This is a list of analysis methods used in materials science. Analysis methods are listed by their acronym, if one exists.

Symbols

* μSR – see muon spin spectroscopy * χ – see

magnetic susceptibility In electromagnetism, the magnetic susceptibility (Latin: , "receptive"; denoted ) is a measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied magnetic field. It is the ratio of magnetization (magnetic moment per unit volume) to the ap ...

A

* AAS –

Atomic absorption spectroscopy Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is a spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elemlight) by free atoms in the gaseous state. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is based ...

* AED – Auger electron diffraction * AES –

Auger electron spectroscopy A Hanford scientist uses an Auger electron spectrometer to determine the elemental composition of surfaces. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES; pronounced in French) is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, ...

* AFM –

Atomic force microscopy Atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning force microscopy (SFM) is a very-high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the opt ...

* AFS – Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy *

Analytical ultracentrifugation Analytical ultracentrifugation is an analytical technique which combines an ultracentrifuge with optical monitoring systems. In an analytical ultracentrifuge (commonly abbreviated as AUC), a sample’s sedimentation profile is monitored in real tim ...

* APFIM – Atom probe field ion microscopy * APS – Appearance potential spectroscopy * ARPES – Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy * ARUPS – Angle resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy * ATR –

Attenuated total reflectance Attenuated total reflection (ATR) is a sampling technique used in conjunction with infrared spectroscopy which enables samples to be examined directly in the solid or liquid state without further preparation. ATR uses a property of total intern ...

B

* BET – BET surface area measurement (BET from Brunauer, Emmett, Teller) * BiFC – Bimolecular fluorescence complementation * BKD – Backscatter Kikuchi diffraction, see EBSD * BRET –

Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by living organisms. It is a form of chemiluminescence. Bioluminescence occurs widely in marine vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as in some fungi, microorganisms including some bi ...

* BSED – Back scattered electron diffraction, see EBSD

C

* CAICISS – Coaxial impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy * CARS –

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, also called Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy (CARS), is a form of spectroscopy used primarily in chemistry, physics and related fields. It is sensitive to the same vibrational signatures of ...

* CBED –

Convergent beam electron diffraction Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) is a diffraction technique where a convergent or divergent beam (conical electron beam) of electrons is used to study materials. History This technique was first introduced in 1939 by Kossel and Möll ...

* CCM – Charge collection microscopy * CDI –

Coherent diffraction imaging Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) is a "lensless" technique for 2D or 3D reconstruction of the image of nanoscale structures such as nanotubes, nanocrystals, porous nanocrystalline layers, defects, potentially proteins, and more. In CDI, a highl ...

* CE –

Capillary electrophoresis Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a family of electrokinetic separation methods performed in submillimeter diameter capillaries and in micro- and nanofluidic channels. Very often, CE refers to capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), but other electr ...

* CET –

Cryo-electron tomography Electron cryotomography (CryoET) is an imaging technique used to produce high-resolution (~1–4 nm) three-dimensional views of samples, often (but not limited to) biological macromolecules and cells. CryoET is a specialized application of tra ...

* CL –

Cathodoluminescence Cathodoluminescence is an optical and electromagnetic phenomenon in which electrons impacting on a luminescent material such as a phosphor, cause the emission of photons which may have wavelengths in the visible spectrum. A familiar example is ...

* CLSM – Confocal laser scanning microscopy * COSY –

Correlation spectroscopy Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR) is a set of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one. Types of 2D NMR include correlation ...

* Cryo-EM –

Cryo-electron microscopy Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a cryomicroscopy technique applied on samples cooled to cryogenic temperatures. For biological specimens, the structure is preserved by embedding in an environment of vitreous ice. An aqueous sample so ...

* Cryo-SEM – Cryo-scanning electron microscopy * CV –

Cyclic voltammetry Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a type of potentiodynamic electrochemical measurement. In a cyclic voltammetry experiment, the working electrode potential is ramped linearly versus time. Unlike in linear sweep voltammetry, after the set potential is r ...

D

* DE(T)A – Dielectric thermal analysis * dHvA – De Haas–van Alphen effect * DIC – Differential interference contrast microscopy * Dielectric spectroscopy * DLS – Dynamic light scattering * DLTS –

Deep-level transient spectroscopy Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) is an experimental tool for studying electrically active defects (known as charge carrier traps) in semiconductors. DLTS establishes fundamental defect parameters and measures their concentration in the mater ...

* DMA –

Dynamic mechanical analysis Dynamic mechanical analysis (abbreviated DMA) is a technique used to study and characterize materials. It is most useful for studying the viscoelastic behavior of polymers. A sinusoidal stress is applied and the strain in the material is measured ...

* DPI – Dual polarisation interferometry * DRS – Diffuse reflection spectroscopy * DSC –

Differential scanning calorimetry Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and ref ...

* DTA – Differential thermal analysis * DVS – Dynamic vapour sorption

E

* EBIC – Electron beam induced current (see IBIC: ion beam induced charge) * EBS – Elastic (non-Rutherford) backscattering spectrometry (see RBS) * EBSD –

Electron backscatter diffraction Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a scanning electron microscope–based microstructural-crystallographic characterization technique commonly used in the study of crystalline or polycrystalline materials. The technique can provide in ...

* ECOSY – Exclusive correlation spectroscopy * ECT –

Electrical capacitance tomography Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a method for determination of the dielectric permittivity distribution in the interior of an object from external capacitance measurements. It is a close relative of electrical impedance tomography and i ...

* EDAX – Energy-dispersive analysis of x-rays * EDMR – Electrically detected magnetic resonance, see ESR or EPR * EDS or EDX – Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy * EELS – Electron energy loss spectroscopy * EFTEM – Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy * EID – Electron induced desorption * EIT and ERT – Electrical impedance tomography and electrical resistivity tomography * EL –

Electroluminescence Electroluminescence (EL) is an optical and electrical phenomenon, in which a material emits light in response to the passage of an electric current or to a strong electric field. This is distinct from black body light emission resulting fro ...

* Electron crystallography * ELS – Electrophoretic light scattering * ENDOR – Electron nuclear double resonance, see ESR or EPR * EPMA –

Electron probe microanalysis An electron microprobe (EMP), also known as an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) or electron micro probe analyzer (EMPA), is an analytical tool used to non-destructively determine the chemical composition of small volumes of solid materials. It ...

* EPR – Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy * ERD or ERDA –

Elastic recoil detection Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA), also referred to as forward recoil scattering (or, contextually, spectrometry), is an ion beam analysis technique in materials science to obtain elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films. This ...

or elastic recoil detection analysis * ESCA – Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis see XPS * ESD – Electron stimulated desorption * ESEM – Environmental scanning electron microscopy * ESI-MS or ES-MS – Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry or electrospray mass spectrometry * ESR – Electron spin resonance spectroscopy * ESTM – Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy * EXAFS – Extended X-ray absorption fine structure * EXSY – Exchange spectroscopy

F

* FCS – Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy * FCCS – Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy * FEM –

Field emission microscopy Field-emission microscopy (FEM) is an analytical technique used in materials science to investigate molecular surface structures and their electronic properties. Invented by Erwin Wilhelm Müller in 1936, the FEM was one of the first surface-anal ...

* FIB – Focused ion beam microscopy * FIM-AP – Field ion microscopy–

atom probe The atom probe was introduced at th14th Field Emission Symposium in 1967by Erwin Wilhelm Müller and J. A. Panitz. It combined a field ion microscope with a mass spectrometer having a single particle detection capability and, for the first time ...

* Flow birefringence *

Fluorescence anisotropy Fluorescence anisotropy or fluorescence polarization is the phenomenon where the light emitted by a fluorophore has unequal intensities along different axes of polarization. Early pioneers in the field include Aleksander Jablonski, Gregorio Weber ...

* FLIM – Fluorescence lifetime imaging * Fluorescence microscopy * FOSPM – Feature-oriented scanning probe microscopy * FRET –

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. It is a form of luminescence. In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy ...

* FRS – Forward Recoil Spectrometry, a synonym of ERD * FTICR or FT-MS –

Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry is a type of mass analyzer (or mass spectrometer) for determining the mass-to-charge ratio (''m''/''z'') of ions based on the cyclotron frequency of the ions in a fixed magnetic field. T ...

or Fourier-transform mass spectrometry * FTIR – Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

G

* GC-MS –

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), ...

* GDMS – Glow discharge mass spectrometry * GDOS – Glow discharge optical spectroscopy * GISAXS – Grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering * GIXD – Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction * GIXR –

Grazing incidence X-ray reflectivity X-ray reflectivity (sometimes known as X-ray specular reflectivity, X-ray reflectometry, or XRR) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used in chemistry, physics, and materials science to characterize surfaces, thin films and multilayers.J. ...

* GLC – Gas-liquid chromatography

H

* HAADF – High angle

annular dark-field imaging Annular dark-field imaging is a method of mapping samples in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). These images are formed by collecting scattered electrons with an annular dark-field detector. Conventional TEM dark-field imaging ...

* HAS –

Helium atom scattering Helium atom scattering (HAS) is a surface analysis technique used in materials science. HAS provides information about the surface structure and lattice dynamics of a material by measuring the diffracted atoms from a monochromatic helium beam incid ...

* HPLC –

High performance liquid chromatography High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography, is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture. It relies on pumps to p ...

* HREELS –

High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) is a tool used in surface science. The inelastic scattering of electrons from surfaces is utilized to study electronic excitations or vibrational modes of the surface of a material or of m ...

* HREM – High-resolution electron microscopy * HRTEM – High-resolution transmission electron microscopy * HI-ERDA – Heavy-ion elastic recoil detection analysis * HE-PIXE – High-energy proton induced X-ray emission

I

* IAES – Ion induced Auger electron spectroscopy * IBA – Ion beam analysis * IBIC – Ion beam induced charge microscopy * ICP-AES – Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy * ICP-MS – Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry *

Immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence is a technique used for light microscopy with a fluorescence microscope and is used primarily on microbiological samples. This technique uses the specificity of antibodies to their antigen to target fluorescent dyes to spe ...

* ICR – Ion cyclotron resonance * IETS – Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy * IGA –

Intelligent gravimetric analysis Gravimetric analysis describes a set of methods used in analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of an analyte (the ion being analyzed) based on its mass. The principle of this type of analysis is that once an ion's mass has bee ...

* IGF – Inert gas fusion * IIX – Ion induced X-ray analysis, see particle induced X-ray emission * INS – Ion neutralization spectroscopy * Inelastic neutron scattering * IRNDT –

Infrared non-destructive testing of materials Active thermography is an advanced nondestructive testing procedure, which uses a thermography measurement of a tested material thermal response after its external excitation. This principle can be used also for non-contact infrared non-destructive ...

* IRS –

Infrared spectroscopy Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy) is the measurement of the interaction of infrared radiation with matter by absorption, emission, or reflection. It is used to study and identify chemical substances or functi ...

* ISS –

Ion scattering spectroscopy Low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEIS), sometimes referred to simply as ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used to characterize the chemical and structural makeup of materials. LEIS involves d ...

* ITC –

Isothermal titration calorimetry Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a physical technique used to determine the thermodynamic parameters of interactions in solution. It is most often used to study the binding of small molecules (such as medicinal compounds) to larger macro ...

* IVEM – Intermediate voltage electron microscopy

L

* LALLS – Low-angle laser light scattering * LC-MS – Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry * LEED – Low-energy electron diffraction * LEEM –

Low-energy electron microscopy Low-energy electron microscopy, or LEEM, is an analytical surface science technique used to image atomically clean surfaces, atom-surface interactions, and thin (crystalline) films. In LEEM, high-energy electrons (15-20 keV) are emitted from an e ...

* LEIS – Low-energy ion scattering * LIBS –

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy which uses a highly energetic laser pulse as the excitation source. The laser is focused to form a plasma, which atomizes and excites samples. The formation of ...

* LOES – Laser optical emission spectroscopy * LS – Light (Raman) scattering

M

* MALDI –

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation. It has been applied to the analysis of ...

* MBE –

Molecular beam epitaxy Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) is an epitaxy method for thin-film deposition of single crystals. MBE is widely used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, including transistors, and it is considered one of the fundamental tools for the dev ...

* MEIS – Medium energy ion scattering * MFM – Magnetic force microscopy * MIT –

Magnetic induction tomography Magnetic induction tomography is an imaging technique used to image electromagnetic properties of an object by using the eddy current effect. It is also called electromagnetic induction tomography, electromagnetic tomography (EMT), eddy current ...

* MPM –

Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEF or 2PEF) is a fluorescence imaging technique that allows imaging of living tissue up to about one millimeter in thickness, with 0.64 μm lateral and 3.35 μm axial spatial resolution. Unlike traditional fluo ...

* MRFM –

Magnetic resonance force microscopy Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is an imaging technique that acquires magnetic resonance images (MRI) at nanometer scales, and possibly at atomic scales in the future. MRFM is potentially able to observe protein structures which cannot ...

* MRI –

Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio wave ...

* MS –

Mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that is used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. The results are presented as a '' mass spectrum'', a plot of intensity as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. Mass spectrometry is u ...

* MS/MS – Tandem mass spectrometry * MSGE – Mechanically stimulated gas emission * Mössbauer spectroscopy * MTA – Microthermal analysis

N

* NAA –

Neutron activation analysis Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is the nuclear process used for determining the concentrations of elements in many materials. NAA allows discrete sampling of elements as it disregards the chemical form of a sample, and focuses solely on atomic ...

* ND –

Neutron diffraction Neutron diffraction or elastic neutron scattering is the application of neutron scattering to the determination of the atomic and/or magnetic structure of a material. A sample to be examined is placed in a beam of thermal or cold neutrons to ob ...

* NDP – Neutron depth profiling * NEXAFS –

Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), also known as near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), is a type of absorption spectroscopy that indicates the features in the X-ray absorption spectra ( XAS) of condensed matter due to the ...

* NIS – Nuclear inelastic scattering/absorption * NMR – Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy * NOESY – Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy * NRA –

Nuclear reaction analysis Nuclear may refer to: Physics Relating to the nucleus of the atom: *Nuclear engineering * Nuclear physics * Nuclear power * Nuclear reactor * Nuclear weapon *Nuclear medicine * Radiation therapy * Nuclear warfare Mathematics * Nuclear space * ...

* NSOM – Near-field optical microscopy

O

* OBIC – Optical beam induced current * ODNMR – Optically detected magnetic resonance, see ESR or EPR * OES – Optical emission spectroscopy * Osmometry

P

* PAS –

Positron annihilation spectroscopy Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) or sometimes specifically referred to as Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is a non-destructive spectroscopy technique to study voids and defects in solids. Theory The technique operates ...

* Photoacoustic spectroscopy * PAT or PACT – Photoacoustic tomography or photoacoustic computed tomography * PAX –

Photoemission of adsorbed xenon The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material. Electrons emitted in this manner are called photoelectrons. The phenomenon is studied in condensed matter physics, and Solid-stat ...

* PC or PCS – Photocurrent spectroscopy *

Phase contrast microscopy __NOTOC__ Phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) is an optical microscopy technique that converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brightness changes in the image. Phase shifts themselves are invisible, but become visible ...

* PhD – Photoelectron diffraction * PD – Photodesorption * PDEIS – Potentiodynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy * PDS –

Photothermal deflection spectroscopy Photothermal spectroscopy is a group of high sensitivity spectroscopy techniques used to measure optical absorption and thermal characteristics of a sample. The basis of photothermal spectroscopy is the change in thermal state of the sample resultin ...

* PED – Photoelectron diffraction * PEELS – parallel

electron energy loss spectroscopy In electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) a material is exposed to a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies. Some of the electrons will undergo inelastic scattering, which means that they lose energy and have their pa ...

* PEEM –

Photoemission electron microscopy Photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM, also called photoelectron microscopy, PEM) is a type of electron microscopy that utilizes local variations in electron emission to generate image contrast. The excitation is usually produced by ultraviolet l ...

(or photoelectron emission microscopy) * PES –

Photoelectron spectroscopy Photoemission spectroscopy (PES), also known as photoelectron spectroscopy, refers to energy measurement of electrons emitted from solids, gases or liquids by the photoelectric effect, in order to determine the binding energies of electrons in th ...

* PINEM – photon-induced near-field electron microscopy * PIGE – Particle (or proton) induced gamma-ray spectroscopy, see

nuclear reaction analysis Nuclear may refer to: Physics Relating to the nucleus of the atom: * Nuclear engineering *Nuclear physics *Nuclear power *Nuclear reactor *Nuclear weapon *Nuclear medicine *Radiation therapy *Nuclear warfare Mathematics *Nuclear space *Nuclear ...

* PIXE – Particle (or proton) induced X-ray spectroscopy * PL –

Photoluminescence Photoluminescence (abbreviated as PL) is light emission from any form of matter after the absorption of photons (electromagnetic radiation). It is one of many forms of luminescence (light emission) and is initiated by photoexcitation (i.e. photon ...

Porosimetry Porosimetry is an analytical technique used to determine various quantifiable aspects of a material's porous structure, such as pore diameter, total pore volume, surface area, and bulk and absolute densities. The technique involves the intrusio ...

Powder diffraction Powder diffraction is a scientific technique using X-ray, neutron, or electron diffraction on powder or microcrystalline samples for structural characterization of materials. An instrument dedicated to performing such powder measurements is call ...

* PTMS – Photothermal microspectroscopy * PTS – Photothermal spectroscopy

Q

* QENS –

Quasielastic neutron scattering Quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) designates a limiting case of inelastic neutron scattering, characterized by energy transfers being small compared to the incident energy of the scattered particles. In a more strict meaning, it denotes scatte ...

* QCM-D – Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring

R

Raman spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy () (named after Indian physicist C. V. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes of systems may also be observed. Raman sp ...

* RAXRS –

Resonant anomalous X-ray scattering X-ray scattering techniques are a family of non-destructive analytical techniques which reveal information about the crystal structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of materials and thin films. These techniques are based on observ ...

* RBS –

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is an analytical technique used in materials science. Sometimes referred to as high-energy ion scattering (HEIS) spectrometry, RBS is used to determine the structure and composition of materials by mea ...

* REM – Reflection electron microscopy * RDS –

Reflectance difference spectroscopy Reflectance difference spectroscopy (RDS) is a spectroscopic technique which measures the difference in reflectance of two beams of light that are shone in normal incident on a surface with different linear polarizations. It is also known as reflect ...

* RHEED –

Reflection high energy electron diffraction Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is a technique used to characterize the surface of crystalline materials. RHEED systems gather information only from the surface layer of the sample, which distinguishes RHEED from other materia ...

* RIMS –

Resonance ionization mass spectrometry Resonance ionization is a process in optical physics used to excite a specific atom (or molecule) beyond its ionization potential to form an ion using a beam of photons irradiated from a pulsed laser light. In resonance ionization, the absorption o ...

* RIXS –

Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) is an X-ray spectroscopy technique used to investigate the electronic structure of molecules and materials. Inelastic X-ray scattering is a fast developing experimental technique in which one scatters hi ...

* RR spectroscopy –

Resonance Raman spectroscopy Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RR spectroscopy) is a Raman spectroscopy technique in which the incident photon energy is close in energy to an electronic transition of a compound or material under examination. The frequency coincidence (or ''resonan ...

S

* SAD –

Selected area diffraction Selected area (electron) diffraction (abbreviated as SAD or SAED), is a crystallographic experimental technique typically performed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is a specific case of electron diffraction used primarily in ma ...

* SAED – Selected area electron diffraction * SAM – Scanning Auger microscopy * SANS –

Small angle neutron scattering Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is an analytical technique, experimental technique that uses elastic neutron scattering at small scattering angles to investigate the structure of various substances at a mesoscopic scale of about 1–100&nbs ...

* SAXS –

Small angle X-ray scattering Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a small-angle scattering technique by which nanoscale density differences in a sample can be quantified. This means that it can determine nanoparticle size distributions, resolve the size and shape of (monodi ...

* SCANIIR – Surface composition by analysis of neutral species and ion-impact radiation * SCEM –

Scanning confocal electron microscopy Scanning confocal electron microscopy (SCEM) is an electron microscopy technique analogous to scanning confocal optical microscopy (SCOM). In this technique, the studied sample is illuminated by a focussed electron beam, as in other scanning micros ...

* SE – Spectroscopic ellipsometry * SEC –

Size exclusion chromatography Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular sieve chromatography, is a chromatographic method in which molecules in solution are separated by their size, and in some cases molecular weight. It is usually applied to large molecules ...

* SEIRA –

Surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy A surface, as the term is most generally used, is the outermost or uppermost layer of a physical object or space. It is the portion or region of the object that can first be perceived by an observer using the senses of Visual perception, sight ...

* SEM – Scanning electron microscopy * SERS –

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy or surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a surface-sensitive technique that enhances Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on rough metal surfaces or by nanostructures such as plasmonic-magnetic silica n ...

* SERRS –

Surface enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy A surface, as the term is most generally used, is the outermost or uppermost layer of a physical object or space. It is the portion or region of the object that can first be perceived by an observer using the senses of sight and touch, and is t ...

* SESANS – Spin Echo Small Angle Neutron Scattering * SEXAFS –

Surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure Surface-extended X-ray absorption fine structure (SEXAFS) is the surface-sensitive equivalent of the EXAFS technique. This technique involves the illumination of the sample by high-intensity X-ray beams from a synchrotron and monitoring their pho ...

* SICM –

Scanning ion-conductance microscopy Scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM) is a scanning probe microscopy technique that uses an electrode as the probe tip. SICM allows for the determination of the surface topography of micrometer and even nanometer-range structures in aqueous m ...

* SIL –

Solid immersion lens A solid immersion lens (SIL) has higher magnification and higher numerical aperture than common lenses by filling the object space with a high- refractive-index solid material. SIL was originally developed for enhancing the spatial resolution of o ...

* SIM – Solid immersion mirror * SIMS –

Secondary ion mass spectrometry Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a technique used to analyze the composition of solid surfaces and thin films by sputtering the surface of the specimen with a focused primary ion beam and collecting and analyzing ejected secondary ions. ...

* SNMS – Sputtered neutral species mass spectrometry * SNOM –

Scanning near-field optical microscopy Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) or scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) is a microscopy technique for nanostructure investigation that breaks the far field resolution limit by exploiting the properties of evanescent waves ...

* SPECT –

Single-photon emission computed tomography Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, or less commonly, SPET) is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays. It is very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera (that is, ...

* SPM –

Scanning probe microscopy Scan may refer to: Acronyms * Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN), a psychiatric diagnostic tool developed by WHO * Shared Check Authorization Network (SCAN), a database of bad check writers and collection agency for bad ...

* SRM-CE/MS – Selected-reaction-monitoring capillary-electrophoresis mass-spectrometry * SSNMR –

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance Solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy is a technique for characterizing atomic level structure in solid materials e.g. powders, single crystals and amorphous samples and tissues using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The anisotropic pa ...

Stark spectroscopy Stark spectroscopy (sometimes known as electroabsorption/emission spectroscopy) is a form of spectroscopy based on the Stark effect. In brief, this technique makes use of the Stark effect (or electrochromism) either to reveal information about th ...

* STED – Stimulated emission depletion microscopy * STEM –

Scanning transmission electron microscopy A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is a type of transmission electron microscope (TEM). Pronunciation is tɛmor �sti:i:ɛm As with a conventional transmission electron microscope (CTEM), images are formed by electrons passing ...

* STM –

Scanning tunneling microscopy A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is a type of microscope used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, then at IBM Zürich, the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. ...

* STS –

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), an extension of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), is used to provide information about the density of electrons in a sample as a function of their energy. In scanning tunneling microscopy, a metal tip is ...

* SXRD – Surface X-ray diffraction

T

* TAT or TACT – Thermoacoustic tomography or thermoacoustic computed tomography (see also

photoacoustic tomography Photoacoustic imaging or optoacoustic imaging is a biomedical imaging modality based on the photoacoustic effect. Non-ionizing laser pulses are delivered into biological tissues and part of the energy will be absorbed and converted into heat, l ...

– PAT) * TEM –

Transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a g ...

* TGA –

Thermogravimetric analysis Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes. This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such ...

* TIKA – Transmitting ion kinetic analysis * TIMS –

Thermal ionization mass spectrometry Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) is also known as surface ionization and is a highly sensitive isotope mass spectrometry characterization technique. The isotopic ratios of radionuclides are used to get an accurate measurement for the ele ...

* TIRFM –

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) is a type of microscope with which a thin region of a specimen, usually less than 200 nanometers can be observed. TIRFM is an imaging modality which uses the excitation of fluorescent cel ...

* TLS – Photothermal lens spectroscopy, a type of photothermal spectroscopy * TMA –

Thermomechanical analysis Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is a technique used in thermal analysis, a branch of materials science which studies the properties of materials as they change with temperature. Thermomechanical analysis is a subdiscipline of the thermomechanome ...

* TOF-MS –

Time-of-flight mass spectrometry Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) is a method of mass spectrometry in which an ion's mass-to-charge ratio is determined by a time of flight measurement. Ions are accelerated by an electric field of known strength. This acceleration res ...

Two-photon excitation microscopy Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEF or 2PEF) is a fluorescence imaging technique that allows imaging of living tissue up to about one millimeter in thickness, with 0.64 μm lateral and 3.35 μm axial spatial resolution. Unlike traditional fl ...

* TXRF – Total reflection

X-ray fluorescence X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is the emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by being bombarded with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays. The phenomenon is widely used for elemental analysis ...

analysis

U

Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy is a method for characterizing properties of fluids In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that continuously deforms (''flows'') under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have ...

* UPS – UV-photoelectron spectroscopy * USANS – Ultra small-angle neutron scattering * USAXS – Ultra small-angle X-ray scattering * UT –

Ultrasonic testing Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse-waves with center frequencies ...

* UV-Vis –

Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy UV spectroscopy or UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in part of the ultraviolet and the full, adjacent visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Being relative ...

V

* VEDIC – Video-enhanced

differential interference contrast microscopy Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, also known as Nomarski interference contrast (NIC) or Nomarski microscopy, is an optical microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples. DIC works on the p ...

Voltammetry Voltammetry is a category of electroanalytical methods used in analytical chemistry and various industrial processes. In voltammetry, information about an analyte is obtained by measuring the current as the potential is varied. The analytical data ...

W

* WAXS –

Wide angle X-ray scattering In X-ray crystallography, wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) or wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) is the analysis of Bragg peaks scattered to wide angles, which (by Bragg's law) are caused by sub-nanometer-sized structures. It is an X-ray-diffr ...

* WDX or WDS –

Wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDXS or WDS) is a non-destructive analysis technique used to obtain elemental information about a range of materials by measuring characteristic x-rays within a small wavelength range. The technique gener ...

X

* XAES –

X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy file:HD.6C.037 (11856519893).jpg, A Hanford Site, Hanford scientist uses an Auger electron spectrometer to determine the elemental composition of surfaces. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES; pronounced in French) is a common analytical technique us ...

* XANES –

XANES X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), also known as near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), is a type of absorption spectroscopy that indicates the features in the X-ray absorption spectra ( XAS) of condensed matter due to the ...

, synonymous with NEXAFS (near edge X-ray absorption fine structure) * XAS –

X-ray absorption spectroscopy X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a widely used technique for determining the local geometric and/or electronic structure of matter. The experiment is usually performed at synchrotron radiation facilities, which provide intense and tunabl ...

* X-CTR – X-ray crystal truncation rod scattering *

X-ray crystallography X-ray crystallography is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles ...

* XDS –

X-ray diffuse scattering X-ray scattering techniques are a family of non-destructive analytical techniques which reveal information about the crystal structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of materials and thin films. These techniques are based on observ ...

* XPEEM –

X-ray photoelectron emission microscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique based on the photoelectric effect that can identify the elements that exist within a material (elemental composition) or are covering its surface, ...

* XPS –

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique based on the photoelectric effect that can identify the elements that exist within a material (elemental composition) or are covering its surface, ...

* XRD –

X-ray diffraction X-ray crystallography is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles ...

* XRES –

X-ray resonant exchange scattering An X-ray, or, much less commonly, X-radiation, is a penetrating form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 10 Picometre, picometers to 10 Nanometre, nanometers, corresponding to frequency, ...

* XRF –

analysis * XRR –

X-ray reflectivity X-ray reflectivity (sometimes known as X-ray specular reflectivity, X-ray reflectometry, or XRR) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used in chemistry, physics, and materials science to characterize surfaces, thin films and multilayers.J. ...

* XRS –

X-ray Raman scattering X-ray Raman scattering (XRS) is non-resonant inelastic scattering of X-rays from core electrons. It is analogous to vibrational Raman scattering, which is a widely used tool in optical spectroscopy, with the difference being that the wavelengths ...

* XSW – X-ray standing wave technique

References

* * {{cite book , editor=Yao, N , title=Focused Ion Beam Systems: Basics and Applications , publisher=Cambridge University Press , location=Cambridge, UK , year=2007 , isbn=978-0-521-83199-4 Materials analysis methods Analytical chemistry Materials analysis methods Materials analysis methods

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