Radiohead are an English rock band formed in
Abingdon,
Oxfordshire, in 1985. The band consists of
Thom Yorke
Thomas Edward Yorke (born 7 October 1968) is an English musician and the main vocalist and songwriter of the rock band Radiohead. A multi-instrumentalist, he mainly plays guitar and keyboards and is noted for his falsetto. He has been descri ...
(vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards); brothers
Jonny Greenwood (lead guitar, keyboards, other instruments) and
Colin Greenwood
Colin Charles Greenwood (born 26 June 1969) is an English musician and the bassist for the rock band Radiohead. Along with bass guitar, Greenwood plays upright bass and electronic instruments.
With his younger brother, the Radiohead guitari ...
(bass);
Ed O'Brien (guitar, backing vocals); and
Philip Selway
Philip James Selway (born 23 May 1967) is an English musician and the drummer of the English rock band Radiohead. Along with the other members of Radiohead, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2019.
Selway released his deb ...
(drums, percussion). They have worked with the producer
Nigel Godrich
Nigel Timothy Godrich (born 28 February 1971) is an English record producer, recording engineer and musician. He is known for his work with the English rock band Radiohead, having produced all their studio albums since '' OK Computer'' (1997). ...
and the cover artist
Stanley Donwood since 1994. Radiohead's
experimental
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a ...
approach is credited with advancing the sound of
alternative rock
Alternative rock, or alt-rock, is a category of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1970s and became widely popular in the 1990s. "Alternative" refers to the genre's distinction from mainstream or commerci ...
.
Radiohead signed to
EMI
EMI Group Limited (originally an initialism for Electric and Musical Industries, also referred to as EMI Records Ltd. or simply EMI) was a British Transnational corporation, transnational Conglomerate (company), conglomerate founded in March 1 ...
in 1991 and released their debut album, ''
Pablo Honey
''Pablo Honey'' is the debut studio album by the English rock band Radiohead, released on 22 February 1993 in the UK by Parlophone and on 20 April in the US by Capitol Records. It was produced by Sean Slade, Paul Q. Kolderie and Radiohead's co-m ...
,'' in 1993; their debut single, "
Creep", became a worldwide hit. Radiohead's popularity and critical standing rose with the release of ''
The Bends'' in 1995. Radiohead's third album, ''
OK Computer'' (1997), brought them international fame; noted for its complex production and themes of
modern alienation, it is acclaimed as a landmark record and one of the best albums in popular music.
Radiohead's fourth album, ''
Kid A
''Kid A'' is the fourth studio album by the English rock band Radiohead, released on 2 October 2000 by Parlophone. It was recorded with their producer, Nigel Godrich, in Paris, Copenhagen, Gloucestershire and their hometown of Oxford.
After th ...
'' (2000), marked a dramatic change in style, incorporating influences from
electronic music
Electronic music is a genre of music that employs electronic musical instruments, digital instruments, or circuitry-based music technology in its creation. It includes both music made using electronic and electromechanical means ( electroa ...
, jazz, classical music and
krautrock. Though ''Kid A'' divided listeners, it later attracted wide acclaim. It was followed by ''
Amnesiac
Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or disease,Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G. (2009) Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. but it can also be caused temporarily by the use o ...
'' (2001), recorded in the same sessions. ''
Hail to the Thief'' (2003), with lyrics addressing the
War on Terror
The war on terror, officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), is an ongoing international counterterrorism military campaign initiated by the United States following the September 11 attacks. The main targets of the campaign are militant ...
, was Radiohead's final album for EMI.
Radiohead self-released their seventh album, ''
In Rainbows
''In Rainbows'' is the seventh studio album by the English rock band Radiohead. It was self-released on 10 October 2007 as a pay-what-you-want download, followed by a physical release internationally through XL Recordings and in North America ...
'' (2007), as a
download
In computer networks, download means to ''receive'' data from a remote system, typically a server such as a web server, an FTP server, an email server, or other similar system. This contrasts with uploading, where data is ''sent to'' a remote ...
for which customers could
set their own price, to critical and chart success. Their eighth album, ''
The King of Limbs
''The King of Limbs'' is the eighth studio album by the English rock band Radiohead. It was self-released on 18 February 2011 as a download, followed by a physical release on 28 March through XL Recordings internationally and TBD Records in Nor ...
'' (2011), an exploration of rhythm, was developed using extensive
looping and
sampling. ''
A Moon Shaped Pool
''A Moon Shaped Pool'' is the ninth studio album by the English rock band Radiohead. It was released digitally on 8 May 2016, and physically on 17 June 2016 through XL Recordings. It was produced by Radiohead's longtime producer Nigel Godrich.
...
'' (2016) prominently featured Jonny Greenwood's
orchestra
An orchestra (; ) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which combines instruments from different families.
There are typically four main sections of instruments:
* bowed string instruments, such as the violin, viola, c ...
l arrangements. Yorke, Jonny Greenwood, Selway, and O'Brien have released solo albums; in 2021, Yorke and Jonny Greenwood debuted a new band,
the Smile.
By 2011, Radiohead had sold more than 30 million albums worldwide.
Their awards include six
Grammy Awards and four
Ivor Novello Awards
The Ivor Novello Awards, named after the entertainer Ivor Novello, are awards for songwriting and composing. They have been presented annually in London by the Ivors Academy (formerly the BASCA) since 1956, and over 1,000 statuettes have been a ...
, and they hold five
Mercury Prize
The Mercury Prize, formerly called the Mercury Music Prize, is an annual music prize awarded for the best album released in the United Kingdom by a British or Irish act. It was created by Jon Webster and Robert Chandler in association with the B ...
nominations, the most of any act. Seven Radiohead singles have reached the top 10 on the
UK Singles Chart
The UK Singles Chart (currently titled Official Singles Chart, with the upper section more commonly known as the Official UK Top 40) is compiled by the Official Charts Company (OCC), on behalf of the British record industry, listing the top-s ...
: "Creep" (1992), "
Street Spirit (Fade Out)
"Street Spirit (Fade Out)" is a song by the English alternative rock band Radiohead. It is the final track on their second studio album, '' The Bends'' (1995). It was released as a single on 22 January 1996 and reached number five on the UK Sing ...
" (1996), "
Paranoid Android
"Paranoid Android" is a song by English alternative rock band Radiohead, released as the lead single from their third studio album ''OK Computer'' (1997) on 26 May 1997. The lyrics were written by singer Thom Yorke following an unpleasant expe ...
" (1997), "
Karma Police
"Karma Police" is a song by English alternative rock band Radiohead, released on 25 August 1997, as the second single from their third studio album, ''OK Computer'' (1997). It reached number one in Iceland and number eight on the UK Singles Ch ...
" (1997), "
No Surprises
"No Surprises" is a song by the English alternative rock band Radiohead, released as the fourth and final single from their third studio album, ''OK Computer'' (1997), on 12 January 1998. It reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. It featur ...
" (1998), "
Pyramid Song
"Pyramid Song" is a song by the English rock band Radiohead, released as the lead single from their fifth studio album, '' Amnesiac'' (2001). It features piano, strings, a "shuffling" rhythm and lyrics inspired by the Egyptian underworld. It was ...
" (2001), and "
There There" (2003). "Creep" and "
Nude" (2008) reached the
top 40
In the music industry, the Top 40 is the current, 40 most-popular songs in a particular genre. It is the best-selling or most frequently broadcast popular music. Record charts have traditionally consisted of a total of 40 songs. "Top 40" or "cont ...
on the US
''Billboard'' Hot 100. ''
Rolling Stone
''Rolling Stone'' is an American monthly magazine that focuses on music, politics, and popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco, California, in 1967 by Jann Wenner, and the music critic Ralph J. Gleason. It was first known for its ...
'' named Radiohead one of the
100 greatest artists of all time, and ''Rolling Stone'' readers voted them the second-best artist of the 2000s. Five Radiohead albums have been included in
''Rolling Stone''s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time lists. Radiohead were inducted into the
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2019.
History
1985–1992: Formation and first years
![Abingdon School, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England-23April2011](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Abingdon_School%2C_Abingdon%2C_Oxfordshire%2C_England-23April2011.jpg)
The members of Radiohead met while attending
Abingdon School, an independent school for boys in
Abingdon, Oxfordshire
Abingdon-on-Thames ( ), commonly known as Abingdon, is a historic market town and civil parish in the ceremonial county of Oxfordshire, England, on the River Thames. Historically the county town of Berkshire, since 1974 Abingdon has been admin ...
.
The guitarist and singer
Thom Yorke
Thomas Edward Yorke (born 7 October 1968) is an English musician and the main vocalist and songwriter of the rock band Radiohead. A multi-instrumentalist, he mainly plays guitar and keyboards and is noted for his falsetto. He has been descri ...
and the bassist
Colin Greenwood
Colin Charles Greenwood (born 26 June 1969) is an English musician and the bassist for the rock band Radiohead. Along with bass guitar, Greenwood plays upright bass and electronic instruments.
With his younger brother, the Radiohead guitari ...
were in the same year; the guitarist
Ed O'Brien and the drummer
Philip Selway
Philip James Selway (born 23 May 1967) is an English musician and the drummer of the English rock band Radiohead. Along with the other members of Radiohead, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2019.
Selway released his deb ...
the year above; and Colin's brother, the multi-instrumentalist
Jonny Greenwood, two years below. In 1985, they formed On a Friday, the name referring to their usual rehearsal day in the school's music room. Jonny was the last to join, first on harmonica and then keyboards, but soon became lead guitarist;
he had previously been in another band, Illiterate Hands, with musician
Nigel Powell
Nigel Powell (born 1 October 1971) is an English multi-instrumental musician from Abingdon.
Powell was born in Bromley, London, and educated at Abingdon School. While at school he was in a band called Illiterate Hands, which also featured futu ...
and Yorke's brother
Andy Yorke
Andy Yorke (born 10 January 1972) is an English musician and former lead singer and guitarist for the band Unbelievable Truth. He is the younger brother of Radiohead frontman Thom Yorke.
Early life
Yorke began singing when he was ten. At the ...
. According to Colin, the band members picked their instruments because they wanted to play together, rather than through any particular interest: "It was more of a collective angle, and if you could contribute by having someone else play your instrument, then that was really cool."
At one point, On a Friday featured a saxophone section.
![Radiohead Curfew advert](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Radiohead_Curfew_advert.jpg)
The band disliked the school's strict atmosphere—the headmaster once charged them for using a rehearsal room on a Sunday—and found solace in the music department. They credited their music teacher for introducing them to
jazz
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a m ...
,
film scores
A film score is original music written specifically to accompany a film. The score comprises a number of orchestral, instrumental, or choral pieces called cues, which are timed to begin and end at specific points during the film in order to e ...
, postwar
avant-garde music, and
20th-century classical music.
Oxfordshire and the
Thames Valley
The Thames Valley is an informally-defined sub-region of South East England, centred on the River Thames west of London, with Oxford as a major centre. Its boundaries vary with context. The area is a major tourist destination and economic hub, ...
had an active
independent music
Independent music (also commonly known as indie music or simply indie) is music that is produced independently from commercial record labels or their subsidiaries, a process that may include an autonomous, do-it-yourself approach to recording a ...
scene in the late 1980s, but it centred on
shoegazing
Shoegaze (originally called shoegazing and sometimes conflated with "dream pop") is a subgenre of indie and alternative rock characterized by its ethereal mixture of obscured vocals, guitar distortion and effects, feedback, and overwhelming volu ...
bands such as
Ride
Ride may refer to:
People
* MC Ride, a member of Death Grips
* Sally Ride (1951–2012), American astronaut
* William Ride (19262011), Australian zoologist
Arts, entertainment, and media Films
* ''Ride'' (1998 film), a 1998 comedy by Millicen ...
and
Slowdive
Slowdive is a British rock band that formed in Reading, Berkshire, in 1989. The band consists of Rachel Goswell on vocals and guitar, Neil Halstead on vocals and guitar, Christian Savill on guitar, Nick Chaplin on bass and Simon Scott on d ...
.
On the strength of an early demo, On a Friday were offered a record deal by
Island Records, but they decided they were not ready and wanted to go to university first.
On a Friday played their first gig in 1987, at Oxford's
Jericho Tavern.
Although all but Jonny had left Abingdon by 1987 to attend university, On a Friday continued to rehearse on weekends and holidays,
but did not perform for four years.
At the
University of Exeter
, mottoeng = "We Follow the Light"
, established = 1838 - St Luke's College1855 - Exeter School of Art1863 - Exeter School of Science 1955 - University of Exeter (received royal charter)
, type = Public
, ...
, Yorke played with the band Headless Chickens, performing songs including future Radiohead material. He also met
Stanley Donwood, who later became Radiohead's cover artist.
In 1991, On a Friday regrouped in Oxford, sharing a house on the corner of Magdalen Road and Ridgefield Road. They recorded another demo, which attracted the attention of Chris Hufford, Slowdive's producer and the co-owner of Oxford's Courtyard Studios.
He and his business partner Bryce Edge attended a concert at the Jericho Tavern; impressed, they became On a Friday's managers.
In late 1991, Colin met
EMI
EMI Group Limited (originally an initialism for Electric and Musical Industries, also referred to as EMI Records Ltd. or simply EMI) was a British Transnational corporation, transnational Conglomerate (company), conglomerate founded in March 1 ...
A&R representative Keith Wozencroft at
Our Price
Our Price was a chain of record stores in the United Kingdom and Ireland from 1971 until 2004.
History
Founded in 1971 by Gary Nesbitt, Edward Stollins and Mike Isaacs, their first store was located in London's Finchley Road. Until 1976, the ...
, the record shop where Colin worked,
and handed him a copy of their latest demo, the ''Manic Hedgehog'' EP.
Wozencroft was impressed and attended a performance.
That November, On a Friday performed at the Jericho Tavern to an audience that included several A&R representatives. It was only their eighth gig, but they had attracted interest from several record companies.
On 21 December, On a Friday signed a six-album recording contract with
EMI
EMI Group Limited (originally an initialism for Electric and Musical Industries, also referred to as EMI Records Ltd. or simply EMI) was a British Transnational corporation, transnational Conglomerate (company), conglomerate founded in March 1 ...
.
At EMI's request, the band changed their name; "Radiohead" was taken from the song "Radio Head" on the
Talking Heads
Talking Heads were an American rock band formed in 1975 in New York City and active until 1991.[Talki ...](_blank)
album ''
True Stories'' (1986).
Yorke said the name "sums up all these things about receiving stuff ... It's about the way you take information in, the way you respond to the environment you're put in."
1992–1994: "Creep", ''Pablo Honey'' and early success
Radiohead recorded their debut EP, ''
Drill'', with Hufford and Edge at Courtyard Studios. Released in May 1992, its chart performance was poor.
As it was difficult for
major labels such as EMI to promote bands in the UK, where
independent labels dominated the
indie charts
The UK Independent Singles Chart and UK Independent Albums Chart are charts of the best-selling independent singles and albums, respectively, in the United Kingdom. Originally published in January 1980, and widely known as the indie chart, the rele ...
, Radiohead's managers planned to have Radiohead use American producers and tour aggressively in America, then return to build a following in the UK.
Paul Kolderie
Paul Q. Kolderie is an American record producer, engineer, and mixer. He has worked with Pixies, Radiohead, Orangutang, Hole, Dinosaur Jr., Juliana Hatfield, Wax, Warren Zevon, Uncle Tupelo, Throwing Muses, Morphine, the Mighty Mighty Bosston ...
and
Sean Slade
Sean Slade (born 14 November 1957) is an American record producer, engineer, and mixer. On many of his productions he worked in partnership with Paul Q. Kolderie.
Career
Slade was born in Lansing, Michigan, United States. He graduated from Y ...
, who had worked with US indie bands
Pixies
A pixie (also pisky, pixy, pixi, pizkie, and piskie in Cornwall and Devon, and pigsie or puggsy in the New Forest) is a mythical creature of British folklore. Pixies are considered to be particularly concentrated in the high moorland areas aro ...
and
Dinosaur Jr.
Dinosaur Jr. is an American rock band formed in Amherst, Massachusetts, in 1984, originally simply called Dinosaur until legal issues forced a change in name.
The band was founded by J Mascis (guitar, vocals, primary songwriter), Lou Barlo ...
, were enlisted to produce Radiohead's debut album, recorded quickly in Oxford in 1992.
With the release of their debut single, "
Creep", that September, Radiohead began to receive attention in the British music press, not all of it favourable; ''
NME
''New Musical Express'' (''NME'') is a British music, film, gaming, and culture website and brand. Founded as a newspaper in 1952, with the publication being referred to as a 'rock inkie', the NME would become a magazine that ended up as a f ...
'' described them as "a lily-livered excuse for a rock band",
and "Creep" was blacklisted by
BBC Radio 1
BBC Radio 1 is a British national radio station owned and operated by the BBC. It specialises in modern popular music and current chart hits throughout the day. The station provides alternative genres at night, including electronica, dance, ...
as "too depressing".
Radiohead released their debut album, ''
Pablo Honey
''Pablo Honey'' is the debut studio album by the English rock band Radiohead, released on 22 February 1993 in the UK by Parlophone and on 20 April in the US by Capitol Records. It was produced by Sean Slade, Paul Q. Kolderie and Radiohead's co-m ...
'', in February 1993. It reached number 22 in the UK charts, as "Creep" and its follow-up singles "
Anyone Can Play Guitar" and "
Stop Whispering" failed to become hits. "
Pop Is Dead", a non-album single, also sold poorly; O'Brien later called it "a hideous mistake".
Some critics compared Radiohead to the wave of
grunge music popular in the early 1990s, dubbing them "
Nirvana
( , , ; sa, निर्वाण} ''nirvāṇa'' ; Pali: ''nibbāna''; Prakrit: ''ṇivvāṇa''; literally, "blown out", as in an oil lampRichard Gombrich, ''Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benāres to Modern Colombo.' ...
-lite",
and ''Pablo Honey'' failed to make a critical or a commercial impact upon its initial release.
In early 1993, Radiohead began to attract listeners elsewhere. "Creep" had been played frequently on Israeli radio by influential DJ
Yoav Kutner
Yoav Kutner ( he, יואב קוטנר; born 18 May 1954) is an Israeli music editor, TV and radio presenter, who has significantly promoted performers ranging from Mashina to Radiohead.
Life
Yoav Kutner was born in Jerusalem, Israel on May 18, ...
, and in March, after the song became a hit there, Radiohead were invited to
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv-Yafo ( he, תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ, translit=Tēl-ʾĀvīv-Yāfō ; ar, تَلّ أَبِيب – يَافَا, translit=Tall ʾAbīb-Yāfā, links=no), often referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the ...
for their first show overseas. Around the same time, "Creep" began receiving airplay on US radio stations and rose to number two on the US
modern rock
Modern rock is an umbrella term used to describe rock music that is found on college rock radio stations. Some radio stations use this term to distinguish themselves from classic rock, which is based in 1960s–1980s rock music.
Radio format
Mod ...
chart. By the time Radiohead began their first North American tour in June 1993, the music video for "Creep" was in heavy rotation on MTV.
It reached number 34 on the ''Billboard''
Hot 100 chart,
and reached number seven on the
UK Singles Chart
The UK Singles Chart (currently titled Official Singles Chart, with the upper section more commonly known as the Official UK Top 40) is compiled by the Official Charts Company (OCC), on behalf of the British record industry, listing the top-s ...
when EMI rereleased it in September.
To build on the success, Radiohead embarked on a US tour supporting
Belly
Belly may refer to:
Anatomy
* The abdomen, the part of the body between the pelvis and the thorax; or the stomach
** A beer belly, an overhang of fat above the waist, presumed to be caused by regular beer drinking
** Belly dance
* The fleshy, cen ...
and
PJ Harvey,
followed by a European tour supporting
James
James is a common English language surname and given name:
*James (name), the typically masculine first name James
* James (surname), various people with the last name James
James or James City may also refer to:
People
* King James (disambiguati ...
.
1994–1995: ''The Bends'', critical recognition and growing fanbase
Radiohead began work on their second album in 1994 with the veteran
Abbey Road Studios producer
John Leckie
John William Leckie (born 23 October 1949) is an English record producer and recording engineer. His production credits include Magazine's ''Real Life'' (1978), XTC's ''White Music'' (1978) and Dukes of Stratosphear's ''25 O'Clock'' (1985), t ...
. Tensions were high, with mounting expectations to match the success of "Creep". Recording felt unnatural in the studio, with the band having over-rehearsed the material.
Seeking a change of scenery, they toured the Far East,
Australasia
Australasia is a region that comprises Australia, New Zealand and some neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term is used in a number of different contexts, including geopolitically, physiogeographically, philologically, and ecologi ...
and Mexico and found greater confidence performing their new music live.
However, troubled by his new fame, Yorke became disillusioned with being "at the sharp end of the sexy, sassy, MTV eye-candy lifestyle" he felt he was helping to sell to the world.
The ''
My Iron Lung
''My Iron Lung'' is the third EP and fifth single by the English rock band Radiohead, released on 26 September 1994 by Parlophone Records in the UK and by Capitol Records in the US. It was produced by Radiohead, John Leckie and Nigel Godrich. T ...
'' EP and single, released in 1994, was Radiohead's reaction, marking a transition towards the greater depth they aimed for on their second album. It was Radiohead's first collaboration with their future producer
Nigel Godrich
Nigel Timothy Godrich (born 28 February 1971) is an English record producer, recording engineer and musician. He is known for his work with the English rock band Radiohead, having produced all their studio albums since '' OK Computer'' (1997). ...
, then working under Leckie as an
audio engineer, and artist
Stanley Donwood, who has produced all of Radiohead's artwork since.
Promoted through alternative radio stations, sales of ''My Iron Lung'' were better than expected, and suggested that the band had built a fanbase and were not
one-hit wonders.
Having introduced more new songs on tour, Radiohead finished recording their second album by the end of 1994, and released ''
The Bends'' in March 1995. The album was driven by dense riffs and ethereal atmospheres from the three guitarists, with greater use of keyboards than their debut.
It received stronger reviews for its songwriting and performances.
While Radiohead were seen as outsiders to the
Britpop
Britpop was a mid-1990s British-based music culture movement that emphasised Britishness. It produced brighter, catchier alternative rock, partly in reaction to the popularity of the darker lyrical themes of the US-led grunge music and to the ...
scene that dominated music media at the time, they were finally successful in their home country with ''The Bends'',
as singles "
Fake Plastic Trees
"Fake Plastic Trees" is a song by the English alternative rock band Radiohead, released on their second album, '' The Bends'' (1995). It was the third single from the album in the UK, and the first in the US. It charted on the UK Singles Chart, ...
", "
High and Dry", "
Just", and "
Street Spirit (Fade Out)
"Street Spirit (Fade Out)" is a song by the English alternative rock band Radiohead. It is the final track on their second studio album, '' The Bends'' (1995). It was released as a single on 22 January 1996 and reached number five on the UK Sing ...
" made their way to chart success. "High and Dry" became a modest hit, but Radiohead's growing fanbase was insufficient to repeat the worldwide success of "Creep". ''The Bends'' peaked at No. 88 on the US album charts, which remains Radiohead's lowest showing there.
Jonny Greenwood said ''The Bends'' had been a "turning point" for Radiohead: "It started appearing in people's
est-ofpolls for the end of the year. That's when it started to feel like we made the right choice about being a band."
In later years, ''The Bends'' appeared in many publications' lists of the best albums of all time,
including ''
Rolling Stone's'' 2012 edition of the
"500 Greatest Albums of All Time" at No. 111.
In 1995, Radiohead again toured North America and Europe, this time in support of
R.E.M.
R.E.M. was an American rock band from Athens, Georgia, formed in 1980 by drummer Bill Berry, guitarist Peter Buck, bassist Mike Mills, and lead vocalist Michael Stipe, who were students at the University of Georgia. One of the first alternati ...
, one of their formative influences and at the time one of the biggest rock bands in the world.
Attention from famous fans such as the R.E.M. singer
Michael Stipe
John Michael Stipe (; born January 4, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter and artist, best known as the lead singer and lyricist of alternative rock band R.E.M. He is known for his vocal quality, poetic lyrics and unique stage presence.
Pos ...
, along with distinctive music videos for "Just" and "Street Spirit", helped sustain Radiohead's popularity outside the UK. The night before a performance in Denver, Colorado, Radiohead's tour van was stolen, and with it their musical equipment. Yorke and Jonny Greenwood performed a stripped-down acoustic set with rented instruments and several shows were cancelled.
Their first live video, ''
Live at the Astoria
Live may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Films
* ''Live!'' (2007 film), 2007 American film
* ''Live'' (2014 film), a 2014 Japanese film
*'' ''Live'' (Apocalyptica DVD)
Music
*Live (band), American alternative rock band
* List of albums ...
'', was released in 1995.
1995–1998: ''OK Computer'' and critical acclaim
![Thom Yorke 1998](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Thom_Yorke_1998.jpg)
By late 1995, Radiohead had already recorded one song that would appear on their next record. "
Lucky", released as a single to promote the
War Child charity's ''
The Help Album
''The Help Album'' is a 1995 charity album to raise funds for the War Child charity, which provided aid to war-stricken areas, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. All the songs were recorded in a single day. The album features British and Irish ar ...
'',
was recorded in a brief session with Nigel Godrich, the young audio engineer who had assisted on ''The Bends'' and produced a 1996
B-side, "
Talk Show Host
Below is a list of talk show
A talk show (or chat show in British English) is a television programming or radio programming genre structured around the act of spontaneous conversation.Bernard M. Timberg, Robert J. Erler'' (2010Television T ...
", the song being featured in
Baz Luhrmann's 1996 ''
Romeo + Juliet
Romeo Montague () is the male protagonist of William Shakespeare's tragedy ''Romeo and Juliet''. The son of Lord Montague and his wife, Lady Montague, he secretly loves and marries Juliet, a member of the rival House of Capulet, through a pries ...
''. Radiohead decided to self-produce their next album with Godrich, and began work in early 1996. By July they had recorded four songs at their rehearsal studio, Canned Applause, a converted apple shed in the countryside near
Didcot
Didcot ( ) is a railway town and Civil parishes in England, civil parish in the Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county of Oxfordshire and the Historic counties of England, historic county of Berkshire. Didcot is south of Oxford, eas ...
, Oxfordshire. In August 1996, Radiohead toured as the opening act for
Alanis Morissette. They resumed recording not at a studio but at
St. Catherine's Court, a 15th-century mansion near
Bath. The sessions were relaxed, with the band playing at all hours of the day, recording in different rooms, and listening to
the Beatles
The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time and were integral to the developmen ...
,
DJ Shadow
Joshua Paul Davis (born June 29, 1972), better known by his stage name DJ Shadow, is an American DJ, songwriter and record producer. His debut studio album, '' Endtroducing.....'' was released in 1996.
Biography Early years (1989–1995)
DJ Sh ...
,
Ennio Morricone and
Miles Davis
Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926September 28, 1991) was an American trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. He is among the most influential and acclaimed figures in the history of jazz and 20th-century music. Davis adopted a variety of musi ...
for inspiration.
Radiohead released their third album, ''
OK Computer'', in May 1997. It found the band experimenting with song structures and incorporating
ambient,
avant-garde
The avant-garde (; In 'advance guard' or ' vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretical ...
and
electronic
Electronic may refer to:
*Electronics, the science of how to control electric energy in semiconductor
* ''Electronics'' (magazine), a defunct American trade journal
*Electronic storage, the storage of data using an electronic device
*Electronic co ...
influences, prompting ''
Rolling Stone
''Rolling Stone'' is an American monthly magazine that focuses on music, politics, and popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco, California, in 1967 by Jann Wenner, and the music critic Ralph J. Gleason. It was first known for its ...
'' to call the album a "stunning art-rock tour de force". Radiohead denied being part of the
progressive rock
Progressive rock (shortened as prog rock or simply prog; sometimes conflated with art rock) is a broad genre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States through the mid- to late 1960s, peaking in the early 1970s. In ...
genre, but critics began to compare their work to
Pink Floyd, whose early 1970s work influenced Jonny Greenwood's guitar parts at the time. Some compared ''OK Computer'' thematically to Floyd's bestseller ''
The Dark Side of the Moon
''The Dark Side of the Moon'' is the eighth studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 1 March 1973 by Harvest Records. The album was primarily developed during live performances, and the band premiered an early version of ...
'' (1973), although Yorke said the album's lyrics were inspired by observing the "speed" of the world in the 1990s. Yorke's lyrics, embodying different characters, had expressed what one magazine called "end-of-the-millennium blues"
in contrast to the more personal songs of ''The Bends''. According to the journalist
Alex Ross, Radiohead had become "the poster boys for a certain kind of knowing alienation—as the Talking Heads and R.E.M. had been before".
''OK Computer'' received critical acclaim. Yorke said he was "amazed it got the reaction it did. None of us fucking knew any more whether it was good or bad. What really blew my head off was the fact that people got all the things, all the textures and the sounds and the atmospheres we were trying to create."
''OK Computer'' was Radiohead's first number-one UK chart debut, and brought them commercial success around the world. Despite peaking at number 21 in the
US charts, the album eventually met with mainstream recognition there, earning Radiohead their first
Grammy Awards recognition, winning
Best Alternative Album and a nomination for
Album of the Year. "
Paranoid Android
"Paranoid Android" is a song by English alternative rock band Radiohead, released as the lead single from their third studio album ''OK Computer'' (1997) on 26 May 1997. The lyrics were written by singer Thom Yorke following an unpleasant expe ...
", "
Karma Police
"Karma Police" is a song by English alternative rock band Radiohead, released on 25 August 1997, as the second single from their third studio album, ''OK Computer'' (1997). It reached number one in Iceland and number eight on the UK Singles Ch ...
" and "
No Surprises
"No Surprises" is a song by the English alternative rock band Radiohead, released as the fourth and final single from their third studio album, ''OK Computer'' (1997), on 12 January 1998. It reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. It featur ...
" were released as singles, of which "Karma Police" was most successful internationally.
''OK Computer'' went on to become a staple of "best-of" British album lists. In the same year, Radiohead became one of the first bands in the world to have a website, and developed a devoted online following; within a few years, there were dozens of
fansite
A fansite, fan site, fan blog or fan page is a website created and maintained by a fan or devotee about a celebrity, thing, or particular cultural phenomenon.
Fansites may offer specialized information on the subject (e.g., episode listings, bi ...
s devoted to them.
''OK Computer'' was followed by the year-long Against Demons world tour, including Radiohead's first headline
Glastonbury Festival performance in 1997.
Despite technical problems that almost caused Yorke to abandon the stage, the performance was acclaimed and cemented Radiohead as a major live act.
Grant Gee
Grant Robert Gee (born 24 October 1964) is a British film maker, photographer and cinematographer. He is most noted for his 1998 documentary ''Meeting People Is Easy'' about the British alternative rock group Radiohead.
Early life
Gee was born ...
, the director of the "No Surprises" video, filmed the band on tour for the 1999 documentary ''
Meeting People Is Easy
''Meeting People Is Easy'' is a 1998 British documentary film by Grant Gee that follows the English rock band Radiohead on the world tour for their 1997 album '' OK Computer''. It received positive reviews and was nominated for a Grammy Award f ...
''. The film portrays the band's disaffection with the music industry and press, showing their
burnout over the course of the tour.
Since its release, ''OK Computer'' is often acclaimed as a landmark record of the 1990s and the
Generation X
Generation X (or Gen X for short) is the Western demographic cohort following the baby boomers and preceding the millennials. Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1960s as starting birth years and the late 1970s to early 1980s a ...
era, and one of the greatest albums in recording history.
In 1998, Radiohead performed at a Paris
Amnesty International concert and the
Tibetan Freedom Concert. In March, they and Godrich entered
Abbey Road Studios to record a song for the 1998 film ''
The Avengers'', "
Man of War", but were unsatisfied with the results and the song went unreleased.
Yorke described the period as a "real low point"; he and O'Brien developed depression,
and the band came close to splitting up.
1998–2001: ''Kid A'', ''Amnesiac'' and change in sound
![Jonny Greenwood Synth (Amsterdam)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Jonny_Greenwood_Synth_%28Amsterdam%29.jpg)
In early 1999, Radiohead began work on their next album. Although the success of ''OK Computer'' meant there was no longer pressure from their record label,
tensions were high. Band members had different visions for Radiohead's future, and Yorke suffered from
writer's block
Writer's block is a condition, primarily associated with writing, in which an author is either unable to produce new work or experiences a creative slowdown. Mike Rose found that this creative stall is not a result of commitment problems or th ...
, influencing him toward more abstract, fragmented songwriting.
Radiohead secluded themselves with Godrich in studios in Paris,
Copenhagen
Copenhagen ( or .; da, København ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a proper population of around 815.000 in the last quarter of 2022; and some 1.370,000 in the urban area; and the wider Copenhagen metropolitan ar ...
, and
Gloucester
Gloucester ( ) is a cathedral city and the county town of Gloucestershire in the South West of England. Gloucester lies on the River Severn, between the Cotswolds to the east and the Forest of Dean to the west, east of Monmouth and east ...
, and in their new studio in Oxford.
O'Brien kept an online diary, reporting their progress. After nearly 18 months, Radiohead's recording sessions were completed in April 2000.
Radiohead's fourth album, ''
Kid A
''Kid A'' is the fourth studio album by the English rock band Radiohead, released on 2 October 2000 by Parlophone. It was recorded with their producer, Nigel Godrich, in Paris, Copenhagen, Gloucestershire and their hometown of Oxford.
After th ...
'', was released in October 2000. A departure from ''OK Computer'', ''Kid A'' featured a
minimalist
In visual arts, music and other media, minimalism is an art movement that began in post– World War II in Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Do ...
and textured style with more diverse instrumentation, including the
ondes Martenot
The ondes Martenot ( ; , "Martenot waves") or ondes musicales ("musical waves") is an early electronic musical instrument. It is played with a keyboard or by moving a ring along a wire, creating "wavering" sounds similar to a theremin. A player ...
, programmed
electronic
Electronic may refer to:
*Electronics, the science of how to control electric energy in semiconductor
* ''Electronics'' (magazine), a defunct American trade journal
*Electronic storage, the storage of data using an electronic device
*Electronic co ...
beats,
strings, and jazz horns.
It debuted at number one in many countries, including the US, where it became the first Radiohead album to debut atop the ''
Billboard'' chart and the first US number-one album by any UK act since the
Spice Girls in 1996.
This success was attributed variously to marketing, to the album's leak on the file-sharing network
Napster a few months before its release, and to advance anticipation based, in part, on the success of ''OK Computer''. Although Radiohead released no singles from ''Kid A'',
promos of "Optimistic" and "
Idioteque
"Idioteque" is a song by the English rock band Radiohead, released on their fourth album, '' Kid A'' (2000). In 2008, the song was featured on '' Radiohead: The Best Of.'' A live version appears on the 2001 EP '' I Might Be Wrong: Live Recordings ...
" received radio play, and a series of "blips", short videos set to portions of tracks, were played on music channels and released free online.
Inspired by
Naomi Klein
Naomi A. Klein (born May 8, 1970) is a Canadian author, social activist, and filmmaker known for her political analyses, support of ecofeminism, organized labour, left-wing politics and criticism of corporate globalization, fascism, ecofascism ...
's
anti-globalisation
The anti-globalization movement or counter-globalization movement, is a social movement critical of economic globalization. The movement is also commonly referred to as the global justice movement, alter-globalization movement, anti-globalis ...
book ''
No Logo
''No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies'' is a book by the Canadian author Naomi Klein. First published by Knopf Canada and Picador in December 1999, shortly after the 1999 Seattle WTO protests had generated media attention around such issue ...
'', Radiohead continued a 2000 tour of Europe in a custom-built tent free of advertising; they also promoted ''Kid A'' with three sold-out North American theatre concerts.
''Kid A'' received a
Grammy Award
The Grammy Awards (stylized as GRAMMY), or simply known as the Grammys, are awards presented by the Recording Academy of the United States to recognize "outstanding" achievements in the music industry. They are regarded by many as the most pr ...
for
Best Alternative Album and a nomination for
Album of the Year in early 2001. It won both praise and criticism in
independent music
Independent music (also commonly known as indie music or simply indie) is music that is produced independently from commercial record labels or their subsidiaries, a process that may include an autonomous, do-it-yourself approach to recording a ...
circles for appropriating
underground
Underground most commonly refers to:
* Subterranea (geography), the regions beneath the surface of the Earth
Underground may also refer to:
Places
* The Underground (Boston), a music club in the Allston neighborhood of Boston
* The Underground ...
styles of music; some British critics saw ''Kid A'' as a "commercial suicide note" and "intentionally difficult", and longed for a return to Radiohead's earlier style.
Fans were similarly divided; along with those who were appalled or mystified, many saw it as the band's best work.
Yorke denied that Radiohead had set out to eschew expectations, saying: "We're not trying to be difficult ... We're actually trying to communicate but somewhere along the line, we just seemed to piss off a lot of people ... What we're doing isn't that radical."
The album was ranked one of the best of all time by publications including
''Time'' and ''Rolling Stone;''
''Rolling Stone'', ''
Pitchfork
A pitchfork (also a hay fork) is an agricultural tool with a long handle and two to five tines used to lift and pitch or throw loose material, such as hay, straw, manure, or leaves.
The term is also applied colloquially, but inaccurately, to ...
'' and the ''
Times
Time is the continued sequence of existence and events, and a fundamental quantity of measuring systems.
Time or times may also refer to:
Temporal measurement
* Time in physics, defined by its measurement
* Time standard, civil time speci ...
'' named it the best album of the decade.
Radiohead's fifth album, ''
Amnesiac
Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or disease,Gazzaniga, M., Ivry, R., & Mangun, G. (2009) Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. but it can also be caused temporarily by the use o ...
'', was released in May 2001. It comprised additional tracks from the ''Kid A'' sessions, including "Life in a Glasshouse", featuring the
Humphrey Lyttelton Band. Radiohead stressed that they saw ''Amnesiac'' not as a collection of B-sides or outtakes from ''Kid A'' but an album in its own right.
It topped the
UK Albums Chart
The Official Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales and (from March 2015) audio streaming in the United Kingdom. It was published for the first time on 22 July 1956 and is compiled every week by the Official Charts ...
and reached number two in the US, and was nominated for a Grammy Award and the
Mercury Music Prize
The Mercury Prize, formerly called the Mercury Music Prize, is an annual music prize awarded for the best album released in the United Kingdom by a British or Irish act. It was created by Jon Webster and Robert Chandler in association with the B ...
.
Radiohead embarked on a world tour, visiting North America, Europe and Japan. "
Pyramid Song
"Pyramid Song" is a song by the English rock band Radiohead, released as the lead single from their fifth studio album, '' Amnesiac'' (2001). It features piano, strings, a "shuffling" rhythm and lyrics inspired by the Egyptian underworld. It was ...
" and "
Knives Out
''Knives Out'' is a 2019 American mystery film written, directed, and co-produced by Rian Johnson. It follows a master detective, Benoit Blanc, investigating the death of the patriarch of a wealthy, dysfunctional family. The film stars an ensem ...
", Radiohead's first singles since 1998, were modestly successful. ''
I Might Be Wrong: Live Recordings'', released in November 2001, features performances of seven songs from ''Kid A'' and ''Amnesiac,'' plus a performance of the unreleased track "
True Love Waits".
2002–2006: ''Hail to the Thief'' and solo work
In July and August 2002, Radiohead toured Portugal and Spain, playing a number of new songs. For their next album, they sought to explore the tension between human and machine-generated music
and capture a more immediate, live sound.
[ Promotional interview CD sent to British music press.] They and Godrich recorded most of the material in two weeks at
Ocean Way Recording
Ocean Way Recording was a series of recording studios established by recording engineer and producer Allen Sides with locations in Los Angeles, California, Nashville, Tennessee, and Saint Barthélemy. Ocean Way Recording no longer operates record ...
in Los Angeles. The band described the recording process as relaxed, in contrast to the tense sessions for ''Kid A'' and ''Amnesiac''.
Radiohead also composed music for "Split Sides", a dance piece by the
Merce Cunningham Dance Company
Mercier Philip "Merce" Cunningham (April 16, 1919 – July 26, 2009) was an American dancer and choreographer who was at the forefront of American modern dance for more than 50 years. He frequently collaborated with artists of other discipl ...
, which debuted in October 2003 at the
Brooklyn Academy of Music.
Radiohead's sixth album, ''
Hail to the Thief'', was released in June 2003.
Its lyrics were influenced by what Yorke called "the general sense of ignorance and intolerance and panic and stupidity" following the 2000 election of US President
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Republican Party, Bush family, and son of the 41st president George H. W. Bush, he ...
.
The album was promoted with a website, radiohead.tv, where short films, music videos, and studio webcasts were streamed.
''Hail to the Thief'' debuted at number one in the UK and number three on the ''Billboard'' chart, and was eventually certified
platinum
Platinum is a chemical element with the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Its name originates from Spanish , a diminutive of "silver".
Pla ...
in the UK and
gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from la, aurum) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile me ...
in the US. The singles "
There There", "
Go to Sleep
"Go to Sleep" is a song by the English rock band Radiohead, released as the second single from their sixth studio album ''Hail to the Thief'' (2003) on 18 August 2003. It reached number two on the Canadian Singles Chart, number nine on the Ita ...
" and "
2 + 2 = 5
"Two plus two equals five" (2 + 2 = 5) is a mathematically incorrect phrase used in the 1949 dystopian novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' by George Orwell. It appears as a possible statement of Ingsoc ( English Socialism) philosophy, like the ...
" achieved heavy circulation on
modern rock
Modern rock is an umbrella term used to describe rock music that is found on college rock radio stations. Some radio stations use this term to distinguish themselves from classic rock, which is based in 1960s–1980s rock music.
Radio format
Mod ...
radio. At the
2004 Grammy Awards
The 46th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 8, 2004 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California honoring the best in music for the recording of the year beginning from October 1, 2002 through September 30, 2003. They recognized ac ...
, Radiohead were again nominated for
Best Alternative Album, and Godrich and the engineer Darrell Thorp received the
Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album. In May 2003, Radiohead embarked on a world tour and headlined
Glastonbury Festival for the second time. The tour finished in May 2004 with a performance at the
Coachella Festival
The Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival (commonly called the Coachella Festival or simply Coachella) is an annual music and arts festival held at the Empire Polo Club in Indio, California, in the Coachella Valley in the Colorado Desert ...
in California.
A compilation of ''Hail to the Thief'' B-sides, remixes and live performances, ''
Com Lag (2plus2isfive)'', was released in April 2004.
![Radiohead Coachella 2004 cropped](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Radiohead_Coachella_2004_cropped.jpg)
''Hail to the Thief'' was Radiohead's final album with EMI; in 2006, ''The New York Times'' described Radiohead as "by far the world's most popular unsigned band".
Following the ''Hail to the Thief'' tour, Radiohead went on hiatus to spend time with their families and work on solo projects. Yorke and Jonny Greenwood contributed to the
Band Aid 20 charity single "
Do They Know It's Christmas?
"Do They Know It's Christmas?" is a charity song written in 1984 by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise money for the 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia. It was first recorded by Band Aid, a supergroup assembled by Geldof and Ure consisting of pop ...
", produced by Godrich. Greenwood composed soundtracks for the films ''
Bodysong'' (2004) and ''
There Will Be Blood
''There Will Be Blood'' is a 2007 American period drama film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, loosely based on the 1927 novel '' Oil!'' by Upton Sinclair. It stars Daniel Day-Lewis as Daniel Plainview, a silver miner turned oilm ...
'' (2007); the latter was the first of several collaborations with the director
Paul Thomas Anderson
Paul Thomas Anderson (born June 26, 1970), also known by his initials PTA, is an American filmmaker. He made his feature-film debut with '' Hard Eight'' (1996). He found critical and commercial success with ''Boogie Nights'' (1997) and received ...
.
In July 2006, Yorke released his debut solo album, ''
The Eraser
''The Eraser'' is the debut solo album by the English musician Thom Yorke, released on 10 July 2006 through XL Recordings. It was produced by Nigel Godrich, the longtime producer for Yorke's band Radiohead.
''The Eraser'' comprises electronic ...
'', comprising mainly electronic music.
He stressed it was made with the band's blessing, and that Radiohead were not breaking up. Jonny Greenwood said: "He had to get this stuff out, and everyone was happy
or Yorke to make it
Or or OR may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Film and television
* "O.R.", a 1974 episode of M*A*S*H
* Or (My Treasure), a 2004 movie from Israel (''Or'' means "light" in Hebrew)
Music
* ''Or'' (album), a 2002 album by Golden Boy with Mis ...
... He'd go mad if every time he wrote a song it had to go through the Radiohead consensus."
2006–2009: Departure from EMI, ''In Rainbows'', and "pay what you want"
Radiohead began work on their seventh album in February 2005.
Instead of involving Godrich, Radiohead hired the producer
Spike Stent
Mark "Spike" Stent (born 3 August 1965) is an English record producer and mixing engineer who has worked with many international artists including Madonna, Marshmello, U2, Beyoncé, Björk, Depeche Mode, Echo & The Bunnymen, Grimes, Ed Sh ...
, but the collaboration was unsuccessful. In September 2005, Radiohead contributed "I Want None of This", a piano
dirge
A dirge ( la, dirige, naenia) is a somber song or lament expressing mourning or grief, such as would be appropriate for performance at a funeral. Often taking the form of a brief hymn, dirges are typically shorter and less meditative than elegi ...
, for the
War Child charity album ''
Help: A Day in the Life''. The album was sold online, with "I Want None of This" the most downloaded track, though it was not released as a single. In late 2006, after touring Europe and North America with new material, Radiohead re-enlisted Godrich and resumed work in London, Oxford and rural
Somerset
( en, All The People of Somerset)
, locator_map =
, coordinates =
, region = South West England
, established_date = Ancient
, established_by =
, preceded_by =
, origin =
, lord_lieutenant_office =Lord Lieutenant of Somerset
, lord_ ...
, England. Recording ended in June 2007 and the recordings were mastered the following month.
In 2007, EMI was acquired by the
private equity
In the field of finance, the term private equity (PE) refers to investment funds, usually limited partnerships (LP), which buy and restructure financially weak companies that produce goods and provide services. A private-equity fund is both a t ...
firm
Terra Firma. Radiohead were critical of the new management, and no new deal was agreed.
The
''Independent'' reported that EMI had offered Radiohead a £3 million advance, but had refused to relinquish rights to the band's back catalogue. An EMI spokesman stated that Radiohead had demanded "an extraordinary amount of money".
Radiohead's management and Yorke released statements denying that they had asked for a large advance, but had instead wanted control over their back catalogue.
Radiohead self-released their seventh album, ''
In Rainbows
''In Rainbows'' is the seventh studio album by the English rock band Radiohead. It was self-released on 10 October 2007 as a pay-what-you-want download, followed by a physical release internationally through XL Recordings and in North America ...
'', on their website on 10 October 2007 as a
download
In computer networks, download means to ''receive'' data from a remote system, typically a server such as a web server, an FTP server, an email server, or other similar system. This contrasts with uploading, where data is ''sent to'' a remote ...
for any amount users wanted, including £0. The landmark
pay-what-you-want release, the first for a major act, made headlines worldwide and created debate about the implications for the music industry.
Media reaction was positive, and Radiohead were praised for finding new ways to connect with fans.
However, it drew criticism from musicians such as
Lily Allen
Lily Rose Beatrice Allen (born 2 May 1985) is an English singer-songwriter and actress. She is the daughter of actor Keith Allen and film producer Alison Owen. Her music career began in 2005 when she made some of her vocal recordings public ...
and
Kim Gordon
Kim Althea Gordon (born April 28, 1953) is an American musician, singer and songwriter, best known as the bassist, guitarist, and vocalist of alternative rock band Sonic Youth. Born in Rochester, New York, she was raised in Los Angeles, Califor ...
,
who felt it undercut less successful acts.
''In Rainbows'' was downloaded an estimated 1.2 million times on the day of release.
Colin Greenwood explained the internet release as a way of avoiding the "regulated playlists" and "straitened formats" of radio and TV, ensuring fans around the world could experience the music at the same time, and preventing leaks in advance of a physical release.
[Greenwood, Colin (13 September 2010),]
Set Yourself Free
", Index on Censorship. Retrieved 31 October 2010 A special "discbox" edition of ''In Rainbows'', containing the record on vinyl, a book of artwork, and a CD of extra songs, was also sold from Radiohead's website.
The retail version of ''In Rainbows'' was released in the UK in late December 2007 on
XL Recordings
XL Recordings is a British independent record label founded in 1989 by Tim Palmer and Nick Halkes. It has been ran and co-owned by Richard Russell since 1996. It forms part of the Beggars Group.
Although only releasing an average of six albu ...
and in North America in January 2008 on
TBD Records
TBD Records (previously Side One Recordings) was an American record label co-founded by Coran Capshaw and Phil Costello, and is a sublabel of ATO Records, distributed by RED Distribution. The label was founded in August 2007 and quickly announced ...
,
reaching number one in the UK and in the US. The success was Radiohead's highest chart placement in the US since ''Kid A''. It became their fifth UK number-one album and sold more than three million copies in one year.
The album received acclaim for its more accessible sound and personal lyrics. It was nominated for the
Mercury Music Prize
The Mercury Prize, formerly called the Mercury Music Prize, is an annual music prize awarded for the best album released in the United Kingdom by a British or Irish act. It was created by Jon Webster and Robert Chandler in association with the B ...
and won the
2009 Grammy awards
The 51st Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, on February 8, 2009, honoring the best in music for the recording year beginning October 1, 2007, through September 30, 2008. Robert Plant and Alison Krauss were the b ...
for
Best Alternative Music Album
The Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album is an award presented to recording artists for quality albums in the alternative genre at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards. H ...
and Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package. It was nominated for five other Grammy awards, including Radiohead's third nomination for
Album of the Year. Yorke and Jonny Greenwood performed "15 Step" with the
University of Southern California Marching Band at the televised award show.
![Radiohead France 2008](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Radiohead_France_2008.jpg)
The first single from ''In Rainbows'', "
Jigsaw Falling into Place", was released in January 2008, followed by "
Nude" in March,
which debuted at number 37 in the
''Billboard'' Hot 100; it was Radiohead's first song to enter the chart since "High and Dry" (1995) and their first US top 40 since "Creep".
In July, Radiohead released a digitally shot video for "
House of Cards
A house of cards (also known as a card tower or card castle) is a structure created by stacking playing cards on top of each other, often in the shape of a pyramid. "House of cards" is also an expression that dates back to 1645 meaning a structu ...
". Radiohead held
remix competitions for "Nude" and "
Reckoner", releasing the separated
stems for fans to remix. In April 2008, Radiohead launched W.A.S.T.E. Central, a
social networking service for Radiohead fans. In May,
VH1 broadcast ''
In Rainbows – From the Basement'', a special episode of the music television show ''
From the Basement
''From the Basement'' is a web television series created by Nigel Godrich and producer Dilly Gent. It features live music performances without a host or audience.
Development
In September 2006, it was announced that Godrich, along with produc ...
'' in which Radiohead performed songs from ''In Rainbows''. It was released on
iTunes in June. From mid-2008 to early 2009, Radiohead toured North America, Europe, Japan and South America to promote ''In Rainbows'', and headlined the
Reading and Leeds Festivals
The Reading and Leeds Festivals are a pair of annual music festivals that take place in Reading and Leeds in England. The events take place simultaneously on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday of the August bank holiday weekend. The Reading Fe ...
in August 2009.
Days after Radiohead signed to XL, EMI announced a
box set of Radiohead material recorded before ''In Rainbows'', released in the same week as the ''In Rainbows'' special edition. Commentators including the ''Guardian'' saw the move as retaliation for the band choosing not to re-sign with EMI. In June 2008, EMI released a
greatest hits
A greatest hits album or best-of album is a type of compilation album that collects popular and commercially successful songs by a particular artist or band. While greatest hits albums are typically supported by the artist, they can also be crea ...
album, ''
Radiohead: The Best Of''. It was made without Radiohead's involvement and contains only songs recorded under their contract with EMI. Yorke was critical of the release, calling it a "wasted opportunity". In 2009, EMI
reissued Radiohead's back catalogue in expanded editions.
2009–2010: Singles and side projects
As
social media
Social media are interactive media technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks. While challenges to the definition of ''social medi ...
expanded around the turn of the decade, Radiohead gradually withdrew their public presence, with no promotional interviews or tours to promote new releases. ''Pitchfork'' wrote that around this time Radiohead's "popularity became increasingly untethered from the typical formalities of record promotion, placing them on the same level as
Beyoncé and
Kanye West
Ye ( ; born Kanye Omari West ; June 8, 1977) is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, and fashion designer.
Born in Atlanta and raised in Chicago, West gained recognition as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the ea ...
".
In May 2009, Radiohead began new recording sessions with Godrich.
In August, they released "
Harry Patch (In Memory Of)", a tribute song to
Harry Patch
Henry John Patch (17 June 1898 – 25 July 2009), dubbed in his later years "the Last Fighting Tommy", was an English supercentenarian, briefly the oldest man in Europe, and the last surviving trench combat soldier of the First World War from ...
, the last surviving British soldier to have fought in
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, with proceeds donated to the
British Legion.
The song has no conventional rock instrumentation, and instead comprises Yorke's vocals and a string arrangement composed by Jonny Greenwood.
Later that month, another new song, "
These Are My Twisted Words", featuring
krautrock-like drumming and guitars,
was leaked via
torrent
Torrent or torrents may refer to:
* A fast flowing stream
Animals
* Torrent duck, a species of the family Anatidae
* Torrent fish
* Torrent frog, various unrelated frogs
* Torrent robin, a bird species
* Torrent salamander, a family of s ...
, possibly by Radiohead.
It was released as a free download on the Radiohead website the following week.
Commentators saw the releases as part of Radiohead's new unpredictable release strategy, without the need for traditional marketing.
In 2009, Yorke formed a new band,
Atoms for Peace
"Atoms for Peace" was the title of a speech delivered by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to the UN General Assembly in New York City on December 8, 1953.
The United States then launched an "Atoms for Peace" program that supplied equipment ...
, to perform his solo material, with musicians including Godrich and the
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Red Hot Chili Peppers are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983, comprising vocalist Anthony Kiedis, bassist Flea, drummer Chad Smith, and guitarist John Frusciante. Their music incorporates elements of alternative rock, funk ...
bassist
Flea
Flea, the common name for the order Siphonaptera, includes 2,500 species of small flightless insects that live as external parasites of mammals and birds. Fleas live by ingesting the blood of their hosts. Adult fleas grow to about long, a ...
. They played eight North American shows in 2010. In January 2010, Radiohead played their only full concert of the year in the Los Angeles
Henry Fonda Theater as a benefit for
Oxfam. Tickets were auctioned, raising over half a million US dollars for the NGO's
2010 Haiti earthquake
A catastrophic magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake struck Haiti at 16:53 local time (21:53 UTC) on Tuesday, 12 January 2010. The epicenter was near the town of Léogâne, Ouest department, approximately west of Port-au-Prince, Haiti's c ...
relief. That December, a fan-made video of the performance, ''
Radiohead for Haiti
''Radiohead for Haiti'' is a live video of Radiohead's concert in Hollywood on 24 January 2010. The concert raised money for Oxfam responding to the 2010 Haiti earthquake that month. Footage of the performance was recorded by audience members ...
'', was released via YouTube and torrent with Radiohead's support and a "pay-what-you-want" link to donate to Oxfam. Radiohead also released the
soundboard recording
A soundboard recording is a sound recording of a concert taken from a direct connection to the soundboard at the venue
Venue is the location at which an event takes place. It may refer to:
Locations
* Venue (law), the place a case is heard
* ...
of their 2009 Prague performance for use in a
fan-made
Fan labor, also called fan works, are the creative activities engaged in by fans, primarily those of various media properties or musical groups. These activities can include creation of written works (fiction, fan fiction and review literature), ...
concert video, ''Live in Praha''. The videos were described as examples of Radiohead's openness to fans and positivity toward non-commercial internet distribution.
In June 2010, Yorke and Jonny Greenwood performed a surprise set at
Glastonbury Festival, performing ''Eraser'' and Radiohead songs. Selway released his debut solo album, ''
Familial'', in August. ''
Pitchfork
A pitchfork (also a hay fork) is an agricultural tool with a long handle and two to five tines used to lift and pitch or throw loose material, such as hay, straw, manure, or leaves.
The term is also applied colloquially, but inaccurately, to ...
'' described it as a collection of "hushed" folk songs in the tradition of
Nick Drake, with Selway on guitar and vocals.
2011–2012: ''The King of Limbs''
![CLIVE DEAMER pic Pete Judge](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/CLIVE_DEAMER_pic_Pete_Judge.jpg)
Radiohead released their eighth album, ''
The King of Limbs
''The King of Limbs'' is the eighth studio album by the English rock band Radiohead. It was self-released on 18 February 2011 as a download, followed by a physical release on 28 March through XL Recordings internationally and TBD Records in Nor ...
'', on 18 February 2011 as a download from their website.
Following the protracted recording and more conventional rock instrumentation of ''In Rainbows'', Radiohead developed ''The King of Limbs'' by
sampling and
looping their recordings with
turntables
A phonograph, in its later forms also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910) or since the 1940s called a record player, or more recently a turntable, is a device for the mechanical and analogu ...
.
It was followed by a retail release in March through XL, and a special "newspaper album" edition in May. ''The King of Limbs'' sold an estimated 300,000 to 400,000 copies through Radiohead's website;
['] the retail edition debuted at number six on the US
''Billboard'' 200 and number seven on the
UK Albums Chart
The Official Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales and (from March 2015) audio streaming in the United Kingdom. It was published for the first time on 22 July 1956 and is compiled every week by the Official Charts ...
.
It was nominated for five categories in the
54th Grammy Awards. Two tracks not included on ''The King of Limbs'', "
Supercollider" and "The Butcher", were released as a double A-side single for
Record Store Day
Record Store Day is an annual event inaugurated in 2007 and held on one Saturday (typically the third) every April and every Black Friday in November to "celebrate the culture of the independently owned record store". The day brings together fa ...
in April.
A compilation of ''King of Limbs'' remixes by various artists, ''
TKOL RMX 1234567
''TKOL RMX 1234567'' is a remix album of songs from the album ''The King of Limbs'' (2011) by the English rock band Radiohead. It was released on 16 September 2011 in Japan and on 10 October 2011 internationally by XL Recordings.
The album compi ...
'', was released in September.
To perform the rhythmically complex ''King of Limbs'' material live, Radiohead enlisted a second drummer, Clive Deamer, who had worked with
Portishead and
Get the Blessing
Get the Blessing (previously known as the Blessing) are a jazz rock quartet based in Bristol, England. The band formed in 2000 when Jim Barr (bass guitar) and Clive Deamer (drums), who had played with Portishead, joined Jake McMurchie (saxopho ...
.
Deamer has joined Radiohead on subsequent tours.
In June, Radiohead played a surprise performance on the Park stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival, performing songs from ''The King of Limbs'' for the first time. With Deamer, Radiohead recorded ''
The King of Limbs: Live from the Basement'', released online in August 2011. It was also broadcast by international BBC channels and released on DVD and Blu-ray in January 2012. The performance included two new songs, "
The Daily Mail" and "Staircase", released as a double A-side download single in December 2011. In February 2012, Radiohead began their first extended North American tour in four years, including dates in the United States, Canada and Mexico.
On tour, they recorded material at
Jack White
John Anthony White (; born July 9, 1975), commonly known as Jack White, is an American musician, best known as the lead singer and guitarist of the duo the White Stripes. White has enjoyed consistent critical and popular success and is widely c ...
's studio
Third Man Records
Third Man Records is an eclectic, vinyl-focused independent record label founded and owned by Jack White, Ben Blackwell and Ben Swank. The company operates out of three locations—Nashville, Tennessee, Detroit, Michigan, and Soho, London—with ...
, but discarded the recordings.
On 16 June 2012, an hour before gates were due to open at Toronto's
Downsview Park
Downsview Park is a large urban park located in the Downsview neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The park's name is officially bilingual due to it being federally owned and managed, and was first home to de Havilland Canada, an aircraf ...
for the final concert of Radiohead's North American tour, the
roof of the venue's temporary stage collapsed, killing the drum technician Scott Johnson and injuring three other members of Radiohead's
road crew
The road crew (or roadies) are the technicians or support personnel who travel with a band on tour, usually in sleeper buses, and handle every part of the concert productions except actually performing the music with the musicians. This catc ...
. After rescheduling the tour, Radiohead paid tribute to Johnson at their next concert, in Nîmes, France, in July. In June 2013,
Live Nation Canada Inc, two other organisations and an engineer were charged with 13 charges under Ontario health and safety laws.
In September 2017, after several delays, the case was dropped under the
Jordan ruling, which sets strict time limits on trials.
Radiohead released a statement condemning the decision. A 2019 inquest returned a verdict of
accidental death
An accidental death is an unnatural death that is caused by an accident, such as a slip and fall, traffic collision, or accidental poisoning. Accidental deaths are distinguished from death by natural causes, disease, and from intentional hom ...
.
2013–2014: Side projects and move to XL
![Radiohead New Jersey 2012](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Radiohead_New_Jersey_2012.jpg)
After the ''King of Limbs ''tour, the band members worked on further side projects. In February 2013, Yorke and Godrich's band Atoms for Peace released a studio album, ''
Amok''. The pair made headlines that year for their criticism of the free
music streaming
A music streaming service is a type of streaming media service that focuses primarily on music, and sometimes other forms of digital audio content such as podcasts. These services are usually subscription-based services allowing users to stream d ...
service
Spotify
Spotify (; ) is a proprietary Swedish audio streaming and media services provider founded on 23 April 2006 by Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon. It is one of the largest music streaming service providers, with over 456 million monthly active us ...
; Yorke accused Spotify of only benefiting major labels with large back catalogues, and encouraged artists to build their own "direct connections" with audiences instead.
In February 2014, Radiohead released the ''Polyfauna'' app for smartphones, a collaboration with the British
digital art
Digital art refers to any artistic work or practice that uses digital technology as part of the creative or presentation process, or more specifically computational art that uses and engages with digital media.
Since the 1960s, various name ...
s studio Universal Everything using music and imagery from ''The King of Limbs''. In May, Yorke contributed a soundtrack, ''Subterranea'', to ''The'' ''Panic Office'', an installation of Radiohead artwork in Sydney, Australia.
Yorke and Selway released their solo albums ''
Tomorrow's Modern Boxes'' and ''
Weatherhouse'' in late 2014.
Jonny Greenwood scored his third Anderson film, ''
Inherent Vice
''Inherent Vice'' is a novel by American author Thomas Pynchon, originally published in August 2009. A darkly comic detective novel set in 1970s California, the plot follows sleuth Larry "Doc" Sportello whose ex-girlfriend asks him to investiga ...
''; it features a new version of an unreleased Radiohead song, "Spooks", performed by Greenwood and members of
Supergrass. ''
Junun'', a collaboration between Greenwood, Godrich, Israeli composer
Shye Ben Tzur and Indian musicians, was released in November 2015, accompanied by a
documentary directed by Anderson.
In April 2016, Radiohead's back catalogue was acquired by
XL Recordings
XL Recordings is a British independent record label founded in 1989 by Tim Palmer and Nick Halkes. It has been ran and co-owned by Richard Russell since 1996. It forms part of the Beggars Group.
Although only releasing an average of six albu ...
, which had released the retail editions of ''In Rainbows'' and ''The King of Limbs'' and most of Yorke's solo work.
XL reissued Radiohead's back catalogue on vinyl in May 2016.
2015–2016: ''A Moon Shaped Pool''
Radiohead began work on their ninth studio album in September 2014.
In 2015, they resumed work in the La Fabrique studio near
Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (; Provençal Occitan: ''Sant Romieg de Provença'' in classical and ''Sant Roumié de Prouvènço'' in Mistralian norms) is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Southern France. L ...
, France.
The sessions were marred by the death of Godrich's father
and Yorke's separation from his wife,
Rachel Owen
Rachel Mary Owen (30 November 1968 – 18 December 2016) was a Welsh photographer, printmaker and lecturer on medieval Italian literature. She was married to Radiohead singer Thom Yorke.
Life and career
Owen was born in Cardiff, Wales. She ...
, who died from cancer in 2016.
Work was interrupted when Radiohead were commissioned to write the theme for the 2015
James Bond
The ''James Bond'' series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have ...
film ''
Spectre
Spectre, specter or the spectre may refer to:
Religion and spirituality
* Vision (spirituality)
* Apparitional experience
* Ghost
Arts and entertainment Film and television
* ''Spectre'' (1977 film), a made-for-television film produced and writ ...
'';
after their song, "
Spectre
Spectre, specter or the spectre may refer to:
Religion and spirituality
* Vision (spirituality)
* Apparitional experience
* Ghost
Arts and entertainment Film and television
* ''Spectre'' (1977 film), a made-for-television film produced and writ ...
", was rejected, Radiohead released it on the audio streaming site
SoundCloud
SoundCloud is an online audio distribution platform and music sharing website that enables its users to upload, promote, and share audio. Founded in 2007 by Alexander Ljung and Eric Wahlforss, SoundCloud is one of the largest music streaming s ...
on Christmas Day 2015.
Radiohead's ninth studio album, ''
A Moon Shaped Pool
''A Moon Shaped Pool'' is the ninth studio album by the English rock band Radiohead. It was released digitally on 8 May 2016, and physically on 17 June 2016 through XL Recordings. It was produced by Radiohead's longtime producer Nigel Godrich.
...
'', was released in May 2016 on Radiohead's website and online music stores, followed by retail versions in June via XL Recordings.
It was promoted with music videos for the singles "
Burn the Witch" and "
Daydreaming
Daydreaming is the stream of consciousness that detaches from current, external tasks when attention drifts to a more personal and internal direction. This phenomenon is common in people's daily life shown by a large-scale study in which partici ...
", the latter directed by Anderson.
The album includes several songs written years earlier, including "
True Love Waits", and strings and
choral vocals performed by the
London Contemporary Orchestra.
It was Radiohead's sixth UK number-one album and reached number three in the US. It was the fifth Radiohead album nominated for the
Mercury Prize
The Mercury Prize, formerly called the Mercury Music Prize, is an annual music prize awarded for the best album released in the United Kingdom by a British or Irish act. It was created by Jon Webster and Robert Chandler in association with the B ...
, making Radiohead the most shortlisted act in the award's history,
and was also nominated for
Best Alternative Music Album
The Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album is an award presented to recording artists for quality albums in the alternative genre at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards. H ...
and
Best Rock Song
The Grammy Award for Best Rock Song is an honor presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to recording artists for quality songs in the rock music genre. Honors in several ...
(for "Burn the Witch") at the
59th Annual Grammy Awards. It appeared on several publications' lists of the best albums of the year.
![Radiohead second show at Le Zénith in Paris](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Radiohead_second_show_at_Le_Z%C3%A9nith_in_Paris._May_24th_2016.jpg)
In 2016, 2017, and 2018, Radiohead toured Europe, Japan, and North and South America,
including headline shows at the
Coachella Coachella may refer to:
* Coachella, California
* Coachella Canal, in California
* Coachella (festival), an annual music and arts festival in California
* "Coachella – Woodstock in My Mind", a 2017 song by Lana del Rey
See also
* Coachell ...
and
Glastonbury
Glastonbury (, ) is a town and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated at a dry point on the low-lying Somerset Levels, south of Bristol. The town, which is in the Mendip district, had a population of 8,932 in the 2011 census. Glastonbur ...
festivals.
The tours included a performance in Tel Aviv in July 2017, disregarding the
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) is a Palestinian-led movement promoting boycotts, divestments, and economic sanctions against Israel. Its objective is to pressure Israel to meet what the BDS movement describes as Israel's obligations ...
campaign for an international cultural
boycott of Israel. The performance was criticised by artists including
Roger Waters and
Ken Loach
Kenneth Charles Loach (born 17 June 1936) is a British film director and screenwriter. His socially critical directing style and socialist ideals are evident in his film treatment of social issues such as poverty ('' Poor Cow'', 1967), homelessn ...
, and a petition urging Radiohead to cancel it was signed by more than 50 prominent figures. Yorke responded in a statement: "Playing in a country isn't the same as endorsing the government. Music, art and academia is about crossing borders not building them, about open minds not closed ones, about shared humanity, dialogue and freedom of expression."
2017–2020: Side projects, ''OKNOTOK'' and ''MiniDiscs acked'
In June 2017, Radiohead released a 20th-anniversary ''OK Computer'' reissue, ''
OKNOTOK 1997 2017
''OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017'' is a reissue of the 1997 album ''OK Computer'' by the English rock band Radiohead. It was released in June 2017, the album's 20th anniversary, following the 2016 acquisition of Radiohead's back catalogue by XL Rec ...
'', comprising a remastered version of the album, B-sides, and previously unreleased material. Radiohead promoted the reissue with music videos for the new tracks "
I Promise", "
Man of War" and "
Lift
Lift or LIFT may refer to:
Physical devices
* Elevator, or lift, a device used for raising and lowering people or goods
** Paternoster lift, a type of lift using a continuous chain of cars which do not stop
** Patient lift, or Hoyer lift, mobil ...
".
''OKNOTOK'' debuted at number two on the
UK Album Chart
The Official Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales and (from March 2015) audio streaming in the United Kingdom. It was published for the first time on 22 July 1956 and is compiled every week by the Official Charts ...
, boosted by Radiohead's televised Glastonbury performance that week, and reached number 23 on the US
''Billboard'' 200. Yorke and Jonny Greenwood performed a benefit concert in
Le Marche, Italy, in August 2017 following the
August 2016 Central Italy earthquake
An earthquake, measuring 6.2 ± 0.016 on the moment magnitude scale, hit Central Italy on 24 August 2016 at 03:36:32 CEST (01:36 UTC). Its epicentre was close to Accumoli, with its hypocentre at a depth of 4 ± 1 km, a ...
. In September, the nature documentary series ''
Blue Planet II
''Blue Planet II'' is a 2017 British nature documentary series on marine life produced by the BBC Natural History Unit. Like its predecessor, ''The Blue Planet'' (2001), it is narrated and presented by naturalist Sir David Attenborough.
After ...
'' premiered featuring a new version of the ''King of Limbs'' track "Bloom", created with the composer
Hans Zimmer
Hans Florian Zimmer (; born 12 September 1957) is a German film score composer and music producer. He has won two Oscars and four Grammys, and has been nominated for two Emmys and a Tony. Zimmer was also named on the list of Top 100 Living G ...
.
Radiohead were nominated for the
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2017, their first year of eligibility. They were nominated again in 2018 and inducted the following March. Though Jonny Greenwood and Yorke expressed a lack of interest in the event, Selway and O'Brien attended and made speeches.
The singer
David Byrne, one of Radiohead's formative influences, gave a speech praising Radiohead's musical and release innovations, which he said had influenced the whole music industry.
In June 2019, several hours of recordings made by Radiohead during the ''OK Computer'' period leaked online. In response, Radiohead made the recordings available to purchase online as ''
MiniDiscs ">acked', with all proceeds to the environmentalist group
Extinction Rebellion
Extinction Rebellion (abbreviated as XR) is a global environmental movement, with the stated aim of using nonviolent civil disobedience to compel government action to avoid tipping points in the climate system, biodiversity loss, and the risk o ...
. In December 2019, Radiohead made their discography available free to stream on
YouTube
YouTube is a global online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by Google, and is the second mo ...
. The following January, they launched the Radiohead Public Library, an online archive of their work, including music videos, live performances, artwork and the 1998 documentary ''
Meeting People Is Easy
''Meeting People Is Easy'' is a 1998 British documentary film by Grant Gee that follows the English rock band Radiohead on the world tour for their 1997 album '' OK Computer''. It received positive reviews and was nominated for a Grammy Award f ...
''.
Radiohead suspended their online content for
Blackout Tuesday on 2 June, protesting racism and police brutality.
In 2017, Selway released his third solo work, the soundtrack to the film ''Let Me Go''. Jonny Greenwood was nominated for an
Academy Award for Best Original Score for his fifth collaboration with Anderson, ''
Phantom Thread
''Phantom Thread'' is a 2017 American historical drama film written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, and starring Daniel Day-Lewis, Vicky Krieps and Lesley Manville. Set in 1950s London, it stars Day-Lewis as an haute couture dressmaker w ...
'' (2017), and scored his second film by
Lynne Ramsay
Lynne Ramsay (born 5 December 1969) is a Scottish film director, writer, producer, and cinematographer best known for the feature films '' Ratcatcher'' (1999), ''Morvern Callar'' (2002), '' We Need to Talk About Kevin'' (2011), and '' You Were N ...
, ''
You Were Never Really Here
''You Were Never Really Here'' (released as ''A Beautiful Day'' in France and Germany) is a 2017 neo-noir crime psychological thriller film written and directed by Lynne Ramsay. Based on the 2013 novella of the same name by Jonathan Ames, it st ...
'' (2018). Yorke released his first feature film soundtrack, ''
Suspiria'' (2018),
and his third solo album, ''
Anima
Anima may refer to:
Animation
* Ánima (company), a Mexican animation studio founded in 2002
* Córdoba International Animation Festival – ANIMA, in Argentina
Religion and philosophy
* Animism, the belief that objects, places, and creatur ...
'' (2019), backed by a short film directed by Anderson.
O'Brien released his debut solo album, ''
Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid surface water. About 71% of Earth's surfa ...
'', under the moniker EOB in 2020.
He had been writing songs for years, but felt they had a "distinct energy" that would be lost with Radiohead.
2021–present: ''Kid A Mnesia'' and the Smile
![The Smile 30 January 2022 - 2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/The_Smile_30_January_2022_-_2.png)
Radiohead abandoned plans to tour in 2021 due to the
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identi ...
. In November, they released ''
Kid A Mnesia
''Kid A Mnesia'' is a reissue compiling the albums '' Kid A'' (2000) and '' Amnesiac'' (2001) by the English rock band Radiohead. It also includes a bonus disc, ''Kid Amnesiae'', comprising previously unreleased material. It was released on 5 N ...
,'' an anniversary reissue compiling ''Kid A,'' ''Amnesiac'' and previously unreleased material from the sessions. It was promoted with download singles and videos for the previously unreleased tracks "
If You Say the Word" and "
Follow Me Around
"Follow Me Around" is a song by the English rock band Radiohead, released on 1 November 2021 as the second single from their compilation album ''Kid A Mnesia''. It was recorded during the joint sessions for Radiohead's fourth and fifth studio alb ...
".
Plans for an art installation based on the albums were cancelled due to logistical problems and the pandemic; instead, Radiohead created a free digital experience, ''
Kid A Mnesia Exhibition'', for
PlayStation 5,
macOS
macOS (; previously OS X and originally Mac OS X) is a Unix operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. Within the market of desktop and lapt ...
and
Windows
Windows is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. For example, Windows NT for consumers, Windows Server for ser ...
.
In a livestream event held by Glastonbury Festival in May 2021, Yorke and Jonny Greenwood debuted a new band,
the Smile, a collaboration with Godrich and the drummer
Tom Skinner. Greenwood said the project was a way for him and Yorke to work together during the
COVID-19 lockdowns
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of non-pharmaceutical interventions colloquially known as lockdowns (encompassing stay-at-home orders, curfews, quarantines, and similar societal restrictions) have been implemented in numerous countri ...
.
The ''
Guardian'' critic
Alexis Petridis described the Smile as a "more skeletal and knottier version of Radiohead", with unusual
time signature
The time signature (also known as meter signature, metre signature, or measure signature) is a notational convention used in Western musical notation to specify how many beats (pulses) are contained in each measure (bar), and which note va ...
s, complex riffs and "hard-driving"
motorik
Motorik is the 4/4 beat often used by, and heavily associated with, krautrock bands. Coined by music journalists, the term is German for "motor skill". The motorik beat was pioneered by Jaki Liebezeit, drummer with German experimental rock band ...
psychedelia
Psychedelia refers to the psychedelic subculture of the 1960s and the psychedelic experience. This includes psychedelic art, psychedelic music and style of dress during that era. This was primarily generated by people who used psychedelic ...
. In May 2022, the Smile released their debut album, ''
A Light for Attracting Attention'', to acclaim.
The ''Pitchfork'' critic Ryan Dombal wrote that it was "instantly, unmistakably the best album yet by a Radiohead side project".
The Smile began an international tour in May. Selway will release his third solo album, ''Strange Dance'', in 2023.
Style and songwriting
Radiohead's musical style has been described as
art rock,
alternative rock
Alternative rock, or alt-rock, is a category of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1970s and became widely popular in the 1990s. "Alternative" refers to the genre's distinction from mainstream or commerci ...
,
electronica,
experimental rock
Experimental rock, also called avant-rock, is a subgenre of rock music that pushes the boundaries of common composition and performance technique or which experiments with the basic elements of the genre. Artists aim to liberate and innovate, with ...
,
progressive rock
Progressive rock (shortened as prog rock or simply prog; sometimes conflated with art rock) is a broad genre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States through the mid- to late 1960s, peaking in the early 1970s. In ...
,
Britpop
Britpop was a mid-1990s British-based music culture movement that emphasised Britishness. It produced brighter, catchier alternative rock, partly in reaction to the popularity of the darker lyrical themes of the US-led grunge music and to the ...
,
grunge,
art pop
Art pop (also typeset art-pop or artpop) is a loosely defined style of pop music influenced by art theories as well as ideas from other art mediums, such as fashion, fine art, cinema, and avant-garde literature. The genre draws on pop art's ...
, and
electronic rock
Electronic rock is a music genre that involves a combination of rock music and electronic music, featuring instruments typically found within both genres. It originates from the late 1960s, when rock bands began incorporating electronic instrum ...
.
Influences
Among Radiohead's earliest influences were
Queen
Queen or QUEEN may refer to:
Monarchy
* Queen regnant, a female monarch of a Kingdom
** List of queens regnant
* Queen consort, the wife of a reigning king
* Queen dowager, the widow of a king
* Queen mother, a queen dowager who is the mother ...
,
Bob Dylan
Bob Dylan (legally Robert Dylan, born Robert Allen Zimmerman, May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter. Often regarded as one of the greatest songwriters of all time, Dylan has been a major figure in popular culture during a career sp ...
,
Pink Floyd and
Elvis Costello,
post-punk
Post-punk (originally called new musick) is a broad music genre, genre of Punk Music, punk music that emerged in the late 1970s as musicians departed from punk's traditional elements and raw simplicity, instead adopting a variety of avant-garde s ...
acts such as
Joy Division
Joy Division were an English rock band formed in Salford in 1976. The group consisted of vocalist Ian Curtis, guitarist/keyboardist Bernard Sumner, bassist Peter Hook and drummer Stephen Morris.
Sumner and Hook formed the band after atte ...
,
Siouxsie and the Banshees and
Magazine, and significantly 1980s
alternative rock
Alternative rock, or alt-rock, is a category of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1970s and became widely popular in the 1990s. "Alternative" refers to the genre's distinction from mainstream or commerci ...
bands such as
R.E.M.
R.E.M. was an American rock band from Athens, Georgia, formed in 1980 by drummer Bill Berry, guitarist Peter Buck, bassist Mike Mills, and lead vocalist Michael Stipe, who were students at the University of Georgia. One of the first alternati ...
,
U2, the
Pixies
A pixie (also pisky, pixy, pixi, pizkie, and piskie in Cornwall and Devon, and pigsie or puggsy in the New Forest) is a mythical creature of British folklore. Pixies are considered to be particularly concentrated in the high moorland areas aro ...
,
the Smiths
The Smiths were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1982. They comprised the singer Morrissey, the guitarist Johnny Marr, the bassist Andy Rourke and the drummer Mike Joyce. They are regarded as one of the most important acts to eme ...
and
Sonic Youth. Jonny Greenwood named the Magazine guitarist
John McGeoch
John Alexander McGeoch (25 August 1955 – 4 March 2004) was a Scottish musician and songwriter. He is best known as the guitarist of the rock bands Magazine (1977-1980) and Siouxsie and the Banshees (1980-1982).
He has been described as one ...
his biggest guitar influence. By the mid-1990s, Radiohead were adopting recording methods from
hip hop, inspired by the
sampling work of
DJ Shadow
Joshua Paul Davis (born June 29, 1972), better known by his stage name DJ Shadow, is an American DJ, songwriter and record producer. His debut studio album, '' Endtroducing.....'' was released in 1996.
Biography Early years (1989–1995)
DJ Sh ...
,
and became interested in using computers to generate sounds. Other influences include the soundtracks of
Ennio Morricone, 1960s rock groups such as
the Beatles
The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time and were integral to the developmen ...
and
the Beach Boys
The Beach Boys are an American rock band that formed in Hawthorne, California, in 1961. The group's original lineup consisted of brothers Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, and friend Al Jardine. Distinguished by the ...
, and
Phil Spector
Harvey Phillip Spector (born Harvey Philip Spector; December 26, 1939January 16, 2021) was an American record producer and songwriter, best known for his innovative recording practices and entrepreneurship in the 1960s, followed decades later by ...
's "
wall of sound
The Wall of Sound (also called the Spector Sound) is a music production formula developed by American record producer Phil Spector at Gold Star Studios, in the 1960s, with assistance from engineer Larry Levine and the conglomerate of session ...
" production.
Radiohead have cited 60s and 70s jazz artists such as
Miles Davis
Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926September 28, 1991) was an American trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. He is among the most influential and acclaimed figures in the history of jazz and 20th-century music. Davis adopted a variety of musi ...
,
Charles Mingus and
Alice Coltrane
Alice Coltrane (' McLeod; August 27, 1937January 12, 2007), also known by her adopted Sanskrit name Turiyasangitananda, was an American jazz musician and composer, and in her later years a swamini. An accomplished pianist and one of the few har ...
as influences.
According to Jonny Greenwood, "We bring in our favourite jazz albums, and say: we want to do this. And we enjoy the sound of our failing!"
He likened their jazz influence to 1950s English bands imitating American blues records.
The drummer Clive Deamer, who has recorded and performed with Radiohead since 2011, said Radiohead do not see themselves as a rock band and that their methodology is closer to jazz: "They deliberately try to avoid cliché and standard forms for the sake of the song ... Rock bands don't do that. It's far more like a jazz mentality."
The
electronic music
Electronic music is a genre of music that employs electronic musical instruments, digital instruments, or circuitry-based music technology in its creation. It includes both music made using electronic and electromechanical means ( electroa ...
of ''Kid A'' and ''Amnesiac'' was inspired by Yorke's admiration for
Warp Records
Warp Records (or simply Warp) is a British independent record label founded in Sheffield in 1989 by record store employees Steve Beckett and Rob Mitchell and record producer Robert Gordon.Southern, Richard (2003) "Label of Love: WARP", X-RAY, ...
artists such as
Aphex Twin;
in 2013, Yorke named Aphex Twin as his biggest influence.
''Kid A'' also samples early
computer music
Computer music is the application of computing technology in music composition, to help human composers create new music or to have computers independently create music, such as with algorithmic composition programs. It includes the theory and ...
.
1970s
krautrock bands such as
Can and
Neu!
Neu! (; German for "New!"; styled in block capitals) were a West German krautrock band formed in Düsseldorf in 1971 by Klaus Dinger and Michael Rother following their departure from Kraftwerk. The group's albums were produced by Conny Plan ...
were other major influences during this period. Jonny Greenwood's interest in
20th-century classical music also had a role, as the influence of composers
Krzysztof Penderecki
Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki (; 23 November 1933 – 29 March 2020) was a Polish composer and conductor. His best known works include ''Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima'', Symphony No. 3, his '' St Luke Passion'', '' Polish Requiem'', ' ...
and
Olivier Messiaen was apparent. Since the recording of ''Kid A'', Greenwood has played the
ondes Martenot
The ondes Martenot ( ; , "Martenot waves") or ondes musicales ("musical waves") is an early electronic musical instrument. It is played with a keyboard or by moving a ring along a wire, creating "wavering" sounds similar to a theremin. A player ...
, an early electronic instrument popularised by Messiaen.
Recording ''In Rainbows'', Radiohead mentioned rock, electronic, hip hop and experimental musicians as influences, including
Björk,
M.I.A,
Liars,
Modeselektor and
Spank Rock
Naeem Juwan, better known by his stage name Spank Rock, is an American rapper and songwriter from Baltimore. He rose to fame with his 2006 album '' YoYoYoYoYo'', which was produced by former group member Alex Epton (XXXChange). A harbinger of p ...
. In 2011, Yorke denied that Radiohead had set out to make "
experimental music", saying they were "constantly absorbing music" and that a variety of musicians are always influencing them.
Arrangement
Radiohead songs usually begin as a sketch by Yorke, which is harmonically developed by Jonny Greenwood before the rest of the band develop their parts.
Whereas Yorke has never learnt to read sheet music, Greenwood is trained in
music theory; in ''
Pitchfork
A pitchfork (also a hay fork) is an agricultural tool with a long handle and two to five tines used to lift and pitch or throw loose material, such as hay, straw, manure, or leaves.
The term is also applied colloquially, but inaccurately, to ...
'', Ryan Dombal wrote that "the duo's left brain-right brain dynamic has proven to be one of the most adventurous in rock history".
All the band members have a role in arrangement.
While Greenwood plays most
lead guitar
Lead guitar (also known as solo guitar) is a musical part for a guitar in which the guitarist plays melody lines, instrumental fill passages, guitar solos, and occasionally, some riffs and chords within a song structure. The lead is the featu ...
parts, O'Brien often creates ambient effects, making extensive use of
effects unit
An effects unit or effects pedal is an electronic device that alters the sound of a musical instrument or other audio source through audio signal processing.
Common effects include distortion/overdrive, often used with electric guitar in el ...
s.
The band often try several approaches to songs, and may develop them over years; for example, Radiohead first performed "
True Love Waits" in 1995 before releasing it in a different arrangement on ''A Moon Shaped Pool'' in 2016.
Greenwood said he saw Radiohead as "just a kind of an arrangement to form songs using whatever technology suits the song", be it a cello or a laptop.
The ''Kid A'' and ''Amnesiac'' sessions brought a change in Radiohead's music and working methods.
Since their shift from conventional rock instrumentation toward electronic sound, the members have gained flexibility and often switch instruments.
On ''Kid A'' and ''Amnesiac'', Yorke played keyboard and bass, Jonny Greenwood played
ondes Martenot
The ondes Martenot ( ; , "Martenot waves") or ondes musicales ("musical waves") is an early electronic musical instrument. It is played with a keyboard or by moving a ring along a wire, creating "wavering" sounds similar to a theremin. A player ...
, Colin Greenwood worked on sampling, and O'Brien and Selway worked with drum machines and digital manipulation.
In 2004, Yorke said that where his power in the band had been "absolutely unbalanced" and that he would "subvert everybody else's power at all costs", later albums had been more democratic.
Themes and lyrics
Yorke is Radiohead's lyricist.
Though his early lyrics were personal, from ''Kid A'' he experimented with
cutting up words and phrases and assembling them at random.
He deliberately uses
cliches,
idioms and other common expressions,
suggesting "a mind consumed by meaningless data".
The ''
New Republic'' writer Ryan Kearney speculated that Yorke's use of common expressions, which he described as "Radioheadisms", was an attempt "to sap our common tongue of meaning and expose the vapidity of everyday discourse".
According to Yorke, many of his lyrics are motivated by anger, expressing his political and environmental concerns
and written as "a constant response to
doublethink
Doublethink is a process of indoctrination in which subjects are expected to simultaneously accept two conflicting beliefs as truth, often at odds with their own memory or sense of reality. Doublethink is related to, but differs from, hypocrisy. ...
".
''Pitchfork'' wrote that Yorke's lyrics on ''A Moon Shaped Pool'' were less cynical, conveying wonder and amazement.
Yorke dismissed accusations that Radiohead make "depressing" music, saying in 2004: "Depressing music to me is just shit music. It's like air freshener – just a nasty little poison in the air."
Legacy and influence
Radiohead had sold more than 30 million albums worldwide by 2011.
[Jonathan, Emma]
"BBC Worldwide takes exclusive Radiohead performance to the world"
(press release). BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC
Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
. 3 May 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011. Their work places highly in both listener polls and critics' lists of the best music of the 1990s and 2000s. In 2005, ''
were both included in ''Rolling Stone''s list of the best guitarists, and Yorke in their list of the best singers. They are the most nominated act for the
, with five nominated albums.
(29th). They were also ranked as the third-best British band in history by Harry Fletcher of the ''
''. Radiohead were inducted into the
in 2019.
In 2009, ''Rolling Stone'' readers voted Radiohead the second-best artist of the 2000s, behind
. In 2021, ''Pitchfork'' readers voted three Radiohead albums among the ten greatest albums of the previous 25 years, including ''Kid A'' at number one.
Radiohead are cited as one of the foremost rock bands of the 21st century. Their 90s albums ''The Bends'' and ''OK Computer
.
In 2008, ''Rolling Stone'' ranked Yorke as the 66th greatest vocalist of all time and one of the most influential singers of his generation.
.
, in the early 21st century, Radiohead became "a touchstone for everything that is fearless and adventurous in rock", succeeding
.
wrote that Radiohead were "the only youngish band standing that combines critical consensus with the ability to fill a venue larger than the
". Gavin Haynes of ''
". In 2020, the academic
described Radiohead as "the blackest white rock band to emerge over the past 30 years", citing their black jazz influences, influence on black artists, and their "introspective other worlds", which parallel the work of radical black artists.
''Kid A'' is credited for pioneering the use of the internet to stream and promote music.
The pay-what-you-want release for ''In Rainbows'' is credited as a major step for music distribution;
'' wrote that it "helped forge the template for unconventional album releases in the internet age", ahead of artists such as
.
Speaking at Radiohead's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the singer
praised Radiohead's musical and release innovations, which he said had influenced the entire music industry.
first worked with Radiohead as an audio engineer on their second album, ''The Bends''. He has produced all their studio albums since their third album, ''OK Computer.''
He also plays Chieftain Mews, a long-running character appearing in Radiohead's promotional material. Godrich has been dubbed the band's "sixth member", an allusion to
".
In 2016, Godrich said: "I can only ever have one band like Radiohead who I've worked with for this many years. That's a very deep and profound relationship. The Beatles could only have ever had one George Martin; they couldn't have switched producers halfway through their career. All that work, trust, and knowledge of each other would have been thrown out of the window and they'd have to start again."
Graphic artist
met Yorke when they were art students. Together, they have produced all of Radiohead's album covers and visual artwork since 1994.
Donwood works in the studio with the band as they record, allowing the music to influence the artwork.
in 2002 for the special edition of ''Amnesiac'' packaged as a library book.
Dilly Gent has commissioned all Radiohead music videos since ''OK Computer'', working with the band to find directors. Since Radiohead's formation, Andi Watson has been their lighting and stage director, designing the visuals of their live concerts. Backline Chief and Technician Peter "Plank" Clements has worked with Radiohead since before ''The Bends'', overseeing the technical management of studio recordings and live performances.
Jim Warren has been Radiohead's live sound engineer since their first tour in 1992, and recorded early tracks including "
". Drummer Clive Deamer was enlisted in 2011 to help perform the complex rhythms of ''The King of Limbs'', and has performed and recorded with Radiohead since.
has directed several music videos for Yorke and Radiohead, and has collaborated with Jonny Greenwood on several film scores and the 2015 documentary ''
''. Radiohead are managed by Chris Hufford and Bryce Edge of Courtyard Management. Hufford produced their first release, the ''Drill'' EP, and co-produced their first album, ''Pablo Honey.''
.
For their seventh album, ''In Rainbows'' (2007), they did not renew the contract, as they did not trust the new management under
and EMI would not give them control over their back catalogue.
They have self-released their subsequent work, with retail editions released by
.
In October 2015, Radiohead sued Parlophone for deductions made from downloads of their back catalogue.
In September 2012, EMI was bought by
. The
approved the deal on the condition that Universal Music divest Parlophone, which controlled the Radiohead records. In February 2013, Parlophone, along with Radiohead's back catalogue, was bought by
(WMG). As a condition of the purchase, WMG made an agreement with the
, with artist approval.
As a result, in April 2016, WMG transferred Radiohead's back catalogue to XL.
'' and the EMI reissues released in 2008 without Radiohead's approval were removed from streaming services.
*
* Clarke, Martin. ''Radiohead: Hysterical and Useless''. 2000.
*
* Randall, Mac. ''Exit Music: The Radiohead Story''. 2000.
*
* Doheny, James. ''Radiohead: Back to Save the Universe''. 2002.
* Forbes, Brandon W. and Reisch, George A. (eds). ''Radiohead and Philosophy: Fitter Happier More Deductive''. 2009.
* Hale, Jonathan. ''Radiohead: From a Great Height''. 1999.
* Johnstone, Nick. ''Radiohead: An Illustrated Biography''. 1997.
* Letts, Marianne Tatom. ''Radiohead and the Resistant Concept Album''. 2010.
* Paytress, Mark. ''Radiohead: The Complete Guide to their Music''. 2005.
* Tate, Joseph (ed). ''The Music and Art of Radiohead''. 2005. .