The following is a list of macaronic languages. * Alemañol (German/Latin American and Mexican Spanish) * Amideutsch (American English/German) (see

Denglisch Denglisch is a term describing the increased use of anglicisms and pseudo-anglicisms in the German language. It is a portmanteau of the German words german: Deutsch, label=none (''German'') and german: Englisch, label=none. The term is first ...

) * Bahasa Kentut/Bahasa Jaksel (Indonesian/English) * Catañol ( Catalan/Latin American and Mexican Spanish) *

Castrapo Castrapo (a portmanteau of ''castelán'' and ''trapo'', meaning ''rag''), is the form of Spanish in the region of Galicia that uses much Galician vocabulary and syntax. The dictionary published by the Royal Galician Academy defines it as a "vari ...

(Galician/Spanish) *

Chinglish Chinglish is slang for spoken or written English language that is either influenced by a Chinese language, or is poorly translated. In Hong Kong, Macau, Guangdong and Guangxi, the term "Chinglish" refers mainly to Cantonese-influenced English. ...

(Chinese/American English) *

Cocoliche Cocoliche is an Italian–Spanish contact language or pidgin that was spoken by Italian immigrants in Argentina (especially in Greater Buenos Aires) and Uruguay between 1870 and 1970. In the last decades of the 20th century, it almost completel ...

(Rioplatense Spanish/Italian) *

Czenglish Czenglish, a portmanteau of the words Czech and English, refers to the interlanguage of English heavily influenced by Czech pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar or syntax spoken by learners of English as a second language. The term ''Czenglish'' i ...

(Czech/English) *

Danglish Danglish is a form of speech or writing that combines elements of Danish and English. The word ''Danglish'' is a portmanteau of ''Danish'' and ''English'' and has been in use since 1990. A variant form is Denglish, recorded since 2006. The term ...

(Danish/English) *

(German/British English) *

Dunglish Dunglish (portmanteau of ''Dutch'' and ''English''; in Dutch ''steenkolenengels'', literally: "coal-English", or ''nengels'') is a popular term for an English spoken with a mixture of Dutch language, Dutch. It is often viewed pejoratively due to c ...

(Dutch/British English) *

Engrish ''Engrish'' is a slang term for the inaccurate, nonsensical or ungrammatical use of the English language by native speakers of Japanese, as well as Chinese and other Asian languages. The word itself relates to Japanese speakers' tendency to ...

(East Asian/English) *

Europanto Europanto is a macaronic language concept with a fluid vocabulary from European languages of the user's choice or need. It was conceived in 1996 by Diego Marani (a journalist, author and translator for the European Council of Ministers in Brusse ...

(German/French/Spanish/Italian/English) *

Franglais Franglais (; also Frenglish ) is a French blend that referred first to the overuse of English words by French speakers and later to diglossia or the macaronic mixture of French () and English (). Etymology The word ''Franglais'' was first at ...

= Frenglish (Canadian English/Canadian French) * Frañol/

Frespañol Frespañol or frespagnol (also known as ''frañol'' or ''fragnol''), is a portmanteau of the words (or in Spanish) and , which mean French and Spanish mixed together, usually in informal settings. This example of code-switching is a mixture b ...

= Frespanish (French-Spanish) *

Heblish Jewish English is a cover term for varieties of the English language spoken by Jews. They may include significant amounts of vocabulary and syntax taken from Yiddish, and both classical and modern Hebrew. These varieties can be classified int ...

(Hebrew/English) * Hinglish (Hindi/English) * Hunglish (Hungarian/English) *

Hunsrik Hunsrik (natively and Portuguese ''Hunsrik'' or ''Hunsrückisch''), also called ''Riograndenser Hunsrückisch'' or ''Katharinensisch'', is a Moselle Franconian language derived primarily from the Hunsrückisch dialect of West Central German. T ...

(German/Brazilian Portuguese) * Italesco (Italian/German) * Japlish (Japanese/American English) * Japoñol (Japanese/Spanish) *

Llanito ''Llanito'' or ''Yanito'' () is a form of Andalusian Spanish heavily laced with words from English and other languages, such as Ligurian; it is spoken in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. It is commonly marked by a great deal o ...

(English/Andalusian Spanish) * Kanglish (Kannada/English) *

Poglish Poglish, also known as Polglish and Ponglish ( Polish: , ''język polgielski''; German: ), is a blend of two words from Polish and English. It is the product of macaronically mixing Polish- and English-language elements (morphemes, words, gramm ...

(Polish/English) *

Porglish Porglish or Portugish (referred to in Portuguese as ''portinglês'' – Brazilian Portuguese, Brazilian: , European Portuguese, European: – or ''portunglês'' – pt-BR: , pt-PT: ) is the various types of language contact between Portuguese ...

(Brazilian Portuguese/American English) *

Portuñol Portuñol (Spanish spelling) or Portunhol (Portuguese spelling) () is a portmanteau of the words portugués/português ("Portuguese") and español/espanhol ("Spanish"), and is the name often given to any non-systematic mixture of Portuguese and ...

/ Portunhol (Brazilian Portuguese/Latin American and Mexican Spanish) *

Runglish Runglish, Ruslish, Russlish (russian: рунглиш, руслиш, русслиш), or Russian English, is a term describing a language born out of a mixture of the English and Russian languages. This is a common among Russian speakers who speak ...

(Russian/English) *

Singlish Singlish (a portmanteau of ''Singapore'' and ''English'') is an English-based creole language spoken in Singapore. Singlish arose out of a situation of prolonged language contact between speakers of many different languages in Singapore, inc ...

(Singaporean English) * Maltenglish (Maltese/English) *

Manglish Manglish is an informal form of Malaysian English with features of an English-based creole principally used in Malaysia. It is heavily influenced by the dominant languages of the country, Malay, Chinese languages, and Tamil. It is not an o ...

(Malay/various Chinese dialects/Tamil/English) * Senkyoshigo (American English, Japanese *

Spanglish Spanglish (a portmanteau of the words "Spanish" and "English") is any language variety (such as a contact dialect, hybrid language, pidgin, or creole language) that results from conversationally combining Spanish and English. The term is mos ...

(Latin American and Mexican Spanish/American English) * Surzhyk (Ukrainian/Russian) * Swenglish (Swedish/British English) *

Taglish Taglish or Englog is code-switching and/or code-mixing in the use of Tagalog and English, the most common languages of the Philippines. The words ''Taglish'' and ''Englog'' are portmanteaux of the words ''Tagalog'' and ''English''. The earliest ...

(Tagalog/English) *

Trasianka Trasianka ( be, трасянка, ) refers to a mixed form of speech in which Belarusian and Russian elements and structures alternate arbitrarily.Hentschel, Gerd Belarusian and Russian in the Mixed Speech of Belarus. In Besters-Dilger, J. et a ...

(Belarusian/Russian) *

Urdish Urdish (or Urglish), a portmanteau of Urdu and English, is the macaronic hybrid use of English and Urdu in Pakistan, involving code-switching between these languages whereby they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences. The ...

(Urdu/English) *

Yinglish Yiddish words used in the English language include both words that have been assimilated into Englishused by both Yiddish and English speakersand many that have not. An English sentence that uses either may be described by some as Yinglish (or H ...

(Yiddish/English)

References

{{reflist Macaronic language

Macaronic Macaronic language uses a mixture of languages, particularly bilingual puns or situations in which the languages are otherwise used in the same context (rather than simply discrete segments of a text being in different languages). Hybrid words ...

See also

References