The following is a partial list of the "A" codes for

Medical Subject Headings Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a comprehensive controlled vocabulary for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. It serves as a thesaurus that facilitates searching. Created and updated by the United States N ...

(MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (A10). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (A12). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes. The source for this content is the set o
2006 MeSH Trees
from the NLM.

–
cells Cell most often refers to: * Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life Cell may also refer to: Locations * Monastic cell, a small room, hut, or cave in which a religious recluse lives, alternatively the small precursor of a monastery w ...

– antibody-producing cells

– b-lymphocytes

* – b-lymphocyte subsets * – plasma cells

–
antigen-presenting cells An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on its surface; this process is known as antigen presentation. T cells may recognize these complexes using ...

– dendritic cells

* – langerhans cells

–
dendritic cells, follicular Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as ''accessory cells'') of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. ...

– apud cells

– blastomeres

– blood cells

– blood platelets

– erythrocytes

* –

erythrocyte membrane Red blood cells (RBCs), also referred to as red cells, red blood corpuscles (in humans or other animals not having nucleus in red blood cells), haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek ''erythros'' for "red" and ''kytos'' for "hol ...

* – erythrocytes, abnormal * – acanthocytes * – erythrocyte inclusions * – heinz bodies * – megaloblasts * – spherocytes * – reticulocytes

– hemocytes

– leukocytes

* – granulocytes * – basophils * – eosinophils * –

neutrophils Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes or heterophils) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and make up 40% to 70% of all white blood cells in humans. They form an essential part of the innate immune system, with their functions varying in ...

* – leukocytes, mononuclear * –

lymphocytes A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adap ...

* –

killer cells Natural killer cells, also known as NK cells or large granular lymphocytes (LGL), are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system that belong to the rapidly expanding family of known innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and repres ...

* – killer cells, natural * – killer cells, lymphokine-activated * – lymphocyte subsets * – b-lymphocyte subsets * – t-lymphocyte subsets * – b-lymphocytes * – b-lymphocyte subsets * – plasma cells * – t-lymphocytes * – cd4-positive t-lymphocytes * – t-lymphocytes, helper-inducer * – th1 cells * – th2 cells * – cd8-positive t-lymphocytes * – t-lymphocytes, cytotoxic * – t-lymphocyte subsets * – lymphocytes, null * – lymphocytes, tumor-infiltrating * –

monocytes Monocytes are a type of leukocyte or white blood cell. They are the largest type of leukocyte in blood and can differentiate into macrophages and conventional dendritic cells. As a part of the vertebrate innate immune system monocytes also infl ...

* – monocytes, activated killer

–
bone marrow cells Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production (or haematopoiesis). It is composed of hematopoietic c ...

– granulocytes

* – granulocyte precursor cells

– hematopoietic stem cells

* – myeloid progenitor cells * – erythroid progenitor cells * – erythroblasts * – megaloblasts * – megakaryocytes * – reticulocytes * – granulocyte precursor cells

– monocytes

– cells, cultured

–
cell line An immortalised cell line is a population of cells from a multicellular organism which would normally not proliferate indefinitely but, due to mutation, have evaded normal cellular senescence and instead can keep undergoing division. The cell ...

* – cell line, transformed * – cos cells * – cell line, tumor * – Caco-2 cells * –

hct116 cells HCT116 is a human colon cancer cell line used in therapeutic research and drug screenings. Characteristics HCT116 cells have a mutation in codon 13 of the KRAS proto-oncogene, and are suitable transfection targets for gene therapy research. Th ...

* – HeLa cells * – kb cells * – hl-60 cells * – ht29 cells * – jurkat cells * – k562 cells * –

pc12 cells PC12 is a cell line derived from a pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla, that have an embryonic origin from the neural crest that has a mixture of neuroblastic cells and eosinophilic cells. Background This cell line was first cultured ...

* – u937 cells * –

CHO cells Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are an epithelial cell line derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, often used in biological and medical research and commercially in the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. They have foun ...

* – l cells (cell line) * – llc-pk1 cells * –

3t3 cells 3T3 cells are several cell lines of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The original 3T3 cell line (3T3-Swiss albino) was established in 1962 by two scientists then at the Department of Pathology in the New York University School of Medicine, George Toda ...

* – balb 3t3 cells * – nih 3t3 cells * – Swiss 3t3 cells * – 3t3-l1 cells * –

vero cells Vero may refer to: Geography * Vero Beach, Florida, a city in the United States * Vero, Corse-du-Sud, a commune of France in Corsica Other * ''Véro'', a talk show on the Radio-Canada television network * Vero (app), a social media company co-fou ...

– clone cells

* –

hybridomas Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large numbers of identical antibodies (also called monoclonal antibodies). This process starts by injecting a mouse (or other mammal) with an antigen that provokes an immune response. A type of white ...

– hybrid cells

* – hybridomas

– spheroids, cellular

–
tumor cells, cultured Cell culture or tissue culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. The term "tissue culture" was coined by American pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows. This tec ...

* – cell line, tumor * – caco-2 cells * –

* – hela cells * – kb cells * – hl-60 cells * – ht29 cells * – jurkat cells * – k562 cells * –

* – u937 cells

– cells, immobilized

– cellular structures

– cell membrane

* – cell membrane structures * – cell-matrix junctions * – focal adhesions * – hemidesmosomes * – coated pits, cell-membrane * – caveolae * – glycocalyx * –

intercellular junctions Cell junctions (or intercellular bridges) are a class of cellular structures consisting of multiprotein complexes that provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix in animals. They also maint ...

* – adherens junctions * – desmosomes * – gap junctions * – plasmodesmata * –

synapses In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell. Synapses are essential to the transmission of nervous impulses from ...

* – neuroeffector junction * –

neuromuscular junction A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction. Muscles require innervation to ...

* – motor endplate * – presynaptic terminals * – synaptic membranes * – tight junctions * – membrane microdomains * – caveolae * – myelin sheath * –

nuclear envelope The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus, which encloses the genetic material. The nuclear envelope consists of two lipid bilayer membrane ...

* – nuclear lamina * – phycobilisomes * –

ranvier's nodes In neuroscience and anatomy, nodes of Ranvier ( ), also known as myelin-sheath gaps, occur along a myelinated axon where the axolemma is exposed to the extracellular space. Nodes of Ranvier are uninsulated and highly enriched in ion channe ...

* – erythrocyte membrane * –

intracellular membranes The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes (endomembranes) that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes ...

* – mitochondrial membranes * – nuclear envelope * – purple membrane * – sarcolemma * – synaptic membranes

– cell surface extensions

* –

axons An axon (from Greek ἄξων ''áxōn'', axis), or nerve fiber (or nerve fibre: see American and British English spelling differences#-re, -er, spelling differences), is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, th ...

* – growth cones * – cellulosomes * –

cilia The cilium, plural cilia (), is a membrane-bound organelle found on most types of eukaryotic cell, and certain microorganisms known as ciliates. Cilia are absent in bacteria and archaea. The cilium has the shape of a slender threadlike projecti ...

* – dendrites * – dendritic spines * – growth cones * – fimbriae, bacterial * –

flagella A flagellum (; ) is a hairlike appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility. Many protists with flagella are termed as flagellates. A microorganism may have f ...

* – sperm tail * –

microvilli Microvilli (singular: microvillus) are microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and minimize any increase in volume, and are involved in a wide variety of functions, including absorption, secretion, ...

* – neurites * – growth cones * – pili, sex * –

pseudopodia A pseudopod or pseudopodium (plural: pseudopods or pseudopodia) is a temporary arm-like projection of a eukaryotic cell membrane that is emerged in the direction of movement. Filled with cytoplasm, pseudopodia primarily consist of actin filament ...

–
cell wall A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mech ...

* – cell wall skeleton

– chromosomes

* – chromosomes, archaeal * – chromosomes, artificial * – chromosomes, artificial, bacterial * – chromosomes, artificial, mammalian * – chromosomes, artificial, human * – chromosomes, artificial, p1 bacteriophage * – chromosomes, artificial, yeast * – chromosomes, bacterial * – chromosomes, artificial, bacterial * – chromosomes, fungal * – chromosomes, artificial, yeast * – chromosomes, mammalian * – chromosomes, artificial, mammalian * – chromosomes, artificial, human * – chromosomes, human * – chromosomes, artificial, human * – chromosomes, human, 1-3 * – chromosomes, human, pair 1 * – chromosomes, human, pair 2 * – chromosomes, human, pair 3 * – chromosomes, human, 4-5 * – chromosomes, human, pair 4 * – chromosomes, human, pair 5 * – chromosomes, human, 6-12 and x * – chromosomes, human, pair 6 * – chromosomes, human, pair 7 * – chromosomes, human, pair 8 * – chromosomes, human, pair 9 * – philadelphia chromosome * – chromosomes, human, pair 10 * – chromosomes, human, pair 11 * – chromosomes, human, pair 12 * – chromosomes, human, x * – chromosomes, human, 13-15 * – chromosomes, human, pair 13 * – chromosomes, human, pair 14 * – chromosomes, human, pair 15 * – chromosomes, human, 16-18 * – chromosomes, human, pair 16 * – chromosomes, human, pair 17 * – chromosomes, human, pair 18 * – chromosomes, human, 19-20 * – chromosomes, human, pair 19 * – chromosomes, human, pair 20 * – chromosomes, human, 21-22 and y * – chromosomes, human, pair 21 * – chromosomes, human, pair 22 * – philadelphia chromosome * – chromosomes, human, y * – chromosomes, plant * – isochromosomes * –

ring chromosomes A ring chromosome is an aberrant chromosome whose ends have fused together to form a ring. Ring chromosomes were first discovered by Lilian Vaughan Morgan in 1926. A ring chromosome is denoted by the symbol ''r'' in human genetics and ''R'' in ''D ...

* – sex chromosomes * –

sex chromatin Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryote, eukaryotic cells. The primary function is to package long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures. This prevents the strands from becoming tangled and also plays important ...

* – x chromosome * – chromosomes, human, x * – y chromosome * – chromosomes, human, y

– extracellular space

* – extracellular fluid * – extracellular matrix * –

glomerular basement membrane The glomerular basement membrane of the kidney is the basal lamina layer of the glomerulus. The glomerular endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane, and the filtration slits between the podocytes perform the filtration function of the ...

* – microfibrils * – zona pellucida * – periplasm

–
inclusion bodies Inclusion bodies are aggregates of specific types of protein found in neurons, a number of tissue cells including red blood cells, bacteria, viruses, and plants. Inclusion bodies of aggregations of multiple proteins are also found in muscle cells ...

* – erythrocyte inclusions * – heinz bodies * – inclusion bodies, viral * – intranuclear inclusion bodies * – lewy bodies

– intracellular space

* –

cell nucleus The cell nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin or , meaning ''kernel'' or ''seed'') is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, h ...

* – cell nucleus structures * – intranuclear space * – cell nucleolus * – chromosomes * – chromosome structures * – centromere * – kinetochores * – chromatids * – chromatin * – euchromatin * –

heterochromatin Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA or '' condensed DNA'', which comes in multiple varieties. These varieties lie on a continue between the two extremes of constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin. Both play a role ...

* –

* – nucleosomes * – nucleolus organizer region * –

synaptonemal complex The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes (two pairs of sister chromatids) during meiosis and is thought to mediate synapsis and recombination during meiosis I in eukaryotes. It is currentl ...

* – telomere * – coiled bodies * – nuclear matrix * – nuclear lamina * – spliceosomes * – nuclear envelope * – nuclear lamina * – nuclear pore * – macronucleus * – micronuclei, chromosome-defective * – micronucleus, germline * – cytoplasm * – cytoplasmic structures * – cytoplasmic granules * – chromaffin granules * – melanosomes * –

microbodies A microbody (or cytosome) is a type of organelle that is found in the cells of plants, protozoa, and animals. Organelles in the microbody family include peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, glycosomes and hydrogenosomes. In vertebrates, microbodies are especi ...

* – glyoxysomes * – peroxisomes * – nissl bodies * – weibel-palade bodies * – cytoskeleton * – intermediate filaments * – microfilaments * – stress fibers * – microtubule-organizing center * – centrosome * – centrioles * – microtubules * – neuropil threads * – mitotic spindle apparatus * –

myofibrils A myofibril (also known as a muscle fibril or sarcostyle) is a basic rod-like organelle of a muscle cell. Skeletal muscles are composed of long, tubular cells known as muscle fibers, and these cells contain many chains of myofibrils. Each myofibr ...

* –

neurofibrils Neurofilaments (NF) are classed as type IV intermediate filaments found in the cytoplasm of neurons. They are protein polymers measuring 10 nm in diameter and many micrometers in length. Together with microtubules (~25 nm) and ...

* – neurofibrillary tangles * – organelles * – bacterial chromatophores * – cell nucleus * – macronucleus * – micronuclei, chromosome-defective * – micronucleus, germline * – cytoplasmic vesicles * – cytoplasmic granules * – chromaffin granules * – melanosomes * – microbodies * – glyoxysomes * – peroxisomes * – weibel-palade bodies * – endosomes * – lysosomes * – acrosome * – phagosomes * – transport vesicles * – coated vesicles * – caveolae * –

clathrin-coated vesicles Clathrin is a protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles. Clathrin was first isolated and named by Barbara Pearse in 1976. It forms a triskelion shape composed of three clathrin heavy chains and three light chains. Whe ...

* – cop-coated vesicles * – secretory vesicles * – synaptic vesicles * – vacuoles * –

endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum ( ...

* – endoplasmic reticulum, rough * – nissl bodies * – endoplasmic reticulum, smooth * – sarcoplasmic reticulum * – golgi apparatus * – trans-golgi network * –

mitochondria A mitochondrion (; ) is an organelle found in the Cell (biology), cells of most Eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and Fungus, fungi. Mitochondria have a double lipid bilayer, membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosi ...

* – mitochondria, liver * – mitochondria, muscle * – mitochondria, heart * – submitochondrial particles * – plastids * – chloroplasts * –

thylakoids Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. Chloroplast thyl ...

* – ribosomes * – polyribosomes * – endoplasmic reticulum, rough * – nissl bodies * – sarcomeres * – vault ribonucleoprotein particles * – cytosol * – intracellular fluid * – cytosol

– subcellular fractions

* – cell-free system * – intracellular fluid * – cytosol * – intracellular membranes * – mitochondrial membranes * – nuclear envelope * – nuclear lamina * – microsomes * – microsomes, liver * – mitochondria * – mitochondria, liver * – mitochondria, muscle * – mitochondria, heart * – submitochondrial particles * – synaptosomes

– chromaffin cells

– pc12 cells

– connective tissue cells

– adipocytes

–
chondrocytes Chondrocytes (, from Greek χόνδρος, ''chondros'' = cartilage + κύτος, ''kytos'' = cell) are the only cells found in healthy cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteog ...

– fibroblasts

* – cos cells * – l cells * – 3t3 cells * – balb 3t3 cells * – nih 3t3 cells * – Swiss 3t3 cells * – 3t3-l1 cells * – mesangial cells

– macrophages

* – epithelioid cells * – foam cells * – giant cells, foreign-body * – giant cells, langhans * – histiocytes * – kupffer cells * – macrophages, alveolar * – macrophages, peritoneal * – osteoclasts

– mast cells

– odontoblasts

– osteoblasts

* – osteocytes

–
stromal cells Stromal cells, or mesenchymal stromal cells, are differentiating cells found in abundance within bone marrow but can also be seen all around the body. Stromal cells can become connective tissue cells of any organ, for example in the uterine mucos ...

– theca cells

– epithelial cells

– ameloblasts

– caco-2 cells

– chief cells, gastric

– CHO cells

– chromatophores

* – melanophores * – melanosomes

– dendritic cells

* – langerhans cells

– endothelial cells

– enterocytes

–
enteroendocrine cells Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic ef ...

* – enterochromaffin cells * – enterochromaffin-like cells * – gastrin-secreting cells * – glucagon-secreting cells * –

insulin-secreting cells Beta cells (β-cells) are a type of cell found in pancreatic islets that synthesize and secrete insulin and amylin. Beta cells make up 50–70% of the cells in human islets. In patients with Type 1 diabetes, beta-cell mass and function are di ...

* – pancreatic polypeptide-secreting cells * – somatostatin-secreting cells

–
goblet cells Goblet cells are simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete gel-forming mucins, like mucin 5AC. The goblet cells mainly use the merocrine method of secretion, secreting vesicles into a duct, but may use apocrine methods, budding off their secre ...

–
granulosa cells A granulosa cell or follicular cell is a somatic cell of the sex cord that is closely associated with the developing female gamete (called an oocyte or egg) in the ovary of mammals. Structure and function In the primordial ovarian follicle, and l ...

– hela cells

* – kb cells

– hepatocytes

– ht29 cells

– keratinocytes

– labyrinth supporting cells

– llc-pk1 cells

–
melanocytes Melanocytes are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea), the inner ear, vaginal epithelium, meninges, bones, and heart. ...

* – melanosomes

– merkel cells

– neuroepithelial cells

* – neuroepithelial bodies

–
paneth cells Paneth cells are cells in the small intestine epithelium, alongside goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells. Some can also be found in the cecum and vermiform appendix, appendix. They are below the intestinal stem cells in the intest ...

– parietal cells, gastric

–
podocytes Podocytes are cells in Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus. Podocytes make up the epithelial lining of Bowman's capsule, the third layer through which filtration of blood takes place. Bowman's capsule f ...

– sertoli cells

– vero cells

– erythroid cells

– erythrocytes

* – erythrocytes, abnormal * – acanthocytes * – megaloblasts * – spherocytes

– erythroid progenitor cells

* – erythroblasts * – megaloblasts * – k562 cells * – megakaryocytes * – reticulocytes

– eukaryotic cells

– germ cells

–
ovum The egg cell, or ovum (plural ova), is the female reproductive cell, or gamete, in most anisogamous organisms (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, female gamete and a smaller, male one). The term is used when the female gamete is ...

* – oocytes * – oogonia * – zona pellucida * – zygote

– spermatozoa

* – sperm head * – acrosome * – sperm midpiece * – sperm tail * – spermatids * – spermatocytes * – spermatogonia

–
giant cells A giant cell (also known as multinucleated giant cell, or multinucleate giant cell) is a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually histiocytes), often forming a granuloma. Although there is typically a focus on the pathologica ...

– giant cells, foreign-body

– giant cells, langhans

– leydig cells

– luteal cells

– muscle cells

–
muscle fibers A muscle cell is also known as a myocyte when referring to either a cardiac muscle cell (cardiomyocyte), or a smooth muscle cell as these are both small cells. A skeletal muscle cell is long and threadlike with many nuclei and is called a muscl ...

* – muscle fibers, fast-twitch * –

muscle fibers, slow-twitch Skeletal muscles (commonly referred to as muscles) are organs of the vertebrate muscular system and typically are attached by tendons to bones of a skeleton. The muscle cells of skeletal muscles are much longer than in the other types of muscl ...

* – myofibrils

– myocytes, cardiac

– myocytes, smooth muscle

– myeloid cells

– granulocytes

* – basophils * – eosinophils * – granulocyte precursor cells * – hl-60 cells * – neutrophils

– monocytes

* – macrophages * – epithelioid cells * – foam cells * – giant cells, foreign-body * – giant cells, langhans * – histiocytes * – kupffer cells * – macrophages, alveolar * – macrophages, peritoneal * – osteoclasts * – monocytes, activated killer * – u937 cells

– myeloid progenitor cells

* – granulocyte precursor cells

– myoblasts

– myoblasts, cardiac

– myoblasts, skeletal

* – satellite cells, skeletal muscle

– myoblasts, smooth muscle

–
neuroglia Glia, also called glial cells (gliocytes) or neuroglia, are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses. They maintain homeostasis, form mye ...

– astrocytes

–
microglia Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord. Microglia account for about 7% of cells found within the brain. As the resident macrophage cells, they act as the first and main form of active immune de ...

– neuropil

* – neuropil threads

–
oligodendroglia Oligodendrocytes (), or oligodendroglia, are a type of neuroglia whose main functions are to provide support and insulation to axons in the central nervous system of jawed vertebrates, equivalent to the function performed by Schwann cells in the ...

* – myelin sheath

– satellite cells, perineuronal

– schwann cells

* – myelin sheath * – neurilemma * – ranvier's nodes

–
neurons A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses. The neuron is the main component of nervous tissue in all animals except sponges and placozoa. N ...

– autonomic fibers, postganglionic

* –

parasympathetic fibers, postganglionic In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers. Neurotransmitters The neurotransmitters of postganglionic fibers differ: * In the parasympathetic division, neurons are '' cho ...

* – sympathetic fibers, postganglionic

– autonomic fibers, preganglionic

– axons

* – growth cones * – mossy fibers, hippocampal * – presynaptic terminals

– dendrites

* – dendritic spines * – growth cones

– growth cones

– interneurons

* –

amacrine cells Amacrine cells are interneurons in the retina. They are named from the Greek roots ''a–'' ("non"), ''makr–'' ("long") and ''in–'' ("fiber"), because of their short neuronal processes. Amacrine cells are inhibitory neurons, and they proje ...

* – retinal bipolar cells

– lewy bodies

– nerve fibers, myelinated

* – myelin sheath * – neurilemma * – ranvier's nodes

– neurites

– neurofibrils

* – neurofibrillary tangles

– neurons, afferent

* – hair cells * – hair cells, inner * – hair cells, outer * –

hair cells, vestibular Hair cells are the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in the ears of all vertebrates, and in the lateral line organ of fishes. Through mechanotransduction, hair cells detect movement in their environment. ...

* – olfactory receptor neurons * – photoreceptors * – photoreceptors, invertebrate * – photoreceptors, vertebrate * – cones * – retinal ganglion cells * –

rod Rod, Ror, Ród, Rőd, Rød, Röd, ROD, or R.O.D. may refer to: Devices * Birch rod, made out of twigs from birch or other trees for corporal punishment * Ceremonial rod, used to indicate a position of authority * Connecting rod, main, coupling, ...

* – rod outer segments * – posterior horn cells * – substantia gelatinosa * – retinal ganglion cells * –

retinal horizontal cells Horizontal cells are the laterally interconnecting neurons having cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer of the retina of vertebrate eyes. They help integrate and regulate the input from multiple photoreceptor cells. Among their functions, hori ...

– neurons, efferent

* – motor neurons * – anterior horn cells * – motor neurons, gamma

– neuropil

* – neuropil threads

– nissl bodies

– nitrergic neurons

– purkinje cells

– pyramidal cells

– senile plaques

– oxyphil cells

– pericytes

– phagocytes

– macrophages

* – epithelioid cells * – foam cells * – giant cells, foreign-body * – giant cells, langhans * – histiocytes * – kupffer cells * – macrophages, alveolar * – macrophages, peritoneal

– monocytes

* – monocytes, activated killer

–
neutrophils Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes or heterophils) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and make up 40% to 70% of all white blood cells in humans. They form an essential part of the innate immune system, with their functions varying in ...

– prokaryotic cells

– protoplasts

– reed-sternberg cells

–
spheroplasts A spheroplast (or sphaeroplast in British usage) is a microbial cell from which the cell wall has been almost completely removed, as by the action of penicillin or lysozyme. According to some definitions, the term is used to describe Gram-negative ...

– stem cells

– fibroblasts

– hematopoietic stem cells

* – myeloid progenitor cells * – erythroid progenitor cells

–
mesenchymal stem cells Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) also known as mesenchymal stromal cells or medicinal signaling cells are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage ce ...

– multipotent stem cells

– myoblasts

* – myoblasts, cardiac * – myoblasts, skeletal * – satellite cells, skeletal muscle * – myoblasts, smooth muscle

– cells Cell most often refers to: * Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life Cell may also refer to: Locations * Monastic cell, a small room, hut, or cave in which a religious recluse lives, alternatively the small precursor of a monastery w ...

– antibody-producing cells

– b-lymphocytes

– antigen-presenting cells An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on its surface; this process is known as antigen presentation. T cells may recognize these complexes using ...

– dendritic cells

– dendritic cells, follicular Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as ''accessory cells'') of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. ...

– apud cells

– blastomeres

– blood cells

– blood platelets

– erythrocytes

– hemocytes

– leukocytes

– bone marrow cells Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production (or haematopoiesis). It is composed of hematopoietic c ...

– granulocytes

– hematopoietic stem cells

– monocytes

– cells, cultured

– cell line An immortalised cell line is a population of cells from a multicellular organism which would normally not proliferate indefinitely but, due to mutation, have evaded normal cellular senescence and instead can keep undergoing division. The cell ...

– clone cells

– hybrid cells

– spheroids, cellular

– tumor cells, cultured Cell culture or tissue culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. The term "tissue culture" was coined by American pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows. This tec ...

– cells, immobilized

– cellular structures

– cell membrane

– cell surface extensions

– cell wall A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mech ...

– chromosomes

– extracellular space

– inclusion bodies Inclusion bodies are aggregates of specific types of protein found in neurons, a number of tissue cells including red blood cells, bacteria, viruses, and plants. Inclusion bodies of aggregations of multiple proteins are also found in muscle cells ...

– intracellular space

– subcellular fractions

– chromaffin cells

– pc12 cells

– connective tissue cells

– adipocytes

– chondrocytes Chondrocytes (, from Greek χόνδρος, ''chondros'' = cartilage + κύτος, ''kytos'' = cell) are the only cells found in healthy cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteog ...

– fibroblasts

– macrophages

– mast cells

– odontoblasts

– osteoblasts

– stromal cells Stromal cells, or mesenchymal stromal cells, are differentiating cells found in abundance within bone marrow but can also be seen all around the body. Stromal cells can become connective tissue cells of any organ, for example in the uterine mucos ...

– theca cells

– epithelial cells

– ameloblasts

– caco-2 cells

– chief cells, gastric

– CHO cells

– chromatophores

– dendritic cells

– endothelial cells

– enterocytes

– enteroendocrine cells Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic ef ...

– goblet cells Goblet cells are simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete gel-forming mucins, like mucin 5AC. The goblet cells mainly use the merocrine method of secretion, secreting vesicles into a duct, but may use apocrine methods, budding off their secre ...

– granulosa cells A granulosa cell or follicular cell is a somatic cell of the sex cord that is closely associated with the developing female gamete (called an oocyte or egg) in the ovary of mammals. Structure and function In the primordial ovarian follicle, and l ...

– hela cells

– hepatocytes

– ht29 cells

– keratinocytes

– labyrinth supporting cells

– llc-pk1 cells

– melanocytes Melanocytes are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea), the inner ear, vaginal epithelium, meninges, bones, and heart. ...

– merkel cells

– neuroepithelial cells

– paneth cells Paneth cells are cells in the small intestine epithelium, alongside goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells. Some can also be found in the cecum and vermiform appendix, appendix. They are below the intestinal stem cells in the intest ...

– parietal cells, gastric

– podocytes Podocytes are cells in Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus. Podocytes make up the epithelial lining of Bowman's capsule, the third layer through which filtration of blood takes place. Bowman's capsule f ...

– sertoli cells

– vero cells

– erythroid cells

– erythrocytes

– erythroid progenitor cells

– eukaryotic cells

– germ cells

– ovum The egg cell, or ovum (plural ova), is the female reproductive cell, or gamete, in most anisogamous organisms (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, female gamete and a smaller, male one). The term is used when the female gamete is ...

– spermatozoa

– giant cells A giant cell (also known as multinucleated giant cell, or multinucleate giant cell) is a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually histiocytes), often forming a granuloma. Although there is typically a focus on the pathologica ...

– giant cells, foreign-body

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cells Cell most often refers to: * Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life Cell may also refer to: Locations * Monastic cell, a small room, hut, or cave in which a religious recluse lives, alternatively the small precursor of a monastery w ...

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antigen-presenting cells An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on its surface; this process is known as antigen presentation. T cells may recognize these complexes using ...

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dendritic cells, follicular Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as ''accessory cells'') of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. ...

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bone marrow cells Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production (or haematopoiesis). It is composed of hematopoietic c ...

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cell line An immortalised cell line is a population of cells from a multicellular organism which would normally not proliferate indefinitely but, due to mutation, have evaded normal cellular senescence and instead can keep undergoing division. The cell ...

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tumor cells, cultured Cell culture or tissue culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. The term "tissue culture" was coined by American pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows. This tec ...

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cell wall A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mech ...

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inclusion bodies Inclusion bodies are aggregates of specific types of protein found in neurons, a number of tissue cells including red blood cells, bacteria, viruses, and plants. Inclusion bodies of aggregations of multiple proteins are also found in muscle cells ...

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chondrocytes Chondrocytes (, from Greek χόνδρος, ''chondros'' = cartilage + κύτος, ''kytos'' = cell) are the only cells found in healthy cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteog ...

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stromal cells Stromal cells, or mesenchymal stromal cells, are differentiating cells found in abundance within bone marrow but can also be seen all around the body. Stromal cells can become connective tissue cells of any organ, for example in the uterine mucos ...

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enteroendocrine cells Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic ef ...

–
goblet cells Goblet cells are simple columnar epithelial cells that secrete gel-forming mucins, like mucin 5AC. The goblet cells mainly use the merocrine method of secretion, secreting vesicles into a duct, but may use apocrine methods, budding off their secre ...

–
granulosa cells A granulosa cell or follicular cell is a somatic cell of the sex cord that is closely associated with the developing female gamete (called an oocyte or egg) in the ovary of mammals. Structure and function In the primordial ovarian follicle, and l ...

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melanocytes Melanocytes are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea), the inner ear, vaginal epithelium, meninges, bones, and heart. ...

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paneth cells Paneth cells are cells in the small intestine epithelium, alongside goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells. Some can also be found in the cecum and vermiform appendix, appendix. They are below the intestinal stem cells in the intest ...

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podocytes Podocytes are cells in Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus. Podocytes make up the epithelial lining of Bowman's capsule, the third layer through which filtration of blood takes place. Bowman's capsule f ...

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ovum The egg cell, or ovum (plural ova), is the female reproductive cell, or gamete, in most anisogamous organisms (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, female gamete and a smaller, male one). The term is used when the female gamete is ...

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giant cells A giant cell (also known as multinucleated giant cell, or multinucleate giant cell) is a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually histiocytes), often forming a granuloma. Although there is typically a focus on the pathologica ...

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muscle fibers A muscle cell is also known as a myocyte when referring to either a cardiac muscle cell (cardiomyocyte), or a smooth muscle cell as these are both small cells. A skeletal muscle cell is long and threadlike with many nuclei and is called a muscl ...

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neuroglia Glia, also called glial cells (gliocytes) or neuroglia, are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses. They maintain homeostasis, form mye ...

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microglia Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord. Microglia account for about 7% of cells found within the brain. As the resident macrophage cells, they act as the first and main form of active immune de ...

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oligodendroglia Oligodendrocytes (), or oligodendroglia, are a type of neuroglia whose main functions are to provide support and insulation to axons in the central nervous system of jawed vertebrates, equivalent to the function performed by Schwann cells in the ...

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neurons A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses. The neuron is the main component of nervous tissue in all animals except sponges and placozoa. N ...

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neutrophils Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes or heterophils) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and make up 40% to 70% of all white blood cells in humans. They form an essential part of the innate immune system, with their functions varying in ...

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spheroplasts A spheroplast (or sphaeroplast in British usage) is a microbial cell from which the cell wall has been almost completely removed, as by the action of penicillin or lysozyme. According to some definitions, the term is used to describe Gram-negative ...

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mesenchymal stem cells Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) also known as mesenchymal stromal cells or medicinal signaling cells are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage ce ...