Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
of mostly
parasitic plant
A parasitic plant is a plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant. They make up about 1% of angiosperms and are found in almost every biome. All parasitic plants develop a specialized organ called the ...
s of the
order Lamiales
The order Lamiales (also known as the mint order) are an order in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes about 23,810 species, 1,059 genera, and is divided into about 25 families. These families include Acanthaceae, Big ...
, with about 90
genera and more than 2000
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
.
Many of these genera (e.g., ''
Pedicularis
''Pedicularis'' is a genus of perennial green root parasite plants currently placed in the family Orobanchaceae (the genus previously having been placed in Scrophulariaceae '' sensu lato'').
Description
Between 350 and 600 species are acce ...
'', ''
Rhinanthus
''Rhinanthus'' is a genus of annual hemiparasitic herbaceous plants in the family Orobanchaceae, formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. Its species are commonly known as rattles. The genus consists of about 30 to 40 species found in ...
'', ''
Striga
''Striga'', commonly known as witchweed, is a genus of parasitic plants that occur naturally in parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia. It is currently classified in the family Orobanchaceae, although older classifications place it in the Scrophul ...
'') were formerly included in the family
Scrophulariaceae
The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scr ...
''
sensu lato
''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...
''.
With its new circumscription, Orobanchaceae forms a distinct, monophyletic family.
From a
phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
perspective, it is defined as the largest
crown clade
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. ...
containing ''
Orobanche major'' and relatives, but neither ''
Paulownia tomentosa
''Paulownia tomentosa'', common names princess tree, empress tree, or foxglove-tree, is a deciduous hardwood tree in the family Paulowniaceae, native to central and western China. It is an extremely fast-growing tree with seeds that disperse rea ...
'' nor ''
Phryma leptostachya
''Phryma leptostachya'', or lopseed, is a perennial herb of the genus ''Phryma''. When distinguished from '' Phryma oblongifolia'' and '' Phryma nana'', it is native to eastern North America.
The plant stands about 0.3 to 1.0 meters tall, and ...
'' nor ''
Mazus japonicus''.
The Orobanchaceae are
annual
Annual may refer to:
*Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year
** Yearbook
** Literary annual
*Annual plant
*Annual report
*Annual giving
*Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco
*Annuals (band), ...
herbs or
perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wid ...
herbs or
shrubs, and most (all except ''
Lindenbergia
''Lindenbergia'' is a genus of herbaceous plants in the order Lamiales and in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It is one of the few genera of the family which are not parasitic. It contains about 15 species found from northeast Africa across A ...
'', ''
Rehmannia
''Rehmannia'' is a genus of seven species of flowering plants in the order Lamiales and family Orobanchaceae, endemic to China. It has been placed as the only member of the monotypic tribe Rehmannieae, but molecular phylogenetic studies suggest t ...
'' and ''
Triaenophora
''Triaenophora'' is a genus of flowering plants native to Temperate Asia. Its family placement is not fully settled, : it may be placed in Orobanchaceae or Plantaginaceae.
Taxonomy
The genus ''Triaenophora'' was first erected by Hans Solereder ...
'') are
parasitic
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson ha ...
on the
root
In vascular plants, the roots are the organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster. They are most often below the su ...
s of other plants—either
holoparasitic
A parasitic plant is a plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant. They make up about 1% of angiosperms and are found in almost every biome. All parasitic plants develop a specialized organ called the ...
or hemiparasitic (fully or partly parasitic). The holoparasitic species lack
chlorophyll and therefore cannot perform
photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities. Some of this chemical energy is stored i ...
.
Description
Orobanchaceae is the largest of the 20–28
dicot
The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, t ...
families that express parasitism. Apart from a few non-parasitic taxa, the family displays all types of plant parasitism:
facultative parasite
A facultative parasite is an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle.
Examples of facultative parasitism occur among many species of fungi, such as family members ...
,
obligate parasite, hemiparasites, and holoparasites.
Roots and stems
Parasitic plants are attached to their host by means of
haustoria
In botany and mycology, a haustorium (plural haustoria) is a rootlike structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients. For example, in mistletoe or members of the broomrape family, the structure penetrates th ...
, which transfer
nutrients from the host to the parasite. Only the hemiparasitic species possess an additional extensive root system referred to as the lateral or side haustoria. In most holoparasitic species there is a swollen mass of short, bulky roots or one big swollen haustorial organ, which may be simple or composite, commonly called the terminal or primary haustorium.
Plants are reduced to short vegetative stems, their alternate leaves are reduced to fleshy, tooth-like scales, and have multicellular hairs interspersed with glandular hairs.
The hemiparasitic species (transferred from Scrophulariaceae) with green leaves are capable of photosynthesis, and may be either facultative or obligate parasites.
Flowers
The
hermaphroditic
In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite () is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes.
Many taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrates) do not have s ...
flowers are bilaterally symmetrical and grow either in
racemes or spikes or singly at the apex of the slender stem. The tubular
calyx is formed by 2–5 united sepals. There are five united, bilabiate
petals forming the
corolla and they may be yellowish, brownish, purplish, or white. The upper lip is two-lobed, the lower lip is three-lobed. There are two long and two short
stamens on slender filaments, inserted below the middle, or at the base of the corolla tube, alternating with the lobes of the tube. A fifth
stamen is either sterile or lacking completely. The
anthers dehisce via longitudinal slits. The
pistil is one-celled. The ovary is superior. The flowers are
pollinated
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, a ...
by insects or birds (e.g.
hummingbirds, as in ''
Castilleja
''Castilleja'', commonly known as paintbrush, Indian paintbrush, or prairie-fire, is a genus of about 200 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes, northern Asia, and on ...
'').
Fruits
The
fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...
is a
dehiscent, non-fleshy, 1-locular
capsule with many very minute endospermic
seed
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiospe ...
s. Fruits of Orobanchaceae are small and abundant and can produce between 10,000–1,000,000 seeds per plant. These are dispersed by the wind over long distances, which increases their chances of finding a new host.
Taxonomy
Evolution
Development of the haustoria was a significant evolutionary event that allowed for the advancement of
parasitic plant
A parasitic plant is a plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant. They make up about 1% of angiosperms and are found in almost every biome. All parasitic plants develop a specialized organ called the ...
s. The holoparasitic clade, ''
Orobanche
''Orobanche'', commonly known as broomrape, is a genus of over 200 species of small parasitic herbaceous plants, mostly native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. It is the type genus of the broomrape family Orobanchaceae.
Description
Broom ...
'', delineates the first transition from hemiparasitism to holoparasitism within Orobanchaceae.
Despite the similar morphological traits found in both
Scrophulariaceae
The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scr ...
and Orobanchaceae, the latter is now morphologically and molecularly considered monophyletic, though many of its genera were once considered a part of the family Scrophulariaceae.
''
Lindenbergia
''Lindenbergia'' is a genus of herbaceous plants in the order Lamiales and in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It is one of the few genera of the family which are not parasitic. It contains about 15 species found from northeast Africa across A ...
'', once treated as a member of the Scrophulariaceae, is the one of the only autotrophic genera within Orobanchaceae. It is believed to be the sister group to the hemiparasitic genera within its family.
Genomics
The parasitism and its different modes have been suggested to have an impact on
genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding g ...
evolution, with increased
DNA substitution rates in parasitic organisms compared to non-parasitic taxa.
For example, holoparasite taxa of Orobanchaceae exhibit faster
molecular evolution
Molecular evolution is the process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins across generations. The field of molecular evolution uses principles of evolutionary biology and population genetics ...
ary rates than confamilial hemiparasites in three
plastid genes.
In a study comparing the rates of
molecular evolution
Molecular evolution is the process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins across generations. The field of molecular evolution uses principles of evolutionary biology and population genetics ...
of parasitic versus non parasitic taxa for 12 pairs of angiosperm families — including
Apodanthaceae,
Cytinaceae
Cytinaceae is a family of parasitic flowering plants. It comprises two genera, ''Cytinus'' and '' Bdallophytum'', totalling ten species.
These two genera were formerly placed in the family Rafflesiaceae, order Malpighiales. When they were separa ...
,
Rafflesiaceae
The Rafflesiaceae are a family of rare parasitic plants comprising 36 species in 3 genera found in the tropical forests of east and southeast Asia, including ''Rafflesia arnoldii'', which has the largest flowers of all plants. The plants are en ...
,
Cynomoriaceae
''Cynomorium'' is a genus of parasitic perennial flowering plants in the family Cynomoriaceae. The genus consists of only one species, ''Cynomorium coccineum'' (although one of its subspecies is sometimes treated as a separate species). Its plac ...
,
Krameriaceae
''Krameria'' is the only genus in the Krameriaceae family, of which any of the approximately 18 species are commonly known as rhatany, ratany or rattany. Rhatany is also the name given to krameria root, a botanical remedy consisting of the dried ...
,
Mitrastemonaceae
''Mitrastemon'' is a genus of two widely disjunct species of parasitic plants. It is the only genus within the family Mitrastemonaceae. ''Mitrastemon'' species are root endoparasites, which grow on Fagaceae. It is also a non-photosynthetic plant ...
,
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees and herbs in 146, to 156 genera with a worldwide distribution.
The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single family of the or ...
, Orobanchaceae,
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae (), commonly called the bindweeds or morning glories, is a family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily herbaceous vines, but also include trees, shrubs and herbs. The tubers of several spe ...
,
Lauraceae,
Hydnoraceae
Hydnoroideae is a subfamily of parasitic flowering plants in the order Piperales. Traditionally, and as recently as the APG III system it given family rank under the name Hydnoraceae. It is now submerged in the Aristolochiaceae. It contains two ge ...
, and
Santalaceae
The Santalaceae, sandalwoods, are a widely distributed family of flowering plants (including small trees, shrubs, perennial herbs, and epiphytic climbersHewson & George t al.br>''Santalaceae'' taxonomy, 1984, pp. 191-194.) which, like other mem ...
/
Olacaceae
Olacaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Santalales. They are woody plants, native throughout the tropical regions of the world. , the Circumscription (taxonomy), circumscription of the family varies; some sources ...
—, parasitic taxa evolve on average faster than their close relatives for mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genome sequences.
Whereas Orobanchaceae fit to this trend for plastid DNA, they appear to evolve slower than their non parasitic counterpart in comparisons involving nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.
Genera
Orobanchaceae comprises the following genera, listed according to their life history trait.
* ''
Bartsiella''
* ''
Bornmuellerantha''
* ''
Brachystigma''
* ''
Brandisia''
* ''
Cyclocheilon''
* ''
Kopsiopsis
''Kopsiopsis'' is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae native to North America.
Species
, Kew's Plants of the World Online
Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Garde ...
''
* ''
Macrosyringion''
* ''
Odontiella''
Non-parasitic
* ''
Lindenbergia
''Lindenbergia'' is a genus of herbaceous plants in the order Lamiales and in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It is one of the few genera of the family which are not parasitic. It contains about 15 species found from northeast Africa across A ...
''
* ''
Rehmannia
''Rehmannia'' is a genus of seven species of flowering plants in the order Lamiales and family Orobanchaceae, endemic to China. It has been placed as the only member of the monotypic tribe Rehmannieae, but molecular phylogenetic studies suggest t ...
''
* ''
Triaenophora
''Triaenophora'' is a genus of flowering plants native to Temperate Asia. Its family placement is not fully settled, : it may be placed in Orobanchaceae or Plantaginaceae.
Taxonomy
The genus ''Triaenophora'' was first erected by Hans Solereder ...
''
Hemiparasitic
* ''
Agalinis
''Agalinis'' (false foxglove) is a genus of about 70 species in North, Central, and South America that until recently was aligned with members of the family Scrophulariaceae. As a result of numerous molecular phylogenetic studies based on vari ...
''
* ''
Alectra
Alectra Incorporated, through its subsidiary Alectra Utilities Corporation, is an electricity utility and distributor that serves several municipalities in the Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario. It is a municipally owned corporation with share ...
''
* ''
Asepalum''
* ''
Aureolaria
''Aureolaria'', with the common name false foxgloves, is a genus of 8 species, native to North America.
''Aureolaria'' plants are hemiparasitic, which is a character that in part describes the family Orobanchaceae.
Until recently the genus was ...
''
* ''
Bartsia
''Bartsia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae.
Bartsia grows in damp places, such as marshes and wet meadows, in several parts of the west of England and Wales and in southwest Scotland.
Etymology
''Bartsia'' was name ...
''
* ''
Bellardia''
* ''
Buchnera''
* ''
Bungea
''Bungea'' is a genus of plants, belonging to the family Orobanchaceae.
The genus is named after Alexander von Bunge.
References
External links
{{Taxonbar, from=Q8253612
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae genera ...
''
* ''
Buttonia''
* ''
Castilleja
''Castilleja'', commonly known as paintbrush, Indian paintbrush, or prairie-fire, is a genus of about 200 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes, northern Asia, and on ...
'' : Indian paintbrush
* ''
Centranthera''
* ''
Chloropyron''
* ''
Cordylanthus
''Cordylanthus'' (), commonly known as bird's beaks, is a genus of Parasitic plant, parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae, broomrape family, Orobanchaceae. These western North American natives are sparse, weedy-looking annuals with long branching ...
'' : Bird's-beak
* ''
Cycnium
''Cycnium'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae. Its native range is tropical and southern Africa and Madagascar.
Plants in this genus are annual or perennial hemiparasitic herbs or small shrubs that turn black when they d ...
''
* ''
Cymbaria
''Cymbaria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae, native to Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, the Altai, Mongolia, northern China and Manchuria. They are hemiparasites of other plants, obtaining nutrients thr ...
''
* ''
Dasistoma
''Dasistoma macrophylla'', commonly known as mullein foxglove, is a species of flowering plant in the Orobanchaceae, broomrape family. It is Monotypic taxon, monotypic, with no other species in the genus ''Dasistoma''.
''Dasistoma'' is native to ...
''
* ''
Dicranostegia
''Dicranostegia'' is a monotypic genus of Parasitic plant, hemiparasitic flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae, containing the species ''Dicranostegia orcuttiana'', commonly known as Orcutt's bird's beak or Baja bird's beak. It is ...
''
* ''
Escobedia''
* ''
Esterhazya
''Esterhazya'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae.
It is native to Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay.
Its genus name of ''Esterhazya'' is in honour of Hungarian Nikolaus II, Prince Esterházy (1765–1833), and it was ...
''
* ''
Euphrasia
''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...
''
* ''
Gerardiina''
* ''
Ghikaea
''Ghikaea'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae. The only species is ''Ghikaea speciosa''.
Its native range is Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya
)
, national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Ye ...
''
* ''
Graderia''
* ''
Hedbergia
''Hedbergia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants, initially classified in Scrophulariaceae, and now within the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It contains a unique species, ''Hedbergia abyssinica''. It is an afromontane genus, widespread i ...
''
* ''
Lamourouxia''
* ''
Leptorhabdos
''Leptorhabdos'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants, initially classified in Scrophulariaceae, and now within the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It contains a single species, ''Leptorhabdos parviflora''.
It thrives in steppes, rivers, and ...
''
* ''
Leucosalpa''
* ''
Macranthera
''Macranthera'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae.
Its native range is the Southeastern USA.
Species
Species:
* ''Macranthera flammea'' (W.Bartram) Pennell
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q10322808
Orobanc ...
''
* ''
Magdalenaea
''Magdalenaea'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Man ...
''
* ''
Melampyrum
''Melampyrum'' is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae known commonly as cow wheat. They are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. They are hemiparasites on other plants, obtai ...
''
* ''
Melasma
Melasma (also known as chloasma faciei,James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. . or the mask of pregnancy when present in pregnant women) is a tan or dark ...
''
* ''
Micrargeria
''Micrargeria'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of thes ...
''
* ''
Micrargeriella
''Micrargeriella'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. ...
''
* ''
Monochasma
''Monochasma'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of these ...
''
* ''
Nesogenes
''Nesogenes'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae.
Its native range is Eastern Tropical Africa, Western Indian Ocean, Pacific.
Species:
*''Nesogenes africanus''
*''Nesogenes decumbens''
*''Nesogenes euphrasio ...
''
* ''
Nothobartsia
''Nothobartsia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of thes ...
''
* ''
Nothochilus''
* ''
Odontites
''Odontites'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae.
Phylogeny
The phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using molecular characters. ''Odontites'' belongs to the core Rhinantheae. It is the sister genus t ...
''
* ''
Omphalotrix''
* ''
Orthocarpus''
* ''
Parastriga''
* ''
Parentucellia''
* ''
Pedicularis
''Pedicularis'' is a genus of perennial green root parasite plants currently placed in the family Orobanchaceae (the genus previously having been placed in Scrophulariaceae '' sensu lato'').
Description
Between 350 and 600 species are acce ...
''
* ''
Petitmenginia''
* ''
Phtheirospermum
''Phtheirospermum'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae. The only species is ''Phtheirospermum japonicum''.
Its native range is Russian Far East
The Russian Far East (russian: Дальний Вос ...
''
* ''
Physocalyx''
* ''
Pseudobartsia
''Pseudobartsia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae. The only species is ''Pseudobartsia glandulosa''.
Its native range is Eastern Himalaya to Southern Central China.
References
{{Taxonbar, from ...
''
* ''
Pseudomelasma''
* ''
Pseudosopubia
''Pseudosopubia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae.
Its native range is Northeastern and Eastern Tropical Africa.
Species:
*''Pseudosopubia delamerei''
*''Pseudosopubia hildebrandtii''
*''Pseudosopubia pro ...
''
* ''
Pseudostriga''
* ''
Pterygiella''
* ''
Radamaea
''Radamaea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of these g ...
''
* ''
Rhamphicarpa
''Rhamphicarpa'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of thes ...
''
* ''
Rhaphispermum
''Rhaphispermum'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae. The only species is ''Rhaphispermum gerardioides''.
Its native range is Madagascar.
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q9068696
Orobanchaceae
Oroba ...
''
* ''
Rhinanthus
''Rhinanthus'' is a genus of annual hemiparasitic herbaceous plants in the family Orobanchaceae, formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. Its species are commonly known as rattles. The genus consists of about 30 to 40 species found in ...
''
* ''
Rhynchocorys
''Rhynchocorys'' is a small genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae, formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae.
It is native to Europe, Morocco and Algeria.
Etymology
The genus name ''Rhynchocorys'' derives fro ...
''
* ''
Schwalbea
''Schwalbea americana'', commonly known as American chaffseed, is the sole species currently classified in the genus ''Schwalbea''. It is an erect, hemiparasitic, perennial herb in the family Orobanchaceae. It is native to the southeastern Unite ...
''
* ''
Seymeria''
* ''
Seymeriopsis''
* ''
Sieversandreas''
* ''
Silviella''
* ''
Siphonostegia''
* ''
Sopubia''
* ''
Spirostegia''
* ''
Striga
''Striga'', commonly known as witchweed, is a genus of parasitic plants that occur naturally in parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia. It is currently classified in the family Orobanchaceae, although older classifications place it in the Scrophul ...
''
* ''
Tetraspidium''
* ''
Thunbergianthus
''Thunbergianthus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae.
Its native range is Africa.
Species:
*''Thunbergianthus quintasii''
*''Thunbergianthus ruwenzoriensis''
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q9087476
Or ...
''
* ''
Tozzia''
* ''
Triphysaria
''Triphysaria'' is a genus of five plants in the family Orobanchaceae which are known generally as owl's-clovers. This genus is closely related to the genera ''Castilleja'' and '' Orthocarpus''. ''Triphysaria'' are native to western North Americ ...
''
* ''
Vellosiella''
* ''
Xizangia''
* ''
Xylocalyx''
Holoparasitic
* ''
Aeginetia
''Aeginetia'' is a genus of plants in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae, native mostly to tropical Asia and also Cameroon (in Africa).
I is found within Assam, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, southern China, East Himalaya, India, Japan, Jawa, Kore ...
''
* ''
Boschniakia
''Boschniakia'' is a genus of parasitic plants in the family Orobanchaceae. They are known commonly as groundcones and they are native to western North America and extreme northeastern Asia. Some taxonomists consider ''Boschniakia'' to be three s ...
'' : Groundcone
* ''
Christisonia
''Christisonia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae.
Its native range is Indian subcontinent to Philippines. It is named after the Scottish toxicologist Robert Christison
Sir Robert Christison, 1st Barone ...
''
* ''
Cistanche'': Desert broomrape
* ''
Conopholis
''Conopholis'' is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of these gen ...
'' : Cancer-root
* ''
Epifagus
''Epifagus virginiana'', commonly called beech drops (or beech-drops), is an obligate parasite, obligate parasitic plant which grows and subsists on the roots of Fagus grandifolia, American beech. It is a member of the family Orobanchaceae. The g ...
'' : Beechdrops
* ''
Eremitilla
''Eremitilla'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many ...
''
* ''
Gleadovia
''Gleadovia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae.
Its native range is western Himalaya, Assam
Assam (; ) is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak ...
''
* ''
Harveya''
* ''
Hyobanche
''Hyobanche'' are a genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae, native to southern Africa. They are root parasites that cannot perform photosynthesis, and are only observed above ground when flowering.
Species
Currently acc ...
''
* ''
Lathraea
''Lathraea'' (toothwort) is a small genus of five to seven species of flowering plants, native to temperate Europe and Asia. They are parasitic plants on the roots of other plants, and are completely lacking chlorophyll. They are classified in th ...
''
* ''
Mannagettaea''
* ''
Orobanche
''Orobanche'', commonly known as broomrape, is a genus of over 200 species of small parasitic herbaceous plants, mostly native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. It is the type genus of the broomrape family Orobanchaceae.
Description
Broom ...
'' : Broomrape
* ''
Phacellanthus''
* ''
Phelypaea
''Phelypaea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae, native to the Balkans, Greece, Crimea, the Caucasus region, Anatolia, the Levant, Iraq and Iran. They are root parasites which cannot conduct photosynthesis and a ...
''
* ''
Platypholis''
* ''
Tienmuia''
Distribution
The family Orobanchaceae has a
cosmopolitan distribution, found mainly in
temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout ...
Eurasia
Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago ...
,
North America,
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...
, parts of
Australia,
New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
, and tropical
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
. The only exception to its distribution is Antarctica, though some genera may be found in
subarctic regions.
Ecology
This family has tremendous economic importance because of the damage to crops caused by some species in the genera ''
Orobanche
''Orobanche'', commonly known as broomrape, is a genus of over 200 species of small parasitic herbaceous plants, mostly native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. It is the type genus of the broomrape family Orobanchaceae.
Description
Broom ...
'' and ''
Striga
''Striga'', commonly known as witchweed, is a genus of parasitic plants that occur naturally in parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia. It is currently classified in the family Orobanchaceae, although older classifications place it in the Scrophul ...
''. They often parasitize cereal crops like
sugarcane,
maize
Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The ...
,
millet, sorghum, and other major agricultural crops like cowpea, sunflower, hemp, tomatoes, and legumes. Because of the ubiquitous nature of these particular parasites in developing countries, it is estimated to affect the livelihood of over 100 million people, killing 20 to 100 percent of crops depending on infestation.
Some genera, especially ''
Cistanche'' and ''
Conopholis
''Conopholis'' is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of these gen ...
'', are threatened by human activity, including habitat destruction and over-harvesting of both the plants and their hosts.
Research for this plant family can often be difficult due to its permit requirements for collection, travel, and research.
Notes
References
External links
Wiki of Orobanchaceae
{{Taxonbar, from=Q156192
Orobanchaceae,
Lamiales families