This tree lists various

manufacturing Manufacturing is the creation or production of goods with the help of equipment, labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation. It is the essence of secondary sector of the economy. The term may refer to a r ...

processes arranged by similarity of function. Thermal-oxidizer-install

Casting

Centrifugal casting (industrial) Centrifugal casting or rotocasting is a casting technique that is typically used to cast thin-walled cylinders. It is typically used to cast materials such as metals, glass, and concrete. A high quality is attainable by control of metallurgy and ...

Continuous casting Continuous casting, also called strand casting, is the process whereby molten metal is solidified into a "semifinished" billet, bloom, or slab for subsequent rolling in the finishing mills. Prior to the introduction of continuous casting in the ...

Die casting Die casting is a metal casting process that is characterized by forcing molten metal under high pressure into a mold cavity. The mold cavity is created using two hardened tool steel dies which have been machined into shape and work similarly t ...

Evaporative-pattern casting Evaporative-pattern casting is a type of casting process that uses a pattern made from a material that will evaporate when the molten metal is poured into the molding cavity. The most common evaporative-pattern material used is polystyrene foam.. ...

Full-mold casting Full-mold casting is an evaporative-pattern casting process which is a combination of sand casting and lost-foam casting. It uses an expanded polystyrene foam pattern which is then surrounded by sand, much like sand casting. The metal is then poure ...

Lost-foam casting Lost-foam casting (LFC) is a type of evaporative-pattern casting process that is similar to investment casting except foam is used for the pattern instead of wax. This process takes advantage of the low boiling point of polymer foams to simplify ...

Investment casting Investment casting is an industrial process based on lost-wax casting, one of the oldest known metal-forming techniques. The term "lost-wax casting" can also refer to modern investment casting processes. Investment casting has been used in var ...

(

Lost-wax casting Lost-wax casting (also called "investment casting", "precision casting", or ''cire perdue'' which has been adopted into English from the French, ) is the process by which a duplicate metal sculpture (often silver, gold, brass, or bronze) i ...

) ** Countergravity casting **

* Low pressure die casting *

Permanent mold casting Permanent mold casting is a metal casting process that employs reusable molds ("permanent molds"), usually made from metal. The most common process uses gravity to fill the mold, however gas pressure or a vacuum are also used. A variation on th ...

* Plastic mold casting *

Resin casting Resin casting is a method of plastic casting where a mold is filled with a liquid synthetic resin, which then hardens. It is primarily used for small-scale production like industrial prototypes and dentistry. It can be done by amateur hobbyists wit ...

Sand casting Sand casting, also known as sand molded casting, is a metal casting process characterized by using sand as the mold material. The term "sand casting" can also refer to an object produced via the sand casting process. Sand castings are produced i ...

Shell molding Shell molding, also known as shell-mold casting, is an expendable mold casting process that uses resin covered sand to form the mold (manufacturing), mold. As compared to sand casting, this process has better dimensional accuracy, a higher productiv ...

Slush casting Permanent mold casting is a metal casting process that employs reusable Molding (process), molds ("permanent molds"), usually made from metal. The most common process uses gravity to fill the mold, however gas pressure or a vacuum are also used. ...

Slurry casting A slurry is a mixture of denser solids suspended in liquid, usually water. The most common use of slurry is as a means of transporting solids or separating minerals, the liquid being a carrier that is pumped on a device such as a centrifugal pu ...

* Vacuum molding :''Data from'' Fundamentals of modern manufacturing

Labeling and painting

''Main articles:

Imaging Imaging is the representation or reproduction of an object's form; especially a visual representation (i.e., the formation of an image). Imaging technology is the application of materials and methods to create, preserve, or duplicate images. ...

and

Coating A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, usually referred to as the substrate. The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional, or both. Coatings may be applied as liquids, gases or solids e.g. Pow ...

'' * Laser engraving *

Inkjet printing Inkjet printing is a type of computer printing that recreates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper and plastic substrates. Inkjet printers were the most commonly used type of printer in 2008, and range from small inexpen ...

* Chemical vapor deposition * Sputter deposition *

Plating Plating is a surface covering in which a metal is deposited on a conductive surface. Plating has been done for hundreds of years; it is also critical for modern technology. Plating is used to decorate objects, for corrosion inhibition, to improv ...

Thermal spraying Thermal spraying techniques are coating processes in which melted (or heated) materials are sprayed onto a surface. The "feedstock" (coating precursor) is heated by electrical (plasma or arc) or chemical means (combustion flame). Thermal sprayi ...

Moulding

Powder metallurgy Powder metallurgy (PM) is a term covering a wide range of ways in which materials or components are made from metal powders. PM processes can reduce or eliminate the need for subtractive processes in manufacturing, lowering material losses and ...

** Compaction plus

sintering Clinker nodules produced by sintering Sintering or frittage is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by pressure or heat without melting it to the point of liquefaction. Sintering happens as part of a manufacturing ...

Hot isostatic pressing Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is a manufacturing process, used to reduce the porosity of metals and increase the density of many ceramic materials. This improves the material's mechanical properties and workability. The process can be used to pro ...

Metal injection moulding Metal injection molding (MIM) is a metalworking process in which finely-powdered metal is mixed with binder material to create a "feedstock" that is then shaped and solidified using injection molding. The molding process allows high volume, ...

Spray forming Spray forming, also known as spray casting, spray deposition and in-situ compaction,. is a method of casting near net shape metal components with homogeneous microstructures via the deposition of semi-solid sprayed droplets onto a shaped substra ...

Plastic Plastics are a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that use polymers as a main ingredient. Their plasticity makes it possible for plastics to be moulded, extruded or pressed into solid objects of various shapes. This adaptab ...

s (see also Rapid prototyping) **

Injection Injection or injected may refer to: Science and technology * Injective function, a mathematical function mapping distinct arguments to distinct values * Injection (medicine), insertion of liquid into the body with a syringe * Injection, in broadca ...

** Compression molding **

Transfer Transfer may refer to: Arts and media * ''Transfer'' (2010 film), a German science-fiction movie directed by Damir Lukacevic and starring Zana Marjanović * ''Transfer'' (1966 film), a short film * ''Transfer'' (journal), in management studies ...

Extrusion Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by pushing material through a die of the desired cross-section. Its two main advantages over other manufacturing processes are its ability to create very complex ...

Blow molding Blow molding (or moulding) is a manufacturing process for forming hollow plastic parts. It is also used for forming glass bottles or other hollow shapes. In general, there are three main types of blow molding: extrusion blow molding, injectio ...

Dip moulding In Plastics engineering, plastics processing, dip molding is a process of shaping of plastics by Molding (process), moulding. The coating of components with PVC has many applications. Plastic dip moulding is a technique where metal parts are ...

Rotational molding Rotational molding (BrE: moulding) involves a heated mold which is filled with a charge or shot weight of material. It is then slowly rotated (usually around two perpendicular axes), causing the softened material to disperse and stick to the ...

Thermoforming Thermoforming is a manufacturing process where a plastic sheet is heated to a pliable forming temperature, formed to a specific shape in a mold, and trimmed to create a usable product. The sheet, or "film" when referring to thinner gauges and cert ...

Laminating Lamination is the technique/process of manufacturing a material in multiple layers, so that the composite material achieves improved strength, stability, sound insulation, appearance, or other properties from the use of the differing materia ...

** Expandable bead **

Foam Foams are materials formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid. A bath sponge and the head on a glass of beer are examples of foams. In most foams, the volume of gas is large, with thin films of liquid or solid separating the ...

** Vacuum plug assist ** Pressure plug assist ** Matched mould *

Shrink wrap Shrink may refer to: Common meanings *Miniaturization *Shrink, a slang term for: ** a psychiatrist ** a psychoanalyst ** a psychologist Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Shrink'' (album), album by German indie rock/electronica group The Notwist ...

ping

Forming

* End tube forming **

Tube beading Tube beading is a metal forming process that forms a bead on the end of a tube. Tube beads can be used to help hold a hose on the end of a tube or to strengthen the end of the tube.Gregory Miller, "Tube Forming Processes: A Comprehensive Guide," 20 ...

* Forging **

Smith Smith may refer to: People * Metalsmith, or simply smith, a craftsman fashioning tools or works of art out of various metals * Smith (given name) * Smith (surname), a family name originating in England, Scotland and Ireland ** List of people wi ...

Hammer forge The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , ''asteriskos'', "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often voc ...

Drop forge A forge is a type of hearth used for heating metals, or the workplace (smithy) where such a hearth is located. The forge is used by the smith to heat a piece of metal to a temperature at which it becomes easier to shape by forging, or to t ...

Press Press may refer to: Media * Print media or news media, commonly called "the press" * Printing press, commonly called "the press" * Press (newspaper), a list of newspapers * Press TV, an Iranian television network People * Press (surname), a fam ...

Impact Impact may refer to: * Impact (mechanics), a high force or shock (mechanics) over a short time period * Impact, Texas, a town in Taylor County, Texas, US Science and technology * Impact crater, a meteor crater caused by an impact event * Impac ...

(see also

) ** Upset ** No draft ** High-energy-rate ** Cored **

Incremental Increment or incremental may refer to: *Incrementalism, a theory (also used in politics as a synonym for gradualism) *Increment and decrement operators, the operators ++ and -- in computer programming *Incremental computing *Incremental backup, wh ...

Powder A powder is a dry, bulk solid composed of many very fine particles that may flow freely when shaken or tilted. Powders are a special sub-class of granular materials, although the terms ''powder'' and '' granular'' are sometimes used to distin ...

Rolling Rolling is a type of motion that combines rotation (commonly, of an axially symmetric object) and translation of that object with respect to a surface (either one or the other moves), such that, if ideal conditions exist, the two are in contact ...

(Thick plate and sheet metal) **

Cold rolling In metalworking, rolling is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness, to make the thickness uniform, and/or to impart a desired mechanical property. The concept is simil ...

** Hot rolling **

Sheet metal Sheet metal is metal formed into thin, flat pieces, usually by an industrial process. Sheet metal is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking, and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes. Thicknesses can vary significantly; ex ...

Shape A shape or figure is a graphics, graphical representation of an object or its external boundary, outline, or external Surface (mathematics), surface, as opposed to other properties such as color, Surface texture, texture, or material type. A pl ...

Ring Ring may refer to: * Ring (jewellery), a round band, usually made of metal, worn as ornamental jewelry * To make a sound with a bell, and the sound made by a bell :(hence) to initiate a telephone connection Arts, entertainment and media Film and ...

Transverse Transverse may refer to: *Transverse engine, an engine in which the crankshaft is oriented side-to-side relative to the wheels of the vehicle *Transverse flute, a flute that is held horizontally * Transverse force (or ''Euler force''), the tangen ...

** Cryorolling ** Orbital ** Cross-rolling ** Thread *** Screw thread *** Thread rolling *

Impact extrusion Impact extrusion is a manufacturing process similar to extrusion and drawing by which products are made with a metal slug. The slug is pressed at a high velocity with extreme force into a die or mold by a punch. Process The punch is attached to ...

* Pressing ** Embossing ** Stretch forming ** Blanking (see drawing below) **

Drawing (manufacturing) Drawing is a metalworking process that uses tensile forces to stretch (elongate) metal, glass, or plastic. As the metal is drawn (pulled), it stretches to become thinner, to achieve a desired shape and thickness. Drawing is classified into two t ...

(''pulling''

sheet metal Sheet metal is metal formed into thin, flat pieces, usually by an industrial process. Sheet metal is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking, and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes. Thicknesses can vary significantly; ex ...

wire Overhead power cabling. The conductor consists of seven strands of steel (centre, high tensile strength), surrounded by four outer layers of aluminium (high conductivity). Sample diameter 40 mm A wire is a flexible strand of metal. Wire is c ...

, bar, or tube *** Bulging *** Necking *** Nosing **

Deep drawing Deep drawing is a sheet metal metal forming, forming process in which a sheet metal blank is radially drawn into a forming die by the mechanical action of a punch. It is thus a shape transformation process with material retention. The process is c ...

(sinks, auto body) *

Bending In applied mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element. The structural element is assumed to ...

** Hemming *

Shearing Sheep shearing is the process by which the woollen fleece of a sheep is cut off. The person who removes the sheep's wool is called a '' shearer''. Typically each adult sheep is shorn once each year (a sheep may be said to have been "shorn" or ...

Blanking and piercing Blanking and piercing are shearing processes in which a punch and die are used to produce parts from coil or sheet stock. Blanking produces the outside features of the component, while piercing produces internal holes or shapes. The web is cre ...

*** Trimming ***

Shaving Shaving is the removal of hair, by using a razor or any other kind of bladed implement, to slice it down—to the level of the skin or otherwise. Shaving is most commonly practiced by men to remove their facial hair and by women to remove th ...

*** Notching ***

Perforating A perforation is a small hole in a thin material or web. There is usually more than one perforation in an organized fashion, where all of the holes collectively are called a ''perforation''. The process of creating perforations is called perfor ...

***

Nibbling Blanking and piercing are shearing processes in which a punch and die are used to produce parts from coil or sheet stock. Blanking produces the outside features of the component, while piercing produces internal holes or shapes. The web is cre ...

*** Dinking *** Lancing *** Cutoff ** Stamping ***

Metal A metal (from Greek μέταλλον ''métallon'', "mine, quarry, metal") is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typicall ...

***

Leather Leather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay. The most common leathers come from cattle, sheep, goats, equine animals, buffalo, pigs and hog ...

*** Progressive ** Coining ** Straight shearing ***

Slitting Roll slitting is a shearing operation that cuts a large roll of material into narrower rolls. There are two types of slitting: log slitting and rewind slitting. In log slitting the roll of material is treated as a whole (the 'log') and one or mo ...

*Other ** Redrawing **

Ironing Ironing is the use of a machine, usually a heated tool (an iron), to remove wrinkles and unwanted creases from fabric. The heating is commonly done to a temperature of 180–220 °Celsius (356-428 Fahrenheit), depending on the fabric. Ironing wor ...

Flattening Flattening is a measure of the compression of a circle or sphere along a diameter to form an ellipse or an ellipsoid of revolution ( spheroid) respectively. Other terms used are ellipticity, or oblateness. The usual notation for flattening i ...

Swaging Swaging () is a forging process in which the dimensions of an item are altered using dies into which the item is forced. Swaging is usually a cold working process, but also may be hot worked. The term swage may apply to the process (verb) or ...

** Spinning **

Peening In metallurgy, peening is the process of working a metal's surface to improve its material properties, usually by mechanical means, such as hammer blows, by blasting with shot (shot peening), or focusing light ( laser peening). Peening is norm ...

** Guerin process ** Wheelon process ** Magnetic pulse **

Explosive forming Explosive forming is a metalworking technique in which an explosive charge is used instead of a punch or press. It can be used on materials for which a press setup would be prohibitively large or require an unreasonably high pressure, and is gene ...

Electroforming Electroforming is a metal forming process in which parts are fabricated through electrodeposition on a model, known in the industry as a mandrel. Conductive (metallic) mandrels are treated to create a mechanical parting layer, or are chemically p ...

** Staking ** Seaming **

Flanging Flanging is an audio effect produced by mixing two identical signals together, one signal delayed by a small and (usually) gradually changing period, usually smaller than 20 milliseconds. This produces a swept comb filter effect: peaks and no ...

** Straightening **

Decambering {{No footnotes, date=July 2009 Decambering is the metalworking process of removing camber, or horizontal bend, from strip shaped materials. The material may be finite length sections or continuous coils. Decambering resembles flattening or levellin ...

Cold sizing Cold sizing is a squeezing operation performed at temperatures significantly below the melting point to finish the surface of a workpiece to ensure better dimensional accuracy and surface finish. The sizing operation is a squeezing operation that ...

Hubbing Hubbing is a metalworking process that is used to make dies. It is a cold-working process, which means that it occurs well below the melting temperature of the metal being worked. Process In hubbing, a male hub (master) is created with a profile th ...

Hot metal gas forming Hot metal gas forming (HMGF) is a method of die forming in which a metal tube is heated to a pliable state, near to but below its melting point, then pressurized internally by a gas in order to form the tube outward into the shape defined by an en ...

Curling (metalworking) Curling is a sheet metal forming process used to form the edges into a hollow ring. Curling can be performed to eliminate sharp edges and increase the moment of inertia near the curled end. Other parts are curled to perform their primary funct ...

Hydroforming Hydroforming is a cost-effective way of shaping ductile metals such as aluminium, brass, low alloy steel, and stainless steel into lightweight, structurally stiff and strong pieces. One of the largest applications of hydroforming is the automotiv ...

Machining

*Milling machine, Mills **Grist mill **Hammer mill **Ball mill **Buhrstone mill **Disc mill **Saw mill **Steel mill ***Blast furnace ***Smelting ***Refining ***Reduction mill ***Annealing (metallurgy), Annealing ***Pickling (metal), Pickling ***Passivation (chemistry), Passivate ***

*Milling machine, Milling *Turning **Lathe **Facing (machining), Facing **Boring (manufacturing), Boring (also Single pass bore finishing) ** Spinning (flow turning) **Knurling **Hard turning **Cutoff (parting) *Drilling **Friction drilling *Reaming *Countersinking *Taps and dies, Tapping *Sawing **File (tool), Filing *Broach (metalworking), Broaching *Shaping (metalworking), Shaping **Horizontal plane, Horizontal **Vertical direction, Vertical **Special purpose *Planing (shaping), Planing **Double housing **Open-side **Edge or plate **Pit-type **Abrasive jet machining **Water jet cutting **Photochemical machining **Abrasive belt *Honing (metalworking), Honing (Sharpening) **Electro-chemical grinding *Finishing (manufacturing), Finishing & industrial finishing **Abrasive blasting (sand blasting) **Buffing **Burnishing (metal), Burnishing **Electroplating **Electropolishing **Magnetic field-assisted finishing **Etching **Linishing **Mass finishing ***Tumble finishing, Tumbling (barrel finishing) ****Spindle finishing ***Vibratory finishing **

**Polishing **Superfinishing **Wire brushing *Wood router, Routing *Hobbing *Ultrasonic machining *Electrical discharge *Electrical discharge machining (EDM) *Electron beam machining *Electrochemical machining *Chemical *Photochemistry, Photochemical *Laser cutting **Laser drilling *Grinding (abrasive cutting), Grinding **High stock removal *Gashing *Biomachining

Joining

*Welding **Arc welding, Arc ***Manual metal arc welding, Manual metal ***Shielded metal ***Gas metal ****Pulsed ****Short circuit ****Electrogas ****Spray transfer ***Gas tungsten ***Flux-cored ***Submerged arc welding, Submerged ***Plasma arc ***Carbon arc ***Stud welding, Stud ***Electroslag ***Atomic hydrogen ***Plasma-MIG (metal inert gas) ***Impregnated tape ***Regulated Metal Deposition **Oxy-fuel welding and cutting, Oxyfuel gas ***oxygen, Oxy-acetylene gas ***Methylacetylene propadiene (MAPP) ***Air-acetylene ***Oxyhydrogen ***Pressure gas ****Carbon dioxide, CO₂ **Resistance welding, Resistance ***Butt welding ****Flash butt welding ***Shot welding ***Spot welding **Projection welding **Seaming (metalworking), Seam **Upset welding **Percussion (manufacturing) **Solid state welding ***Ultrasonic welding, Ultrasonic ***Explosion Welding, Explosive ***Diffusion ****Machine press, Hot press ****Isostatic hot gas ****Vacuum furnace ***Friction welding ***Inertia ***Forge ***Cold welding, Cold ***Rolling (metalworking), Roll **Electron beam welding **Laser welding **Thermite **Induction welding, Induction ***Low frequency (50–450 Hz) ***High frequency (induction resistance; 200–450 kHz) **Others ***Heated metal plate ***Solvent welding, Solvent ***Dielectric ***Magnetic pulse welding ***Radio frequency welding ***High frequency resistance ***Electromagnetism, Electromagnetic ***Flow welding, Flow ***Resistance welding, Resistance ***Infrared ***Vacuum ***Hot-air-welding *Brazing **Torch **Induction brazing **Furnace brazing, Furnace **Brazing#Dip brazing, Dip *Soldering **Iron **Hot plate **Oven **Induction heating, Induction **Dip soldering, Dip **Wave **Ultrasonic welding, Ultrasonic *Sintering *Adhesive bonding (incomplete) **Thermosetting plastic, Thermo-setting and thermoplastic **Epoxy **Modified epoxy **Phenolic resin, Phenolics **Polyurethane **Adhesive alloys **Miscellaneous other powders, liquids, solids, and tapes *Fastener, Fastening wood and metal **nail (engineering), Nailing **Screwing **(By material fastened) ***Machine (Metal) ***Wood Screws **(By slot type) ***Phillips ("Plus sign" in Canada) ***Straight ("Minus sign" in Canada) **(By shape) ***Round head ***Flat head ***Box head ***Hex ***Lag **Nut (hardware), Nut and Screw, bolts **Riveting **Clinching (metalworking), Clinching **Pinning ***Cotter (pin), Cotter ***Groove (machining), Groove ***Taper pin, Tapered ***Spring pin, Roll ***Retaining rings ***Quick release skewer **Stitch (textile arts), Stitching **Stapling *Press fitting

Additive manufacturing

*3D printing *Direct metal laser sintering *Filament winding, produces composite material, composite pipes, tanks, etc. *Fused deposition modeling *Inkjet Printing *Laminated object manufacturing *Laser engineered net shaping *Layered manufacturing *Rapid Induction Printing *Selective laser sintering *Spark plasma sintering *Stereolithography

Other

*Mining **Quarrying **Rock blasting, Blasting **Crusher, Crushing *Chemical manufacturing *Petroleum refining processes, Petroleum refining *Semiconductor fabrication *Assembly line *Packaging and labeling *Logistics *Woodworking **Joinery (woodworking), Joinery (see also Joining, above) ***Lapping ***Mortise and tenon, Mortising ***Router (woodworking), Routing (see above) ***Biscuit joiner *Vulcanization *Heat treating *Bake-out

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manufacturing processes Industrial processes, * Manufacturing-related lists, Processes