both Sweden and Norway. * Karl Knutsson (Bonde) (1438–1440), during the interregnum following the deposition of the king Eric XIII; later became king as Charles VIII *

Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna Bengt may refer to: People In arts, entertainment and media Actors * Bengt Djurberg (1898–1941), Swedish actor and singer * Bengt Ekerot (1920–1971), Swedish actor and director * Bengt Eklund (1925–1998), Swedish actor * Bengt Logardt (1914 ...

(1448; together with his brother Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna), during the interregnum between the death of Christopher of Bavaria and the election of Karl Knutsson (Bonde) as king. *

Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna Nils is a Scandinavian given name, a chiefly Norwegian, Danish, Swedish and Latvian variant of Niels, cognate to Nicholas. People and animals with the given name * Nils Bergström (born 1985), Swedish ice hockey player *Nils Björk (1898–1989), ...

(1448; together with his brother Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna), during the interregnum between the death of Christopher of Bavaria and the election of Karl Knutsson (Bonde) as king. * Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna (1457; together with Erik Axelsson Tott), during the interregnum following the first deposition of King Charles VIII, and again (1465–1466), following his second deposition. * Kettil Karlsson Vasa (1464), during the interregnum following the first deposition of King Christian I; and again (1465), following the second deposition of Charles VIII * Erik Axelsson Tott (1457; together with Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna) (1466–1467), following the end of Jöns Oxenstierna's second regency. * Sten Sture the Elder (1470–1497, 1501–1503) the longest-serving regent during the

Kalmar Union The Kalmar Union (Danish language, Danish, Norwegian language, Norwegian, and sv, Kalmarunionen; fi, Kalmarin unioni; la, Unio Calmariensis) was a personal union in Scandinavia, agreed at Kalmar in Sweden, that from 1397 to 1523 joined under ...

* Svante Nilsson (1503–1512), succeeding Sten Sture the Elder. *

Erik Trolle Eric Trolle (or Erik Arvidsson) (c. 1460–1530) was elected regent of Sweden in 1512, during the era of Kalmar Union. He was Justiciar of Närke and a Lord High Councillor of Sweden from 1487. Biography Eric Arvidsson was born around 1460 into ...

1512. * Sten Sture the Younger (1512–1520), succeeding Svante Sture. * Gustav Eriksson Vasa was firstly Regent (1521–1523) after the final dissolution of Kalmar Union, but soon was proclaimed King. * Duke Charles of Södermanland (1599–1604) after ousting his Catholic nephew King Sigismund, until he himself claimed the throne. *

Axel Oxenstierna Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna af Södermöre (; 1583–1654), Count of Södermöre, was a Swedish statesman. He became a member of the Swedish Privy Council in 1609 and served as Lord High Chancellor of Sweden from 1612 until his death. He was a c ...

(1632–1644), during the minority of Queen Christina. * Dowager Queen Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp (1660–1672), during the minority of her son King

Charles XI Charles XI or Carl ( sv, Karl XI; ) was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period of Swedish history known as the Swedish Empire (1611–1721). He was the only son of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein- ...

, again (1697–1699), during the minority of her grandson King Charles XII, and finally, ''de facto'', during Charles's absence from Sweden during the early years of the Great Northern War (1700–1713). * Princess Ulrika Eleonora, during the frequent absences of her brother, Charles XII, in the later years of the Great Northern War (1713–1718) * Charles, Duke of Södermanland (1792–1796) for his underage nephew

Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden Gustav IV Adolf or Gustav IV Adolph (1 November 1778 – 7 February 1837) was King of Sweden from 1792 until he was deposed in a coup in 1809. He was also the last Swedish monarch to be the ruler of Finland. The occupation of Finland in 1808–09 ...

, and again (1809) after Gustav IV Adolf was deposed and before Charles himself was proclaimed King Charles XIII. * Crown Prince Charles John (1810–1818), for his adoptive father King Charles XIII, due to Charles XIII's incapacity. * Crown Prince

Charles Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English language, English and French language, French speaking countries. It is from the French form ''Charles'' of the Proto-Germanic, Proto-Germanic name (in runic alphabet) or ''*k ...

(1857–1859), for his father King Oscar I, due to Oscar's incapacity.

United Kingdom and its predecessor realms

George, Prince Regent George IV (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from the death of his father, King George III, on 29 January 1820, until his own death ten y ...

(1811–1820), during the incapacity of his father, George III. * While Charles, Prince of Wales was never officially made regent, he unofficially took on many of the roles of his mother, Elizabeth II, late in her reign due to her advanced age.

= Kingdom of Great Britain

= * After the death of Queen Anne in 1714 a regency under Lord Parker, the Lord Chief Justice, was set up while King George I was sent for to take up the crown. * George, Prince of Wales (1716–17), during the absence of his father, George I. *

Caroline of Ansbach , father = John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach , mother = Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach , birth_date = , birth_place = Ansbach, Principality of Ansbach, Holy Roman Empire , death_date = , death_place = St James's Pala ...

(1729; 1732; 1735; 1736–37), during the absences of her husband, George II.

= Kingdom of England

= * Ælfthryth (978–984), during the minority of her son King Æthelred the Unready. * William Longchamp (intermittently 1189–1197), during the absences of Richard I on the Third Crusade, imprisoned in the Holy Roman Empire, and in France. * William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1216–1219) and then

Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent (; ; ; c.1170 – before 5 May 1243) was an English nobleman who served as Chief Justiciar of England and Ireland during the reigns of King John and of his son and successor King Henry III and, as a consequenc ...

(1219–1227), during the minority of King Henry III * A regency council headed by Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster (1327–1330) during the minority of

Edward III Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death in 1377. He is noted for his military success and for restoring r ...

John, Duke of Bedford John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford KG (20 June 138914 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. Bedford was the third son of ...

(1422–1435), Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and Henry Beaufort (1422–1437), during the minority of their nephew, Henry VI *

Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (21 September 1411 – 30 December 1460), also named Richard Plantagenet, was a leading English magnate and claimant to the throne during the Wars of the Roses. He was a member of the ruling House of Plantage ...

(1454–1455; 1455–1456), during the incapacity of his cousin, Henry VI * Richard, Duke of Gloucester (1483), during the minority of his nephew,

Edward V Edward V (2 November 1470 – mid-1483)R. F. Walker, "Princes in the Tower", in S. H. Steinberg et al, ''A New Dictionary of British History'', St. Martin's Press, New York, 1963, p. 286. was ''de jure'' King of England and Lord of Ireland fro ...

Lady Margaret Beaufort Lady Margaret Beaufort (usually pronounced: or ; 31 May 1441/43 – 29 June 1509) was a major figure in the Wars of the Roses of the late fifteenth century, and mother of King Henry VII of England, the first Tudor monarch. A descendant of ...

(1509) during the minority of her grandson

Henry VIII Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and for his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine of Aragon) annulled. His disa ...

* Queen

Catherine of Aragon Catherine of Aragon (also spelt as Katherine, ; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 11 June 1509 until their annulment on 23 May 1533. She was previously ...

(1513) while

was in France. In this time she played a large role in the defeat of the Scots at the Battle of Flodden, and was Queen Regent for several months. * Queen

Catherine Parr Catherine Parr (sometimes alternatively spelled Katherine, Katheryn, Kateryn, or Katharine; 1512 – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and Ireland as the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 12 July 1543 until ...

(1544), while

was in France. * Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (1547–1549), during the minority of his nephew, Edward VI *

John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1504Loades 2008 – 22 August 1553) was an English general, admiral, and politician, who led the government of the young King Edward VI from 1550 until 1553, and unsuccessfully tried to install Lady Ja ...

(1550–1553), during the minority of Edward VI * During the month of March 1617, Francis Bacon served as regent of England during the reign of King James I of England *

personally led his army into battle each year during the

Nine Years' War The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg, was a conflict between France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg monarch ...

(1689–1698). In his absence, the kingdom was administered by his wife and co-ruler

Queen Mary II Mary II (30 April 166228 December 1694) was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, co-reigning with her husband, William III & II, from 1689 until her death in 1694. Mary was the eldest daughter of James, Duke of York, and his first wife A ...

until her death in 1694, and thereafter by a council of seven Lord Justices (sometimes referred to as the "Lords Regent"):

William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire, (25 January 164018 August 1707) was an English soldier, nobleman, and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1661 to 1684 when he inherited his father's peerage as Earl of Devonshire. H ...

(1640–1707), Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset (1638–1706),

Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin, (15 June 1645 – 15 September 1712) was a leading British politician of the late 17th and the early 18th centuries. He was a Privy Councillor and Secretary of State for the Northern Department b ...

(1645–1712), Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke (1656–1733), Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury (1660–1718),

John Somers, Baron Somers John Somers, 1st Baron Somers, (4 March 1651 – 26 April 1716) was an English Whigs (British political party), Whig jurist and statesman. Somers first came to national attention in the trial of the Seven Bishops where he was on their defence ...

(1651–1716), and Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury.

= Kingdom of Scotland

= * A regency council of six Guardians existed (1286–1290) during the minority of Margaret, Maid of Norway. These were;

William Fraser William Fraser may refer to: Military people *William W. Fraser (1844–1915), American Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient *William Archibald Kenneth Fraser (1886–1969), British army officer *William Fraser (British Army officer) ( ...

Bishop of St Andrews The Bishop of St. Andrews ( gd, Easbaig Chill Rìmhinn, sco, Beeshop o Saunt Andras) was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of St Andrews in the Catholic Church and then, from 14 August 1472, as Archbishop of St Andrews ( gd, Àrd-easbaig ...

;

Donnchadh III, Earl of Fife Donnchadh III or Duncan was Earl of Fife (or Mormaer) from 1270/2 to 1288. He succeeded as only a child, the son of the previous Mormaer Colbán, who died young. During his minority, William Wishart, Bishop of St Andrews, became ''custos'' of ...

(followed by

Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife ''Duncan IV(1289–1353) was sometime Guardian of Scotland, and ruled Fife until his death. He was the last of the native Scottish rulers of that province. He was born in late 1289, the same year as his father Donn ...

);

Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan Alexander Comyn, 2nd Earl of Buchan (died 1289) was a Scoto-Norman magnate who was one of the most important figures in the 13th century Kingdom of Scotland. He was the son of William Comyn, jure uxoris Earl of Buchan, and Marjory, Countess o ...

; Robert Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow; James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland; and

John Comyn II of Badenoch John Comyn II of Badenoch (died 1302), nicknamed the Black Comyn, was a Scottish nobleman, a Guardian of Scotland, and one of the six Regents for Margaret, Maid of Norway. His father was John Comyn I of Badenoch. Competitor for the Crown In 1 ...

* William Wallace (1298), claiming to act as regent on behalf of the deposed King John * Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick (1298–1300) * John Comyn III of Badenoch (1298–1301; 1302–1304) * William Lamberton,

(1299–1301) * Sir Ingram de Umfraville (1300–1301) * John de Soules (1301–1304) *

Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray Thomas may refer to: People * List of people with given name Thomas * Thomas (name) * Thomas (surname) * Saint Thomas (disambiguation) * Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church * Thomas the Ap ...

(1329–1332) (during the minority of David II) * Donald, Earl of Mar (1332) (during the minority of David II) *

Sir Andrew Murray Sir Andrew Murray (1298–1338), also known as Sir Andrew Moray, or Sir Andrew de Moray, was a Scottish military and political leader who supported King David II of Scotland against Edward Balliol and King Edward III of England during the Seco ...

(1332) (during the minority of David II) * Sir Archibald Douglas (1332–1333) (during the minority of David II) * Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward of Scotland (1334–1335) (during the minority of his half-uncle David II) * John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray (1334–1335) (during the minority of David II) *

(1335–1338) (during the minority of David II) * Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward of Scotland (1338–1341; 1346–1357) (during the minority and later captivity of his half-uncle David II) *

John Stewart, Earl of Carrick John Stewart, Earl of Carrick, Lord Kinclaven (died ''c.'' 1645) was a Scottish nobleman, the third son of Robert, Earl of Orkney, a bastard son of King James V. Stewart was soon linked with the widow "Mistress Southwell". In November 1604 he ...

(1384–1388) (during the incapacity of his father, Robert II) * Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Fife (1388–1393) (during the incapacity of his father, Robert II and of his brother, Robert III) *

David Stewart, 1st Duke of Rothesay David Stewart (24 October 1378 – 26 March 1402) was heir apparent to the throne of Scotland from 1390 and the first Duke of Rothesay from 1398. He was named after his great-great-uncle, David II of Scotland, and also held the titles of ...

(1399–1401) (during the incapacity of his father, Robert III) * Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany (1401–1420) (during the incapacity of his brother Robert III, and then during the minority and captivity of his nephew James I) *

Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany ( gd, Muireadhach Stiubhart) (136224 May 1425) was a leading Scottish nobleman, the son of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, and the grandson of King Robert II of Scotland, who founded the Stewart dynasty. In 1389, he ...

(1420–1424) (during the captivity of his cousin James I) *

Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas (c. 1391 – 26 June 1439) was a Scottish nobleman and general during the Hundred Years' War. Life Douglas was the son of Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas and Margaret Stewart, eldest daughter o ...

(1437–1439) (during the minority of

James II James II may refer to: * James II of Avesnes (died c. 1205), knight of the Fourth Crusade * James II of Majorca (died 1311), Lord of Montpellier * James II of Aragon (1267–1327), King of Sicily * James II, Count of La Marche (1370–1438), King C ...

) * William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton and Sir Alexander Livingston (1439–1445) (during the minority of James II) * William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas (1445–1449) (during the minority of James II) * Mary of Gueldres (1460–1463) (during the minority of her son, James III) * James Kennedy and Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy (1463–1466) (during the minority of James III) * Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd (1466–1469) (during the minority of James III) * Patrick Hepburn (1488–1494) (during the minority of

James IV James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scotland from 11 June 1488 until his death at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. He inherited the throne at the age of fifteen on the death of his father, James III, at the Battle of Sauchi ...

) * Margaret Tudor (1513–1514) (during the minority of her son,

James V James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was King of Scotland from 9 September 1513 until his death in 1542. He was crowned on 21 September 1513 at the age of seventeen months. James was the son of King James IV and Margaret Tudor, and duri ...

) * John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (1514–1524) (during the minority of his cousin

) * Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus and Archbishop James Beaton (1524–1528) (during the minority of the former's stepson James V) * James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (1542–1554) (during the minority of his cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots) *

Mary of Guise Mary of Guise (french: Marie de Guise; 22 November 1515 – 11 June 1560), also called Mary of Lorraine, was a French noblewoman of the House of Guise, a cadet branch of the House of Lorraine and one of the most powerful families in France. She ...

(1554–1560) (during the minority of her daughter Mary, Queen of Scots) *

James Stuart, 1st Earl of Moray James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. 1531 – 23 January 1570) was a member of the House of Stewart as the illegitimate son of King James V of Scotland. A supporter of his half-sister Mary, Queen of Scots, he was the regent of Scotland for his ...

(1567–1570) (during the minority of his nephew James VI) * Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (1570–1571) (during the minority of his grandson James VI) * John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1571–1572) (during the minority of James VI) * James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton (1572–1581) (during the minority of James VI)

Regents in defunct monarchies

The same notes apply; inclusion in this list reflects the political reality, regardless of claims to the throne.

Asia

China

* Duke of Zhou, during the minority of his nephew Song Ji, the

King Cheng of Zhou King Cheng of Zhou (), personal name Ji Song (姬誦), was the second king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty. The dates of his reign are 1042–1021 BCE or 1042/35–1006 BCE. His parents were King Wu of Zhou and Queen Yi Jiang (邑姜). King Cheng w ...

until he was old enough to rule. * Empress Lü *

Huo Guang Huo Guang (; died 68 BC), courtesy name Zimeng (子孟), was a Chinese military general and politician who served as the dominant state official of the Western Han dynasty from 87 BCE until his death in 68 BCE. The younger half-brother of the re ...

, during the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han, the emperor reaffirmed that all important matters were to be presented to Huo before Huo would present them to the emperor. The source of title of highest imperial nobility of ancient Japan " Kanpaku" (Regent). * Dong Zhuo,

Cao Cao Cao Cao () (; 155 – 15 March 220), courtesy name Mengde (), was a Chinese statesman, warlord and poet. He was the penultimate Grand chancellor (China), grand chancellor of the Eastern Han dynasty, and he amassed immense power in the End of ...

, Cao Pi during the reign of

Emperor Xian of Han Emperor Xian of Han (2 April 181 – 21 April 234), personal name Liu Xie (劉協), courtesy name Bohe, was the 14th and last emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty in China. He reigned from 28 September 189 until 11 December 220. Liu Xie was a s ...

. * Cao Zhen, Cao Xiu,

Chen Qun Chen Qun (died 7 February 237), courtesy name Changwen, was a Chinese politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He initiated the Nine-rank system for civil service nomination in Wei. Following the death of th ...

Sima Yi Sima Yi ( ; 179 CE – 7 September 251 CE), courtesy name Zhongda, was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He formally began his political career in 208 un ...

during the reign of Emperor Cao Rui. * Cao Shuang, Sima Yi and Sima Shi during the reign of Emperor Cao Fang. *

Sima Zhao Sima Zhao () (211 – 6 September 265), courtesy name Zishang, was a Chinese military general, politician, and regent of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Sima Zhao capably maintained control of Wei, which had been ...

and Sima Yan during the reign of Emperor Cao Mao and Emperor

Cao Huan Cao Huan () (245/246–302/303), courtesy name Jingming, was the fifth and last emperor of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. On 4 February 266, he abdicated the throne in favour of Sima Yan (later Emperor Wu of the Jin dyn ...

. * Zhuge Liang,

Jiang Wan Jiang Wan (180s - November or December 246), courtesy name Gongyan, was a regent and military general of the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Jiang Wan initially served as a scribe, c ...

, Fei Yi during the reign of the Emperor Liu Shan. * Zhuge Ke, Sun Jun and

Sun Chen Sun Chen (232 – 18 January 259), courtesy name Zitong, was a military general and regent of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He ruled as regent during the reigns of the emperors Sun Liang and Sun Xiu. His confl ...

during the reign of Emperor Sun Liang. * Empress Dowager Feng * Wu Zetian * Xiao Yanyan * Empress Liu * Empress Gao * Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong, Yang Pu, Zhang Fu and Hu Ying during the minority of the

Zhengtong Emperor Emperor Yingzong of Ming (; 29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464), personal name Zhu Qizhen (), was the sixth and eighth Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He ascended the throne as the Zhengtong Emperor () in 1435, but was forced to abdicate in 1 ...

from 1435 to 1442. * Gao Gong, Zhang Juzheng,

Gao Yi Gao Yi may refer to: * Gao Yi (canoeist) * Gao Yi (volleyball) * Koe Yeet Koe Yeet is a Malaysian television and film actress. Koe achieved notability for her role in the 2008 action comedy film ''Ah Long Pte Ltd'' by actor-director Jack Neo. ...

and

Feng Bao Feng may refer to: *Feng (surname), one of several Chinese surnames in Mandarin: **Féng (surname) ( wikt:冯 féng 2nd tone "gallop"), very common Chinese surname **Fèng (surname) ( wikt:鳳 fèng 4th tone "phoenix"), relatively common Chinese fa ...

during the minority of the Wanli Emperor from 1572 to 1582. * Dorgon,

Jierhalang Jirgalang or Jirhalang (Manchu: 19 November 1599 – June 11, 1655) was a Manchu noble, regent, and political and military leader of the early Qing dynasty. Born in the Aisin Gioro clan, he was the sixth son of Šurhaci, a younger brother of ...

and

Duoduo Duo Duo or Duoduo (, born 1951) is the pen name of contemporary Chinese poet, Li Shizheng (栗世征), a prominent exponent of the Chinese Misty Poets (朦胧诗). Duo Duo was awarded the 2010 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. Biograp ...

as Prince-Regent, from 1643 to 1650 during the minority of his nephew Fulin, the

Shunzhi Emperor The Shunzhi Emperor (15 March 1638 – 5 February 1661) was the second Emperor of China, emperor of the Qing dynasty of China, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1644 to 1661. A Deliberative Council of Prince ...

. * Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun and Oboi during the minority of the Kangxi Emperor from 1661 to their various deaths or downfalls. The last one, Oboi fell from grace in 1669. * Zaiyuan, Duanhua,

Sushun Sushun may refer to: *Emperor Sushun was the 32nd Emperor of Japan, Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'')崇峻天皇 (32)/ref> according to the traditional order of succession. Sushun's reign spanned the years from 587 through 592. Tradit ...

, Jingshou, Muyin,

Kuangyuan Guangyuan () is a prefecture-level city in Sichuan Province, China, bordering the provinces of Shaanxi to the northeast and Gansu to the northwest. The city has a population of 2,305,657 as of the 2020 census. Located roughly between the provin ...

, Du Han and

Jiao Youying Jiao may refer to: *Horn (Chinese constellation), or Jiao (角宿), a Chinese constellation *Jiaolong, or Jiao (蛟), a Chinese dragon *Jiao (currency) (角), a unit of currency in China, one-tenth of a Chinese yuan or dollar *Jiao (surname) (� ...

during the minority of the Tongzhi Emperor in 1861. * Empress Dowager Ci'an (1861–1873, 1875–1881), Empress Dowager Cixi (1861–1873, 1875–1889, 1898–1908) and Yixin (1861–1865) during the minority of the Tongzhi Emperor and de facto ruler for almost the entire reign of the Guangxu Emperor. *

Zaifeng Zaifeng (12 February 1883 – 3 February 1951), also known as Tsai Feng, Prince of Ch'ün, formally known by his title Prince Chun, was a Manchu prince and regent of the late Qing dynasty. He was a son of Yixuan, the seventh son of the Da ...

, between 1908 and 1911 for his son Puyi, Empress Dowager Longyu (1908–1912) abdicated monarchy on behalf of Puyi in 1912.

Afghanistan

Before the 1881 unification, there were essentially four rulers' capitals: Kabul, Herat,

Qandahar Kandahar (; Kandahār, , Qandahār) is a city in Afghanistan, located in the south of the country on the Arghandab River, at an elevation of . It is Afghanistan's second largest city after Kabul, with a population of about 614,118. It is the ca ...

and Peshawar (the last now in Pakistan); all their rulers belonged to the

Abdali Abdali may refer to: * An alternate name for the Durrani, one of the largest Pashtun tribes of Afghanistan and western Pakistan ** Ahmed Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, founder of the Durrani Empire in Afghanistan * Al-Abdali, a dist ...

tribal group, whose name was changed to Dorrani with Ahmad Shah Abdali. They belong either to the Saddozay segment of the

Popalzay Popalzai or Popalzay ( ps, پوپلزی), also known as Popal, are Durrani (formerly called Abdali or Bor Tareen) Pashtuns of Afghanistan. The Popalzai are part of the Zirak confederation of Pashtun tribes. The origin of the Abdali forefathers ...

clan (typically styled padshah, king) or to the Mohammadzay segment of the

Barakzay Bārakzai ( ps, بارکزی, ''Bārakzay;'' plur. ps, بارکزي, ''Bārakzī'') is the name of a Pashtun tribe from present-day, Kandahar, Afghanistan. '"Barakzai" is a common name among the Pashtuns and it means "son of Barak" in Pasht ...

clan (typically with the style Amir, in full

Amir al-Mo´menin Emir (; ar, أمير ' ), sometimes transliterated amir, amier, or ameer, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ce ...

"Leader of the Faithful"). The Mohammadzay also furnished the Saddozay kings frequently with top counselors, who served occasionally as (Minister-)regents, identified with the epithet Mohammadzay.

South Asia

Ahom Kingdom

* Queen Phuleshwari (1722-1732) of Ahom kingdom * Queen Ambika (1732-1739) of Ahom kingdom * Queen Sarbeswari (1739-1744) of Ahom kingdom

Madurai

* Rani Mangammal (1684–1703) of Madurai Nayak Dynasty

Mughal Empire

Bairam Khan Muhammad Bairam Khan(Persianمحمد بیرام خان) (18 January 150131 January 1561), commonly known as Bairam Khan or Bayram Khan was an important military commander, and later commander-in-chief of the Mughal army, a powerful statesman a ...

(1556–1560) during the minority of

Akbar Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (25 October 1542 – 27 October 1605), popularly known as Akbar the Great ( fa, ), and also as Akbar I (), was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Hum ...

Vijayanagara Empire

* Tuluva Narasa Nayaka for

Thimma Bhupala Thimma Bhupala (died 1491) was the elder son of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, the King of Vijayanagara Empire The Vijayanagara Empire, also called the Karnata Kingdom, was a Hindu empire based in the region of South India, which consisted t ...

(1491) and

Narasimha Raya II Narasimha Raya II (r. 1491-1505) (born = 1468)( Narasimha II, Immadi Narasimha Raya or Dhamma Thimma Raya)Majumdar R.C. (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p. 305 was the third and last ruler of the Saluva dynasty, t ...

. (1491-1505) Following Narasimha II’s assassination, Narasa’s son, Viranarasimha Raya, would be crowned emperor. *

Aliya Rama Raya Rama Raya (died 23 January 1565 CE), known as "Aliya" (son-in-law in Kannada) was a statesman of the Vijayanagara Empire, the son-in-law of Emperor Krishna Deva Raya and the progenitor of the Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagar Empire, the fourth and ...

for Sadasiva Raya. (1542 to 1556)

Qutub Shahi Dynasty

*Saif Khan for

Subhan Quli Qutb Shah Subhan Quli Qutb Shah (1543–1550) was 7 years old, when he became Sultan of Golconda, after the death of his father Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah, in 1550. Saif Khan, also known as ''Ainul Mulk'', was sent from Ahmednagar for the performance o ...

. (1550)

Holkar Dynasty

Ahilyabai Holkar Ahilya Bai Holkar (31 May 1725 – 13 August 1795) was the hereditary noble queen of the Maratha Empire, in early-modern India. She established Maheshwar (in Madhya Pradesh) as the seat of Holkar Dynasty. After the demise of her husband Kha ...

during the reign of her son

Male Rao Holkar Shrimant Subhedar Male Rao Holkar II Bahadur (1745 – 5 April 1767), belonging to the Holkar dynasty of the Marathas was the Maharaja of Indore (r.1766 – 1767). He was the only son of Khande Rao Holkar Bahadur, and his mother was Ahilya Bai H ...

. ( 1766 to 1767)

Travancore

Both before and during the British raj (colonial rule), most of India was ruled by several hundred native princely houses, many of which have known regencies, under the raj subject to British approval * Maharani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi of Travancore (1811–1815) * Maharani Gowri Parvati Bayi (1815–1849) * Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi (1924–1931)

Vakataka Kingdom

Prabhavati Prabhavatigupta (died ), was a Gupta princess and Vakataka queen who was the consort of Maharaja Rudrasena II. Following the death of her husband, she effectively ruled the Vakataka kingdom as regent from about 390 to 410. Early life Prabhavat ...

(ca. 390–410)

Iran

* Prince

Nasir al-Mulk Nasir ( ar, ناصر, translit=Nāṣir) is a masculine given name, commonly found in Arabic which can mean "helper" or "one who gives victory" (grammatically the Stem I masculine singular active participle of consonantal verb root ''n-ṣ-r''). ...

(1910–1914), during the minority of King Ahmad Shah Qajar.

Iraq

In the short-lived Hashemite kingdom, there were three regencies in the reign of the third and last king

Faysal II Faisal II ( ar, الملك فيصل الثاني ''el-Melik Faysal es-Sânî'') (2 May 1935 – 14 July 1958) was the last King of Iraq. He reigned from 4 April 1939 until July 1958, when he was killed during the 14 July Revolution. This regici ...

(b. 1935 – d. 1958; also Head of the 'Arab Union', a federation with the Hashemite sister-kingdom Jordan, from 14 February 1958) : * 4 April 1939 – 1 April 1941 Prince 'Abd al-Ilah (1st time) (b. 1913 – d. 1958) * 1 April 1941 – 1 June 1941 Sharaf ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz (b. 1880 – d. 1955) * 1 June 1941 – 2 May 1953 Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah (2nd time)

Korea

Daewon-gun Heungseon Daewongun (흥선대원군, 興宣大院君, 21 December 1820 – 22 February 1898; ), also known as the Daewongun (대원군, 大院君), Guktaegong (국태공, 國太公, "The Great Archduke") or formally Internal King Heungseon Heon ...

, Lord Regent for his son King Gojong of Joseon during the late 19th century.

Mongolia

* Tolui, the son of

Genghis Khan ''Chinggis Khaan'' ͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋbr />Mongol script: ''Chinggis Qa(gh)an/ Chinggis Khagan'' , birth_name = Temüjin , successor = Tolui (as regent)Ögedei Khan , spouse = , issue = , house = Borjigin , ...

of the

Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, ...

* Töregene, the Great Khatun of the Mongol Empire * Oghul Qaimish, the wife of Güyük Khan

Myanmar

* Naratheinga Uzana: (1230/31–1235), during the reign of King Htilominlo * Athinkhaya: (1297–1310), co-regent with his two brothers during the reign of puppet King

Saw Hnit Saw Hnit ( my, စောနှစ်, ; also spelled စောနစ်, , Saw Nit or Min Lulin; 1283–1325) was a viceroy of Pagan (Bagan) from 1297 to 1325 under the suzerain of Myinsaing Kingdom in central Burma (Myanmar). He was a son of th ...

Yazathingyan Yazathingyan ( my, ရာဇသင်္ကြန်, ; 1263 – 1312/13) was a co-founder of Myinsaing Kingdom in present-day Central Burma (Myanmar).Coedès 1968: 209 As a senior commander in the Royal Army of the Pagan Empire, he, along wi ...

: (1297–1312/13), co-regent * Thihathu: (1297–1313), co-regent, unilaterally declared himself king in 1309 *

Sithu of Pinya Sithu of Pinya ( my, စည်သူ, ; also known as Myinsaing Sithu) was regent of Pinya from 1340 to 1344.Than Tun 1959: 124 He is not mentioned in any of the royal chronicles. He only appears in a Pinya era inscription as "King" Myinsaing S ...

: (1340–1344), after the abdication of King

Uzana I of Pinya , image = , caption = , reign = February 1325 – 1 September 1340 , coronation = , succession = King of Pinya , predecessor = Thihathu , successor = S ...

* Maha Dewi: (1383–1384), Princess-Regent during the last weeks of her brother King Binnya U

Nepal

* Prince Gyanendra was regent following the murder of his brother

King Birendra Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev ( ne, श्री ५ महाराजाधिराज वीरेन्द्र वीर विक्रम शाह देव ) (28 December 1945 – 1 June 2001) was the tenth Shah Ruler and the King of N ...

, during the four-day coma of Birenda's son King Dipendra upon whose death he succeeded as King

Tibetan Empire

Khri ma lod Empress Khri ma lod (or Thrimalö) was an Empress regent of Tibet. She was Empress consort by marriage to emperor Mangsong Mangtsen. She was the ruler of the Tibetan empire twice: in 675-689 during the minority of her son emperor Tridu Songtsen, a ...

for her son Tridu Songtsen (675–689) and again for her grandson Me Agtsom (704–712)

Turkey

Yariri The House of Astiruwa was the last known dynasty of rulers of Carchemish. The members of this dynasty are best known to us through Hieroglyphic Luwian sources. One member of the House of Astiruwa may also be referred to in Assyrian sources. Astiru ...

for the later king Kamani in the

Neo-Hittite The states that are called Syro-Hittite, Neo-Hittite (in older literature), or Luwian-Aramean (in modern scholarly works), were Luwian and Aramean regional polities of the Iron Age, situated in southeastern parts of modern Turkey and northwestern ...

state of Carchemish located at the present-day border of Turkey and Syria (early to mid 8th century BC).Trevor Bryce: ''The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History''. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 95. * Kösem Sultan, Naib-i-Sultanat (regent) of the Ottoman Empire during the minority of her son Murad IV (10 September 1623 – 1632) and her grandson Mehmed IV (8 August 1648 – 2 September 1651) * Turhan Hatice Sultan, Naib-i-Sultanat (regent) of the Ottoman Empire during the minority of her son Mehmed IV (3 September 1651 – 1656)

Vietnam

* Queen Jiu during the reign of her son King

Zhao Xing ; , posthumous name = ; vi, Triệu Ai Vương , predecessor = Zhao Yingqi , successor = Zhao Jiande , dynasty = Triệu dynasty } Zhao Xing (Chinese language, Chinese: wikt:趙, 趙wikt:興, 興, ''pinyin'': ''Zhào Xīng'', ...

. *

Lê Hoàn Lê Hoàn (10 August 941 – 18 March 1005), posthumously title Lê Đại Hành, was a Vietnamese emperor and the third ruler of Dai Viet kingdom, ruling from 981 to 1005. He first served as the generalissimo commanding a ten-thousand man arm ...

and Empress Dowager Dương Vân Nga during the short reign of her son Emperor Đinh Phế Đế (''lit. Deposed Emperor Dinh''), after her husband Emperor

Đinh Tiên Hoàng Dinh is a Vietnamese surname. In Vietnam, the surname is spelled Đinh or Đình but ''Đình'' is very rare in Vietnamese. Notable people * Andy Dinh, Team SoloMid owner, player * Dan Dinh, ''League of Legends '' player, brother of Andy Dinh * ...

was assassinated. * Empress Mother Linh Nhân, while her husband Emperor

Lý Thánh Tông Lý Thánh Tông (30 March 1023 – 1 February 1072), personal name Lý Nhật Tôn , temple name Thánh Tông, was the third emperor of the Lý dynasty and the 8th ruler of the Vietnamese kingdom Đại Việt. In his reign, Lý Thánh Tông ...

led a military campaign against the kingdom of

Champa Champa (Cham: ꨌꩌꨛꨩ; km, ចាម្ប៉ា; vi, Chiêm Thành or ) were a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is contemporary central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd cen ...

(1st time) and again, during the reign of her son Emperor

Lý Nhân Tông Lý Nhân Tông (22 February 1066 – 15 January 1128), personal name Lý Càn Đức, temple name Nhân Tông was the fourth monarch of the Lý dynasty, ruling the kingdom of Đại Việt from 1072 until his death in 1128. Succeeding his fat ...

(2nd time). * Empress Mother Linh Chiếu (1138–1158) for her son Emperor Lý Anh Tông. *

Trần Thừa Trần Thừa ( Hán tự: 陳承, 1184–1234) was the head of the Trần clan and a high-ranking mandarin during the reign of Lý Huệ Tông and Lý Chiêu Hoàng. After the overthrow of the Lý dynasty by Trần Thủ Độ, Trần Th� ...

and Trần Thủ Độ during the reign of Emperor Trần Thái Tông.

also called Retired Emperor Trần Thái Tổ, is Emperor Trần Thái Tông's father. He was the only "''Emperor''" who did not held the throne of the Trần Dynasty. Grand Chancellor Trần Thủ Độ is Trần Thái Tông's uncle. * Hồ Quý Ly, during the reign of Trần dynasty's emperors ─

Trần Thuận Tông Trần Thuận Tông (1378 – April 1399), given name Trần Ngung, was the eleventh emperor of the Trần dynasty who reigned in Đại Việt from 1388 to 1398. He was chosen to succeed to this position by his father, the Retired Emperor T ...

Trần Thiếu Đế Trần Thiếu Đế ( vi-hantu, 陳少帝, 1396–?), was the twelfth and the last emperor of the Trần dynasty who reigned over Vietnam from 1398 to 1400. Biography Trần Thiếu Đế's name (𤇼 / Yên) was suggested by ''Khâm định Vi� ...

; and later, the reign of his son ─ Emperor

Hồ Hán Thương Hồ Hán Thương ( vi-hantu, 胡漢蒼, ?–1407?) was the second and final emperor of the short-lived Hồ dynasty of Đại Ngu (now Viet Nam). Hán Thương, his father Hồ Quý Ly, and his son Nhe, were captured by the Ming The Mi ...

of Hồ dynasty. * Empress Mother Tuyên Từ (1443–1453), during the reign of her son Emperor

Lê Nhân Tông Lê Nhân Tông (黎仁宗, 28 May 1441 – 25 October 1459), birth name Lê Bang Cơ (黎邦基) was the third emperor of the Later Lê dynasty from 1453 until his murder in a coup in 1459. He was a grandson of the emperor Lê Lợi. During near ...

. * Consort Tuyên ─

Đặng Thị Huệ Đặng Thị Huệ was the favorite consort of Trịnh Sâm, ruler of northern Vietnam from 1767 to 1782. According to histories she used to pick tea-leaves, but gained favour with Trịnh Sâm and was made senior concubine with the title or Con ...

(Consort of Lord

Trịnh Sâm Trịnh Sâm (, 9 February 1739 – 13 September 1782) ruled northern Vietnam from 1767 to 1782 AD. He ruled with the title "Tĩnh Đô Vương" () and was one of the last of the powerful Trịnh lords. Trịnh Sâm defeated the ancient enemy of t ...

) during the reign of her son, Lord

Trịnh Cán Điện Đô Vương Trịnh Cán ( vi-hantu, , 1777 – 17 December 1782) was a child heir of northern Vietnam's Trịnh lords and the ninth Trịnh lord. His mother was Đặng Thị Huệ who undertook a war to retain his place as lord, but he ...

Africa

Egypt

* Queen Neithhotep for either

Hor-Aha Hor-Aha (or Aha or Horus Aha) is considered the second pharaoh of the First Dynasty of Egypt by some Egyptologists, while others consider him the first one and corresponding to Menes. He lived around the 31st century BC and is thought to have h ...

Djer Djer (or Zer or Sekhty) is considered the third pharaoh of the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt in current Egyptology. He lived around the mid- thirty-first century BC and reigned for c. 40 years. A mummified forearm of Djer or his wife was disco ...

(c. 3000 B.C.) * Queen

Merneith Merneith (also written Merit-neith and Meryt-Neith) was a consort and a regent of Ancient Egypt during the First Dynasty. She may have been a ruler of Egypt in her own right, based on several official records. If this was the case and the earli ...

for Den of Egypt (c. 2950 B.C.) * Queen Nimaathap for Djoser (c. 2686 B.C.) * Queen

Khentkaus I Khentkaus I, also referred to as Khentkawes, was a royal woman who lived in ancient Egypt during both the Fourth Dynasty and the Fifth Dynasty. She may have been a daughter of king Menkaure, the wife of both king Shepseskaf and king Userkaf (the ...

for an unknown pharaoh * Queen

Khentkaus II Khentkaus II ( 2475 BC – 2445 BC) was a royal woman who lived in Ancient Egypt. She was a wife of Egyptian king Neferirkare Kakai of the Fifth Dynasty. She was the mother of two kings, Neferefre and Nyuserre Ini.Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton, The ...

for

Nyuserre Ini Nyuserre Ini (also Niuserre Ini or Neuserre Ini; in Greek known as Rathurês, ''Ῥαθούρης'') was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the sixth ruler of the Fifth Dynasty during the Old Kingdom period. He is credited with a reign of 24 to 35 ye ...

* Queen

Iput I Iput I was a Queen of Egypt, a daughter of King Unas, the last king of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. She married Teti, the first Pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Their son was Pepi I Meryre.Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal ...

for Pepi I (c. 2332 B.C.) * Queen

Ankhesenpepi II Ankhesenpepi II or Ankhesenmeryre II was a queen consort during the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the wife of Kings Pepi I and Merenre Nemtyemsaf I, and the mother of Pepi II. She likely served as regent during the minority of her son. She wa ...

for

Pepi II Pepi II Neferkare (2284 BC – after 2247 BC, probably either 2216 or 2184 BC) was a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty in Egypt's Old Kingdom who reigned from 2278 BC. His second name, Neferkare (''Nefer-ka-Re''), means "Beautiful is ...

(c. 2278 B.C.) * Queen Ahhotep I for Ahmose I (c. 1550 B.C.) * Queen

Ahmose-Nefertari Ahmose-Nefertari (Ancient Egyptian: '' Jꜥḥ ms Nfr trj'') was the first Great Royal Wife of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. She was a daughter of Seqenenre Tao and Ahhotep I, and royal sister and wife to Ahmose I. Her son Amenhotep I b ...

for Amenhotep I (c. 1526 B.C.) * Queen Hatshepsut for Thutmose III of Egypt during the early part of his reign before she became co-ruling Pharaoh in her own right (c. 1479-1472 B.C.) * Queen Mutemwiya for

Amenhotep III Amenhotep III ( egy, jmn-ḥtp(.w), ''Amānəḥūtpū'' , "Amun is Satisfied"; Hellenized as Amenophis III), also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent or Amenhotep the Great, was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. According to different ...

(c. 1388 B.C.) * General Horemheb for Tutankhamun (c. 1332-1323 B.C.) * Queen Twosret for Siptah (c. 1197-1191 B.C.) * Prince

Tjahapimu Tjahapimu or Tjahepimu, ('' fl.'' c.360 BCE) was an ancient Egyptian prince, general and regent during the 30th Dynasty. Biography Tjahapimu most likely was a son of pharaoh Nectanebo I and thus a brother of pharaoh Teos,Alan B. Lloyd, ''Egypt, 4 ...

for Djedhor during his military campaigns against the

Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire (; peo, 𐎧𐏁𐏂, , ), also called the First Persian Empire, was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC. Based in Western Asia, it was contemporarily the largest em ...

(c. 360 B.C.) * Minister Agathocles for Ptolemy V (c. 204-202 B.C.) * Governor Tlepolemus for Ptolemy V (c. 202-201 B.C.) * Minister

Aristomenes Aristomenes ( grc-gre, Ἀριστομένης) was a king of Messenia, celebrated for his struggle with the Spartans in the Second Messenian War (685–668 BC), and his resistance to them on Mount Eira for 11 years. At length the mountain fell t ...

for Ptolemy V (c. 201-196 B.C.) * Queen Cleopatra I for Ptolemy VI (c. 180-176 B.C.) * Eulaeus and Lenaeus for Ptolemy VI (c. 176-170 B.C.) * Pothinus for

Cleopatra VII Cleopatra VII Philopator ( grc-gre, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ}, "Cleopatra the father-beloved"; 69 BC10 August 30 BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler.She was also a ...

and Ptolemy XIII (c. 51-48 B.C.) * Commander

Abu al-Misk Kafur Abu al-Misk Kafur () (905–968), also called al-Laithi, al-Suri, al-Labi was a dominant personality of Ikhshidid Egypt and Syria."Kāfūr, Abu'l Misk al-Ikhsidi." ''E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936''. Edited by: M. Th. Hout ...

for

Abu'l-Qasim Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid Abu'l-Qasim Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid ( ar, أبو القاسم أنوجور بن الإخشيد) was the second ruler of the Ikhshidid dynasty, which ruled Medieval Egypt, Egypt, Bilad al-Sham, Syria and the Hejaz under the suzerainty of the Abbasid ...

and

Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid ( ar, أبو الحسن علي بن الإخشيد) was the third ruler of the autonomous Ikhshidid dynasty, which ruled Egypt, Syria and the Hejaz for the Abbasid Caliphate. He reigned for six years, between 960-966 ...

(946-966 A.D.) * Vizier

Ja'far ibn al-Furat Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far ibn al-Fadl ibn al-Furat (; 1001), also called Ibn Hinzaba, like his father before him, was a member of the bureaucratic Banu'l-Furat family from Iraq. A highly educated man renowned for his strict piety and knowledge of traditio ...

for

Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali ibn al-Ikhshid ( ar, أبو الفوارس أحمد بن علي بن الإخشيد) was the last monarch of the autonomous Ikhshidid dynasty, which ruled Egypt, Syria and the Hejaz, from 968 to 969. However, he was a ch ...

(968 and 969) * Prince Al-Hasan ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Tughj for

(968-969) * Wasita

Barjawan Abū'l-Futūh Barjawān al-Ustādh (عَبْدُ الْفُتُوحِ بَرْجَوَانِ الْأُسْتَاذِ; died 25/26 March 1000) was a eunuch palace official who became the prime minister ('' wāsiṭa'') and ''de facto'' regent of th ...

for

Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah Abū ʿAlī Manṣūr (13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his regnal name al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh ( ar, الحاكم بأمر الله, lit=The Ruler by the Order of God), was the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili ima ...

(996-1000) * Princess Sitt al-Mulk for Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah (1021-1023) * Vizier Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i for

Al-Mustansir Billah Abū Tamīm Maʿad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh ( ar, أبو تميم معد المستنصر بالله‎; 2 July 1029 – 29 December 1094) was the eighth Fatimid Caliph from 1036 until 1094. He was one of the longest reigning Muslim rulers. ...

(1036-1045) * Caliph Mother

Rasad Rasad ( fl. 1078), also known as Sayyida Rasad, was a politically active Egyptian Caliph mother. She was the de facto regent of Fatimid Egypt as the influential mother of her son, the Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah, between 1044 and 1071. The ...

for

(1045-1062) * Prince Al-Hafiz for At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (1130) * Vizier

Kutayfat Kutayfāt, also known as Abu Ali Ahmed ibn al-Afdal or al-Afdal Kutayfāt, (d. 1131) was vizier and ''amīr al-juyūsh'' (commander of the armies) to al-Hafiz, Caliph of Egypt, from 1130-1131. He seized power by imprisoning al-Hafiz but was murdere ...

for At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (1130-1131) * Vizier Tala'i ibn Ruzzik for

Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah Abūʾl-Qāsim ʿĪsā ibn al-Ẓāfir ( ar, أبو القاسم عيسى بن الظافر; 1149–1160), better known by his regnal name al-Fāʾiz bi-Naṣr Allāh (), was the thirteenth and penultimate Fatimid caliph, reigning in Egypt from 1 ...

and Al-Adid (1154-1161) * Sultana Shajar al-Durr following the death of her husband

As-Salih Ayyub Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (5 November 1205 – 22 November 1249), nickname: Abu al-Futuh ( ar, أبو الفتوح), also known as al-Malik al-Salih, was the Ayyubid Kurdish ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249. Early life In 1221, as-S ...

(1249-1250) * Atabak Aybak for

Al-Ashraf Musa __NOTOC__ Al-Ashraf, either from ( ar, الأشرف, 'the most noble') or (, 'the nobles'), may refer to: People * Al-Ashraf Al-Barsbay, Burji Mamluk sultan of Egypt (1422–1438) * Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, Mamluk Sultan (1501–1516) * Al-Ash ...

(1250-1254) * Emir Qalawun for Solamish (1279) * Emir Al-Adil Kitbugha for Al-Nasir Muhammad (1293-1294) * Emir Baibars al-Jashankir for Al-Nasir Muhammad (1299-1304) * Viceroy

Sayf al-Din Salar Sayf al-Dīn Salār al-Manṣūrī (–September or October 1310) was the viceroy of the Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad during the latter's second reign (1299–1310). As a boy he was taken captive at the Battle of Elbistan in 1277 and became a ma ...

for Al-Nasir Muhammad (1299-1304) * Emir

Qawsun Sayf ad-Din Qawsun ibn Abdullah an-Nasiri as-Saqi (1302 – April 1342), commonly known as Qawsun (also spelled ''Qausun'' or ''Qusun'') was a prominent Mamluk emir during the reigns of sultans an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–41), al-Mansur Abu Bakr ( ...

for Al-Ashraf Kujuk (1341-1342) * Emir

Yalbugha al-Umari Sayf ad-Din Yalbugha ibn Abdullah al-Umari an-Nasiri al-Khassaki, better known as Yalbugha al-Umari or Yalbugha al-Khassaki, was a senior Mamluk emir during the Bahri period. Originally a ''mamluk'' of Sultan an-Nasir Hasan (r. 1347–1351, 1354� ...

for

Al-Mansur Muhammad Al-Mansur Muhammad could refer to the following people: *Al-Mansur Nasir al-Din Muhammad, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt (r. 1198–1200) *Al-Mansur I Muhammad, the Ayyubid emir of Hama (r. 1191–1219) *Al-Mansur II Muhammad, the Ayyubid emir of Ham ...

and Al-Ashraf Sha'ban (1361-1366) * Emir

Barquq Al-Malik Az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq ( Circassian: Бэркъукъу аз-Захьир Сэфудин; ar, الملك الظاهر سيف الدين برقوق; ruled 1382–1389 and 1390–1399; born in Circassia) was the first Sultan of the ...

for Al-Mansur Ali II and

As-Salih Hajji Al-Salih Hajji (Epithet: Al-Salih Salah Zein al-Din Hajji II), also Haji II, was a Mamluk ruler, and the last ruler of the Bahri dynasty in 1382. He briefly ruled again in 1389, during the advent of the Burji dynasty. He fell hostage to Barquq ...

(1377-1382) * Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik, Aziz Ezzat Pasha, Sherif Sabri Pasha for

King Farouk I of Egypt Farouk I (; ar, فاروق الأول ''Fārūq al-Awwal''; 11 February 1920 – 18 March 1965) was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the penultimate King of Egypt and the Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 193 ...

(1936–1937) * Prince Muhammad Abdul Moneim,

Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha () (1889–1972) was an Egyptian political figure. Born in Menyat El Morshed village (in Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate), he studied in Cairo as well as in Paris. Originally a law teacher, he entered politics and was appoin ...

, Rashad Mehanna for King Fuad II of Egypt (1952–1953)

Ethiopia

* Eleni of Ethiopia served as regent between 1507 and 1516 during the minority of Emperor Dawit II. * Mentewab for her son Iyasu II * ''Ras'' Tessema Nadew in 1913 during the minority of Iyasu V of Ethiopia, Iyasu who would have been crowned as Iyasu V of Ethiopia, Iyasu V * Tafari Makonnen from 1916 to 1931 during the reign of a female, Emperor of Ethiopia, Empress Zewditu (Queen of Kings, ''Nigiste Negestatt''). Upon her death, the regent himself ascended the throne and was crowned as Emperor Haile Selassie I (King of Kings, ''Negusa Nagast'')

Americas

Brazil

* John VI of Portugal, John, Prince Regent, was responsible for elevating Brazil to the status of Kingdom in 1815. One year later, he was acclaimed King of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves. * Pedro I of Brazil, Pedro, Prince Regent, was responsible for declaring the independence of Brazil, in 1822, during his regency (1820–1822), after his father, John VI, returned to Portugal. Some months later, he would be acclaimed Emperor of Brazil. * Maria Leopoldina of Austria, Maria Leopoldina, Empress consort of Brazil, acted as Empress Regent while her husband, Pedro I, was away – especially during the war against Uruguay. * Provisional Triumviral Regency – from 7 April to 18 June 1831, comprised José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, Marquis of Caravelas, José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, Marquess of Caravelas, Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro and Francisco de Lima e Silva, was formed to rule the country after the Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil, abdication of Pedro I. * Permanent Triumviral Regency – from 18 June 1831 to 12 October 1835, comprised Francisco de Lima e Silva as well as José da Costa Carvalho, Marquis of Monte Alegre, José da Costa Carvalho and João Bráulio Muniz. * Diogo Antônio Feijó – from 12 October 1835 to 19 September 1837, during what was considered the advance of the Liberal Party * Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda – from 1837 (provisional to 1838) to 1840, during what was considered the retaken of the Conservative Party. * Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, was Princess Regent of the Empire of Brazil three times (1871–1872; 1876–1877; 1887–1888) while her father travelled abroad. During her last regency, she signed the abolition of slavery in Brazil (known as the "Lei Áurea", or ''"Golden Law"''), on 13 May 1888, whereby Isabel got the sobriquet ''Isabel the Redeemer''. For the act of signing the ''Golden Law'', she was awarded the Golden Rose by Pope Leo XIII.

Europe

Austria

For most of the reign of the epileptic and severely disabled Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, Ferdinand I (1835–1848), Ferdinand's uncle, Archduke Louis of Austria, Archduke Ludwig (from 1836 to 1848), acted as a ''de facto'' regent.

Bulgaria

* Stefan Stambolov, during the absence of Prince Alexander Battenberg from the Bulgarian throne between 28 August 1886 and 3 September 1886 and the vacancy of the throne between 7 September 1886 and 14 August 1887. * Kiril, Prince of Preslav and Bogdan Filov and Nikola Mikhov together as Regency Council, during the minority of the former's nephew Simeon II of Bulgaria, Simeon II (1943–1944). * Venelin Ganev and Todor Pavlov and Tsvetko Boboshevski together as Regency Council, during the minority of Simeon II of Bulgaria, Simeon II (1944–1946)

Finland

After the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the throne of the Grand Duke of Finland was vacant and according to the constitution of 1772, a regent was installed by the Eduskunta, Finnish Parliament during the first two years of Finnish independence, before the country was declared a republic. * Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, installed in January 1918, resigned in late 1918. * Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, resigned 1919 with the passing of the new constitution.

France

* Anne of Kiev and Baldwin V, Count of Flanders (1060–1066), during the minority of her son and his nephew Philip I of France, Philip I * Abbot Suger, Suger, Abbot of St. Denis (1147–1149), during the absence of Louis VII of France, Louis VII on the Second Crusade * Adèle of Champagne and Guillaume de Champagne, Archbishop of Reims (1190–1191), during the absence of her son Philip II of France, Philip II on the Third Crusade. * Blanche of Castile (1226–1234), during the minority of her son Louis IX of France, Louis IX * Blanche of Castile (1248–1252) and Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, Alphonse, Count of Poitou and Toulouse (1248–1254), during the absence of her son and his brother Louis IX of France, Louis IX on the Seventh Crusade. * Matthew of Vendôme (abbot), Mathieu de Vendôme, Abbot of Saint-Denis and Simon II of Clermont, Simon de Clermont, Sieur de Nesle, during the absence of Louis IX of France, Louis IX on the Eighth Crusade (1270). * Philip V of France, Philip the Tall (1316), during the interregnum between the death of his brother Louis X of France, Louis X and the birth of Louis' posthumous son John I of France, John I, and during the minority of the short-lived John I. * Philip VI of France, Philip, Count of Valois and Anjou (1328), from the death of his cousin Charles IV of France, Charles IV until the birth of a posthumous daughter to the late king brought about Valois' own accession to the throne. * Joan the Lame (1340) during absence of her husband Philip VI of France, Philip VI. * Joan the Lame (1345–1346) during absence of her husband Philip VI of France, Philip VI. * Joan the Lame (1347) during absence of her husband Philip VI of France, Philip VI. * Charles V of France, Charles, the Dauphin (1356–1360), during the Ransom of King John II of France, captivity of his father in England * Louis I, Duke of Anjou (1380–1382), during the minority of his nephew Charles VI of France, Charles VI * Jean, Duke of Berry, Philippe II, Duke of Burgundy, and Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (1382–1388), during the minority of their nephew, Charles VI of France, Charles VI * Louis II, Duke of Bourbon and John, Duke of Berry (1392–1407), during the insanity of their nephew, Charles VI * Isabella of Bavaria (1417–1420) and then Henry V of England, during the insanity of her husband and his father-in-law, Charles VI; they were opposed by * Charles VII of France, Charles, the Dauphin (1417–1422), Charles VI's eldest surviving son, who also claimed the regency. *

(1422–1435), acting as regent on behalf of his nephew, the young Henry VI of England in opposition to the king Charles VII of France, Charles VII * Charlotte of Savoy (1465) during the absence of her husband Louis XI * Anne of France and her husband Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, Pierre de Beaujeu (1483–1491), during the minority of her brother, Charles VIII of France, Charles VIII * Louise of Savoy (1515–1516), during the absence of her son, Francis I of France, Francis I, in Italy. * Louise of Savoy (1523–1526), during the absence at war in Italy, and then the captivity, of her son, Francis I of France, Francis I * Catherine de' Medici: **(1552) While her husband Henry II of France, Henry II left the kingdom for the campaign of Metz. **(1560–1563) During the minority of her second son, Charles IX of France, Charles IX **(1574) During the absence of her third son, Henry III of France, Henry III, in Poland * Marie de' Medici (1610–1614), during the minority of her son, Louis XIII * Anne of Austria (1643–1651), during the minority of her son Louis XIV of France, Louis XIV * Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1715–1723), during the minority of Louis XV of France, Louis XV; often called "the Regent", since he was the last regent of France. **The related era and style are commonly referred to as the ''Régence'' (analogous to the Regency era, British Regency period). ** A 136 carat (27.2 g) diamond he acquired in 1717 is known as 'le régent' * Louis XVIII of France, Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, comte de Provence, while living in exile, self-declared Regent for his nephew Louis XVII of France after the 1793 guillotining of Louis XVI of France, King Louis XVI, until the young pretender's death in 1795. * Charles X of France, Charles-Philippe de France, comte d'Artois, appointed Lieutenant General of the Kingdom by a temporary government from 14 April 1814 until Louis XVIII arrived from England. * Empress Eugenie, three times for her husband, Napoleon III of France, during his absence.

Greece

* Josef Ludwig von Armansperg, Carl Wilhelm von Heideck, Georg Ludwig von Maurer, Egid von Kobell, Johann Baptist von Greiner (1833–1835): on behalf of the minor Otto of Greece, King Otto. * Olga Constantinovna of Russia (1920): on behalf of the minor Alexander of Greece, King Alexander. * Pavlos Kountouriotis (1923–1924): on behalf of the minor George II of Greece, King George II. * Georgios Kondylis (1935): on behalf of the minor George II of Greece, King George II. * Archbishop Damaskinos Papandreou (1944–1946): on behalf of George II of Greece, King George II until his return after World War II. * Constantine II of Greece, Crown Prince Constantine, Duke of Sparta (1964): on behalf of the ill Paul of Greece, King Paul. * Georgios Zoitakis, General Georgios Zoitakis (1967–1972): appointed by the Regime of the Colonels, military junta of the time when the last reigning king, Constantine II of Greece, fled to exile after a failed royal countercoup. * Military dictator Georgios Papadopoulos, Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos (1972–1973): then Prime Minister, assumed the additional role of regent until the monarchy was abolished by referendum.

German Empire

=Anhalt

= * Prince Aribert of Anhalt, Prince Aribert (1918), during the minority of his nephew, Duke Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt, Joachim Ernst.

=Baden

= * Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden, Prince Frederick (1852–1856), during the incapacity of his brother, Grand Duke Ludwig II, Grand Duke of Baden, Louis II.

=Bavaria

= * Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria, Prince Luitpold (1886–1912), during the incapacity of his nephews, Ludwig II of Bavaria, Ludwig II and Otto, King of Bavaria, Otto. * Ludwig III of Bavaria, Prince Ludwig (1912–1913), during the incapacity of his cousin, Otto, King of Bavaria, Otto.

=Brunswick

= * George IV of the United Kingdom, George, Prince of Wales, later King George IV of the United Kingdom (1815–1823), during the minority of his cousin, Duke Charles II, Duke of Brunswick, Charles II. * Prince Albrecht of Prussia (1885–1906), during the interregnum following the death of Duke Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick, Wilhelm in 1884, when the throne could not be filled due to the status of the heir, the Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, Duke of Cumberland, as an enemy of the Reich. * Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1907–1913), for the same reason.

=Hanover

= * George IV of the United Kingdom, George, Prince of Wales (1813–1820), due to the insanity of his father, King George III.

=Hesse-Kassel

= * Frederick William, Elector of Hesse, Electoral Prince Frederick William (1831–1847), due to the incapacity of his father, Elector William II, Elector of Hesse, William II.

=Lippe

= * Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe (1895–1897), due to the incapacity of his cousin, Prince Alexander, Prince of Lippe, Alexander. * Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1897–1904), for the same reason. * Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe, Count Leopold of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1904–1905), for the same reason.

=Mecklenburg-Schwerin

= * Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1897–1901), due to the minority of his nephew, Grand Duke Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Friedrich Franz IV.

=Mecklenburg-Strelitz

= * Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1918), due to the near extinction of the Mecklenburg-Strelitz line.

=Prussia

= * Wilhelm I of Germany, Prince William (1858–1861), during the incapacity of his brother Frederick William IV of Prussia, Frederick William IV.

=Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

= * Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1900–1905), during the minority of his cousin Duke Carl Eduard, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Charles Edward.

=Saxe-Meiningen

= * Princess Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Luise Eleonore of Hohenlohe (1803–1821), during the minority of her son, Duke Bernard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, Bernard II.

=Saxe-Weimar

= * Anna Amalia of Brunswick (1758–1775), during the minority of her son, Duke Carl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Carl August.

=Saxony

= * Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria (1763–1769), during the minority of her son, Elector Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, Frederick Augustus III.

=Waldeck

= * Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (1845–1852), during the minority of her son, Prince George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, George Victor.

Hungary

* Helena of Rascia, Helena and Beloš Vukanović, in 1141–1146 during the rule of infant Géza II. Helena was the mother and Beloš her brother. * Andrew II of Hungary, Andrew of Hungary, between 1204–1205 during the rule of the infant Ladislaus III of Hungary, Ladislaus III * Elizabeth of Bosnia, regent for her daughter Mary, Queen of Hungary, Mary between 1382–1385 and in 1386. Had assassinated her daughter's opponent Charles III of Naples, Charles II, but was murdered herself the following year. * John Hunyadi, during Ladislaus the Posthumous, Ladislaus V's minority * Michael Szilágyi in 1458, between Ladislaus V's death and the crowning of Matthias Corvinus, Matthias I * George Martinuzzi (1540–1551) and Isabella Jagiellon (1556–1559) for John Sigismund Zápolya, John II * Lajos Kossuth, under the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 * Archduke Joseph August of Austria, Joseph August, briefly after the fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. He is the last House of Habsburg, Habsburg to be a head of state. * Admiral Miklós Horthy during the period of Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1944)

Iceland

* Hermann Jónasson, Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson, Eysteinn Jónsson, Jakob Ragnar Valdimar Möller, Ólafur Thors during Denmark's occupation between 1940 to 1941. * Sveinn Björnsson was regent for King Christian X during Denmark's occupation between 1941 to 1944.

Italy

* Umberto II of Italy, Prince Umberto, Prince of Piedmont was regent for his father, Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, King Vittorio Emanuele III, between 1944 and 1946 (whom he briefly succeeded as Umberto II of Italy, King Umberto II)

Italy

=Mantua

= * Isabella d'Este (1519–1521), during the minority of her son Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, Federico II.

=Parma

= * Margherita de' Medici (1646–1648), during the minority of her son Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma, Ranuccio II * Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg, Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg (1731) during the absence of her grandson Charles III of Spain, Charles I * Louise d'Artois (1854–1859), during the minority of her son Robert, Duke of Parma, Robert I.

=Savoy

= * Christine Marie of France (1637–1663), during the minority of her son Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel II. * Marie Jeanne of Savoy (1675–1680), during the minority of her son Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, Victor Amadeus II.

Portugal

* Theresa, Countess of Portugal, Countess Teresa, during the minority of her son Afonso I of Portugal, Afonso I (1112–1139). Styled herself ''Queen of Portugal''. * Afonso III of Portugal, Afonso, Count ''jure uxoris'' of Boulogne-sur-Mer, after Pope Innocent IV had deposed his brother Sancho II of Portugal, Sancho II, and before assuming himself the throne as Afonso III, following Sancho's death (1245–1248). Styled himself ''Regent and Defender of the Kingdom''. * Leonor Telles de Menezes, Queen Leonor, for her daughter Beatrice of Portugal, Beatrice I (1383). * John I of Portugal, João, Mestre de Avis, during the 1383–1385 Crisis, Dynastic Crisis, and before assuming himself the throne as John I (1384–1385). Styled himself ''Regent and Defender of the Kingdom''. * Leonor of Aragon (1402–1445), Queen Eleanor, during the minority of her son Afonso V of Portugal, Afonso V (1438–1439). * Peter, Duke of Coimbra, during the minority of his nephew Afonso V of Portugal, Afonso V (1439–1448). * Catherine of Habsburg (1507–1578), Queen Catharine, during the minority of her grandson Sebastian of Portugal, Sebastian I (1557–1562). * Cardinal Henry, Cardinal Prince Henry, during the minority of his grandnephew Sebastian of Portugal, Sebastian I (1562–1568). * Luísa de Gusmão, Queen Luísa, for her son Afonso VI of Portugal, Afonso VI (1656–1662). * Peter II of Portugal, Prince Peter, for his brother Afonso VI of Portugal, Afonso VI, and before assuming himself the throne as Peter II, following Afonso's death (1668–1683). * Catherine of Braganza, Catherine, Queen Dowager of England, Scotland and Ireland, for her brother, Peter II of Portugal, Peter II, in 1701 and 1704–05. * John VI of Portugal, John, Prince Regent, during the incapacity of his mother Mary I of Portugal, Mary I, and before assuming himself the throne as John VI, following her death (1792–1816). * Isabel Maria of Braganza, Princess Isabel Maria, following her father's (John VI of Portugal, John VI) death, and whilst awaiting the arrival of her brother Peter IV of Portugal, Peter IV to assume the throne (1826–1828). * Michael I of Portugal, Prince Michael, for his niece Mary II of Portugal, Mary II, and before usurping the throne for himself as Michael I (1828). * Peter IV of Portugal, Peter, Duke of Bragança (former King Peter IV), for his daughter Mary II of Portugal, Mary II (1831–1834). * Ferdinand II of Portugal, King ''jure uxoris'' Ferdinand II, during the minority of his son Peter V of Portugal, Peter V (1853–1855).

Romania

* Lascăr Catargiu, General officer, Gen. Nicolae Golescu, Colonel, Col. Nicolae Haralambie (1866), between the overthrow of Alexandru Ioan Cuza and the coronation of Carol I of Romania, Carol I as Prince. * Prince Nicholas of Romania, Prince Nicholas, Miron Cristea, Gheorghe Buzdugan (replaced upon his death by Constantin Sărăţeanu) (1927–1930), during the minority of king Michael I of Romania, Michael I.

Russia

* Saint Olga for her son Sviatoslav I of Kiev, Svyatoslav (945–969) * Sophia of Lithuania for her son Vasily II of Moscow, Vasily II (1425–1432) * Elena Glinskaya for her son Ivan the Terrible (1533–1538) with her favorite Ivan Fedorovich (d. 1539) * Sophia Alekseyevna for her brothers Ivan V and Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great (1682–1689) * Natalia Naryshkina for her son Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great (1689–1694) * Ernst Johann von Biron for the infant Ivan VI (1740) * Anna Leopoldovna for her son Ivan VI (1740–1741)

Serbia

* Milica of Serbia, Princess Milica, Regent of Serbia during the minority of Stefan Lazarević (1389) * Council of Regency during the Serbian Despotate: Mihailo Anđelović, Stefan Branković, and Helena Palaiologina of the Morea, Helena Palaiologina (fl. 1458) * Council of Regency during the minority of Milan I of Serbia, Prince Milan: Milivoje Petrović Blaznavac, Jovan Ristić and Jovan Gavrilović (1868–1872) * Council of Regency during the minority of Alexander I of Serbia, King Aleksandar Obrenović V: Jovan Ristić, Kosta Protić (d. 1892) and Jovan Belimarković (1889–1893) * Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Crown Prince Alexander, Regent of the Kingdom of Serbia (1914–1918) and Regent of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1921), until the death of his father Peter I of Serbia, King Peter I

=Serbian regents abroad

= * Helena of Rascia, Helena and Beloš Vukanović, Co-Regents of Hungary (1141–1146)

Yugoslavia

* Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Crown Prince Alexander, Regent of the Kingdom of Serbia (1914–1918) and Regent of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1921), until the death of his father Peter I of Serbia, King Peter I * Council of Regency during the minority of Peter II of Yugoslavia, King Peter II: Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, Prince Paul, Radenko Stanković, Ivo Perović (1934–1941)

Oceania

Hawaii

* Queen Kaahumanu, Kaahumanu, between 1824–1832 during the rule of the infant Kamehameha III; she was also Kuhina Nui (co-ruler), regent, of Kamehameha II * Kaahumanu II, Elizabeth Kīnau, between 5 June 1832 – 17 March 1833 after Kaahumanu's death and before Kamehameha III became 20 years old

Notes

{{Authority control Lists of heads of state, * Regents, * Lists of regents, Titles of national or ethnic leadership Child rulers, -