Lo Barnechea is a commune located in the northeastern sector of the province of Santiago and its area corresponds to 48% of this province. Its urban boundaries are: to the north with Los Andes of the

Valparaíso Valparaíso (; ) is a major city, seaport, naval base, and educational centre in the commune of Valparaíso, Chile. "Greater Valparaíso" is the second largest metropolitan area in the country. Valparaíso is located about northwest of Santiago ...

region, to the west with Colina, to the southwest with

Vitacura Vitacura is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. It is one of the most expensive and fashionable areas of Santiago. Inhabitants are primarily high income families. It belongs to the Northeastern zone of ...

and

Huechuraba Huechuraba () is a city and commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. Huechuraba has a mild mediterranean climate: relatively hot dry summers (November to March) with temperatures reaching up to on the hotte ...

, to the south with

Las Condes Las Condes is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. The area is inhabited primarily by upper-mid- to high income families, and known in the Chilean collective consciousness as home to the country's economi ...

and to the east with

San José de Maipo San José de Maipo is the name of a commune in Chile and the city within it, located in the Cajón del Maipo, in Cordillera Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region, some 48 kilometers south-east of capital Santiago, bordered on the east by Argenti ...

. It developed around the old rural town of Lo Barnechea. Its population is heterogeneous, as it is inhabited by high and medium-high income families in sectors such as

La Dehesa La Dehesa is a suburban neighborhood in Lo Barnechea Commune of Santiago, Chile. It borders Las Condes to the south and Vitacura to the west. It is located in a valley near the Andes, in the northeast of the city, north of the Mapocho River. ...

Los Trapenses LOS, or Los, or LoS may refer to: Science and technology * Length of stay, the duration of a single episode of hospitalisation * Level of service, a measure used by traffic engineers * Level of significance, a measure of statistical significanc ...

and

El Arrayán EL, El or el may refer to: Religion * El (deity), a Semitic word for "God" People * EL (rapper) (born 1983), stage name of Elorm Adablah, a Ghanaian rapper and sound engineer * El DeBarge, music artist * El Franco Lee (1949–2016), American p ...

, and also by medium-low and low income families, mainly in the town of Lo Barnechea, Población La Ermita and Cerro Dieciocho.

History

Lo Barnechea has had a long human occupation for thousands of years. Before the

Incas The Inca Empire (also Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift, known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire), called ''Tawantinsuyu'' by its subjects, (Quechuan languages, Quechua for the "Realm of the Four Parts", "four parts together" ) wa ...

, it was occupied by the

Llolleo culture Llolleo, also called Llo-Lleo, is a town in the commune of San Antonio, V Region of Valparaiso, Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, ...

and the

Bato tradition Bato may refer to: People *Bato (Illyrian name) ** Bato (Dardanian chieftain) (fl. 206–176 BCE), chieftain of the Dardani in Illyria ** Bato (Daesitiate chieftain) (fl. 35 BCE – 9 CE), chieftain of the Daesitiates in Illyria ** Bato (Breuci ...

, and after them, the Aconcagua culture, the Promaucaes, the Incas and later the Spanish occupation. Its pre-Hispanic inhabitants were called ''huaicoches'' (in

Mapudungún Mapuche (, Mapuche & Spanish: , or Mapudungun; from ' 'land' and ' 'speak, speech') is an Araucanian language related to Huilliche spoken in south-central Chile and west-central Argentina by the Mapuche people (from ''mapu'' 'land' and ''che ...

: ''waykoche'' 'people who live in a landslide zone') because of the ''huaicos'' or ''huaycos'' of the region (in

Quechua Quechua may refer to: *Quechua people, several indigenous ethnic groups in South America, especially in Peru *Quechuan languages, a Native South American language family spoken primarily in the Andes, derived from a common ancestral language **So ...

: ''wayqu'' 'stream'). Also called ''lloclla'' (in

: ''lluqlla'' 'alluvium'), these are violent

alluvial Alluvium (from Latin ''alluvius'', from ''alluere'' 'to wash against') is loose clay, silt, sand, or gravel that has been deposited by running water in a stream bed, on a floodplain, in an alluvial fan or beach, or in similar settings. Alluv ...

floods in which a large amount of material from the slopes is dislodged and dragged by the water downstream to the bottom of the valleys, causing enormous burial sites in its path. In modern scientific terms, according to the Multinational Andean Project, a ''huayco'' is known as a debris flow, or debris flow. A ''huayco'' is caused by the violent fall of water, which drags mud, stones, trees and anything else in its path. Its origin may be due to an intense rainfall or the overflowing of a river or lagoon at high altitudes. The town of Lo Barnechea was created in the

19th century The 19th (nineteenth) century began on 1 January 1801 ( MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 ( MCM). The 19th century was the ninth century of the 2nd millennium. The 19th century was characterized by vast social upheaval. Slavery was abolis ...

. So far, it has resisted the conurbation with

Greater Santiago Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is the center of Chile's most densely populated region, the Santiago Metropolitan Region, whose ...

. The DFL 1-3260 of 9 March 1981, establishes the new commune of Lo Barnechea, from a subdivision of the commune of

, however until 1991, it was part of the communal grouping managed by the Municipality of Las Condes. By Decree with Force of Law No. 32-18.992 of 20 May 1991, the Municipality of Lo Barnechea was officially established, the same day as its neighbor Vitacura.

Geography

Terrain

Rivers

Mapocho River The River Mapocho ( es, Río Mapocho) ( Mapudungun: ''Mapu chuco'', "water that penetrates the land") is a river in Chile. It flows from its source in the Andes mountains onto the west and divides Chile's capital Santiago in two. Course The Mapo ...

San Francisco San Francisco (; Spanish language, Spanish for "Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the List of Ca ...

* Molina River

Stream

* El Arrayán Stream (

Nature Sanctuary Nature, in the broadest sense, is the physical world or universe. "Nature" can refer to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. The study of nature is a large, if not the only, part of science. Although humans are p ...

) * El Carrizo Stream * El Gabino Stream * El Guindo Stream * El Manzano Stream * Las Hualtatas Stream * Las Rosas Stream

Creeks

* El Culén Creek * El Ají Creek * El Guindo Creek * El Peumo Creek * Huallalolén Creek * La Carbonera Creek * Las Ñipas Creek * Las Zorras Creek * Los Chanchos Creek

Cityscape

The urban center of Lo Barnechea is located in the areas below 1,000 meters above sea level, in the basin of the

Mapocho The River Mapocho ( es, Río Mapocho) ( Mapudungun: ''Mapu chuco'', "water that penetrates the land") is a river in Chile. It flows from its source in the Andes mountains onto the west and divides Chile's capital Santiago in two. Course The Mapo ...

River and the valley of

. Its neighborhoods are composed of affluent sectors such as

, La Dehesa and El Huinganal (''Molle Schinus polygamus, in

Huingan''), El Tranque, and

middle class The middle class refers to a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy, often defined by occupation, income, education, or social status. The term has historically been associated with modernity, capitalism and political debate. Commo ...

sectors such as the traditional Pueblo de Lo Barnechea, Cerro 18, San Enrique and

. Many of its streets recall the old alleys owned by the seven founding families. El León Street recalls the old Parador and Hostería de El León, which used to welcome miners after their long days of work. On this street lived the Salfate sisters, now deceased, who knew the history of the town and its inhabitants: Blanca and Irene Griselda. Their stories about the mythical trips to the Laguna del Viento in the foothills of the Andes and the local mythology enlivened the village's social gatherings in the afternoons. Towards the northwest there are neighborhoods with Spanish names: the Chin street that remembers the owner of the parcel with the surname Echeñique. In the Trapenses area, many of the landmarks of this congregation, which for many years was in this commune before selling its land for the capital gain, are remembered. Currently, at the end of the Trapenses there is a road that connects La Dehesa with the Chicureo sector and at the end of the road El Golf de Manquehue connects it with the unpopulated area of

Economy

In 2018, the number of registered companies in Lo Barnechea was 10,072. The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) in the same year was 1.01, while the economic activities with the highest Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index were Retail Sale of Underwear and Personal Wear (42.14), Dance Instructors (27.49) and Amusement Parks and Similar Centers Activities (18.79).

Demographics

According to the 2002 census of the

National Statistics Institute National Institute of Statistics may refer to: *National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia *National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia *National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica *National Institute of Statistics and Census of Nica ...

, Lo Barnechea spans an area of and has 74,749 inhabitants (34,901 men and 39,848 women). Of these, 72,496 (97%) lived in urban areas and 2,253 (3%) in rural areas. The population grew by 49.3% (24,687 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. The 2006 projected population was 103,376.

Administration

Municipality

The Municipality of Lo Barnechea is headed for the 2021-2024 period by

Mayor In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well a ...

Juan Cristóbal Lira Ibáñez (

UDI Udi may refer to: Places * Udi, Enugu, a local government areas and city in Nigeria * Udi, a place in the Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh, India People * Udi Gal (born 1979), Israeli Olympic sailor * Udi Vaks (born 1979), Israeli Olympic judoka ...

), who is advised by the councilors: * Juana Mir Balmaceda (

Evópoli Political Evolution (), also known in Spanish by its shorthand Evópoli, is a Chilean centre-right political party, founded in 2012. The party defines itself as a liberal platform for the people who look for a "modern centre-right who proposes as ...

) * Cristian Daly Dagorret ( RN) * Michael Comber Vial ( RN) * María Teresa Urrutia Greve (

) * Paulette Guiloff Hes (

) * Benjamín Errazuriz Palacios (

REP Rep, REP, or a variant may refer to: As a word * Rep (fabric), a ribbed woven fabric made from various materials * ''Rep'' (TV series), a 1982 British comedy series * '' The Rep'', an entertainment guide published by the ''Arizona Republic'' 1997 ...

) * Rodrigo Arellano Falcon (

) * Francisco Madrid Vera (

Independent Independent or Independents may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Artist groups * Independents (artist group), a group of modernist painters based in the New Hope, Pennsylvania, area of the United States during the early 1930s * Independ ...

)

Parliamentary representation

Lo Barnechea belongs to

Electoral District An electoral district, also known as an election district, legislative district, voting district, constituency, riding, ward, division, or (election) precinct is a subdivision of a larger state (a country, administrative region, or other polity ...

No. 11 together with the municipalities of

La Reina La Reina ( Spanish: "The Queen") is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region created in 1963 from an eastern portion of the Ñuñoa commune. It belongs to the Northeastern zone of Santiago de Chile. La Re ...

and

Peñalolén Peñalolén (Mapudungun "fraternal meeting place") is a Chilean commune in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. It was founded on November 15, 1984. History The commune was founded on November 15, 1984. Drug arrests During 2019, Ch ...

and to the VII Senatorial District (

Santiago Metropolitan Region Santiago Metropolitan Region ( es, link=no, Región Metropolitana de Santiago) is one of Chile's 16 first-order administrative divisions. It is the country's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation's capital, Santiago. Mos ...

). It is represented in the

Chamber of Deputies The chamber of deputies is the lower house in many bicameral legislatures and the sole house in some unicameral legislatures. Description Historically, French Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of the French Parliament during the Bourbon R ...

of the National Congress for the 2018-2022 term by the following deputies: * Catalina Del Real Mihovilovic ( RN). * Gonzalo Fuenzalida Figueroa ( RN). * Karin Luck Urban ( RN). * Guillermo Ramírez Diez (

). * Francisco Undurraga Gazitúa (

). * Tomás Hirsch Goldschmidt ( AH). In the

Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...

Carlos Montes Carlos Montes is a nationally respected leader in the Chicano, immigrant rights, and anti-war movements. He was a co-founder of the Brown Berets, a Chicano working class youth organization in the United States in the late 1960s and 1970s. The Bro ...

of the PS and

Manuel José Ossandón Manuel José Ossandón Irarrázabal, colloquially "Cote Ossandón", (born Viña del Mar, Región de Valparaíso, 24 August 1962) is an agricultural technician and a senator of Chile for the 8th Senatorial District. He was elected during the parlia ...

of the RN will represent it for the 2014-2022 term.

Architecture

The

architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing building ...

in the area of buildings is very scarce, with a few late

colonial style American colonial architecture includes several building design styles associated with the colonial period of the United States, including First Period English (late-medieval), French Colonial, Spanish Colonial, Dutch Colonial, and Georgian. ...

houses located preferably in the so-called Pueblo de Lo Barnechea. As regards the commercial area, there are the shopping centers Portal La Dehesa, Espacio Urbano La Dehesa, Paseo Los Trapenses and Mall Vivo Los Trapenses. Also noteworthy is the large number of mansions and luxury homes that are established in this commune, especially in the sectors of Arrayán,

and

, being these of various styles built mainly during the last twenty years and belonging to the so-called "upper class" of the country, making up one of the areas with the highest average housing prices in Chile. In parallel to the construction of houses and luxury apartments,

social housing Public housing is a form of housing tenure in which the property is usually owned by a government authority, either central or local. Although the common goal of public housing is to provide affordable housing, the details, terminology, def ...

was developed in Lo Barnechea, in addition to the processes of self-construction of the founding tenants of the town, along with their generations. For the same reason, in the commune of Lo Barnechea we can see a series of contrasts, not only architectural, but also of social character, given that in a few square meters, or crossing a street (Padre Alfredo Arteaga Barros with Comandante Malbec), neighborhoods of high socioeconomic strata can be seen, in opposition to sectors of low social strata, clearly delimited between them.

Transportation

The commune has a low connection to the interconnected

public transport Public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, mass transit, or simply transit) is a system of transport for passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public unlike private transport, typical ...

of the city, consequently and being located at one end of the metropolitan area, together with Vitacura it leads the rate of motorization per capita (motor vehicles per inhabitant) in Greater Santiago. It was expected that by 2020, Lo Barnechea will have 3 stations of the Las Condes Tramway, which would give it a historic connection to the

Santiago Metro The Santiago Metro ( es, Metro de Santiago) is a rapid transit system serving the city of Santiago, the capital of Chile. It currently consists of seven lines (numbered 1-6 and 4A), 136 stations, and of revenue route. The system is managed by th ...

, being currently one of the three communes of Greater Santiago (along with

La Pintana La Pintana is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. La Pintana is home to Antumapu, the agricultural and veterinary sciences campus of University of Chile, Chile's oldest university. Demographics Accordin ...

and

Lo Espejo Lo Espejo is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. It has the country's largest population density. Demographics According to the 1999 census of the National Statistics Institute, Lo Espejo spans an a ...

) that does not have stations of the metropolitan railroad. However, the project was canceled by the authorities for not having the necessary subsidies for its execution. Lo Barnechea was also part of the

Transantiago Red Metropolitana de Movilidad (English: ''Metropolitan Mobility Network''; named Transantiago until March 2019) is a public transport system that serves Santiago, the capital of Chile. It is considered the most ambitious transport reform undertak ...

feeder zone C, together with the districts of Providencia,

and

. It is currently served by units 4 and 6 of this transportation system. There is an elevator on Cerro 18 operated by the Municipality of Lo Barnechea that connects this sector with Los Quincheros Street and the top of the hill, where the Parque de la Chilenidad is located.

Climate

In general terms, Lo Barnechea participates in the semi-arid

Mediterranean climate A Mediterranean climate (also called a dry summer temperate climate ''Cs'') is a temperate climate sub-type, generally characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, fairly wet winters; these weather conditions are typically experienced in the ...

that affects the

Metropolitan Region A metropolitan area or metro is a region that consists of a densely populated urban agglomeration and its surrounding territories sharing industries, commercial areas, transport network, infrastructures and housing. A metro area usually com ...

, characterized by a prolonged dry season and a winter season, which concentrates annual rainfall. * ''Annual rainfall'' 360 mm * ''Average temperature'' 14 °C * ''Average Maximum Temperature'' 22 °C * ''Average Minimum Temperature'' 7 °C These climatic patterns present, in this commune, very important variations due to its condition as a foothill area, subjected to the altitude factor. It is estimated that in a mountainous environment, rainfall increases by about 22 mm every 100 m of altitude, while the temperature decreases by about 0.5 °C every 100 m. According to this, being the urban area of the town of Lo Barnechea located at 850 m a.s.l., it receives 65 mm more rainfall than in the commune of Santiago. This varies according to the size of the rural territory of the commune. In the annual distribution of rainfall, and considering the entire mountainous area, when it rains several days in a row, large flows are produced in the riverbeds, which causes flooding by accumulation and its consequent transfer according to slopes (1982-84-87). The impact was regrettable, with loss of life, interruption of activities, damage to infrastructure and equipment, due to the permanence of inhabitants on the banks of the Mapocho River. In addition to the reality of the

and its location, there is a natural climatic event that will have to be taken into account in planning the future population of the Commune.

Flood of 1982

The incursion of warm winter fronts in 1982 caused a rise in the lower limit of the snowpack, from 1800 to 2400 m above sea level, generating a large increase in the volume of water and sediment runoff, resulting from the melting of snow, which caused saturation and subsequent overflow of the natural and artificial water drainage systems. The repetition of a similar event, under the current conditions of occupation and urban expansion in Lo Barnechea, could cause even more catastrophic situations, due to the high degree of intervention and modification to which the natural system has been subjected by the construction that has taken place on increasingly higher ground.

Education

Higher Education

Andrés Bello National University The Andrés Bello National University ( es, Universidad Andrés Bello or Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello :es:Universidad Andrés Bello) (UNAB) is a Chilean private university established in 1988. UNAB is ranked 56th of Latin American unive ...

Universidad del Desarrollo Universidad del Desarrollo (Spanish for "University for development") is a Chilean private university, one of the most expensive universities in the region. Its main campus is in Santiago de Chile, with a secondary campus in Concepción. Histor ...

University of Chile The University of Chile ( es, Universidad de Chile) is a public research university in Santiago, Chile. It was founded on November 19, 1842, and inaugurated on September 17, 1843.

** La Universidad de Chile se presenta en la comuna con su Campus este de la Facultad de Medicina, el que mantiene el Centro de Salud SERJOVEN, que al año proporciona atención gratuita a más de 1000 adolescentes de escasos recursos de Lo Barnechea. * Culinary Institute * CPEIP ** Centro de Perfeccionamiento, Experimentación e Investigaciones Pedagógicas del Ministerio de Educación.

Municipal Schools

* Colegio Diferencial Madre Tierra * Colegio de Adultos Fermín Vivaceta * Colegio Farellones Colegio Lo Barnechea with three campuses: *Eduardo Cuevas Valdes Campus (Early childhood, pre-kindergarten through 2nd grade) *San José Campus (Intermediate, 3rd through 6th grade) *Instituto Estados Americanos Campus (from 7th to 4th grade Polyvalent)

Subsidized Schools

* Colegio Polivalente San Rafael * Colegio Parroquial Santa Rosa * Centro Educacional San Esteban Mártir * Colegio Betterland School * Colegio San Juan de Kronstandt

Private Schools

* Craighouse School * Colegio Nido de Águilas * Colegio Everest *

Santiago College Fundación Educacional Santiago College is a private educational (PK-12) institution in Santiago, Chile, founded in 1880. It was founded by American Methodist Ira H. La Fetra and his wife as a girls boarding school. In March 1972 the school became ...

* Colegio Monte Tabor y Nazaret *

The Southland School ''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the m ...

* Colegio Newland * The Mayflower School
Colegio Huinganal
* Colegio los Alerces * Huelquén Montessori * Instituto Hebreo *

Maimonides School Maimonides School (Hebrew: ישיבת רמב"ם ''Yeshivat Rambam'') is a coeducational, Modern Orthodox Judaism, Modern Orthodox, Jewish day school located in Brookline, Massachusetts. The school was founded in 1937 by Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik a ...

* Linconl International Academy * Bertrait College *

Anglo American International School Anglo is a prefix indicating a relation to, or descent from, the Angles, England, English culture, the English people or the English language, such as in the term ''Anglosphere''. It is often used alone, somewhat loosely, to refer to people o ...

Japanese Language Institute Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...

( サンチャゴ日本人学校), a Japanese school overseas

Soccer

Currently, Lo Barnechea is home to two soccer teams that participate in official competitions, one at the professional level and one at the amateur level.

Sister cities

Tyler, Texas Tyler is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and county seat of Smith County, Texas, Smith County. It is also the largest city in Northeast Texas. With a 2020 census population of 105,995, Tyler was the List of cities in Texa ...

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

Guayaquil , motto = Por Guayaquil Independiente en, For Independent Guayaquil , image_map = , map_caption = , pushpin_map = Ecuador#South America , pushpin_re ...

Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...

Twinning since 2006.

Notes

References

Bibliography

* León Echáiz, René. ''ÑuÑohue, Historia de Ñuñoa, Providencia, Las Condes, Vitacura y La Reina'', Editorial Francisco de Aguirre, primera edición, 1972. * Piwonka Figueroa, Gonzalo. ''Las aguas de Santiago de Chile, 1541-1999''.

External links

I. Municipality of Lo Barnechea

Lo Barnechea Cultural Corporation

Lo Barnechea Virtual Community

Lo Barnechea community indicators in the Library of the National Congress of Chile
{{authority control Populated places in Santiago Province, Chile Geography of Santiago, Chile Communes of Chile