The following is a partial list of the "E" codes for

Medical Subject Headings Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a comprehensive controlled vocabulary for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. It serves as a thesaurus that facilitates searching. Created and updated by the United States N ...

(MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (D27). Codes following these are found at

List of MeSH codes (E02) The following is a partial list of the "E" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (E01). Codes following these are ...

. For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes. The source for this content is the set o
2006 MeSH Trees
from the NLM.

– diagnosis

– diagnosis, computer-assisted

– image interpretation, computer-assisted

* –

neuronavigation Neuronavigation is the set of computer-assisted technologies used by neurosurgeons to guide or "navigate" within the confines of the skull or vertebral column during surgery, and used by psychiatrists to accurately target rTMS (transcranial magne ...

* – radiographic image interpretation, computer-assisted

– diagnosis, differential

– diagnosis, dual (psychiatry)

– diagnostic errors

– false negative reactions

– false positive reactions

– observer variation

– diagnostic techniques and procedures

– breath tests

– diagnostic imaging

* – image interpretation, computer-assisted * –

* – radiographic image interpretation, computer-assisted * – tomography, emission-computed * – positron-emission tomography * – tomography, emission-computed, single-photon * – tomography, x-ray computed * – colonography, computed tomographic * – tomography, spiral computed * – imaging, three-dimensional * – echocardiography, three-dimensional * – echocardiography, four-dimensional * – holography * –

magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio wave ...

* – cholangiopancreatography, magnetic resonance * – diffusion magnetic resonance imaging * –

echo-planar imaging The physics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) concerns fundamental physical considerations of MRI techniques and technological aspects of MRI devices. MRI is a medical imaging technique mostly used in radiology and nuclear medicine in order ...

* – magnetic resonance angiography * – magnetic resonance imaging, cine * –

microscopy Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of micr ...

* – dermoscopy * – microscopy, acoustic * – microscopy, confocal * – laser scanning cytometry * – microscopy, electron * – cryoelectron microscopy * –

electron probe microanalysis An electron microprobe (EMP), also known as an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) or electron micro probe analyzer (EMPA), is an analytical tool used to non-destructively determine the chemical composition of small volumes of solid materials. It ...

* – microscopy, electron, scanning * – microscopy, electron, transmission * – microscopy, electron, scanning transmission * – microscopy, energy-filtering transmission electron * – microscopy, immunoelectron * –

microscopy, fluorescence A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence instead of, or in addition to, scattering, reflection, and attenuation or absorption, to study the properties of organic or inorganic substances. "Fluorescence microscop ...

* – microscopy, fluorescence, multiphoton * – microscopy, interference * – microscopy, phase-contrast * – microscopy, polarization * – microscopy, scanning probe * – microscopy, atomic force * – microscopy, scanning tunneling * – microscopy, ultraviolet * – microscopy, video * –

photomicrography A micrograph or photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an object. This is opposed to a macrograph or photomacrograph, an image which is also taken on a mi ...

* – photography * – holography * – image enhancement * – radiographic image enhancement * – angiography, digital subtraction * – radiography, dental, digital * – radiography, dual-energy scanned projection * – tomography, x-ray computed * – colonography, computed tomographic * – tomography, spiral computed * – tomography, emission-computed * – positron-emission tomography * – tomography, emission-computed, single-photon * – photofluorography * –

photogrammetry Photogrammetry is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant ima ...

* – moire topography * – photography, dental * –

* – radiography * – age determination by skeleton * – angiography * – angiocardiography * – angiography, digital subtraction * –

aortography Aortography involves placement of a catheter in the aorta and injection of contrast material while taking X-rays of the aorta. The procedure is known as an aortogram. The diagnosis of aortic dissection can be made by visualization of the intima ...

* – cerebral angiography * – cineangiography * –

coronary angiography Coronary () may, as shorthand in English, be used to mean: * Coronary circulation, the system of arteries and veins in mammals ** Coronary artery disease ** Coronary occlusion ** A myocardial infarction, a heart attack As adjective * Referring to ...

* –

phlebography Venography (also called phlebography or ascending phlebography) is a procedure in which an x-ray of the veins, a venogram, is taken after a special dye is injected into the bone marrow or veins. The dye has to be injected constantly via a catheter ...

* – portography * –

arthrography An arthrogram is a series of images of a joint after injection of a contrast medium, usually done by fluoroscopy or MRI. The injection is normally done under a local anesthetic such as Novocain or lidocaine. The radiologist or radiographer perfor ...

* –

cineradiography Fluoroscopy () is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the interior of an object. In its primary application of medical imaging, a fluoroscope () allows a physician to see the internal anatomy, structure and ...

* – cineangiography * – densitometry, x-ray * – electrokymography * – fluoroscopy * – photofluorography * – hysterosalpingography * –

lymphography Lymphography is a medical imaging technique in which a radiocontrast agent is injected, and then an X-ray picture is taken to visualise structures of the lymphatic system, including lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymphatic tissues, lymph capillaries a ...

* –

mammography Mammography (also called mastography) is the process of using low-energy X-rays (usually around 30 kVp) to examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening. The goal of mammography is the early detection of breast cancer, typically through d ...

* –

xeromammography Xeromammography is a photoelectric method of recording an x-ray image on a coated metal plate, using low-energy photon beams, long exposure time, and dry chemical developers. It is a form of xeroradiography. This process was developed in the lat ...

* – microradiography * – neuroradiography * – cerebral angiography * –

cerebral ventriculography Pneumoencephalography (sometimes abbreviated PEG; also referred to as an "air study") was a common medical procedure in which most of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was drained from around the brain by means of a lumbar puncture and replaced with a ...

* –

echoencephalography Echoencephalography is the detailing of interfaces in the brain by means of ultrasonic waves. See also * Electroencephalography (EEG) *Magnetoencephalography (MEG) *Tomography * Medical ultrasonography * Echocardiography, magnetocardiography M ...

* – ultrasonography, doppler, transcranial * – myelography * – pneumoencephalography * – pneumoradiography * – pneumoencephalography * – radiographic image enhancement * – angiography, digital subtraction * – radiography, dental, digital * – radiography, dual-energy scanned projection * – tomography, x-ray computed * – colonography, computed tomographic * – tomography, spiral computed * – radiographic image interpretation, computer-assisted * – radiographic magnification * – radiography, abdominal * – cholangiography * – cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde * – cholangiopancreatography, magnetic resonance * – cholecystography * – defecography * – portography * – radiography, dental * – age determination by teeth * – radiography, bitewing * – radiography, dental, digital * – radiography, panoramic * –

sialography Sialography (also termed radiosialography) is the radiographic examination of the salivary glands. It usually involves the injection of a small amount of contrast medium into the salivary duct of a single gland, followed by routine X-ray projection ...

* – radiography, interventional * – radiography, thoracic * –

bronchography Bronchography is a radiological technique, which involves x-raying the respiratory tree after coating the airways with contrast. Bronchography is rarely performed, as it has been made obsolete with improvements in computed tomography and broncho ...

* – mass chest x-ray * – tomography, x-ray * – tomography, x-ray computed * – colonography, computed tomographic * – tomography, spiral computed * – urography * –

xeroradiography Xeroradiography is a type of X-ray imaging in which a picture of the body is recorded on paper rather than on film. In this technique, a plate of selenium, which rests on a thin layer of aluminium oxide, is charged uniformly by passing it in front ...

* –

radionuclide imaging Nuclear medicine or nucleology is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nuclear imaging, in a sense, is "radiology done inside out" because it records radiation emitting ...

* – absorptiometry, photon * – radioimmunodetection * – radionuclide angiography * – radioisotope renography * – radionuclide ventriculography * – gated blood-pool imaging * – ventriculography, first-pass * – tomography, emission-computed * – positron-emission tomography * – tomography, emission-computed, single-photon * – spectroscopy, near-infrared * –

stroboscopy A stroboscope, also known as a strobe, is an instrument used to make a cyclically moving object appear to be slow-moving, or stationary. It consists of either a rotating disk with slots or holes or a lamp such as a flashtube which produces br ...

* – subtraction technique * – angiography, digital subtraction * – radiography, dual-energy scanned projection * – thermography * – tomography * –

* – cholangiopancreatography, magnetic resonance * – diffusion magnetic resonance imaging * –

* – magnetic resonance angiography * – magnetic resonance imaging, cine * – tomography, emission-computed * – positron-emission tomography * – tomography, emission-computed, single-photon * – tomography, optical * – tomography, optical coherence * – tomography, x-ray * – tomography, x-ray computed * – tomography, spiral computed * – transillumination * – ultrasonography * –

echocardiography An echocardiography, echocardiogram, cardiac echo or simply an echo, is an ultrasound of the heart. It is a type of medical imaging of the heart, using standard ultrasound or Doppler ultrasound. Echocardiography has become routinely used in t ...

* – echocardiography, doppler * – echocardiography, doppler, color * – echocardiography, doppler, pulsed * – echocardiography, stress * – echocardiography, three-dimensional * – echocardiography, four-dimensional * – echocardiography, transesophageal * –

* – ultrasonography, doppler, transcranial * – endosonography * – microscopy, acoustic * – ultrasonography, doppler * – echocardiography, doppler * – echocardiography, doppler, color * – echocardiography, doppler, pulsed * – ultrasonography, doppler, duplex * – ultrasonography, doppler, color * – echocardiography, doppler, color * – ultrasonography, doppler, pulsed * – echocardiography, doppler, pulsed * – ultrasonography, doppler, transcranial * –

ultrasonography, interventional Medical ultrasound includes diagnostic techniques (mainly imaging techniques) using ultrasound, as well as therapeutic applications of ultrasound. In diagnosis, it is used to create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles ...

* – ultrasonography, mammary * –

ultrasonography, prenatal Obstetrics, Obstetric ultrasonography, or prenatal ultrasound, is the use of medical ultrasonography in pregnancy, in which sound waves are used to create real-time visual images of the developing embryo or fetus in the uterus (womb). The procedu ...

* – nuchal translucency measurement * –

whole body imaging Whole body imaging (WBI) refers to the display of the entire body in a single procedure. In medical imaging, it may refer to full-body CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging. It may also refer to different types of Full body scanner A full-bo ...

– diagnostic techniques, cardiovascular

* – angiography * – angiocardiography * – angiography, digital subtraction * –

* – cerebral angiography * – cineangiography * –

* – fluorescein angiography * – magnetic resonance angiography * –

* – portography * – radionuclide angiography * – radionuclide ventriculography * – gated blood-pool imaging * – ventriculography, first-pass * – angioscopy * – blood circulation time * – blood flow velocity * – blood pressure determination * – blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory * – blood volume determination * – capillary fragility * – heart function tests * – angiocardiography * –

ballistocardiography The ballistocardiograph (BCG) is a measure of ballistic forces generated by the heart. The downward movement of blood through the descending aorta produces an upward recoil, moving the body upward with each heartbeat. As different parts of the ...

* –

cardiac output In cardiac physiology, cardiac output (CO), also known as heart output and often denoted by the symbols Q, \dot Q, or \dot Q_ , edited by Catherine E. Williamson, Phillip Bennett is the volumetric flow rate of the heart's pumping output: t ...

* –

stroke volume In cardiovascular physiology, stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat. Stroke volume is calculated using measurements of ventricle volumes from an echocardiogram and subtracting the volume of the blood i ...

* – cardiography, impedance * – cardiotocography * –

* –

electrocardiography Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), a recording of the heart's electrical activity. It is an electrogram of the heart which is a graph of voltage versus time of the electrical activity of the hear ...

* – body surface potential mapping * – electrocardiography, ambulatory * –

vectorcardiography Vectorcardiography (VCG) is a method of recording the magnitude and direction of the electrical forces that are generated by the heart by means of a continuous series of vectors that form curving lines around a central point. Vectorcardiography w ...

* – body surface potential mapping * – electrophysiologic techniques, cardiac * – exercise test * –

heart auscultation Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it. Specifically, the sounds reflect the turbulence created when the heart valves snap shut. In cardiac auscultation, an examiner may use a stet ...

* – phonocardiography * – heart catheterization * – catheter ablation * –

catheterization, swan-ganz A pulmonary artery catheter (PAC), also known as a Swan-Ganz catheter or right heart catheter, is a balloon-tipped catheter that is inserted into a pulmonary artery in a procedure known as pulmonary artery catheterization or right heart cathe ...

* – kinetocardiography * – oximetry * – blood gas monitoring, transcutaneous * – pulse * – radionuclide ventriculography * – gated blood-pool imaging * – ventriculography, first-pass * – valsalva maneuver * – laser-doppler flowmetry * – microscopic angioscopy * – plethysmography * –

photoplethysmography A photoplethysmogram (PPG) is an optically obtained plethysmogram that can be used to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue. A PPG is often obtained by using a pulse oximeter which illuminates the skin and measures cha ...

* – plethysmography, impedance * – cardiography, impedance * –

tilt-table test A tilt table test (TTT), occasionally called upright tilt testing (UTT), is a medical procedure often used to diagnose dysautonomia or syncope. Patients with symptoms of dizziness or lightheadedness, with or without a loss of consciousness (fa ...

– diagnostic techniques, digestive system

* – cholangiography * – cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde * – cholangiopancreatography, magnetic resonance * – cholecystography * – colonography, computed tomographic * – endoscopy, digestive system * – cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde * – endoscopy, gastrointestinal * –

colonoscopy Colonoscopy () or coloscopy () is the endoscopic examination of the large bowel and the distal part of the small bowel with a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus. It can provide a visual diagnosis (''e. ...

* – sigmoidoscopy * –

duodenoscopy Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD), also called by various other names, is a diagnostic endoscopic procedure that visualizes the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract down to the duodenum. It is considered ...

* – gastroscopy * –

proctoscopy Proctoscopy is a common medical procedure in which an instrument called a proctoscope (also known as a rectoscope, although the latter may be a bit longer) is used to examine the anal cavity, rectum, or sigmoid colon. A proctoscope is a short, stra ...

* –

esophagoscopy Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD), also called by various other names, is a diagnostic endoscopic procedure that visualizes the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract down to the duodenum. It is considered ...

* – esophageal ph monitoring * – gastric acidity determination * –

gastrointestinal transit The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and ...

* – lactose tolerance test * – liver function tests * – pancreatic function tests * – portography * –

– diagnostic techniques, endocrine

* – adrenal cortex function tests * –

blood glucose self-monitoring Blood glucose monitoring is the use of a glucose meter for testing the concentration of glucose in the blood ( glycemia). Particularly important in diabetes management, a blood glucose test is typically performed by piercing the skin (typical ...

* – glucose tolerance test * – ovarian function tests * – pituitary-adrenal function tests * – pituitary function tests * – radioligand assay * – thyroid function tests * –

basal metabolism Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. It is reported in energy units per unit time ranging from watt (joule/second) to ml O2/min or joule per hour per kg body mass J/(h·kg). Pro ...

– diagnostic techniques, neurological

* –

electroencephalography Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method to record an electrogram of the spontaneous electrical activity of the brain. The biosignals detected by EEG have been shown to represent the postsynaptic potentials of pyramidal neurons in the neocortex ...

* – alpha rhythm * – beta rhythm * – cortical synchronization * –

delta rhythm Delta waves are high amplitude neural oscillations with a frequency between 0.5 and 4 hertz. Delta waves, like other brain waves, can be recorded with electroencephalography (EEG) and are usually associated with the deep stage 3 of NREM sleep, ...

* –

theta rhythm Theta waves generate the theta rhythm, a neural oscillation in the brain that underlies various aspects of cognition and behavior, including learning, memory, and spatial navigation in many animals. It can be recorded using various electrophysi ...

* – magnetoencephalography * – neurologic examination * – pain measurement * –

reflex In biology, a reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary, unplanned sequence or action and nearly instantaneous response to a stimulus. Reflexes are found with varying levels of complexity in organisms with a nervous system. A reflex occurs ...

* – reflex, abdominal * – reflex, abnormal * – reflex, babinski * – reflex, acoustic * – reflex, pupillary * – reflex, stretch * –

startle reaction In animals, including humans, the startle response is a largely unconscious defensive response to sudden or threatening stimuli, such as sudden noise or sharp movement, and is associated with negative affect.Rammirez-Moreno, David. "A computation ...

* – neuroradiography * – cerebral angiography * –

* –

* – ultrasonography, doppler, transcranial * – myelography * – pneumoencephalography * – spinal puncture * – transcranial magnetic stimulation

– diagnostic techniques, obstetrical and gynecological

* –

colposcopy Colposcopy ( grc, κόλπος, kolpos, hollow, womb, vagina + ''skopos'' "look at") is a medical diagnostic procedure to visually examine the cervix as well as the vagina and vulva using a colposcope. The main goal of colposcopy is to prevent c ...

* – culdoscopy * – fallopian tube patency tests * – fetal monitoring * – cardiotocography * – hysterosalpingography * – hysteroscopy * – ovarian function tests * – ovulation detection * –

ovulation prediction Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries. In women, this event occurs when the ovarian follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte ovarian cells. After ovulation, during the luteal phase, the egg will be available to be ferti ...

* – pelvimetry * – placental function tests * – pregnancy tests * – pregnancy tests, immunologic * – preimplantation diagnosis * – prenatal diagnosis * – amniocentesis * –

chorionic villi sampling Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), sometimes called "chorionic ''villous'' sampling" (as "villous" is the adjectival form of the word "villus"), is a form of prenatal diagnosis done to determine chromosomal or genetic disorders in the fetus. It ent ...

* – fetoscopy * –

* – nuchal translucency measurement * – ultrasonography, mammary * – uterine monitoring * – vaginal smears

– diagnostic techniques, ophthalmological

* – corneal topography * – electroretinography * – eye movements * – electronystagmography * – electrooculography * – flicker fusion * – fluorescein angiography * – fluorophotometry * – gonioscopy * – ophthalmodynamometry * – ophthalmoscopy * – retinoscopy * – tonometry, ocular * –

vision tests An eye examination is a series of tests performed to assess Visual acuity, vision and ability to Focus (optics), focus on and discern objects. It also includes other tests and examinations pertaining to the human eye, eyes. Eye examinations are ...

* – color perception tests * – perimetry * – refraction, ocular * – vision screening

– diagnostic techniques, otological

* –

hearing tests A hearing test provides an evaluation of the sensitivity of a person's sense of hearing and is most often performed by an audiologist using an audiometer. An audiometer is used to determine a person's hearing sensitivity at different frequencies. ...

* – acoustic impedance tests * – audiometry * – audiometry, evoked response * – audiometry, pure-tone * – audiometry, speech * – speech discrimination tests * – speech reception threshold test * – dichotic listening tests * – recruitment detection (audiology) * – otoscopy * – vestibular function tests * – caloric tests * – electronystagmography

– diagnostic techniques, radioisotope

* – radioimmunoassay * – radioisotope dilution technique * – radioligand assay * –

– diagnostic techniques, respiratory system

* –

* – bronchoscopy * – laryngoscopy * – mass chest x-ray * – mucociliary clearance * – Nasal provocation test * – respiratory function tests * – airway resistance * – blood gas analysis * – oximetry * – blood gas monitoring, transcutaneous * – bronchial provocation tests * – capnography * – exercise test * – lung compliance * – lung volume measurements * – total lung capacity * – closing volume * – functional residual capacity * – expiratory reserve volume * –

residual volume In medicine, residual volume may refer to: * Residual volume, air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation; see lung volumes * Residual volume, urine remaining in the bladder after voiding; see urinary retention * Gastric residual volume ...

* – vital capacity * – expiratory reserve volume * – inspiratory capacity * – inspiratory reserve volume * – tidal volume * – plethysmography, whole body * – pulmonary gas exchange * – pulmonary diffusing capacity * – ventilation-perfusion ratio * –

pulmonary ventilation Breathing (or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and from the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly to flush out carbon dioxide and bring in oxygen. All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular ...

* – forced expiratory flow rates * – maximal expiratory flow rate * – maximal expiratory flow-volume curves * – maximal midexpiratory flow rate * –

peak expiratory flow rate The peak expiratory flow (PEF), also called peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), is a person's maximum speed of expiration, as measured with a peak flow meter, a small, hand-held device used to monitor a person's ability to breathe out air. It measure ...

* –

forced expiratory volume Spirometry (meaning ''the measuring of breath'') is the most common of the pulmonary function tests (PFTs). It measures lung function, specifically the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. Spirometry is h ...

* – maximal voluntary ventilation * –

spirometry Spirometry (meaning ''the measuring of breath'') is the most common of the pulmonary function tests (PFTs). It measures lung function, specifically the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. Spirometry is he ...

* – bronchospirometry * – valsalva maneuver * – work of breathing * – respiratory sounds * – rhinomanometry * – rhinometry, acoustic

– diagnostic techniques, surgical

* – biopsy * – biopsy, needle * – biopsy, fine-needle * –

* –

conization Cervical conization ( CPT codes 57520 (Cold Knife) and 57522 (Loop Excision)) refers to an excision of a cone-shaped sample of tissue from the mucous membrane of the cervix. Conization may be used for either diagnostic purposes as part of a biopsy ...

* –

sentinel lymph node biopsy The sentinel lymph node is the hypothetical first lymph node or group of nodes draining a cancer. In case of established cancerous dissemination it is postulated that the sentinel lymph nodes are the target organs primarily reached by metastasiz ...

* – endoscopy * – angioscopy * – arthroscopy * – bronchoscopy * –

* – culdoscopy * – cystoscopy * – endoscopy, digestive system * – cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde * – endoscopy, gastrointestinal * –

* – sigmoidoscopy * –

* – gastroscopy * –

* –

* – fetoscopy * – hysteroscopy * – laparoscopy * – laryngoscopy * – mediastinoscopy * – neuroendoscopy * – thoracoscopy * – thoracic surgery, video-assisted * – ureteroscopy * – video-assisted surgery * – thoracic surgery, video-assisted * – pneumomediastinum, diagnostic * – pneumoperitoneum, artificial

– diagnostic techniques, urological

* – antibody-coated bacteria test, urinary * – cystoscopy * –

kidney function tests Assessment of kidney function occurs in different ways, using the presence of symptoms and medical sign, signs, as well as measurements using urine tests, blood tests, and medical imaging. Renal physiology, Functions of a healthy kidney include ...

* –

blood urea nitrogen Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood. The liver produces urea in the urea cycle as a waste product of the digestion of protein. Normal human adult blood should contain 6 to 20 mg/dL ...

* – glomerular filtration rate * – radioisotope renography * – nephrostomy, percutaneous * – ureteroscopy * – urinalysis * – urinary catheterization * – urography

– diagnostic tests, routine

– disability evaluation

* – work capacity evaluation

– electrodiagnosis

* –

* – body surface potential mapping * – electrocardiography, ambulatory * –

* – body surface potential mapping * –

* – alpha rhythm * – beta rhythm * – cortical synchronization * –

* –

* – electrokymography * –

electromyography Electromyography (EMG) is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. EMG is performed using an instrument called an electromyograph to produce a record called an electromyogram. An electromyog ...

* – electronystagmography * – electrooculography * – electrophysiologic techniques, cardiac * – electroretinography * – plethysmography, impedance

– insufflation

– monitoring, physiologic

* –

* – drug monitoring * – esophageal ph monitoring * – fetal monitoring * – cardiotocography * – monitoring, ambulatory * – blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory * – electrocardiography, ambulatory * – esophageal ph monitoring * – monitoring, immunologic * – monitoring, intraoperative * – polysomnography * – telemetry * – uterine monitoring

–
myography A myograph is any device used to measure the force produced by a muscle when under contraction. Such a device is commonly used in myography, the study of the velocity and intensity of muscular contraction. A myograph can take several forms: for ...

* –

– neoplasm staging

– physical examination

* – anthropometry * – cephalometry * – odontometry * – pelvimetry * –

apgar score The Apgar score is a quick way for doctors to evaluate the health of all newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth and in response to Neonatal resuscitation, resuscitation. It was originally developed in 1952 by an anesthesiologist at Columbia Univ ...

* –

auscultation Auscultation (based on the Latin verb ''auscultare'' "to listen") is listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope. Auscultation is performed for the purposes of examining the circulatory and respiratory systems (hea ...

* –

* – blood pressure determination * – body constitution * – body weights and measures * – body fat distribution * – adiposity * –

body mass index Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of a person. The BMI is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height, and is expressed in units of kg/m2, resulting from mass in kilograms and he ...

* –

body size Body may refer to: In science * Physical body, an object in physics that represents a large amount, has mass or takes up space * Body (biology), the physical material of an organism * Body plan, the physical features shared by a group of anima ...

* –

body height Human height or stature is the distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a human body, standing erect. It is measured using a stadiometer, in centimetres when using the metric system or SI system, or feet and inches when us ...

* –

body weight Human body weight is a person's mass or weight. Strictly speaking, body weight is the measurement of weight without items located on the person. Practically though, body weight may be measured with clothes on, but without shoes or heavy accessor ...

* – birth weight * – fetal weight * –

overweight Being overweight or fat is having more body fat than is optimally healthy. Being overweight is especially common where food supplies are plentiful and lifestyles are sedentary. , excess weight reached epidemic proportions globally, with mo ...

* – obesity * – obesity, morbid * –

thinness An underweight person is a person whose body weight is considered too low to be healthy. A person who is underweight is malnourished. Assessment The body mass index, a ratio of a person's weight to their height, has traditionally been used t ...

* – body surface area * – crown-rump length * – organ size * –

skinfold thickness The body fat percentage (BFP) of a human or other living being is the total mass of fat divided by total body mass, multiplied by 100; body fat includes essential body fat and storage body fat. Essential body fat is necessary to maintain life and ...

* – waist-hip ratio * –

somatotypes Somatotype is a highly disputed taxonomy developed in the 1940s by American psychologist William Herbert Sheldon to categorize the human physique according to the relative contribution of three fundamental elements which he termed ''somatotypes'' ...

* – body temperature * – facial expression * –

facies In geology, a facies ( , ; same pronunciation and spelling in the plural) is a body of rock with specified characteristics, which can be any observable attribute of rocks (such as their overall appearance, composition, or condition of formatio ...

* –

gait Gait is the pattern of movement of the limbs of animals, including humans, during locomotion over a solid substrate. Most animals use a variety of gaits, selecting gait based on speed, terrain, the need to maneuver, and energetic efficiency. Di ...

* –

hand strength Hand strength measurements are of interest to study pathology of the hand that involves loss of muscle strength. Examples of these pathologies are carpal tunnel syndrome, nerve injury, tendon injuries of the hand, and neuromuscular disorders. Ha ...

* – neurologic examination * –

* – reflex, abdominal * – reflex, abnormal * – reflex, babinski * – reflex, acoustic * – reflex, pupillary * – reflex, stretch * –

* – palpation * –

digital rectal examination Digital rectal examination (DRE; la, palpatio per anum, PPA) is an internal examination of the rectum, performed by a healthcare provider. Prior to a 2018 report from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, the DRE was a common and "dreaded" co ...

* – percussion * – pigmentation * – skin pigmentation * – pulse * – range of motion, articular * – self-examination * – breast self-examination

– plethysmography

* –

* – plethysmography, impedance * – cardiography, impedance * – plethysmography, whole body

– premarital examinations

– skin tests

* – intradermal tests * – kveim test * – skin test end-point titration * – local lymph node assay * – passive cutaneous anaphylaxis * – patch tests * –

tuberculin test The Mantoux test or Mendel–Mantoux test (also known as the Mantoux screening test, tuberculin sensitivity test, Pirquet test, or PPD test for purified protein derivative) is a tool for screening for tuberculosis (TB) and for tuberculosis diagn ...

– speech production measurement

* – speech articulation tests

–
xenodiagnosis Xenodiagnosis is a diagnostic method used to document the presence of infectious disease microorganisms or pathogens by exposing possibly infected tissue to a vector and then examining the vector for the presence of the microorganisms or pathogens ...

– early diagnosis

– incidental findings

– laboratory techniques and procedures

– clinical chemistry tests

* – blood chemical analysis * – blood gas analysis * – oximetry * – blood gas monitoring, transcutaneous * –

* – blood protein electrophoresis * –

* – glucose clamp technique * – glucose tolerance test * – lactose tolerance test * – petrosal sinus sampling * – enzyme tests * – esophageal ph monitoring * – gastric acidity determination * – limulus test * – urinalysis

– cytodiagnosis

* – amniocentesis * – biopsy * – biopsy, needle * – biopsy, fine-needle * –

* –

* – cytopathogenic effect, viral * – spinal puncture * – vaginal smears

– hematologic tests

* –

blood cell count A complete blood count (CBC), also known as a full blood count (FBC), is a set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person's blood. The CBC indicates the counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and pl ...

* –

erythrocyte count Red blood cells (RBCs), also referred to as red cells, red blood corpuscles (in humans or other animals not having nucleus in red blood cells), haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek ''erythros'' for "red" and ''kytos'' for "holl ...

* – reticulocyte count * –

leukocyte count White blood cells, also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All white blood cells are produced and derived from multi ...

* –

lymphocyte count A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adapt ...

* – cd4 lymphocyte count * – cd4-cd8 ratio * – platelet count * – blood coagulation tests * – international normalized ratio * – partial thromboplastin time * – prothrombin time * – thrombelastography * – thrombin time * – whole blood coagulation time * – blood grouping and crossmatching * – blood sedimentation * – bone marrow examination * – erythrocyte aggregation * – erythrocyte indices * – figlu test * – hematocrit * – hemoglobinometry * – osmotic fragility * – platelet function tests * – bleeding time * – clot retraction * – platelet count * – schilling test

– immunologic tests

* – basophil degranulation test * – cell migration inhibition * – cytotoxicity tests, immunologic * – complement hemolytic activity assay * – fluorescent antibody technique * – antibody-coated bacteria test, urinary * – fluorescent antibody technique, direct * – fluorescent antibody technique, indirect * – fluoroimmunoassay * –

fluorescence polarization immunoassay Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) is a class of in vitro biochemical test used for rapid detection of antibody or antigen in sample. FPIA is a competitive homogenous assay, that consists of a simple prepare and read method, without th ...

* – hemolytic plaque technique * – histocompatibility testing * – blood grouping and crossmatching * – lymphocyte culture test, mixed * – immune adherence reaction * – immunoassay * –

immunoblotting The western blot (sometimes called the protein immunoblot), or western blotting, is a widely used analytical technique in molecular biology and immunogenetics to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract. Besides detecti ...

* – blotting, western * – blotting, far-western * – immunoenzyme techniques * – enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay * –

enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) is a common method for qualitative and quantitative determination of therapeutic and recreational drugs and certain proteins in serum and urine. It is an immunoassay in which a drug or metabolite in ...

* – immunosorbent techniques * – enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay * – radioallergosorbent test * – radioimmunoprecipitation assay * – radioimmunosorbent test * – radioimmunoassay * – immunoradiometric assay * – radioallergosorbent test * – radioimmunoprecipitation assay * – radioimmunosorbent test * – leukocyte adherence inhibition test * – monitoring, immunologic * – pregnancy tests, immunologic * –

serologic tests Serology is the scientific study of serum and other body fluids. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum. Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection (against a given mi ...

* –

agglutination tests Agglutination is the clumping of particles. The word ''agglutination'' comes from the Latin '' agglutinare'' (glueing to). Agglutination is the process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody called isoagglutinin. Th ...

* – hemagglutination tests * – coombs test * – latex fixation tests * – aids serodiagnosis * –

complement fixation tests The complement fixation test is an immunological medical test that can be used to detect the presence of either specific antibody or specific antigen in a patient's serum, based on whether complement fixation occurs. It was widely used to diagnose ...

* – complement hemolytic activity assay * – hemadsorption inhibition tests * – hemagglutination inhibition tests * – neutralization tests * – skin test end-point titration * – precipitin tests * – flocculation tests * –

immunodiffusion Immunodiffusion is a diagnostic test which involves diffusion through a substance such as agar which is generally soft gel agar (2%) or agarose (2%), used for the detection of antibodies or antigen. The commonly known types are: :# Single diffusi ...

* – immunoelectrophoresis * – counterimmunoelectrophoresis * – immunoelectrophoresis, two-dimensional * – radioallergosorbent test * – radioimmunoprecipitation assay * – syphilis serodiagnosis * – fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test * – treponema immobilization test * – skin tests * – intradermal tests * – kveim test * – skin test end-point titration * – local lymph node assay * – passive cutaneous anaphylaxis * – patch tests * –

– metabolic clearance rate

– neonatal screening

– occult blood

– parasite egg count

– pregnancy tests

* – pregnancy tests, immunologic

– radioligand assay

– sex determination (analysis)

– specimen handling

* – biopsy * – biopsy, needle * – biopsy, fine-needle * –

* –

dissection Dissection (from Latin ' "to cut to pieces"; also called anatomization) is the dismembering of the body of a deceased animal or plant to study its anatomical structure. Autopsy is used in pathology and forensic medicine to determine the cause o ...

* – microdissection * – preservation, biological * – cryopreservation * – freeze drying * – freeze substitution * – refrigeration * – tissue preservation * – blood preservation * – organ preservation * – semen preservation * – punctures * – biopsy, needle * – blood specimen collection * –

cordocentesis Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling (PUBS), also called cordocentesis, fetal blood sampling, or umbilical vein sampling is a diagnostic genetic test that examines blood from the fetal umbilical cord to detect fetal abnormalities. Fetal and m ...

* – petrosal sinus sampling * – phlebotomy * –

* – paracentesis * – pericardiocentesis * – spinal puncture * – tissue and organ harvesting * – vaginal smears

– sperm count

– urinalysis

–
prognosis Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stabl ...

– disease-free survival

–
medical futility Futile medical care is the continued provision of medical care or treatment to a patient when there is no reasonable hope of a cure or benefit. Some proponents of evidence-based medicine suggest discontinuing the use of any treatment that has not ...

– pregnancy outcome

– treatment outcome

* – treatment failure ---- The list continues at

. {{MeSH codes E01

– diagnosis

– diagnosis, computer-assisted

– image interpretation, computer-assisted

– diagnosis, differential

– diagnosis, dual (psychiatry)

– diagnostic errors

– false negative reactions

– false positive reactions

– observer variation

– diagnostic techniques and procedures

– breath tests

– diagnostic imaging

– diagnostic techniques, cardiovascular

– diagnostic techniques, digestive system

– diagnostic techniques, endocrine

– diagnostic techniques, neurological

– diagnostic techniques, obstetrical and gynecological

– diagnostic techniques, ophthalmological

– diagnostic techniques, otological

– diagnostic techniques, radioisotope

– diagnostic techniques, respiratory system

– diagnostic techniques, surgical

– diagnostic techniques, urological

– diagnostic tests, routine

– disability evaluation

– electrodiagnosis

– insufflation

– kymography

– mass screening

– medical history taking

– monitoring, physiologic

– myography A myograph is any device used to measure the force produced by a muscle when under contraction. Such a device is commonly used in myography, the study of the velocity and intensity of muscular contraction. A myograph can take several forms: for ...

– neoplasm staging

– physical examination

– plethysmography

– premarital examinations

– skin tests

– speech production measurement

– xenodiagnosis Xenodiagnosis is a diagnostic method used to document the presence of infectious disease microorganisms or pathogens by exposing possibly infected tissue to a vector and then examining the vector for the presence of the microorganisms or pathogens ...

– early diagnosis

– incidental findings

– laboratory techniques and procedures

– clinical chemistry tests

– cytodiagnosis

– hematologic tests

– immunologic tests

– metabolic clearance rate

– neonatal screening

– occult blood

– parasite egg count

– pregnancy tests

– radioligand assay

– sex determination (analysis)

– specimen handling

– sperm count

– urinalysis

– prognosis Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stabl ...

– disease-free survival

– medical futility Futile medical care is the continued provision of medical care or treatment to a patient when there is no reasonable hope of a cure or benefit. Some proponents of evidence-based medicine suggest discontinuing the use of any treatment that has not ...

– pregnancy outcome

– treatment outcome

–
myography A myograph is any device used to measure the force produced by a muscle when under contraction. Such a device is commonly used in myography, the study of the velocity and intensity of muscular contraction. A myograph can take several forms: for ...

–
xenodiagnosis Xenodiagnosis is a diagnostic method used to document the presence of infectious disease microorganisms or pathogens by exposing possibly infected tissue to a vector and then examining the vector for the presence of the microorganisms or pathogens ...

–
prognosis Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stabl ...

–
medical futility Futile medical care is the continued provision of medical care or treatment to a patient when there is no reasonable hope of a cure or benefit. Some proponents of evidence-based medicine suggest discontinuing the use of any treatment that has not ...