Place de Brouckère

The () or (Dutch) is a major square in central Brussels, Belgium. It was created following the covering of the river Senne (1867–1871), replacing the Temple of the Augustinians, which was demolished in 1893. It is named in honour of Charles de Brouckère, a former mayor of the City of Brussels and professor at the Free University of Brussels, who played a great political role during the Belgian Revolution of 1830. The square measures approximately and is nearly entirely paved.

The Place de Brouckère is located in the perspective of the / and the Boulevard Adolphe Max/Adolphe Maxlaan to the north, forming a "Y" crossroad, and the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan to the south. The area around the square is characterised by the presence of theatres, a large cinema, hotels and restaurants, as well as some of the city's most important entertainment venues and shopping streets. It is served by the metro and ''premetro'' (underground tram) station De Brouckère on lines 1, 3, 4 and 5.

History

Early history

The Place de Brouckère was laid out following the covering of the river Senne (1867–1871), as part of the major urban works by the architect Léon Suys under the tenure of the then-mayor of the City of Brussels, Jules Anspach. It took the place of the former Temple of the Augustinians. This church, built at the beginning of the 17th century in the Brabantine Baroque style, was the only remaining part of a convent destroyed in 1796 by French revolutionaries. The work to cover the river, which nearly surrounded the church, preserved the integrity of the building at great trouble and expense, but it was finally demolished in 1893, its style no longer popular with the people and its presence unsuitable for the area. Its facade's masonry, however, was preserved, being disassembled and reconstructed as the facade of the Church of the Holy Trinity in Ixelles.

In the centre of the square, left empty by the destruction of the church, a granite fountain-obelisk dedicated to the memory of Jules Anspach, by the architect , was erected. Inaugurated in 1897, the Anspach Fountain was surmounted by a bronze effigy of Saint Michael, the patron saint of the City of Brussels, slaying a dragon or demon. This monument stood exactly in the axis of the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan, like a regulator of traffic at the birth of the fork between the / and the Boulevard Adolphe Max/Adolphe Maxlaan. Inseparable from the monumental perspective of the boulevards—and yet moved following the works of the metro—it is, through its dedication and former location, a tribute to Anspach.

For its role as a prestigious central square, its triangular configuration, and the presence of cinemas and theatres all around it, including the former Continental and Métropole café-hotels, ''La Scala'' theatre and ''Eldorado'' cinema (today's ''UGC De Brouckère''), the Place de Brouckère could have been compared to a mini-Broadway in Brussels from the 1930s to 1960s, when large illuminated advertisements lit the square from the rooftops. Its appearance back then earned it international fame, and it was referenced in many works of music, among them Django Reinhardt's jazz song ''Place De Brouckère'' (1942). On 4 September 1944, the square was the scene of great jubilation during the liberation of Brussels by the British Guards Armoured Division. In the 1950s, it hosted one of the tourist pavilions of the 1958 Brussels World’s Fair (Expo '58), built especially for the occasion.

File:La place de Brouckère après la démolition du temple des Augustins. A l'avant plan, la fontaine est en construction. Collection G. Abeels.png, The Place de Brouckère after the demolition of the Temple of the Augustinians. In the foreground, the Anspach Fountain is under construction.
File:Brouckèreplein 1930.jpg, The square on a pre-1930 postcard. Note the lower roof of the Hotel Continental.
File:Scenes of jubilation as British troops liberate Brussels, 4 September 1944. BU508.jpg, British tanks arrive in Brussels on 4 September 1944, ending the German occupation

Redevelopment (1960s–present)

The south-eastern sides of the Place de Brouckère were razed in 1967–1971, at the same time as the two blocks delimited by the Place de la Monnaie/Muntplein, the /, the /, the / and the /, to make room for the modernist Monnaie Center by the architects , , and , as well as the Philips Tower by Structures Architectural Bureau. On that occasion, car traffic was channelled in the square's centre between wide pavement-terraces fitted out in the "above-ground" style of the time with the addition of numerous benches, trees and planters.

The Anspach Fountain was removed in 1973 to make way for access to De Brouckère metro station. The authorities had promised to put it back in place after the works, but it was eventually reinstalled in May 1981 in a basin that occupies the space between the / and the /, in the / neighbourhood, some from the Place de Brouckère.

If today almost all the signs have disappeared from the Place de Brouckère (with the exception of the Coca-Cola sign on the roof of the Hotel Continental), various attempts at revitalising the square are underway to bring it back to its heyday. In 2014, the City of Brussels' then-mayor, Yvan Mayeur, declared his wish to turn the square into "A Times Square in the centre of Brussels". Since 29 June 2015, the square has been pedestrianised, as part of a large pedestrian zone in central Brussels (). On that occasion, it was partially restored to its original appearance and was repaved.

File:1974 Place De Brouckere lors de la construction de la station de metro (12218258016).jpg, The square in 1974 during the construction of De Brouckère metro station
File:Metro-Brussels-De Brouckère.jpg, The square in 2007, before its pedestrianisation and renovation
File:Place De Brouckère & Boulevard Adolphe Max.jpg, The square as it appears today

Places of interest

The Place de Brouckère is dominated by ''fin de siècle'' buildings, but modern colossi (most notably the Philips Tower and Monnaie Center) have also risen on its southern side since the 1960s. The focal point is the Hotel Continental (1874) by the architect , an eclectic building well recognisable to the people of Brussels because of the large luminous Coca-Cola sign on its roof. This roof, which was originally topped with an imposing copper sculptural group representing ''The Feast'' by Louis Samain, was considerably simplified following a fire that ravaged the building in 1901.

The eastern side of the square is home to the Hotel Métropole (1895), a former five-star luxury hotel originally designed by the architects and , where the first Solvay Conference on Physics and on Chemistry was held in the autumn of 1911. It was the only 19th-century hotel still in operation in Brussels in the 21st century until it closed its doors in April 2020 after 125 years of continuous operation. , its former brasserie, the ''Café Métropole'', located next door, remains in use. The Northern Passage, an elegant 19th-century glazed shopping arcade also ends there. On the south-eastern side, next to the metro station's main entrances, are two covered shopping galleries: the Anspach Gallery and the Mint Gallery.

On the opposite side of the square stands a set of seven apartment buildings in an eclectic style with a dominant neo-Gothic influence, designed by the architect Léon Jules De Blois in 1873–1876. Next to it is another set of commercial buildings grouped together behind an austere facade of neoclassical inspiration, dating from 1872. The ensemble includes the former ''Eldorado'' cinema (1906), now the ''UGC De Brouckère'', with its Grand Room featuring African-themed Art Deco motifs designed by the architect in 1931–32. This cinema complex has been listed as a protected monument since 28 April 1994. The south-western corner with the Rue des Augustins is occupied by a more recent building.

File:Hôtel Metropole.png, Hotel Métropole (Trappeniers, 1872–1874 and Chambon, 1895)
File:Bruxelles - Café Métropole - 01.JPG, Café Métropole (Bordiau, 1872)
File:Bruxelles - Hôtel Continental - 01.JPG, Hotel Continental (Carpentier, 1874)
File:Bruxelles - Tour de Brouckère Tour Philips.jpg, Philips Tower (Structures, 1967–1969)
File:Bruxelles - Centre Monnaie & Administration Communale de Bruxelles (2).jpg, Monnaie Center (Cuisinier, Gilson, Polak and Schuiten, 1967–1971)

Accessibility

Before the construction of the pedestrian zone, the Place de Brouckère was an important junction for car traffic, and it is still an important public transport hub. Beneath the square is one of the busiest stations of the Brussels Metro: De Brouckère. There the east–west lines 1 and 5 intersect the lines 3 and 4 of the North–South Axis of the ''premetro''. The bus stop on the /, which leads into the square, is also the start and end point for various city and regional bus lines.

In popular culture

Music

* The Belgian-born French musician Django Reinhardt composed and performed a jazz song entitled ''Place De Brouckère'' (1942).
* The Place de Brouckère is referenced amid an evocation of the ''Belle Époque'' by the Belgian singer Jacques Brel in the song ''Bruxelles'' (1962).
* The square is also mentioned in a song entitled ''Bruxelles'' by the Dutch singer Dick Annegarn (1974).

See also

* Royal Theatre of La Monnaie, an opera house close to Place de Brouckère
* Neoclassical architecture in Belgium
* Art Deco in Brussels
* History of Brussels
* Belgium in "the long nineteenth century"

References

Notes

Bibliography

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* {{cite book, ref={{harvid, Mardaga, 1989, title=Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Bruxelles, volume=1A: Pentagone A-D, location=Liège, language=fr, publisher=Pierre Mardaga, year=1989, url=https://monument.heritage.brussels/files/cities/1000/documents/01-vol-a-fr-def_k.pdf

Squares in Brussels
City of Brussels
Protected heritage sites in Brussels
19th century in Brussels
Car-free zones in Europe