The ''Plasmodium'' species infecting primates include the parasites causing

malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. S ...

in humans.

Species infecting humans

Common infections

*'' Plasmodium falciparum'' (the cause of malignant tertian malaria) *''

Plasmodium vivax ''Plasmodium vivax'' is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen. This parasite is the most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria. Although it is less virulent than ''Plasmodium falciparum'', the deadliest of the five huma ...

'' (the most frequent cause of benign tertian malaria) *''

Plasmodium ovale curtisi ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'' is a subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes tertian malaria in humans. The subspecies was described in 2010 when it was established that the two subspecies of ''Plasmodium ovale,'' while morphologically identic ...

'' (another, less frequent, cause of benign tertian malaria) *''

Plasmodium ovale wallikeri ''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri'' is a subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes tertian malaria in humans. The subspecies was described in 2010 when it was established that the two subspecies of ''Plasmodium ovale,'' while morphologically ident ...

'' (another, less frequent, cause of benign tertian malaria) *''

Plasmodium malariae ''Plasmodium malariae'' is a parasitic protozoan that causes malaria in humans. It is one of several species of ''Plasmodium'' parasites that infect other organisms as pathogens, also including ''Plasmodium falciparum'' and ''Plasmodium vivax'' ...

'' (the cause of benign quartan malaria) *''

Plasmodium knowlesi ''Plasmodium knowlesi'' is a parasite that causes malaria in humans and other primates. It is found throughout Southeast Asia, and is the most common cause of human malaria in Malaysia. Like other ''Plasmodium'' species, ''P. knowlesi'' has a li ...

'' (the cause of severe quotidian malaria in Southeast Asia)

Rare cases

While infection of

human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, cultu ...

s by other species is known, they are quite rare, in some instances, only a single case. In a number of the cases, the means of infection is unknown, and may be due to accident, i.e. infection by laboratory equipment or a bite by an animal. With the use of the

polymerase chain reaction The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies (complete or partial) of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it (or a part of it) ...

additional species have been and are still being identified that infect humans. *''

Plasmodium cynomolgi ''Plasmodium cynomolgi'' is an apicomplexan parasite that infects mosquitoes and Asian Old World monkeys. In recent years, a number of natural infections of humans have also been documented. This species has been used as a model for human ''Plas ...

'' (spp. ''cynomolgi'', ''bastianellii'') *'' Plasmodium inui'' *'' Plasmodium schwetzi'' *'' Plasmodium semiovale'' *'' Plasmodium simium'' (''

Plasmodium brasilianum ''Plasmodium brasilianum'' is a parasite that infects many species of platyrrhine monkeys in South and Central America. Description Sequence analysis of circumsporozoite protein, merozoite surface protein-1, and small subunit ribosomal RNA of ...

'' and '' Plasmodium rhodiani'' which have been reported to infect humans, are likely synonymous with ''P. malariae'') One possible experimental infection has been reported with '' Plasmodium eylesi''. Fever and low grade parasitemia were apparent at 15 days. The volunteer (Dr Bennett) had previously been infected by ''

'' and the infection was not transferable to a gibbon (''P. eylesi'' 's natural host) so this cannot be regarded as definitive evidence of its ability to infect humans. A second case has been reported that may have been a case of ''P. eylesi'' but the author was not certain of the infecting species. A possible infection with ''

Plasmodium tenue ''Plasmodium tenue'' is a parasite of the genus ''Plasmodium'' subgenus ''Novyella''. This species is unusual in that the same specific name was used in two distinct papers published in the same year. It is currently thought that the species des ...

'' has been reported. This report described a case of malaria in a three-year-old black girl from Georgia, United States, who had never been outside the US. She suffered from both ''P. falciparum'' and ''P. vivax'' malaria and while forms similar to those described for ''P. tenue'' were found in her blood even the author was skeptical about the validity of the diagnosis. Confusingly ''Plasmodium tenue'' was proposed in the same year (1914) for a species found in birds. The human species is now considered to be likely to have been a misdiagnosis and the bird species is described on the ''

'' page.

Former names

Taxonomy in parasitology until the advent of DNA based methods has always been a problem and revisions in this area are continuing. A number of synonyms have been given for the species infecting humans that are no longer recognised as valid. Since perusal of the older literature may be confusing some currently defunct species names are listed here. ''Plasmodium shortii'' and ''Plasmodium osmaniae'' are now considered to be junior synonyms of ''Plasmodium inui''.

Notes

;Falciparum Until recently the only known host of ''P. falciparum'' was humans but this species has also been described in gorillas (''

Gorilla gorilla The western gorilla (''Gorilla gorilla'') is a great ape found in Africa, one of two species of the hominid genus ''Gorilla''. Large and robust with males weighing around , the hair is significantly lighter in color than the eastern gorilla, '' ...

'') and bonobos There has been a single report of ''P. falciparum'' in a brown howler monkey ('' Alouatta guariba'') and in black howler monkeys ('' Alouatta caraya'') but until this is confirmed its validity should be considered dubious. A possible report of ''P. falciparum'' in a greater spot-nosed monkeys (''

Cercopithecus nictitans The greater spot-nosed monkey or putty-nosed monkey (''Cercopithecus nictitans'') is one of the smallest Old World monkeys. It is a guenon of the '' C. mitis'' group, native to West Africa and living to some extent in rain forests, but more often ...

'') has not been confirmed in a large survey. A species that clusters with ''P. falciparum'' and ''P. reichenowi'' has been identified in

Gabon Gabon (; ; snq, Ngabu), officially the Gabonese Republic (french: République gabonaise), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, it is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the nort ...

, Africa in chimpanzees (''

Pan troglodytes The chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes''), also known as simply the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forest and savannah of tropical Africa. It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed subspecies. When its close relative th ...

''). This appears to have diverged from these two species about 21 million years ago. It has only been identified from the sequence of its mitochondrion to date and further work is needed to characterise the species. A second report has confirmed the existence of this species in chimpanzees. A third report has confirmed the existence of this species. Night monkeys ('' Aotus nigriceps'') can be infected with ''P. falciparum''. This infection may occur naturally. Their potential role - if any - as a source of human infection is unknown. Two additional species within the subgenus ''

Laverania ''Laverania'' is a subgenus of the parasite genus ''Plasmodium''. Infection with these species results in malaria. The subgenus was first described in 1958. The name was first proposed by Welch in 1897 as a genus name for the group now known as ...

'' have been identified on the basis of DNA sequences alone: ''

Plasmodium billbrayi ''Plasmodium billbrayi'' is a parasite of the genus ''Plasmodium'' subgenus ''Laverania''. ''P. billbrayi'' is phylogenetically very close to ''Plasmodium gaboni'', with both sharing a recent common ancestor. The parasite is named in honour o ...

'' and '' Plasmodium billcollinsi''. and bonobos ''P. billbrayi'' was found in two subspecies of chimpanzee ('' Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' and '' Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''). ''P. billcollinsi'' was found in only one subspecies of chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''). Further work is needed to characterise these species. ; Malariae Humans are currently considered to be the only host for ''P. malariae''. However Rodhain and Dellaert in the 1940s showed with transmission studies that ''P. malariae'' was present in chimpanzees. The presence of ''P. malaria'' in chimpanzees has been reported in Japan suggesting that this species may be able to act as a host. A second paper has described the presence of ''P. malaria'' in wild chimpanzees. Another paper has reported several cases of ''P. malariae'' in brown howler monkey ('' Alouatta guariba'') and black howler monkeys ('' Alouatta caraya'') It has been shown that splectomised three-striped night monkey (''

Aotus trivirgatus The three-striped night monkey (''Aotus trivirgatus''), also known as northern night monkey or northern owl monkey, is one of several species of owl monkeys currently recognised. It is found in Venezuela and north-central Brazil. Until 1983, all ...

'') can be infected with ''P. malariae''. Another paper has confirmed the presence of ''P. malaria'' in chimpanzees. The existence of multiple independent reports seem to suggest that the chimpanzee and possibly other species may act as a host to ''P. malaria'' at least occasionally. ; Vivax ''P. vivax'' will infect chimpanzees. Infection tends to be low grade but may be persistent and remain as source of parasites for humans for some time. ''P. vivax'' is also known to infect

orangutan Orangutans are great apes native to the rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia. They are now found only in parts of Borneo and Sumatra, but during the Pleistocene they ranged throughout Southeast Asia and South China. Classified in the genu ...

s and the brown howler monkey ('' Alouatta guariba clamitans'') ''P. vivax'' has been reported from chimpanzees living in the wild. It has been suggested that ''vivax'' infection of the great apes in Africa may act as a reservoir given the prevalence of

Duffy antigen Duffy antigen/chemokine receptor (DARC), also known as Fy glycoprotein (FY) or CD234 (Cluster of Differentiation 234), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ACKR1'' gene. The Duffy antigen is located on the surface of red blood cells, ...

negative humans in this area. ;Ovale Like ''P. vivax'', ''P. ovale'' has been shown to be transmittable to chimpanzees. ''P. ovale'' has an unusual distribution pattern being found in

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

and

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...

. In spite of its admittedly poor transmission to chimpanzees given its discontigous spread, it is suspected that ''P. ovale'' may in fact be a

zoonosis A zoonosis (; plural zoonoses) or zoonotic disease is an infectious disease of humans caused by a pathogen (an infectious agent, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite or prion) that has jumped from a non-human (usually a vertebrate) to a human. ...

with an as yet unidentified host. If this is actually the case, the host seems likely to be a primate. A report has been published suggesting that ''P. ovale'' may be a natural parasite of chimpanzees but this needs confirmation. ''P. ovale'' has since been described from chimpanzees living in the wild. This suggests that human infection with this species may as previously suspected be a zoonosis. It has been recently shown that ''P. ovale'' is actually two genetically distinct species that coexist. These species are ''Plasmodium ovale curtisi'' and ''Plasmodium ovale wallikeri''. These two species separated between 1.0 and 3.5 million years ago. ; Knowlesi ''

'' has a natural reservoir in the macaques of Southeast Asia, and was only in 1965 identified as being transmissible to humans. ;Other species The remaining species capable of infecting humans all have other primate hosts.

''Plasmodium'' taxonomy

*''P. cynomolgi'' - ''P. cynomolgi bastianelli'', ''P. cynomolgi ceylonensis'' and ''P. cynomolgi cynomolgi''. *''P. inui'' - ''P. inui inui'' and ''P. inui shortii'' *''P. knowlesi'' - ''P. knowlesi edesoni'' and ''P. knowlesi knowlesi''. *''P. ovale'' - ''P. ovale curtisi'' and ''P. ovale wallikeri'' *''P. vivax'' - ''P. vivax hibernans'', ''P. vivax chesson'' and ''P. vivax multinucleatum''. Interrelatedness - The evolution of these species is still being worked out and the relationships given here should be regarded as tentative. This grouping, while originally made on morphological grounds, now has considerable support at the DNA level. *''P. brasilianum'', ''P. inui'' and ''P. rodhaini'' are similar to ''P. malariae'' (quartan malaria group) *''P. cynomolgi'', ''P. fragile'', ''P. knowlesi'', ''P. simium'' and ''P. schwetzi'' are similar to ''P. vivax'' *''P. fieldi'' and ''P. simiovale'' are similar to ''P. ovale'' *''P. falciparum'' is closely related to ''P. reichenowi''.

Notes

*''P. kochi'' has been described as a parasite of monkeys. This species is currently classified as ''

Hepatocystis kochi ''Hepatocystis'' is a genus of parasites transmitted by midges of the genus ''Culicoides''. Hosts include Old World primates, bats, hippopotamus and squirrels. This genus is not found in the New World. The genus was erected by Levaditi and Schoe ...

''. This may be subject to revision. *''P. brasilianum'' and ''P. rodhaini'' seem likely to be the same species as ''P. malariae.'' *''P. lemuris'' may actually belong to the genus ''

Haemoproteus ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemoprot ...

''. Clarification of this point awaits DNA examination. *''P. shortii'' is currently (2007) regarded as a junior synonym of ''P. inui''.

Subspecies

Many species of ''Plasmodium'' which infect primates have been divided into subspecies. Examples are listed below:

Species infecting other hosts

Most if not all ''Plasmodium'' species infect more than one host: the host records shown here should be regarded as incomplete. *''P. billbrayi'' - chimpanzees ('' Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', '' Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') *''P. billcollinsi'' - chimpanzees ('' Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', '' Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') *''P. bouillize'' - '' Cercopithecis campbelli'' *''P. brasilianum'' - '' Alouatta fusca'', ''

Alouatta palliata The mantled howler (''Alouatta palliata'') is a species of howler monkey, a type of New World monkey, from Central and South America. It is one of the monkey species most often seen and heard in the wild in Central America. It takes its "mantled ...

'', '' Alouatta seniculus straminea'', '' Alouatta villosa'', several

night monkey Night monkeys, also known as owl monkeys or douroucoulis (), are nocturnal New World monkeys of the genus ''Aotus'', the only member of the family Aotidae (). The genus comprises eleven species which are found across Panama and much of South Am ...

('' Aotus'') species, '' Aotus nigriceps'', '' Ateles fusciceps'', '' Ateles geoffroyi'', '' Ateles geoffroyi grisescens'', ''

Ateles paniscus The red-faced spider monkey (''Ateles paniscus'') also known as the Guiana spider monkey or red-faced black spider monkey, is a species of spider monkey found in the rain forests in northern South America. The species faces issues with hunting a ...

'', '' Ateles paniscus paniscus'', '' Ateles paniscus chamek'', ''

Brachyteles arachnoides The southern muriqui (''Brachyteles arachnoides'') is a muriqui (woolly spider monkey) species endemic to Brazil. Taxonomy Taxonomy of muriquis is controversial because some scientists believe that they are a monotypic genus while others favo ...

'', '' Callicebus moloch ornatus'', '' Callicebus torquatus'', ''

Cebus albifrons Gracile capuchin monkeys are capuchin monkeys in the genus ''Cebus''. At one time all capuchin monkeys were included within the genus ''Cebus''. In 2011, Jessica Lynch Alfaro ''et al.'' proposed splitting the genus between the robust capuchin ...

'', ''

Cebus apella The tufted capuchin (''Sapajus apella''), also known as brown capuchin, black-capped capuchin, or pin monkey is a New World primate from South America and the Caribbean islands of Trinidad and Margarita. As traditionally defined, it is one o ...

'', ''

Cebus capucinus The Colombian white-faced capuchin (''Cebus capucinus''), also known as the Colombian white-headed capuchin or Colombian white-throated capuchin, is a medium-sized New World monkey of the family Cebidae, subfamily Cebinae. It is native to the ext ...

'', '' Cebus capucinus capucinus'', '' Cebus capucinus imitator'', ''

Chiropotes chiropotes The red-backed bearded sakiBonvicino, C. R., Boubli, J. P., Otazú, I. B., Almeida, F. C., Nascimento, F. F., Coura, J. R. and Seuánez, H. N. (2003). ''Morphologic, karyotypic, and molecular evidence of a new form of Chiropotes (primates, pithec ...

'', '' Lagothrix cana'', '' Lagothrix infumata'', '' Lagothrix lagotricha'', '' Saimiri boliviense'', ''

Saimiri sciureus The Guianan squirrel monkey (''Saimiri sciureus'') is a species of squirrel monkey from Guiana, Venezuela and Brazil. ''S. sciureus'' formerly applied to Humboldt's squirrel monkey and Collins' squirrel monkey, but genetic research in 2009 an ...

'' and ''

Saimiri ustus The bare-eared squirrel monkey (''Saimiri ustus'') is a squirrel monkey endemic to Brazil and possibly eastern Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow ...

''. *''P. bucki'' - '' Lemur macaco macaco'' *''P. cercopitheci'' - '' Cercopithecis nictitans'' *''P. coatneyi'' - crab eating macque (''

Macaca fascicularis The crab-eating macaque (''Macaca fascicularis''), also known as the long-tailed macaque and referred to as the cynomolgus monkey in laboratories, is a cercopithecine primate native to Southeast Asia. A species of macaque, the crab-eating macaque ...

'') and

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mos ...

nese long-tailed macaque (''

Macaca irus The crab-eating macaque (''Macaca fascicularis''), also known as the long-tailed macaque and referred to as the cynomolgus monkey in laboratories, is a cercopithecine primate native to Southeast Asia. A species of macaque, the crab-eating macaque ...

''), silvered leaf monkey ('' Presbytis cristatus'') *''P. coulangesi'' - '' Lemur macaco macaco'' *''P. cynomolgi'' - bear macaque (''

Macaca arctoides The stump-tailed macaque (''Macaca arctoides''), also called the bear macaque, is a species of macaque native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. In India, it occurs south of the Brahmaputra River, in the northeastern part of the country. Its ran ...

''), Formosan rock macaque ('' Macaca cyclopis''), crab eating macque (''

''),

nese long-tailed macaque (''

''), rhesus monkey (''

Macaca mulatta The rhesus macaque (''Macaca mulatta''), colloquially rhesus monkey, is a species of Old World monkey. There are between six and nine recognised subspecies that are split between two groups, the Chinese-derived and the Indian-derived. Generally ...

''), southern pig-tailed macaque (''

Macaca nemestrina The southern pig-tailed macaque (''Macaca nemestrina''), also known as the Sundaland pig-tailed macaque and Sunda pig-tailed macaque, is a medium-sized macaque that lives in southern Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It is known locally as ber ...

''), bonnet macaque (''

Macaca radiata The bonnet macaque (''Macaca radiata''), also known as zati,Chambers English Dictionary is a species of macaque endemic to southern India. Its distribution is limited by the Indian Ocean on three sides and the Godavari and Tapti Rivers, along wi ...

''), toque macaque (''

Macaca sinica The toque macaque (; ''Macaca sinica'') is a reddish-brown-coloured Old World monkey endemic to Sri Lanka, where it is known as the ''rilewa'' or ''rilawa'' ( Sinhala: රිළවා), (hence "rillow" in the ''Oxford English Dictionary''). Its ...

''),

(''Pongo'' species), silver leaf monkey ('' Presbytis cristatus'') and Hanuman langur ('' Presbytis entellus'') *''P. eylesi'' - several gibbon ('' Hylobates'') species including ''

Hylobates lar The lar gibbon (''Hylobates lar''), also known as the white-handed gibbon, is an endangered primate in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae. It is one of the better-known gibbons and is often kept in captivity. Taxonomy There are five subspecies of ...

'' *''P. falciparum'' -

gorilla Gorillas are herbivorous, predominantly ground-dwelling great apes that inhabit the tropical forests of equatorial Africa. The genus ''Gorilla'' is divided into two species: the eastern gorilla and the western gorilla, and either four or fi ...

s (''

''), rhesus monkey (''

''), bonnet macaque (''

''), bonobos ('' Pan paniscus'') *''P. fieldi'' - the crab eating macque (''

''), the rhesus monkey (''

''), the pig-tailed macaque (''

''), the bonnet macaque (''

'') and the baboon ('' Papio doguera''). *''P. foleyi'' - '' Lemur fulvus rufus'' *''P. fragile'' - '' Aotus lemurinus griseimembra'', '' Aotus nancymaae'', '' Aotus vociferans'', crab eating macque (''

''), rhesus monkey (''

''), bonnet macaque (''

''), toque macaque (''

'') and ''

Saimiri boliviensis The black-capped squirrel monkey (''Saimiri boliviensis'') is a species of New-World monkey native to the upper Amazon basin in Bolivia, western Brazil and eastern Peru. They weigh between 365 and 1135 grams and measure, from the head to the b ...

'' *''P. inui'' - Formosan rock macaque ('' Macaca cyclopis''), crab eating macque (''

''),

nese long-tailed macaque (''

''), bonnet macaque (''

'') *''P. gaboni'' - chimpanzees (''

'') *''P. georgesi'' - black crested mangabey ('' Cercocebus albigena'') *''P. girardi'' - '' Lemur fulvus rufus'', '' Lemur macaco macaco'' *''P. gonderi'' - black crested mangabey ('' Cercocebus albigena''), '' Cercocebus aterrimus'', sooty mangabey ('' Cercocebus atys''), Tana River mangabey ('' Cercocebus galeritus agilus''), crab eating macque (''

'') and drills (''

Mandrillus leucophaeus The drill (''Mandrillus leucophaeus'') is a primate of the family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), related to baboons and even more closely to mandrills. Description The drill is a short-tailed monkey up to long, similar in appearance to ...

'') *''P. gora'' - gorillas (''

'') *''P. gorb'' - gorillas (''

'') *''P. hylobati'' - several gibbon ('' Hylobates'') species including ''

'' and ''

Hylobates moloch The silvery gibbon (''Hylobates moloch''), also known as the Javan gibbon, is a primate in the gibbon family Hylobatidae. It is endemic to the Indonesian island of Java, where it inhabits undisturbed rainforests up to an altitude of . It is liste ...

'' *''P. inui'' - '' Aotus lemurinus griseimembra'', '' Aotus nancymaae'',

Celebes Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sul ...

black

ape Apes (collectively Hominoidea ) are a clade of Old World simians native to sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (though they were more widespread in Africa, most of Asia, and as well as Europe in prehistory), which together with its sister g ...

('' Cynopithecus niger''), Assamese macques ('' Macaca assamensis''), crab eating macque (''

''), rhesus monkey (''

''), southern pig-tailed macaque (''

''), bonnet macaque (''

''), several ''

Presbytis The surilis are a group of Old World monkeys in the genus ''Presbytis''. They live in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, on Sumatra, Borneo, Java and smaller nearby islands. Besides surili, the common names for the monkeys in the genus also sometimes use ...

'' species, ''

'' *''P. jefferyi'' - several gibbon ('' Hylobates'') species *''P. joyeuxi'' - '' Cercopithecis callitricus'' *''P. knowlesi'' - crab eating macque (''

''), pig-tailed macaque (''

'') and '' Presbytis malalophus'' *''P. knowlesi edesoni'' -

nese long-tailed macaque (''

'') *''P. lemuris'' -

lemur Lemurs ( ) (from Latin ''lemures'' – ghosts or spirits) are wet-nosed primates of the superfamily Lemuroidea (), divided into 8 families and consisting of 15 genera and around 100 existing species. They are endemic to the island of Madagas ...

s ('' Lemur collaris'', '' Lemur macaco macaco'') * ''P. lomamiensis'' - bonobos ('' Pan paniscus'') *''P. malagasi'' - lemurs *''P. malariae'' - brown howler monkey ('' Alouatta guariba clamitans''), black howler monkey ('' Alouatta caraya'') chimpanzee (') *''P. ovale'' - chimpanzees ('' Pan'') *''P. percygarnhami'' - '' Lemur macaco macaco'' *''P. petersi'' - black crested mangabey ('' Cercocebus albigena'') *''P. pitheci'' -

s ('' Pongo pygmaeus'') *''P. reichenowi'' - chimpanzee ('' Pan'') species and

(''

Gorilla Gorillas are herbivorous, predominantly ground-dwelling great apes that inhabit the tropical forests of equatorial Africa. The genus ''Gorilla'' is divided into two species: the eastern gorilla and the western gorilla, and either four or fi ...

'') species *''P. rodhaini'' - chimpanzee ('' Pan'') species and gorilla (''

'') species *''P. sandoshami'' - Malayan flying lemur ('' Cynocephalus variegatus'') *''P. semnopitheci'' - northern plains gray langur (''

Semnopithecus entellus The northern plains gray langur (''Semnopithecus entellus''), also known as the sacred langur, Bengal sacred langur and Hanuman langur, is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. Taxonomy The northern plains gray langur belongs to t ...

'') *''P. schwetzi'' - chimpanzee ('' Pan'') species and gorilla (''

'') species *''P. semiovale'' - toque macaque (''

'') *''P. shortii'' - bonnet macaque (''

'') and toque macaque (''

'') *''P. silvaticum'' - orangutans ('' Pongo pygmaeus'') *''P. simium'' - several

howler monkeys Howler monkeys (genus ''Alouatta'', monotypic in subfamily Alouattinae) are the most widespread primate genus in the Neotropics and are among the largest of the platyrrhines along with the muriquis (''Brachyteles''), the spider monkeys (''Atele ...

(''

Alouatta Howler monkeys (genus ''Alouatta'', monotypic in subfamily Alouattinae) are the most widespread primate genus in the Neotropics and are among the largest of the platyrrhines along with the muriquis (''Brachyteles''), the spider monkeys (''Atele ...

'') species including the brown howler monkey ('' Alouatta fusca'') and woolly spider monkey (''

'') *''P. uilenbergi'' - '' Lemur fulvus fulvus'' *''P. vivax'' - orangutans (''Pongo species''), chimpanzees ('' Pan''), monkeys ''

'', '' Aotus lemurinus griseimambra'', the brown howler monkey ('' Alouatta guariba clamitans'') and tamarins ('' Saguinus mystax'' and '' Saguinus fuscicollis'') *''P. youngei'' - white handed gibbon (''

'') It has been proposed that the species ''P. gora'' and ''P. gorb'' should be renamed ''P. adleri'' and ''P. blacklocki'' respectively.

Primate groups and Plasmodium species

New World monkeys of the family Cebidae: ''P. brasilianum'' and ''P. simium'' Old World monkeys of the family Cercopithecidae: ''P. coatneyi'', ''P. cynomolgi'', ''P. fieldi'', ''P. fragile'', ''P.gonderi'', ''P. georgesi'', ''P. inui'', ''P. knowlesi'', ''P. petersi'', ''P. shortti'' and ''P. simiovale'' Gibbons of the family Hylobatidae: ''P. eylesi'', ''P. hylobati'', ''P. jefferyi'' and ''P. youngi''

Orangutan Orangutans are great apes native to the rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia. They are now found only in parts of Borneo and Sumatra, but during the Pleistocene they ranged throughout Southeast Asia and South China. Classified in the genu ...

s (''Pongo''): ''P. pitheci'' and ''P. silvaticum''

s and chimpanzees: ''P. billcollini'', ''P. billbrayii'', ''P. falciparum'', ''P. gabonensi'', ''P. gora'', ''P. gorb'', ''P. reichenowi'', ''P. rodhaini'' and ''P. schwetzi''

Mosquitoes known to transmit human malaria listed by region

Primate mosquito vectors and associated ''Plasmodium'' species

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plasmodium Species Infecting Humans And Other Primates List of Plasmodium species infecting primates Parasites of primates