Marine species distribution reference map Southern Africa

The list of marine

heterobranch Heterobranchia, the ''heterobranchs'' (meaning "different-gilled snails"), is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks. Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. Cur ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

s of

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...

is a list of

saltwater Saline water (more commonly known as salt water) is water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts (mainly sodium chloride). On the United States Geological Survey (USGS) salinity scale, saline water is saltier than brackish water, ...

mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is esti ...

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

that form a part of the molluscan

fauna of South Africa The fauna of South Africa is diverse and largely typical of the ecosystems in Africa. South Africa is ranked sixth out of the world's 17 megadiverse countries. Many endemic species are unique to South Africa. The country is among the world leaders ...

. This list does not include the land or freshwater molluscs. This is a sub-list of the

list of marine gastropods of South Africa This list of marine gastropods of South Africa attempts to list all of the sea snails and sea slugs of South Africa, in other words the marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs of that area. This list is a sub-list of the List of marine molluscs ...

, which is in turn a sub-list of the

list of marine molluscs of South Africa The list of marine molluscs of South Africa is a list of Seawater, saltwater species that form a part of the molluscan fauna of South Africa. This list does not include the land or freshwater molluscs. Gastropoda See List of marine gastropods o ...

Heterobranchia

Architectonicidae Architectonicidae, common name the staircase shells or sundials, are a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the informal group "Lower Heterobranchia" (= Allogastropoda) of the clade Heterobranchia. The extinct families † Amphito ...

*Variegated sundial shell '' Heliacus variegatus'' (Gmelin, 1791) (Eastern Cape to Mozambique)Branch, G.M. Griffiths, C.L. Branch, M.L. Beckley, L.E. ''Two Oceans: A guide to the marine life of southern Africa.'' 5th impression, David Philip, Cape Town, 2000.

Siphonariidae Siphonariidae, also known as false limpets, are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing sea snails, marine and brackish water pulmonate gastropod molluscs. __TOC__ Shell description Empty siphonariid limpet shells can be dis ...

- False limpets *'' Siphonaria annaea'' Tomlin, 1944 (Durban northwards) *Cape False limpet '' Siphonaria capensis'' Quoy and Gaimard (Namibia to northern KwaZulu-Natal) * '' Siphonaria compressa'' Allanson, 1958 *'' Siphonaria concinna'' Sowerby, 1824 (Cape Point to Zululand) *''

Siphonaria nigerrima ''Siphonaria'' is a genus of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Siphonariidae, the false limpets.Rosenberg, G.; Gofas, S. (2012). Siphonaria. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Sp ...

'' Smith, 1903 (Zululand to Mozambique) *'' Siphonaria oculus'' Krauss, 1848 (Cape Point to Zululand) *'' Siphonaria serrata'' Fischer, 1807 (Saldanha Bay to Zululand) *'' Siphonaria tenuicostulata'' Smith, 1903 (Durban to Mozambique)

Ringiculidae Ringiculidae are a family of minute deep water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Cla ...

*''

Ringicula turtoni ''Ringicula'' is a genus of minute deepwater sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusk A micromollusk is a shelled mollusk which is extremely small, even at full adult size. The word is usually, but not exclusively, applied t ...

'' Bartsch, 1915Gosliner, Terrence. ''Nudibranchs of southern Africa: A guide to Opisthobranch molluscs of southern Africa'' Sea Challengers, Monterey, 1987. Acteonidae *''

Acteon fortis Actaeon or Acteon (Ἀκτέων) was a hero in Greek mythology. Actaeon or Acteon may also refer to: Mythology * Actaeon, son of Melissus, another mythical person, victim of Archias of Corinth Arts and entertainment * ''Acteón'' (film), 1965 ...

'' Thiele, 1925 *''

Acteon flammeus Actaeon or Acteon (Ἀκτέων) was a hero in Greek mythology. Actaeon or Acteon may also refer to: Mythology * Actaeon, son of Melissus, another mythical person, victim of Archias of Corinth Arts and entertainment * ''Acteón'' (film), 1965 ...

'' (Gmelin, 1791) *''

Acteon pudicus Actaeon or Acteon (Ἀκτέων) was a hero in Greek mythology. Actaeon or Acteon may also refer to: Mythology * Actaeon, son of Melissus, another mythical person, victim of Archias of Corinth Arts and entertainment * ''Acteón'' (film), 1965 ...

'' (A. Adams, 1854) *''

Rictaxis albis ''Rictaxis'' is a genus of minute sea snails or "bubble snails", marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Acteonidae, the "barrel bubble" snails.WoRMS (2011). Rictaxis Dall, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...

'' (Sowerby, 1873) *'' Japonacteon sp.'' *''

Pupa affinis ''Pupa affinis'' is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Acteonidae. It is found in the waters around the North Island of New Zealand.Bouchet, P. (2012). Pupa affinis. Accessed through: World Register of Marin ...

'' (A. Adams, 1854) *''

Pupa niecaensis A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their ...

'' (Barnard, 1963) *'' Pupa solidula'' (Linnaeus, 1758) *'' Pupa sulcata'' (Gmelin, 1791) *'' Pupa suturalis'' (A. Adams, 1854) *'' Pupa tessellata'' (Reeve, 1842) Bullinidae *'' Bullina scabra'' Gmelin, 1791 *'' Bullina oblonga'' Sowerby, 1897 Hydatinidae *Polka-dot bubble shell ''

Micromelo undata ''Micromelo undatus'', common name the miniature melo, is an uncommon species of small sea snail or bubble snail, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aplustridae. Distribution This species occurs in the Caribbean, Flor ...

'' (Brughiere, 1792) (Transkei to Mozambique) *Striped bubble shell ''

Hydatina physis ''Hydatina physis'' is a species of sea snail, a bubble snail, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aplustridae. Its common names include striped paper bubble, green-lined paper bubble, brown-lined paper bubble, and rose pe ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) (Eastern Cape to Mozambique) *''

Hydatina amplustre ''Aplustrum amplustre'', also known as royal paper bubble, ship’s flag shell, swollen bubble, is a species of sea snails, bubble snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Aplustridae. Description With length of shell a ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) *''

Hydatina velum ''Hydatina'' is a genus of sea snails, bubble snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Aplustridae. Species Species within this genus include: * ''Hydatina albocincta'' Van der Hoeven, 1839 * '' Hydatina cinctoria'' Pe ...

'' (Gmelin, 1791) *''

Hydatina albocincta ''Hydatina albocincta'', common name the white-banded bubble, is a species of sea snail or bubble snail, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aplustridae The Aplustridae is a taxonomic family of sea snails or bubble ...

'' (van der Hoeven, 1811)

Cylichnidae Cylichnidae, common name the "chalice bubble snails" or "canoe bubble snails" is a family of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cylichnoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cylichnidae H. Adams ...

*'' Cylichnella agulhasensis'' (Thiele, 1925) *'' Cylichnella meridionalis'' (Smith, 1902) *'' Cylichnella miniscula'' (Turton, 1932) *'' Cylichnella natalensis'' (Barnard, 1963) *'' Cylichnella nitens'' (Smith, 1872) *'' Cylichnella smithi'' (Bartsch, 1915) *'' Cylichna africana'' Bartsch, 1915 *'' Cylichna bistriata'' Tomlin, 1920 *'' Cylichna dulcis'' Thiele. 1925 *'' Cylichna nitens'' Smith, 1903 *'' Cylichna remissa'' Smith, 1890 *'' Cylichna tubulosa'' Gould, 1859 *'' Scaphander punctostriatus'' (Mighels. 1841)

Retusidae Retusidae is a family of very small sea snails, barrel-bubble snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. These are headshield slugs, in the superfamily Bulloidea Bulloidea is a superfamily of sea snails, or bubble snails, marine gastro ...

*'' Retusa agulhasensis'' Thiele, 1925 *'' Retusa natalensis'' Barnard, 1963 *'' Retusa sp. cf. nicobarica'' Thiele, 1925 *'' Retusa sp. cf. semen'' Thiele, 1925 *'' Retusa truncatula'' Bruguiere, 1792 *''

Volvulella mutabilis ''Volvulella'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Rhizoridae. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution. Species: *'' Volvulella acuminata'' *'' Volvulella angustata'' *'' Volvulella attenuata'' *'' Volvulella californic ...

'' (Barnard, 1963) *'' Volvulella pia'' (Thiele, 1925) *'' Volvulella rostrata'' (A. Adams, 1854)

Philinidae Philinidae is a family of medium-sized sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. These are headshield slugs, in the order Cephalaspidea.Bouchet, P. (2012). Philinidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www. ...

*Sand slug '' Philine aperta'' (Linnaeus, 1767) (Cape Columbine to Mozambique)Jones, Georgina. ''A field guide to the marine animals of the Cape Peninsula.'' SURG, Cape Town, 2008. Zsilavecz, Guido. ''Nudibranchs of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay''. SURG, Cape Town, 2007. *'' Philine berghi'' Smith, 1910 Gastropteridae *'' Gastropteron flavobrunneum'' Gosliner, 1984 *'' Gastropteron alboaurantium'' Gosliner, 1984

Aglajidae Aglajidae is a family of often colorful, medium-sized, sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. These are not nudibranchs; instead they are headshield slugs, in the clade Cephalaspidea.Bouchet, P. (2012). Aglajidae. Accessed throug ...

*Slipper slug '' Philinopsis capensis'' (Bergh, 1907) *'' Philinopsis dubia'' (O'Donoghue, 1929) *'' Philinopsis cyanea''(Martens, 1879) *'' Chelidonura fulvipunctata'' Baba, 1938 *'' Chelidonura hurundinina'' (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824)

Haminoeidae Haminoeidae, commonly known as the haminoeid bubble snail family, is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Haminoeoidea. The name of this family has long been controversial, and used to be ...

*'' Atys cylindrica'' (Heibling, 1779) *Green bubble shell '' Haminoea alfredensis'' Bartsch, 1915 (Namaqualand to Eastern Cape) *'' Haminoea natalensis'' (Krauss, 1848) (KwaZulu-Natal) *'' Roxania utriculus'' (Brocchi, 1814) *'' Smaragdinella sieboldi'' A. Adams, 1864 *'' Smaragdinella calyculata'' (Broderip and Sowerby, 1829) *'' Phenerophthalmus smaragdinus'' (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1831) Runcinidae *'' Metaruncina sp.''

Bullidae ''Bulla'' is a genus of medium to large hermaphrodite sea snails, shelled marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs. These herbivorous snails are in the suborder Cephalaspidea, headshield slugs, and the order Opisthobranchia.Gofas, S. (201 ...

*'' Bulla ampulla'' (Linnaeus 1758)

Limacinidae The Limacinidae are a family of small sea snails, pteropods, pelagic marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Thecosomata ( sea butterflies).Bouchet, P. (2012). Limacinidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinesp ...

*'' Limacina bulimoides'' (Orbigny, 1836) *''

Limacina antarctica ''Limacina rangii'' is a species of swimming sea snail in the family Limacinidae,Bouchet, P. (2014). Limacina rangii (d'Orbigny, 1834). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id ...

'' Woodward, 1854 - mentioned in traditional views as ''Limacina helicina'' (Phipps, 1774) (cf.) *''

Limacina inflata Heliconoides inflatus is a species of sea butterfly, a type of Pteropoda, pteropod. Description Sinistrally coiled, involute pigmented shell. Has large paired fins. Right tentacle is much larger than the left. Distribution The species is fo ...

'' (Orbigny, 1836) *''

Limacina lesueurii ''Limacina lesueurii'' is a pelagic species of sea snail pteropod (sea butterfly). History The species was first documented in 1826. They have migrated and are now spread across the north to central Atlantic Ocean, and Australasia Austr ...

'' (Orbigny, 1836) *''

Limacina trochiformis ''Limacina trochiformis'' is a species of gastropods belonging to the family Limacinidae. The species has almost cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across a ...

'' (Orbigny, 1836)

Cavoliniidae The family Cavoliniidae is a taxonomic group of small floating sea snails, pelagic marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks.Gofas, S. (2011). Cavoliniidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...

*'' Cavolinia gibbosa'' (Orbigny, 1836) *'' Cavolinia globosa'' (Gray, 1850) *'' Cavolinia inflexa'' (Lesueur, 1813) *'' Cavolinia tridentata'' (Niebuhr, 1775) *'' Clio andreae'' (Boas, 1886) *'' Clio chaptalii'' Gray, 1850 *'' Clio cuspidata'' (Bosc, 1802) *'' Clio pyramidata'' Linnaeus, 1767 *'' Creseis acicula'' (Rang, 1828) *'' Creseis virgula'' (Rang, 1828) *'' Cuvierina columnella'' (Rang, 1827) *'' Diacria quadridentata'' (Blainville, 1821) *'' Diacria trispinosa'' (Blainville, 1821) *'' Styliola subula'' (Quoy and Gaimard, 1827)

Peraclididae Cymbulioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of pelagic "sea butterflies", one group of swimming sea snails. They are holoplanktonic opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the clade Thecosomata. Anatomy Some groups within this superfamily possess ...

*'' Peraclis moluccensis'' (Tesch, 1903) *'' Peraclis reticulata'' (Orbigny, 1836) Cymbuliidae *'' Cymbulia sibogae'' Tesch, 1903 *'' Gleba cordata'' Niebuhr, 1776 Desmopteridae *'' Desmopterus papilio'' Chun 1889

Gymnosomata Sea angels ( clade Gymnosomata) are a large group of small free-swimming sea slugs, not to be confused with Cnidarians (Jellyfish and other similar creatures), classified into six different families. They are pelagic opisthobranchs in the clade ...

Clionidae The Clionidae are a family of sea angels, which are a group of pelagic marine gastropods. They resemble angels, complete with flapping "wings", hence their common name. They are gelatinous, mostly transparent pteropods, and they only have she ...

*''

Clione limacina ''Clione limacina'', known as the naked sea butterfly, sea angel, and common clione, is a sea angel (pelagic sea slug) found from the surface to greater than depth.Gofas, S. (2012). ''Clione limacina''. Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...

'' (Phipps, 1774) (Pelagic northern and southern hemispheres) (southern hemisphere may be a distinct species, ''

Clione antarctica ''Clione antarctica'' is a species of "sea angel", a sea slug, a pelagic marine gastropod mollusk in the family Clionidae, the "sea angels". Distribution The distribution of ''Clione antarctica'' is within the Southern Hemisphere, in the p ...

'')

Pneumodermatidae The Pneumodermatidae are a family of sea angels, or small floating predatory sea snails or sea slugs. They are pelagic marine heterobranch opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Gymnosomata. These small pelagic snails lack shells (excep ...

*''

Spongiobranchaea australis The Pneumodermatidae are a family of sea angels, or small floating predatory sea snails or sea slugs. They are pelagic marine heterobranch opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Gymnosomata. These small pelagic snails lack shells (ex ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1836) (Pelagic, southern hemisphere)

Anaspidea

Akeridae *'' Akera soluta'' (Gmelin 1791)

Aplysiidae Aplysiidae is the only family in the superfamily Aplysioidea, within the clade Anaspidea. These animals are commonly called sea hares because, unlike most sea slugs, they are often quite large, and when they are underwater, their rounded body sh ...

*Dwarf sea hare '' Aplysia parvula'' Morch, 1863 *Spotted sea hare '' Aplysia oculifera'' Adams and Reeve, 1850 (Cape Point to northern KwaZulu-Natal) *''

Aplysia dactylomela ''Aplysia dactylomela'', the spotted sea hare, is a species of large sea slug, a marine opisthobranch gastropod in the family Aplysiidae, the sea hares. Distribution and taxonomy As traditionally defined, this species of sea hare was cosmopo ...

'' Rang, 1828 *'' Aplysia maculata'' Rang, 1828 *Variable sea hare '' Aplysia juliana'' Quoy and Gaimard, 1832 *Shaggy sea hare '' Bursatella leachi leachi'' (Blainville. 1817) (Cape Columbine to Mozambique) *Shaggy sea hare '' Bursatella leachi africana'' (Engel, 1927) *Wedge sea hare '' Dolabella auricularia'' (Solander, 1786) (Mossel Bay to Mozambique) *'' Dolabrifera dolabrifera'' (Rang, 1828) *'' Paraplysia lowii'' Gilchrist, 1900 *''

Stylocheilus longicauda ''Stylocheilus longicauda'' is a species of gastropods belonging to the family Aplysiidae. The species is found in Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Amer ...

'' (Quoy and Gaimard 1824)

Sacoglossa Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "solar-powered sea slugs", are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellular ...

Oxynoidae Oxynoidae is a family of sea snails, bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea, an opisthobranch group. This family has no subfamilies. Genera The following three genera or four are included in the family Oxyno ...

*'' Lobiger souverbiei'' Fischer, 1856 *'' Lophopleurella capensis'' (Thiele, 1912) *''

Oxynoe viridis ''Oxynoe viridis'' is a species of small sea snail or sea slug, a bubble snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Oxynoidae. Distribution This species occurs in the Philippines, Australia, Indonesia, Egypt, Taiwan and Turkey. The t ...

'' (Pease, 1861) *''

Oxynoe ''Oxynoe'' is a genus of small sea snails, bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Oxynoidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). Oxynoe Rafinesque, 1814. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies. ...

sp.''

Juliidae Juliidae, common name the bivalved gastropods, is a family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea, an opisthobranch group. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Juliidae E. A. Smith, 188 ...

*'' Berthelinia schlumbergeri'' Dautzenberg, 1895 *'' Julia zebra'' Kawaguti, 1981

Volvatellidae Volvatellidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea Oxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails, bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the super ...

*'' Ascobulla fischeri'' (Adams & Angas, 1864) *'' Volvatella laguncula'' Sowerby, 1894

Placobranchidae Plakobranchidae is a family of sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Plakobranchoidea. They superficially resemble nudibranchs but they are sacoglossans, members of the clade Sacoglossa within the Opisthobranc ...

*'' Elysia halimedae'' Macnae, 1954 *'' Elysia marginata'' (Pease, 1871) *'' Elysia moebii'' (Bergh, 1888) *'' Elysia livida'' Baba, 1955 *'' Elysia rufescens'' (Pease, 1871) *'' Elysia vatae'' Risbec, 1928 *'' Elysia virgata'' (Bergh, 1888) *Plant-sucking nudibranch ''

Elysia viridis ''Elysia viridis'', the sap-sucking slug, is a small-to-medium-sized species of green sea slug, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusc in the family Plakobranchidae. This sea slug resembles a nudibranch, but it is not closely related to th ...

'' (Montagu, 1804) (Namaqualand to northern KwaZulu-Natal) *Plant-sucking nudibranch '' Elysia sp.'' This may be the same species as listed above as ''E. viridis''. There may be question of identification. *'' Elysia spp. (7)''

Limapontiidae Limapontiidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small to minute sacoglossan sea slugs. These are marine (ocean), marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). Limapontiidae. Accessed through: ...

*Dendritic nudibranch '' Placida dendritica'' (Alder & Hancock, 1843) *'' Stiliger ornatus'' Ehrenberg, 1831

Caliphyllidae Caliphyllidae is a taxonomic family of sacoglossan sea slugs. These are marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa. This family has no subfamilies. Genera There are five genera in the family Caliphyllidae: * '' Caliphylla ...

*'' Mourgona'' sp. *'' Polybranchia orientalis'' (Kelaart, 1858) - cited as ''Phyllobranchillus orientalis''

Hermaeidae Hermaeidae is a taxonomic family of sacoglossan sea slugs. These are marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Plakobranchoidea. This family has no subfamilies. Genera Jensen (1996)Jensen K. R. (1996). "Phylogenetic systemati ...

*Table Bay nudibranch '' Aplysiopsis sinusmensalis'' (Macnae, 1954)

Notaspidea Notaspidea, also known as the sidegill slugs, is an artificial grouping of sea slugs which is now split into two unrelated groups, the Umbraculida and the Pleurobranchomorpha. Taxonomic history Notaspidea, also known as the sidegill slugs, was a ...

Umbraculidae Umbraculidae are a taxonomic family of unusual sea snails or limpets, marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the clade Umbraculida. Distribution This family has a global distribution in tropical and subtropical seas. Genera Genera ...

*'' Tylodina alfredensis'' Turton, 1932 *Umbrella pleurobranch '' Umbraculum sinicum'' (Gmelin, 1783) (transkei to Mozambique)

Pleurobranchidae The Pleurobranchidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Pleurobranchomorpha. Characteristics Species in the family Pleurobranchidae have a prominent mantle and an internal shell that becomes re ...

*'' Berthella plumula'' (Montagu, 1803) *''

Berthella tupala ''Berthella'' is a genus of sea slugs, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pleurobranchidae. Species Species within the genus ''Berthella'' are: ''Species inquirenda'' * ''Berthella dautzenbergi'' (R. B. Watson, 1897) * ''B ...

'' Marcus, 1957 *'' Berthella sp.'' *Lemon pleurobranch ''

Berthellina citrina ''Berthellina citrina'', the orange gumdrop, is a species of sea slug in the family Pleurobranchidae. It is found in rock pools in the intertidal zone and in shallow water in the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific region. Description ''Bert ...

'' (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828) (Cape Point to Mozambique) *Lemon pleurobranch ''

Berthellina granulata The lemon pleurobranch (''Berthellina granulata'') is a species of sea slug, a marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pleurobranchidae. Description The lemon pleurobranch is a small smooth oval pleurobranch. The animal is yellow- ...

'' (Krauss, 1848) (This may replace previous entry ''B. citrina'') *'' Euselenops luniceps'' (Cuvier, 1817) *'' Pleurobranchaea algoensis'' Thiele, 1925 *'' Pleurobranchaea brockii'' Bergh, 1897 *'' Pleurobranchaea melanopus'' Bergh, 1907 *'' Pleurobranchaea pleurobrancheana'' (Bergh, 1907) *Dwarf warty pleurobranch '' Pleurobranchaea tarda'' Verrill, 1880 *Warty pleurobranch '' Pleurobranchaea bubala'' Marcus and Gosliner, 1984 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape) *'' Pleurobranchella nicobarica'' Thiele, 1925 *Mosaic pleurobranch ''

Pleurobranchus albiguttatus The mosaic pleurobranch, scientific name ''Pleurobranchus albiguttatus'', is a species of sea slug, a sidegill slug, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pleurobranchidae. Description The mosaic pleurobranch has a sturdy rounded body wi ...

'' (Bergh, 1905) *'' Pleurobranchus disceptus'' O'Donoghue, 1929 *'' Pleurobranchus inhacae'' Macnae, 1962 *'' Pleurobranchus moebii'' Vayssiere, 1898 *''

Pleurobranchus nigropunctatus ''Pleurobranchus'' is a genus of sea slugs, specifically side-gill slugs, marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pleurobranchidae. They typically occur in intertidal and shallow subtidal waters of tropical and subtropical seas worldwide. ...

'' (Bergh, 1907) *'' Pleurobranchus papillosa'' (O'Donoghue, 1929) *'' Pleurobranchus peroni'' Cuvier, 1804 *'' Pleurobranchus perrieri'' Vayssiere, 1896 *'' Pleurobranchus sculptata'' (O'Donoghue, 1929) *'' Pleurobranchus xhosa'' Macnae, 1962

Nudibranchia - Nudibranchs

Bathydorididae *'' Doridoxa benthalis'' Barnard, 1963

Dorididae Sea lemon is a loosely applied common name for a group of medium-sized to large shell-less colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs, specifically dorid nudibranchs in the taxonomic family Dorididae and other closely related families. These are marine ...

*'' Aldisa benguelae'' Gosliner, 1985 *Three-spot nudibranch '' Aldisa trimaculata'' Gosliner, 1985 *?'' Alloiodoris inhacae'' O'Donoghue, 1929 *'' Archidoris capensis'' Bergh, 1907 *'' Archidoris scripta'' Bergh, 1907 *Rugby ball dorid or Spined dorid '' Atagema rugosa'' Pruvot-Fol, 1951 *'' Atagema gibba'' Pruvot-Fol, 1951 *Warty dorid '' Doris verrucosa'' Linnaeus, 1758 Orange river to Eastern Cape * '' Doris granosa'' (Bergh, 1907) *'' Doris spp. (2)'' *'' Doriopsis pecten'' (Collingwood, 1881) *? Ocellate dorid '' Gargamella sp.1'' *?'' Gargamella sp.2'' *Velvet dorid '' Jorunna tomentosa'' (Cuvier, 1804) *Dotted nudibranch '' Jorunna zania'' (Transkei to northern KwaZulu-Natal)Marcus 1976 The following four species are listed as

incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...

by Gosliner: *'' Doris natalensis'' Krauss, 1848 *'' Doris pseudida'' Bergh, 1907 *'' Doris perplexa'' Bergh, 1907 *'' Doris glabella'' Bergh, 1907

Actinocyclidae Actinocyclidae is a family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Doridoidea. This family is within the clade Euctenidiacea. Taxonomy Genera within the family Actinocyclidae include: * ''Actinocyclus'' E ...

*'' Hallaxa sp.''

Chromodorididae Chromodorididae, or chromodorids, are a taxonomic family of colourful, sea slugs; dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Doridoidea. “Chromodorid nudibranchs are among the most gorgeously coloured of all animals.� ...

* Saddled nudibranch '' Cadlina sp.1'' * Brown-dotted nudibranch ''Cadlina sp.2'' *''Cadlina sp.3'' * Cadlina sp.4 *'' Cadlinella ornatissima'' (Risbec, 1928) *'' Ceratosoma cornigerum'' (Adams and Reeve, 1850) *Inkspot nudibranch or Lipstick nudibranch '' Ceratosoma ingozi'' Gosliner, 1996 *''

Ceratosoma tenue is a species of colourful dorid nudibranch, a sea slug, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Chromodorididae. Distribution This sea slug is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific area, from the oriental A ...

'' Abraham, 1876 *'' Chromodoris africana'' Eliot 1904 *''

Chromodoris albolimbata ''Chromodoris albolimbata'' is a species of colourful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Chromodorididae.Rosenberg, G. (2015)''Chromodoris albolimbata'' Bergh, 1907.In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: ...

'' Bergh, 1907 *'' Chromodoris alderi'' Collingwood, 1881 *Polka-dot chromodorid '' Chromodoris annulata'' Eliot 1904 (Transkei to northern KwaZulu-Natal) *''

Chromodoris boucheti ''Chromodoris boucheti'' is a species of colourful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Chromodorididae. Etymology This species is named after the malacologist Philippe Bouchet. Distribution This species w ...

'' Rudman, 1982 *'' Chromodoris conchyliata'' Yonow, 1984 *'' Chromodoris euelpis'' Bergh, 1907 *'' Chromodoris fidelis'' Kelaart, 1858 *'' Chromodoris geminus'' Rudman, 1987 *'' Chromodoris cf. geminus'' *'' Chromodoris geometrica'' Risbec, 1928 *'' Chromodoris hamiltoni'' Rudman, 1977 *Red-spotted nudibranch or Heather's nudibranch '' Chromodoris heatherae'' Gosliner, 1994 *'' Chromodoris inopinata'' Bergh, 1905 *'' Chromodoris marginata'' Pease, 1860 *'' Chromodoris porcata'' Bergh, 1888 *''

Chromodoris tinctoria ''Goniobranchus tinctorius'' is a species of colorful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae.Bouchet, P. (2012)''Goniobranchus tinctorius''.Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2 ...

'' (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828) *Gaudy chromodorid '' Chromodoris vicina'' Eliot, 1904 (Central to northern KwaZulu-Natal) *''

Chromodoris ''Chromodoris'' is a genus of very colourful sea slugs or dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, and the type genus of the family Chromodorididae. Within the genus ''Chromodoris'', there are currently 101 classified species. Species within ...

spp. (7)'' *'' Durvilledoris lemniscata'' (Quoy and Gaimard, 1832) *''

Glossodoris atromarginata ''Doriprismatica atromarginata'' is a species of sea slug. It is a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae.MolluscaBase (2018)''Doriprismatica atromarginata'' (Cuvier, 1804).Accessed on 2018-12-25. ...

'' (Cuvier 1804) *'' Glossodoris cincta'' (Bergh, 1888) *'' Glossodoris pallida'' (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1830) *'' Glossodoris symmetricus'' Rudman, 1990 *'' Glossodoris undaurum'' Rudman, 1985 *'' Glossodoris spp. (4)'' *'' Hypselodoris bullockii'' (Collingwood, 1881) *Cape dorid '' Hypselodoris capensis'' (Barnard, 1927) (Cape Columbine to Transkei) *'' Hypselodoris carnea'' (Bergh, 1889) *'' Hypselodoris fucata'' Gosliner & Johnson, 1999 *Mottled dorid '' Hypselodoris infucata'' (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828) (Central KwaZulu-Natal to Mozambique) *'' Hypselodoris maculosa'' (Pease, 1871) *'' Hypselodoris maridadilus'' Rudman, 1977 *''

Hypselodoris rudmani ''Hypselodoris rudmani'' is a species of sea slug or dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae.MolluscaBase (2018)''Hypselodoris rudmani'' Gosliner & R.F. Johnson, 1999.Accessed on 2019-01-21 This species is nam ...

'' Gosliner and Johnson, 1999 *''

Hypselodoris ''Hypselodoris'' is a genus of colourful sea slugs or dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Chromodorididae.MolluscaBase (2018)''Hypselodoris'' Stimpson, 1855.Accessed on 2018-09-16. Modern usage follows a more restricted v ...

spp. (3)'' *'' Hypselodoris sp.'' *'' Noumea varians'' (Pease, 1871) *'' Noumea purpurea'' Baba, 1949 *Protea nudibranch '' Noumea protea'' Gosliner, 1994 *'' Risbecia pulchella'' (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1828) *'' Thorunna horologia'' Rudman, 1984

Discodorididae Discodorididae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Doridoidea.Bouchet, P. (2011). Discodorididae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.mari ...

*''

Discodoris coerulescens ''Discodoris coerulescens'' is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Discodorididae Discodorididae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, m ...

'' Bergh, 1888 *'' Discodoris fragilis'' (Alder and Hancock, 1864) * Small-spot dorid ''Discodoris sp.1'' *'' Discodoris sp.2'' *Blotchy dorid '' Geitodoris capensis'' Bergh, 1907 *'' Anisodoris sp. (2)'' *'' Thordisa burnupi'' Eliot, 1910 *'' Thordisa punctifera'' Bergh, 1907 *'' Thordisa spp. (2)'' *? Variable dorid '' Aphelodoris brunnea'' Bergh, 1907(needs confirmation in Discodorididae) *? Chocolate-chip nudibranch ''Aphelodoris sp. 1'' *? Brown-spotted nudibranch ''Aphelodoris sp. 2'' *? Spiky nudibranch ''Aphelodoris sp.3'' *?'' Sclerodoris apiculata'' (Alder and Hancock, 1864)(needs confirmation in Discodorididae) *?'' Sclerodoris coriacea'' (Eliot, 1904)(see above) *?'' Sclerodoris sp.''(see above) *?'' Artachaea sp,''(see above) *'' Halgerda carlsoni'' Rudman, 1928King, Dennis. Fraser, Valda. ''More reef fishes and nudibranchs: East and south coast of southern Africa.'' Struik, Cape Town, 2002 *'' Halgerda dichromis'' Fahey and Gosliner, 1999 *'' Halgerda tessellata'' Bergh, 1880 *'' Halgerda toliara'' Fahey and Gosliner, 1999 *'' Halgerda wasinensis'' Eliot, 1904 *'' Halgerda formosa'' Bergh, 1880 *'' Halgerda punctata'' Farran, 1902 *'' Rostanga muscula'' (Abraham, 1877) * Red sponge nudibranch or Orange dorid ''

Rostanga elandsia ''Rostanga elandsia'', is a species of dorid nudibranch. It is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Discodorididae''. Distribution This species has so far only been found around the southern African coast from the Atlantic side of the Cape Pe ...

'' Garovoy, Valdes & Gosliner, 2001 * '' Rostanga phepha'' Garovoy, Valdés & Gosliner, 2001

Phyllidiidae Phyllidiidae is a family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Phyllidioidea. This family is within the clade Doridacea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Distributi ...

*'' Ceratophyllidia africana'' Eliot, 1903 *'' Phyllidia ocellata'' Cuvier, 1804 *Ridged nudibranch ''

Phyllidia varicosa ''Phyllidia varicosa'' is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Phyllidiidae.Bouchet, P. (2015)''Phyllidia varicosa'' Lamarck, 1801.In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Regis ...

'' Lamarck, 1801 (Central KwaZulu_Natal to Mozambique)(P. coelestis? (Bergh 1905)) *'' Phyllidiella zeylanica (Kelaart, 1859)'' *'' Phyllidia sp.''

Dendrodorididae Dendrodorididae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the Superfamily Phyllidioidea. Genera A maximum-parsimony analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 16S mtDNA gene In biology, th ...

*Blue-speckled nudibranch '' Dendrodoris caesia'' (Bergh, 1907) *'' Dendrodoris callosa'' (Bergh, 1907) *Tan dorid '' Dendrodoris capensis'' (Bergh, 1907) *'' Dendrodoris denisoni'' (Angas, 1864) *'' Dendrodoris nigra'' (Stimpson, 1855) *'' Dendrodoris rubra'' (Kelaart, 1858) *'' Dendrodoris spp. (3)'' *Scribbled nudibranch '' Doriopsilla miniata'' (Alder and Hancock, 1864) *White-spotted nudibranch '' Doriopsilla capensis'' Bergh, 1907 *'' Doriopsilla spp. (2)''

Mandeliidae Mandela's nudibranch, ''Mandelia mirocornata'', is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch. It is a marine gastropod mollusc, the only member of the genus ''Mandelia'' and the family Mandeliidae. The genus and family name honor Nelson Mandela, ...

*Mandela's nudibranch '' Mandelia mirocornata'' Valdes & Gosliner, 1999

Onchidorididae Onchidorididae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Onchidoridoidea.Thompson, T. E., & Brown, G.H., 1984Biology of opisthobranch Molluscs.Vol. 2. Ray Society; London. 1-229, p.49 ...

* Fluffy nudibranch '' Acanthodoris planca'' *'' Diaphodoris sp.'' Corambidae * Crazed nudibranch ''Corambe sp.'' Goniodorididae * Giraffe spot nudibranch '' Ancula sp.'' *Tugboat nudibranch '' Goniodoris mercurialis'' Macnae, 1958 *''

Goniodoris castanea ''Goniodoris castanea'' is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Goniodorididae. Distribution This species was first described from Salcombe Estuary, Devon. It has subsequently been reported ...

'' Alder and Hancock, 1845 *''

Goniodoris ovata ''Goniodoris ovata'' is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Goniodorididae. Distribution This species was first described from South Africa. Description Ecology ''Goniodoris ovata'' probabl ...

'' Barnard, 1934 *'' Goniodoris sp.'' *Fiery nudibranch '' Okenia amoenula'' (Bergh, 1907) *'' Okenia sp.'' * White lined nudibranch ''Trapania sp.1'' *'' Trapania sp.(2)''

Polyceridae The Polyceridae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Polyceroidea. Taxonomy The family Polyceridae is classified within the clade Doridacea, itself belonging to the clade Euc ...

*'' Crimora sp.'' *''

Kalinga ornata ''Kalinga ornata'' is a species of large, colourful nudibranch in the family Polyceridae. It is the only species in the genus ''Kalinga'', which is the type genus of the subfamily Kalinginae. Distribution ''Kalinga ornata'' resides in the deep c ...

'' Alder and Hancock, 1864 *Tasseled nudibranch '' Kaloplocamus ramosus'' (Cantraine, 1835) *Orange-clubbed nudibranch '' Limacia clavigera'' (Muller, 1776) (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape) *''

Nembrotha livingstonei ''Nembrotha livingstonei'' is a species of colourful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Polyceridae. It was first described in 1933.

'' Allan, 1933 *''

Nembrotha purpureolineata ''Nembrotha purpureolineata'' is a species of colourful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Polyceridae. ''Nembrotha rutilans'', classified as a separate species until 2008, has now been reclassified as ''Ne ...

'' O'Donoghue, 1924 *'' Plocamopherus apheles'' (Barnard, 1927) *'' Plocamopherus maculatus'' (Pease, 1860) *'' Plocamopherus sp.'' *Crowned nudibranch '' Polycera capensis'' Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 (Orange river to Eastern Cape) *'' Polycera hedgpethi'' Marcus, 1964 *Four lined nudibranch '' Polycera quadrilineata'' (Muller, 1776) *'' Polycera sp.'' (not same as Twin crowned or Orange lined crowned) * Twin-crowned nudibranch ''Polycera sp.1'' * Orange lined crowned nudibranch ''Polycera sp.2'' *''

Roboastra gracilis ''Roboastra gracilis'' is a species of sea slug, a polycerid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Polyceridae.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.); Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdes A. & Warén A. 2005. ''Classification and ...

'' (Bergh, 1877) *'' Roboastra luteolineata'' (Baba, 1936) *Black nudibranch '' Tambja capensis'' (Bergh, 1907) (Cape Point to Tsitsikamma) *'' Tambja morosa'' (Bergh, 1877) *'' Tambja sp.'' *'' Thecacera pacifica'' (Bergh, 1883) *'' Thecacera pennigera'' (Montagu, 1804) *'' Thecacera sp.''

Aegiridae Aegiridae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, gastropod molluscs in the family (biology), superfamily Polyceroidea.Bouchet, P. (2015)Aegiridae Odhner, 1941.In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed ...

*Knobbly nudibranch '' Aegires ninguis'' Fahey & Gosliner, 2004

Gymnodorididae The Polyceridae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Polyceroidea. Taxonomy The family Polyceridae is classified within the clade Doridacea, itself belonging to the clade Euc ...

*'' Gymnodoris alba'' (Bergh, 1877) *'' Gymnodoris ceylonica'' (Kelaart, 1858) *'' Gymnodoris inornata'' (Bergh, 1880) *'' Gymnodoris okinawae'' Baba, 1936 *'' Gymnodoris spp. (2)'' *Ghost nudibranch '' '' Macnae, 1958

Heterobranchia

Gymnosomata Sea angels ( clade Gymnosomata) are a large group of small free-swimming sea slugs, not to be confused with Cnidarians (Jellyfish and other similar creatures), classified into six different families. They are pelagic opisthobranchs in the clade ...

Anaspidea

Sacoglossa Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "solar-powered sea slugs", are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellular ...

Notaspidea Notaspidea, also known as the sidegill slugs, is an artificial grouping of sea slugs which is now split into two unrelated groups, the Umbraculida and the Pleurobranchomorpha. Taxonomic history Notaspidea, also known as the sidegill slugs, was a ...

Nudibranchia - Nudibranchs

Pulmonata Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...

References

Further reading