The music of Jamaica includes
Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of Hispan ...
n folk music and many popular genres, such as
mento
Mento is a style of Jamaican folk music that predates and has greatly influenced ska and reggae music. It is a fusion of African rhythmic elements and European elements, which reached peak popularity in the 1940s and 1950s. Mento typically f ...
,
ska,
rocksteady,
reggae
Reggae () is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern popular music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A 1968 single by Toots and the Maytals, "Do the Reggay" was the first popular song to use the ...
,
dub music
Dub is an electronic musical style that grew out of reggae in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is commonly considered a subgenre of reggae, though it has developed to extend beyond that style.Dub: soundscapes and shattered songs in Jamaican r ...
,
dancehall
Dancehall is a genre of Jamaican popular music that originated in the late 1970s. Initially, dancehall was a more sparse version of reggae than the roots style, which had dominated much of the 1970s.Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (2004) "The Ro ...
,
reggae fusion and related styles.
Reggae is especially popular through the international fame of
Bob Marley. Jamaican music's influence on music styles in other countries includes the practice of
toasting, which was brought to
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the U ...
and evolved into
rapping
Rapping (also rhyming, spitting, emceeing or MCing) is a musical form of vocal delivery that incorporates "rhyme, rhythmic speech, and street vernacular". It is performed or chanted, usually over a backing beat or musical accompaniment. The ...
. British genres such as
Lovers rock,
jungle music and
grime are also influenced by Jamaican music.
Mento
Mento is a style of Jamaican music that predates and has greatly influenced
ska and
reggae
Reggae () is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern popular music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A 1968 single by Toots and the Maytals, "Do the Reggay" was the first popular song to use the ...
music.
Lord Flea and
Count Lasher
Count Lasher (sometimes styled Count Lasha) was the stage-name of Terence Parkins (''c''.1921 – 1977
Michael Garnice states that Count Lasher died in 1977 at the age of 51, but in the ''Caribbean Popular Music: An Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, ...
are two of the more successful mento artists. Well-known mento songs include
Day-O
"Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)" is a traditional Jamaican folk song. The song has mento influences, but it is commonly classified as an example of the better known calypso music.
It is a call and response work song, from the point of view ...
,
Jamaica Farewell and
Linstead Market. Mento is often confused with
Calypso music, a musical form from
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago (, ), officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous much List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago, small ...
.
Calypso and Soca
As in many
Anglo-Caribbean islands, the
calypso music of Trinidad and Tobago has become part of the
culture of Jamaica
Jamaican culture consists of the religion, norms, values, and lifestyle that define the people of Jamaica. The culture is mixed, with an ethnically diverse society, stemming from a history of inhabitants beginning with the original inhabitants of ...
. Jamaica's own local music
mento
Mento is a style of Jamaican folk music that predates and has greatly influenced ska and reggae music. It is a fusion of African rhythmic elements and European elements, which reached peak popularity in the 1940s and 1950s. Mento typically f ...
is often confused with calypso music. Although the two share many similarities, they are separate and distinct musical forms. During the mid-20th century, mento was conflated with calypso, and mento was frequently referred to as ''calypso'', ''kalypso'' and ''mento calypso''; mento singers frequently used calypso songs and techniques. As in calypso, mento uses topical lyrics with a humorous slant, commenting on poverty and other social issues. Sexual innuendos are also common.
The
Trinidad
Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is often referred to as the southernmos ...
ian calypso and
soca music are popular in Jamaica. Popular calypso/soca artists from Jamaica include
Byron Lee, Fab 5, and Lovindeer.
Harry Belafonte
Harry Belafonte (born Harold George Bellanfanti Jr.; March 1, 1927) is an American singer, activist, and actor. As arguably the most successful Jamaican-American pop star, he popularized the Trinbagonian Caribbean musical style with an internat ...
(born in the U.S., raised in Jamaica from age 5 to 13) introduced American audiences to calypso music (which had originated in Trinidad and Tobago in the early 20th century), and Belafonte was dubbed the "King of Calypso".
Jazz
From early in the 20th century, Jamaica produced many notable jazz musicians. In this development the enlightened policy of the
Alpha Boys School in
Kingston
Kingston may refer to:
Places
* List of places called Kingston, including the five most populated:
** Kingston, Jamaica
** Kingston upon Hull, England
** City of Kingston, Victoria, Australia
** Kingston, Ontario, Canada
** Kingston upon Thames, ...
, which provided training and encouragement in music education for its pupils, was very influential. Also significant was the brass band tradition of the island, strengthened by opportunities for musical work and training in military contexts. However, limited scope for making a career playing jazz in Jamaica resulted in many local jazz musicians leaving the island to settle in London or in the United States.
Among the most notable Jamaican jazz instrumentalists who made successful careers abroad was alto saxophonist
Joe Harriott, now regarded internationally as one of the most original and innovative of jazz composers. Also internationally successful were trumpeters
Dizzy Reece
Alphonso Son "Dizzy" Reece (born 5 January 1931) is a Jamaican-born hard bop jazz trumpeter. Reece is among a group of jazz musicians born in Jamaica which includes Bertie King, Joe Harriott, Roland Alphonso, Wilton Gaynair, Sonny Bradshaw, s ...
,
Leslie 'Jiver' Hutchinson
Leslie George "Jiver" Hutchinson (6 March 1906 – 22 November 1959) was a Jamaican jazz trumpeter and bandleader.
Hutchinson played in the band of Bertie King in Jamaica in the 1930s, then moved to England, where he played with Happy Blake's Cu ...
and
Leslie Thompson, bassist
Coleridge Goode, guitarist
Ernest Ranglin and pianist
Monty Alexander.
Harriott, Goode, Hutchinson and Thompson built their careers in London, along with many other instrumentalists, such as pianist
Yorke de Souza and the outstanding saxophonist
Bertie King
Albert King (1912–1981), known as Bertie King, was a Jamaican jazz and mento musician. He played the clarinet and the saxophone.
Biography
King was born in Panama, and raised in Kingston, where he attended Alpha Boys School.
During the 1930s ...
, who later returned to Jamaica and formed a mento-style band. Reece and Alexander worked in the US. Saxophonist
Wilton 'Bogey' Gaynair
Wilton "Bogey" Gaynair (11 January 1927 – 13 February 1995) was a Jamaican-born jazz musician, whose primary instrument was the tenor saxophone. "Blue Bogey", "Kingston Bypass" "Debra", and "Wilton Mood" are among his better known songs.
Lif ...
settled in Germany working mainly with Kurt Edelhagen's orchestra.
Ska
Ska is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s, and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. Ska combined elements of
Caribbean mento
Mento is a style of Jamaican folk music that predates and has greatly influenced ska and reggae music. It is a fusion of African rhythmic elements and European elements, which reached peak popularity in the 1940s and 1950s. Mento typically f ...
and
calypso with
American jazz
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a majo ...
and
rhythm and blues
Rhythm and blues, frequently abbreviated as R&B or R'n'B, is a Music genre, genre of popular music that originated in African-American communities in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed p ...
. The first ever ska recording was made by
Count Ossie, a
Nyabinghi drummer from the rasta community. It is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the upbeat. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods. Later it became popular with many skinheads.
Music historians typically divide the history of ska into three periods: the original Jamaican scene of the 1960s (First Wave), the English 2 Tone ska revival of the late 1970s (Second Wave) and the third wave ska movement, which started in the 1980s (Third Wave) and rose to popularity in the US in the 1990s. The recent revival of
Jamaican Jazz
Ska jazz is a music genre derived by fusing the melodic content of jazz with the rhythmic and harmonic content of early Jamaican Music introduced by the "Fathers of Ska" in the late 1950s. The ska-jazz movement began during the 1990s in New Yor ...
attempts to bring back the sound of early Jamaican music artists of the late 1950s.
DJs and toasting
Along with the rise of ska came the popularity of
deejays
A disc jockey, more commonly abbreviated as DJ, is a person who plays recorded music for an audience. Types of DJs include radio DJs (who host programs on music radio stations), club DJs (who work at a nightclub or music festival), mobile D ...
such as
Sir Lord Comic,
King Stitt and pioneer
Count Matchuki, who began talking stylistically over the rhythms of popular songs at sound systems. In Jamaican music, the Deejay is the one who talks (known elsewhere as the
MC) and the
selector is the person who chooses the records. The popularity of Deejays as an essential component of the sound system, and created a need for instrumental songs, as well as instrumental versions of popular vocal songs.
Toasting is a type of lyrical chanting over the beat. While Dancehall music involves deejays, they are the ones chanting or humming over the rhythm or track. With the rise of many different genres, toasting became popular in Jamaica during the 1960s and 1970s.
In the late 1960s, producers such as
King Tubby and
Lee Perry began stripping the vocals away from tracks recorded for sound system parties. With the bare beats and bass playing and the lead instruments dropping in and out of the mix, Deejays began
toasting, or delivering humorous and often provoking jabs at fellow deejays and local celebrities. Over time, toasting became an increasingly complex activity, and became as big a draw as the dance beats played behind it.
The basic elements of
hip-hop—boasting raps, rival posses, uptown throwdowns, and political commentary—were all present in Jamaican music When
rocksteady and
reggae
Reggae () is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern popular music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A 1968 single by Toots and the Maytals, "Do the Reggay" was the first popular song to use the ...
bands looked to make their music a form of national and even international black resistance, they used Jamaican culture. Jamaican music, moved back and forth between the predominance of boasting and
toasting songs packed with 'slackness' and sexual innuendo and a more topical, political, 'conscious' style.
Rocksteady
Rocksteady was the music of Jamaica's
rude boys by the mid-1960s, when
The Wailers and
The Clarendonians dominated the charts.
Desmond Dekker's "007" brought international attention to the new genre. The mix put heavy emphasis on the bass line, as opposed to ska's strong horn section, and the
rhythm guitar
In music performances, rhythm guitar is a technique and role that performs a combination of two functions: to provide all or part of the rhythmic pulse in conjunction with other instruments from the rhythm section (e.g., drum kit, bass guita ...
began playing on the upbeat. Session musicians like
Supersonics
The Seattle SuperSonics (commonly known as the Seattle Sonics) were an American professional basketball team based in Seattle. The SuperSonics competed in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member club of the league's Western Confe ...
,
Soul Vendors,
Jets and
Jackie Mittoo
Donat Roy Mittoo (3 March 1948 – 16 December 1990), better known as Jackie Mittoo, was a Jamaican-Canadian keyboardist, songwriter and musical director. He was a member of The Skatalites and musical director of the Studio One record label.
...
(of the Skatalites) became popular during this period.
Reggae
Reggae
Reggae () is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern popular music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A 1968 single by Toots and the Maytals, "Do the Reggay" was the first popular song to use the ...
is one of the music genres first created in Jamaica. In the late 1960s, around the same time of toasting, reggae grew out of early Ska and Rocksteady.
Reggae became popular around the world, due in large part to the international success of artists like
Bob Marley,
Peter Tosh and
Bunny Wailer. Marley was viewed as a
Rastafarian messianic figure by some fans, particularly throughout the
Caribbean, Africa, and among
Native Americans and
Australian Aborigines. His lyrics about love, redemption and natural beauty captivated audiences, and he gained headlines for negotiating truces between the two opposing Jamaican political parties (at the One Love Concert), led by
Michael Manley (
PNP) and
Edward Seaga,
Dub
By 1973,
dub music
Dub is an electronic musical style that grew out of reggae in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is commonly considered a subgenre of reggae, though it has developed to extend beyond that style.Dub: soundscapes and shattered songs in Jamaican r ...
had emerged as a distinct reggae genre, and heralded the dawn of the
remix. Developed by record producers such as
Lee "Scratch" Perry and
King Tubby, dub featured previously recorded songs remixed with prominence on the bass. Often the lead instruments and vocals would drop in and out of the mix, sometimes processed heavily with studio effects. King Tubby's advantage came from his intimate knowledge with audio gear, and his ability to build his own sound systems and recording studios that were superior to the competition. He became famous for his remixes of recordings made by others, as well as those he recorded in his own studio.
Other 1970s developments
Other popular music forms that arose during the 1970s include: Briton (
Linton Kwesi Johnson's
dub poetry);
Sly & Robbie's
rockers reggae
One drop rhythm is a reggae style drum beat.
Popularized by Carlton Barrett, long-time drummer of Bob Marley and the Wailers, the creator is disputed, and it has been attributed to drummers including Barrett,Schlueter, Brad (July 21, 2011).T ...
, which drew on
Augustus Pablo's
melodica, becoming popular with artists such as
The Mighty Diamonds and
The Gladiators;
Joe Gibbs' mellower rockers reggae, including music by
Culture
Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these grou ...
and
Dennis Brown;
Burning Spear's distinctive style, as represented by the albums ''
Marcus Garvey
Marcus Mosiah Garvey Sr. (17 August 188710 June 1940) was a Jamaican political activist, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator. He was the founder and first President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African ...
'' and ''
Man in the Hills''; and harmonic, spiritually oriented Rasta music like that of
The Abyssinians,
Black Uhuru and
Third World
The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the Nor ...
. In 1975,
Louisa Mark had a hit with "Caught You in a Lie", beginning a trend of British performers making romantic, ballad-oriented reggae called
lovers rock.
Reggae and ska had a massive influence on British
punk rock and
new wave bands of the 1970s, such as
The Clash,
Elvis Costello and the Attractions,
The Police
The Police were an English rock band formed in London in 1977. For most of their history the line-up consisted of primary songwriter Sting (lead vocals, bass guitar), Andy Summers (guitar) and Stewart Copeland (drums, percussion). The Poli ...
,
The Slits, and
The Ruts
The Ruts (later known as Ruts DC) are an English reggae-influenced punk rock band, notable for the 1979 UK top 10 hit single "Babylon's Burning", and an earlier single "In a Rut", which was not a hit but was highly regarded and regularly pla ...
. Ska revival bands such as
The Specials
The Specials, also known as The Special AKA, are an English 2 tone and ska revival band formed in 1977 in Coventry. After some early changes, the first stable lineup of the group consisted of Terry Hall and Neville Staple on vocals, Lyn ...
,
Madness
Madness or The Madness may refer to:
Emotion and mental health
* Anger, an intense emotional response to a perceived provocation, hurt or threat
* Insanity, a spectrum of behaviors characterized by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns
* ...
and
The Selecter developed the
2 Tone genre.
Dancehall and ragga
During the 1980s, the most popular music styles in Jamaica were
dancehall
Dancehall is a genre of Jamaican popular music that originated in the late 1970s. Initially, dancehall was a more sparse version of reggae than the roots style, which had dominated much of the 1970s.Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (2004) "The Ro ...
and
ragga. Dancehall is essentially speechifying with musical accompaniment, including a basic drum beat (most often played on electric drums). The lyrics moved away from the political and spiritual lyrics popular in the 1970s and concentrate more on less serious issues ragga is characterized by the use of computerized beats and sequenced melodic track.
Ragga is usually said to have been invented with the song "Under Mi
Sleng Teng
Sleng Teng is the name given to one of the first fully computerized riddims, influential in Jamaican music and beyond. The riddim, which was the result of work by Noel Davey, Ian "Wayne" Smith, and Lloyd "King Jammy" James, was first released w ...
" by
Wayne Smith. Ragga barely edged out dancehall as the dominant form of Jamaican music in the 1980s. DJ
Shabba Ranks and vocalist team
Chaka Demus
John Taylor (born 16 April 1963), better known as Chaka Demus, is a Jamaican reggae musician and deejay, best known as part of the duo Chaka Demus & Pliers.
Biography Early years
Born in West Kingston, Taylor was a regular attendee at K ...
and Pliers proved more enduring than the competition, and helped inspire an updated version of the
rude boy culture called
raggamuffin.
Dancehall was sometimes violent in lyrical content, and several rival performers made headlines with their feuds across Jamaica (most notably
Beenie Man versus
Bounty Killer). Dancehall emerged from pioneering recordings in the late 1970s by
Barrington Levy, with
Roots Radics backing and Junjo Lawes as producer. The Roots Radics were the pre-eminent backing band for the dancehall style.
Yellowman,
Ini Kamoze,
Charlie Chaplin and General Echo helped popularize the style along with producers like
Sugar Minott.
The 1980s saw a rise in reggae music from outside of Jamaica. During this time, reggae particularly influenced
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
n popular music, where Sonny Okusuns, John Chibadura,
Lucky Dube
Lucky Philip Dube (pronounced ''duu-beh'';
luckydubemusic.com, Retrieved 19 October 2007 3 August 1964 – 18 October 20 ...
and
Alpha Blondy became stars. The 1980s saw the end of the dub era in Jamaica, although dub has remained a popular and influential style in the UK, and to a lesser extent throughout Europe and the US. Dub in the 1980s and 1990s has merged with
electronic music
Electronic music is a Music genre, genre of music that employs electronic musical instruments, digital instruments, or electronics, circuitry-based music technology in its creation. It includes both music made using electronic and electromech ...
.
The late 2000s saw large local success for dancehall artists like
Popcaan,
Vybz Kartel,
Shalkal,
Konshens,
Mr. Vegas and
Mavado. In the next decade, others artists such as
Tommy Lee Sparta,
Alkaline, and Cashtro Troy, would also rise to the dancehall scene.
[Archived a]
Ghostarchive
and th
Wayback Machine
By the late 2010s, music in Western markets saw influences of dancehall in pop music, including Drake's "
One Dance" and "
Controlla" (2016) and Rihanna's "
Work" (2016).
Reggae fusion
Reggae fusion emerged as a popular subgenre in the late 1990s. It is a mixture of reggae or
dancehall
Dancehall is a genre of Jamaican popular music that originated in the late 1970s. Initially, dancehall was a more sparse version of reggae than the roots style, which had dominated much of the 1970s.Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (2004) "The Ro ...
with elements of other genres such as hip hop, R&B, jazz, rock 'n roll or indie rock.
It is closely related to
ragga music. It originated in
Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of Hispan ...
, Reggae fusion artists from Jamaica with a #1 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 hit include
Ini Kamoze with "
Here Comes the Hotstepper" in 1994,
Super Cat (featured on Sugar Ray's song "
Fly"),
Shaggy (2 #1 hits, like "
Angel
In various theistic religious traditions an angel is a supernatural spiritual being who serves God.
Abrahamic religions often depict angels as benevolent celestial intermediaries between God (or Heaven) and humanity. Other roles inc ...
"),
Rikrok (featured on Shaggy's song "
It Wasn't Me"),
Sean Paul (3 #1 hits, like "
Get Busy"),
Sean Kingston with "
Beautiful Girls" in 2007, and
OMI (singer) with "
Cheerleader" in 2015. All are from
Kingston
Kingston may refer to:
Places
* List of places called Kingston, including the five most populated:
** Kingston, Jamaica
** Kingston upon Hull, England
** City of Kingston, Victoria, Australia
** Kingston, Ontario, Canada
** Kingston upon Thames, ...
, except Ini Kamoze, Rikrok, and OMI.
Non-Rastafarian Jamaican religious music
The Bongo Nation is a distinct group of Jamaicans possibly descended from
the Congo. They are known for
Kumina, which refers to both a
religion
Religion is usually defined as a social- cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relates humanity to supernatural ...
and a form of music. Kumina's distinctive drumming style became one of the roots of Rastafarian drumming, itself the source of the distinctive Jamaican rhythm heard in ska, rocksteady and reggae. The modern intertwining of Jamaican religion and music can be traced back to the 1860s, when the
Pocomania
Myal is an Afro-Jamaican spirituality. It developed via the creolization of African religions during the slave era in Jamaica. It incorporates ritualistic magic, spiritual possession and dancing. Unlike Obeah, its practices focus more on the conne ...
and
Revival Zion churches drew on
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
n traditions, and incorporated music into almost every facet of
worship
Worship is an act of religious devotion usually directed towards a deity. It may involve one or more of activities such as veneration, adoration, praise, and praying. For many, worship is not about an emotion, it is more about a recognitio ...
. Later, this trend spread into
Hindu communities, resulting in baccra music.
The spread of Rastafari into urban Jamaica in the 1960s transformed the Jamaican music scene, which incorporated
drumming (played at grounation ceremonies) and which has led to today's popular music. Many of the above-mentioned music and dance have been studied by
Rex Nettleford
Ralston Milton "Rex" Nettleford, OM, FIJ, OCC (3 February 1933 – 2 February 2010), was a Jamaican scholar, social critic, choreographer, and Vice-Chancellor Emeritus of the University of the West Indies (UWI), the leading research university ...
artistic director (retired professor and vice chancellor of The University of the West Indies) and Marjorie Whyle Musical Director (Caribbean Musicologist, pianist, drummer, arranger lecturer at the University of the West Indies). Since 1962, this volunteer company of dancers and musicians have had many of these dances in its core repertoire and have performed worldwide to large audiences, including The British Royal family.
Other developments
Other trends included minimalist digital tracks, which began with
Dave Kelly's "Pepper Seed" in 1995, alongside the return of love balladeers like
Beres Hammond. American, British, and
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...
an
electronic musicians used reggae-oriented beats to create further hybrid electronic music styles. Dub,
world music, and
electronic music
Electronic music is a Music genre, genre of music that employs electronic musical instruments, digital instruments, or electronics, circuitry-based music technology in its creation. It includes both music made using electronic and electromech ...
continue to influence music in the 2000s. One of the latest developments is a musical form called
Linguay which was founded by record producer
Lissant Folkes in 2013.
JaFolk Mix is a term coined by Jamaican musician Joy Fairclough, to mean the mix of Jamaican Folk Music with any foreign and local styles of music and the evolution of a new sound created by their fusion. This is the latest Jamaican Music stylistic development of the late 20th century and 21st century. Jamaican music continues to influence the world's music. Many efforts at studying and copying Jamaican music has introduced the world to this new form of music as the copied styles are performed with accents linguistically and musically slanted to that of the home nation in which it is being studied, copied and performed.
References
Further reading
* Goode, Coleridge and Roger Cotterrell, ''Bass Lines: A Life in Jazz''. London:
Northway Books, 2002.
*
* Mthembu-Salter, Gregory and Peter Dalton. "The Loudest Island in the World". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific'', pp 430–456. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
* Kroubo Dagnini, Jérémie. ''Vibrations Jamaïcaine. L'Histoire des musiques populaires jamaïcaines au XXe siècle''. Camion Blanc. Paris (French language).
* Mthembu-Salter, Gregory and Peter Dalton. "Lovers and Poets – Babylon Sounds". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), ''World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific'', pp 457–462. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
* O'Brien Chang, Kevin and Wayne Chen. ''Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music''. Temple University Press. Philadelphia.
* Jahn, Brian and Tom Weber. ''Reggae Island: Jamaican Music in the Digital Age''. Da Capo Press. Kingston.
* Robertson, Alan, ''Joe Harriott: Fire in his Soul''. London:
Northway Books, 2003.
* Staple, Neville. ''
Original Rude Boy''. 2009.
Aurum Press.
* Thompson, Leslie with Jeffrey Green, ''Swing from a Small Island: The Story of Leslie Thompson''. London:
Northway Books, 2008. *
* Smith, Horane. ''Reggae Silver'' Bedside Books. 2004 https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/art-culture/bookends-feb-05-2012page-one-inside-checking-in-with-horane-smithpage-twobookshelfchecking-in-with-horane-smith/
External links
Jamaican Song and Story''
Historical Notes for Collection 1: African-American and Jamaican Melodies
{{DEFAULTSORT:Music Of Jamaica