The following lists identify, characterize, and link to more thorough information on file systems. Many older

operating system An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, and provides common daemon (computing), services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems scheduler (computing), schedule tasks for ...

s support only their one "native" file system, which does not bear any name apart from the name of the operating system itself.

Disk file systems

Disk file systems are usually block-oriented. Files in a block-oriented file system are sequences of blocks, often featuring fully random-access read, write, and modify operations. * ADFS –

Acorn The acorn is the nut (fruit), nut of the oaks and their close relatives (genera ''Quercus'', ''Notholithocarpus'' and ''Lithocarpus'', in the family Fagaceae). It usually contains a seedling surrounded by two cotyledons (seedling leaves), en ...

's Advanced Disc filing system, successor to DFS. *

AdvFS AdvFS, also known as Tru64 UNIX Advanced File System, is a file system developed in the late 1980s to mid-1990s by Digital Equipment Corporation for their OSF/1 version of the Unix operating system (later Digital UNIX/Tru64 UNIX). In June 20 ...

– Advanced File System, designed by

Digital Equipment Corporation Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC ), using the trademark Digital, was a major American company in the computer industry from the 1960s to the 1990s. The company was co-founded by Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson in 1957. Olsen was president until ...

for their Digital UNIX (now

Tru64 UNIX Tru64 UNIX is a discontinued 64-bit UNIX operating system for the DEC Alpha, Alpha instruction set architecture (ISA), currently owned by Hewlett-Packard (HP). Previously, Tru64 UNIX was a product of Compaq, and before that, Digital Equipment Corp ...

) operating system. *

APFS Apple File System (APFS) is a proprietary file system developed and deployed by Apple Inc. for macOS Sierra (10.12.4) and later, iOS 10.3, tvOS 10.2, watchOS 3.2, and all versions of iPadOS. It aims to fix core problems of HFS+ (also ca ...

– Apple File System is a file system for Apple products. * AthFS – AtheOS File System, a

64-bit In computer architecture, 64-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 64 bits wide. Also, 64-bit central processing units (CPU) and arithmetic logic units (ALU) are those that are based on processor registers, a ...

journaled filesystem now used by

Syllable A syllable is a basic unit of organization within a sequence of speech sounds, such as within a word, typically defined by linguists as a ''nucleus'' (most often a vowel) with optional sounds before or after that nucleus (''margins'', which are ...

. Also called AFS. * BFS – the Boot File System used on System V release 4.0 and UnixWare. * BFS – the Be File System used on

BeOS BeOS is a discontinued operating system for personal computers that was developed by Be Inc. It was conceived for the company's BeBox personal computer which was released in 1995. BeOS was designed for multitasking, multithreading, and a graph ...

, occasionally misnamed as BeFS. Open source implementation called OpenBFS is used by the

Haiku is a type of short form poetry that originated in Japan. Traditional Japanese haiku consist of three phrases composed of 17 Mora (linguistics), morae (called ''On (Japanese prosody), on'' in Japanese) in a 5, 7, 5 pattern; that include a ''kire ...

operating system. * Byte File System (BFS) - file system used by

z/VM z/VM is the current version in IBM's VM family of virtual machine operating systems. First released in October 2000, z/VM remains in active use and development . It is directly based on technology and concepts dating back to the 1960s, particu ...

for Unix applications *

Btrfs Btrfs (pronounced as "better F S", "butter F S", "b-tree F S", or "B.T.R.F.S.") is a computer storage format that combines a file system based on the copy-on-write (COW) principle with a logical volume manager (distinct from Linux's LVM), d ...

– is a

copy-on-write Copy-on-write (COW), also called implicit sharing or shadowing, is a resource-management technique used in programming to manage shared data efficiently. Instead of copying data right away when multiple programs use it, the same data is shared ...

file system for

Linux Linux ( ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an kernel (operating system), operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically package manager, pac ...

announced by

Oracle An oracle is a person or thing considered to provide insight, wise counsel or prophetic predictions, most notably including precognition of the future, inspired by deities. If done through occultic means, it is a form of divination. Descript ...

in 2007 and published under the

GNU General Public License The GNU General Public Licenses (GNU GPL or simply GPL) are a series of widely used free software licenses, or ''copyleft'' licenses, that guarantee end users the freedom to run, study, share, or modify the software. The GPL was the first ...

(GPL). * CFS – The Cluster File System from Veritas, a Symantec company. It is the parallel access version of VxFS. *

CP/M CP/M, originally standing for Control Program/Monitor and later Control Program for Microcomputers, is a mass-market operating system created in 1974 for Intel 8080/Intel 8085, 85-based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Dig ...

file system — Native filesystem used in the CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) operating system which was first released in 1974. * DFS –

's Disc filing system. * DOS 3.x – Original floppy operating system and file system developed for the

Apple II Apple II ("apple Roman numerals, two", stylized as Apple ][) is a series of microcomputers manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc. from 1977 to 1993. The Apple II (original), original Apple II model, which gave the series its name, was designed ...

. * Extent File System (EFS) – an older block filing system under

IRIX IRIX (, ) is a discontinued operating system developed by Silicon Graphics (SGI) to run on the company's proprietary MIPS architecture, MIPS workstations and servers. It is based on UNIX System V with Berkeley Software Distribution, BSD extensio ...

. * Extended file system, ext – Extended file system, designed for

systems. *

ext2 ext2, or second extended file system, is a file system for the Linux kernel (operating system), kernel. It was initially designed by French software developer Rémy Card as a replacement for the extended file system (ext). Having been designed ...

– Second extended file system, designed for

systems. *

ext3 ext3, or third extended filesystem, is a journaling file system, journaled file system that is commonly used with the Linux kernel. It used to be the default file system for many popular Linux distributions but generally has been supplanted by ...

– A journaled form of ext2. *

ext4 ext4 (fourth extended filesystem) is a journaling file system for Linux, developed as the successor to ext3. ext4 was initially a series of backward-compatible extensions to ext3, many of them originally developed by Cluster File Systems for ...

– A follow-up for

and also a journaled filesystem with support for extents. * ext3cow – A

versioning file system A versioning file system is any computer file system which allows a computer file to exist in several versions at the same time. Thus it is a form of revision control. Most common versioning file systems keep a number of old copies of the file. ...

form of ext3. *

FAT In nutrition science, nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such chemical compound, compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food. The term often refers specif ...

– File Allocation Table, initially used on

DOS DOS (, ) is a family of disk-based operating systems for IBM PC compatible computers. The DOS family primarily consists of IBM PC DOS and a rebranded version, Microsoft's MS-DOS, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later compatible syste ...

and

Microsoft Windows Windows is a Product lining, product line of Proprietary software, proprietary graphical user interface, graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Microsoft. It is grouped into families and subfamilies that cater to particular sec ...

and now widely used for portable USB storage and some other devices;

FAT12 File Allocation Table (FAT) is a file system developed for personal computers and was the default file system for the MS-DOS and Windows 9x operating systems. Originally developed in 1977 for use on floppy disks, it was adapted for use on ...

FAT16 File Allocation Table (FAT) is a file system developed for personal computers and was the default file system for the MS-DOS and Windows 9x operating systems. Originally developed in 1977 for use on floppy disks, it was adapted for use on Ha ...

and

FAT32 File Allocation Table (FAT) is a file system developed for personal computers and was the default file system for the MS-DOS and Windows 9x operating systems. Originally developed in 1977 for use on floppy disks, it was adapted for use on ...

for 12-, 16- and

32-bit In computer architecture, 32-bit computing refers to computer systems with a processor, memory, and other major system components that operate on data in a maximum of 32- bit units. Compared to smaller bit widths, 32-bit computers can perform la ...

table depths. ** VFAT – Optional layer on

FAT system to allow long (up to 255 character) filenames instead of only the

8.3 filename An 8.3 filename (also called a short filename or SFN) is one that obeys the filename convention used by CP/M and old versions of DOS and versions of Microsoft Windows prior to Windows 95 and Windows NT 3.5. It is also used in modern Microsoft opera ...

s allowed in the plain FAT filesystem. ** FATX – A modified version of

FAT system that is used on the original

Xbox Xbox is a video gaming brand that consists of four main home video game console lines, as well as application software, applications (games), the streaming media, streaming service Xbox Cloud Gaming, and online services such as the Xbox networ ...

console. * FFS (Amiga) – Fast File System, used on

Amiga Amiga is a family of personal computers produced by Commodore International, Commodore from 1985 until the company's bankruptcy in 1994, with production by others afterward. The original model is one of a number of mid-1980s computers with 16-b ...

systems. This FS has evolved over time. Now counts FFS1, FFS Intl, FFS DCache, FFS2. * FFS – Berkeley Fast File System, used on *

BSD The Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), also known as Berkeley Unix or BSD Unix, is a discontinued Unix operating system developed and distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley, beginni ...

systems *

Fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserve ...

–

Plan 9 from Bell Labs Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a distributed operating system which originated from the Computing Science Research Center (CSRC) at Bell Labs in the mid-1980s and built on UNIX concepts first developed there in the late 1960s. Since 2000, Plan 9 has ...

snapshot archival file system. *

Files-11 Files-11 is the file system used in the RSX-11 and OpenVMS operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation. It supports record-oriented I/O, remote network access, and file versioning. The original ODS-1 layer is a flat file system; th ...

–

OpenVMS OpenVMS, often referred to as just VMS, is a multi-user, multiprocessing and virtual memory-based operating system. It is designed to support time-sharing, batch processing, transaction processing and workstation applications. Customers using Op ...

file system; also used on some

PDP-11 The PDP–11 is a series of 16-bit minicomputers originally sold by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) from 1970 into the late 1990s, one of a set of products in the Programmed Data Processor (PDP) series. In total, around 600,000 PDP-11s of a ...

systems; supports record-oriented files *

Flex machine The Flex Computer System was developed by Michael Foster and Ian Currie of Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) in Malvern, England, during the late 1970s and 1980s. It used a tagged storage scheme to implement a capability architect ...

file system *

HAMMER A hammer is a tool, most often a hand tool, consisting of a weighted "head" fixed to a long handle that is swung to deliver an impact to a small area of an object. This can be, for example, to drive nail (fastener), nails into wood, to sh ...

— clustered

DragonFly BSD DragonFly BSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system forked from FreeBSD 4.8. Matthew Dillon, an Amiga developer in the late 1980s and early 1990s and FreeBSD developer between 1994 and 2003, began working on DragonFly BSD in ...

filesystem, production-ready since DragonFly 2.2 (2009) *

HAMMER2 HAMMER2 is a successor to the HAMMER (file system), HAMMER filesystem, redesigned from the ground up to support enhanced Computer cluster, clustering. HAMMER2 supports online and batched Data deduplication, deduplication, Snapshot (computer storag ...

— recommended as the default root filesystem in DragonFly since 5.2 release in 2018 *

HFS HFS may refer to: Businesses and organisations * Croatian Film Association () * Hellenic Fire Service, Greece * Hospitality Franchise Systems, US Computing * Hierarchical file system, a system for organizing directories and files * Hierarchica ...

– Hierarchical File System in IBM's

MVS Multiple Virtual Storage, more commonly called MVS, is the most commonly used operating system on the System/370, System/390 and IBM Z IBM mainframe computers. IBM developed MVS, along with OS/VS1 and SVS, as a successor to OS/360. It is unr ...

from MVS/ESA OpenEdition through

z/OS z/OS is a 64-bit operating system for IBM z/Architecture mainframes, introduced by IBM in October 2000. It derives from and is the successor to OS/390, which in turn was preceded by a string of MVS versions.Starting with the earliest: ...

V2R4; not to be confused with Apple's HFS. IBM stated that

users should migrate from HFS to

zFS ZFS (previously Zettabyte File System) is a file system with Volume manager, volume management capabilities. It began as part of the Sun Microsystems Solaris (operating system), Solaris operating system in 2001. Large parts of Solaris, includin ...

, and in z/OS V2R5 dropped support for HFS. *

– Hierarchical File System, in use until HFS+ was introduced on Mac OS 8.1. Also known as Mac OS Standard format. Successor to Macintosh File System (MFS) & predecessor to HFS+; not to be confused with IBM's HFS provided with

HFS+ HFS Plus or HFS+ (also known as Mac OS Extended or HFS Extended) is a journaling file system developed by Apple Inc. It replaced the Hierarchical File System (HFS) as the primary file system of Apple computers with the 1998 release of Mac OS 8. ...

– Updated version of Apple's HFS, Hierarchical File System, supported on Mac OS 8.1 & above, including macOS. Supports file system journaling, enabling recovery of data after a system crash. Also referred to as 'Mac OS Extended format or HFS Plus * HPFS – High Performance File System, used on

OS/2 OS/2 is a Proprietary software, proprietary computer operating system for x86 and PowerPC based personal computers. It was created and initially developed jointly by IBM and Microsoft, under the leadership of IBM software designer Ed Iacobucci, ...

HTFS High Throughput File System (HTFS) is a journaling file system that was used by SCO OpenServer Xinuos OpenServer, previously SCO UNIX and SCO Open Desktop (SCO ODT), is a closed source computer operating system developed by Santa Cruz Opera ...

– High Throughput Filesystem, used on

SCO OpenServer Xinuos OpenServer, previously SCO UNIX and SCO Open Desktop (SCO ODT), is a closed source computer operating system developed by Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), later acquired by SCO Group, and now owned by Xinuos. Early versions of OpenServer were ...

ISO 9660 ISO 9660 (also known as ECMA-119) is a file system for optical disc media. The file system is an international standard available from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Since the specification is publicly available, im ...

– Used on

CD-ROM A CD-ROM (, compact disc read-only memory) is a type of read-only memory consisting of a pre-pressed optical compact disc that contains computer data storage, data computers can read, but not write or erase. Some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold b ...

and

DVD-ROM The DVD (common abbreviation for digital video disc or digital versatile disc) is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was invented and developed in 1995 and first released on November 1, 1996, in Japan. The medium can store any kin ...

discs (

Rock Ridge ISO 9660 (also known as ECMA-119) is a file system for optical disc media. The file system is an international standard available from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Since the specification is publicly available, im ...

and Joliet are extensions to this) * JFS –

IBM International Business Machines Corporation (using the trademark IBM), nicknamed Big Blue, is an American Multinational corporation, multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, and present in over 175 countries. It is ...

Journaling file system A journaling file system is a file system that keeps track of changes not yet committed to the file system's main part by recording the goal of such changes in a data structure known as a " journal", which is usually a circular log. In the ev ...

, provided in

, and

AIX Aix or AIX may refer to: Computing * AIX, a line of IBM computer operating systems *Alternate index, for an IBM Virtual Storage Access Method key-sequenced data set * Athens Internet Exchange, a European Internet exchange point Places Belg ...

. Supports extents. * LFS – 4.4BSD implementation of a

log-structured file system A log-structured filesystem is a file system in which data and metadata are written sequentially to a circular buffer, called a log. The design was first proposed in 1988 by John K. Ousterhout and Fred Douglis and first implemented in 1992 by ...

* MFS – Macintosh File System, used on early

Classic Mac OS Mac OS (originally System Software; retronym: Classic Mac OS) is the series of operating systems developed for the Mac (computer), Macintosh family of personal computers by Apple Computer, Inc. from 1984 to 2001, starting with System 1 and end ...

systems. Succeeded by Hierarchical File System (HFS). *

Next3 Next3 is a journaling file system for Linux based on ext3 which adds snapshots support, yet retains compatibility to the ext3 on-disk format. Next3 is implemented as open-source software, licensed under the GPL license. Background A snapshot i ...

– A form of

with snapshots support. * MFS – TiVo's Media File System, a proprietary fault tolerant format used on

TiVo TiVo ( ) is a digital video recorder (DVR) developed and marketed by Xperi (previously by TiVo Corporation and TiVo Inc.) and introduced in 1999. TiVo provides an on-screen guide of scheduled broadcast programming television programs, whose fea ...

hard drives for real time recording from live TV. *

Minix file system MINIX is a Unix-like operating system based on a microkernel architecture, first released in 1987 and written by American-Dutch computer scientist Andrew S. Tanenbaum. It was designed as a clone of the Unix operating system and one that could r ...

– Used on

Minix MINIX is a Unix-like operating system based on a microkernel Software architecture, architecture, first released in 1987 and written by American-Dutch computer scientist Andrew S. Tanenbaum. It was designed as a clone of the Unix operating syste ...

systems *

NILFS NILFS or NILFS2 (''New Implementation of a Log-structured File System'') is a log-structured file system implementation for the Linux kernel. It was developed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp ...

– Linux implementation of a

NTFS NT File System (NTFS) (commonly called ''New Technology File System'') is a proprietary journaling file system developed by Microsoft in the 1990s. It was developed to overcome scalability, security and other limitations with File Allocation Tabl ...

– (New Technology File System) Used on

Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company, technology conglomerate headquartered in Redmond, Washington. Founded in 1975, the company became influential in the History of personal computers#The ear ...

Windows NT Windows NT is a Proprietary software, proprietary Graphical user interface, graphical operating system produced by Microsoft as part of its Windows product line, the first version of which, Windows NT 3.1, was released on July 27, 1993. Original ...

-based operating systems *

NeXT NeXT, Inc. (later NeXT Computer, Inc. and NeXT Software, Inc.) was an American technology company headquartered in Redwood City, California that specialized in computer workstations for higher education and business markets, and later develope ...

NeXTstation NeXTstation is a high-end workstation computer developed, manufactured, and sold by NeXT from 1990 until 1993. It runs the NeXTSTEP operating system. The system was designed to be a lower-cost option compared to the company's upscale product, t ...

and

NeXTcube The NeXTcube is a high-end workstation computer developed, manufactured, and sold by NeXT from 1990 to 1993. It superseded the original NeXT Computer workstation and is housed in a similar cube-shaped magnesium enclosure, designed by frog design ...

file system * NetWare File System – The original

NetWare NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol. The final update release was ver ...

2.x–5.x file system, used optionally by later versions. * NSS – Novell Storage Services. This is a new 64-bit

journaling file system A journaling file system is a file system that keeps track of changes not yet committed to the file system's main part by recording the goal of such changes in a data structure known as a " journal", which is usually a circular log. In the ev ...

using a balanced tree algorithm. Used in

versions 5.0-up and recently ported to

. * OneFS – One File System. This is a fully journaled, distributed file system used by Isilon. OneFS uses FlexProtect and Reed–Solomon encodings to support up to four simultaneous disk failures. * OFS – Old File System, on Amiga. Good for floppies, but fairly useless on hard drives. *

OS-9 OS-9 is a family of real-time, process-based, multitasking, multi-user operating systems, developed in the 1980s, originally by Microware Systems Corporation for the Motorola 6809 microprocessor. It was purchased by Radisys Corp in 2001, a ...

file system * PFS – and PFS2, PFS3, etc. Technically interesting file system available for the

, performs very well under a lot of circumstances. *

ProDOS ProDOS is the name of two similar operating systems for the Apple II of personal computer. The original ProDOS, renamed ProDOS 8 in version 1.2, is the last official operating system usable by all 8-bit Apple II computers, and was distributed ...

– Successor to DOS 3.x, for

computers, including the Apple IIGS, IIgs * Qnx4fs – File system that is used in QNX version 4 and 6. * ReFS (Resilient File System) – File system by

with a particular focus on data resilience in server environments. *

ReiserFS ReiserFS is a general-purpose, journaling file system initially designed and implemented by a team at Namesys led by Hans Reiser and licensed under GPLv2. Introduced in version 2.4.1 of the Linux kernel, it was the first journaling file syst ...

– File system that uses journaling *

Reiser4 Reiser4 is a computer file system, successor to the ReiserFS file system, developed from scratch by Namesys and sponsored by DARPA as well as Linspire. Reiser4 was named after its former lead developer Hans Reiser. , the Reiser4 patch set is s ...

– File system that uses journaling, newest version of ReiserFS * Reliance – Datalight's transactional file system for high reliability applications * Reliance Nitro – Tree-based transactional,

file system developed for high-performance embedded systems, from Datalight (Acquired by Tuxera in 2019) * RFS – Native filesystem for

RTEMS Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems (RTEMS), formerly Real-Time Executive for Missile Systems, and then Real-Time Executive for Military Systems, is a real-time operating system (RTOS) designed for embedded systems. It is free and open ...

* SkyFS – Developed for SkyOS to replace BFS as the operating system's main file system. It is based on BFS, but contains many new features. * SFS – Smart File System,

available for the Amiga platforms. * Soup (Apple) – the "file system" for Apple Newton Platform, structured as a shallow database *

Tux3 Tux3 is an open-source versioning filesystem created by Daniel Phillips. He introduced the filesystem as a public replacement for his Tux2 filesystem which had encountered licensing issues due to the filing of several patents. Phillips had previo ...

– An experimental versioning file system intended as a replacement for ext3 * UDF – Packet-based file system for WORM/RW media such as CD-RW and DVD, now supports hard drives and flash memory as well. * UFS – Unix File System, used on

Solaris Solaris is the Latin word for sun. It may refer to: Arts and entertainment Literature, television and film * ''Solaris'' (novel), a 1961 science fiction novel by Stanisław Lem ** ''Solaris'' (1968 film), directed by Boris Nirenburg ** ''Sol ...

and older

systems * UFS2 – Unix File System, used on newer

systems * VaultFS – parallel distributed clusterable file system for Linux/Unix by Swiss Vault * VxFS

Veritas In Roman mythology, Veritas (), meaning Truth, is the Goddess of Truth, a daughter of Saturn (mythology), Saturn (called Cronus by the Greeks, the Titan (mythology), Titan of Time, perhaps first by Plutarch) and the mother of Virtus (deity), Vi ...

file system, first commercial

;

HP-UX HP-UX (from "Hewlett Packard Unix") is a proprietary software, proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system developed by Hewlett Packard Enterprise; current versions support HPE Integrity Servers, based on Intel's Itanium architect ...

, UnixWare * VTOC (Volume Table Of Contents) - Data structure on IBM mainframe

direct-access storage device A direct-access storage device (DASD) (pronounced ) is a secondary storage device in which "each physical record has a discrete location and a unique address". The term was coined by IBM to describe devices that allowed random access to data, th ...

s (DASD) such as disk drives that provides a way of locating the data sets that reside on the

DASD A direct-access storage device (DASD) (pronounced ) is a secondary storage device in which "each physical record has a discrete location and a unique address". The term was coined by IBM to describe devices that allowed random access to data, th ...

volume. *

XFS XFS is a high-performance 64-bit journaling file system created by Silicon Graphics, Inc (SGI) in 1993. It was the default file system in SGI's IRIX operating system starting with its version 5.3. XFS was ported to the Linux kernel in 2001; a ...

– Used on SGI

and

systems *

–

File System; not to be confused with other file systems named zFS or ZFS. *

- an IBM research project to develop a distributed, decentralized file system; not to be confused with other file systems named zFS or ZFS. *

ZFS ZFS (previously Zettabyte File System) is a file system with Volume manager, volume management capabilities. It began as part of the Sun Microsystems Solaris (operating system), Solaris operating system in 2001. Large parts of Solaris, includin ...

a combined file system and logical volume manager designed by

Sun Microsystems Sun Microsystems, Inc., often known as Sun for short, was an American technology company that existed from 1982 to 2010 which developed and sold computers, computer components, software, and information technology services. Sun contributed sig ...

File systems with built-in fault-tolerance

These file systems have built-in checksumming and either mirroring or parity for extra redundancy on one or several block devices: *

Bcachefs Bcachefs is a copy-on-write (COW) file system for Linux-based operating systems. Its primary developer, Kent Overstreet, first announced it in 2015, and it was added to the Linux kernel beginning with 6.7. It is intended to compete with the moder ...

– Full data and metadata checksumming, bcache is the bottom half of the filesystem. Included in Linux kernel since 6.7 *

– A file system based on

B-Tree In computer science, a B-tree is a self-balancing tree data structure that maintains sorted data and allows searches, sequential access, insertions, and deletions in logarithmic time. The B-tree generalizes the binary search tree, allowing fo ...

s, initially designed at

Oracle Corporation Oracle Corporation is an American Multinational corporation, multinational computer technology company headquartered in Austin, Texas. Co-founded in 1977 in Santa Clara, California, by Larry Ellison, who remains executive chairman, Oracle was ...

. *

and

–

's primary filesystems, created by

Matt Dillon Matthew Raymond Dillon (born February 18, 1964) is an American actor. He has received various accolades, including a Screen Actors Guild Award and two Independent Spirit Awards alongside nominations for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, ...

. *

NOVA A nova ( novae or novas) is a transient astronomical event that causes the sudden appearance of a bright, apparently "new" star (hence the name "nova", Latin for "new") that slowly fades over weeks or months. All observed novae involve white ...

– The "non-volatile memory accelerated" file system for persistent main memory. * ReFS (Resilient File System) – A file system by

with built-in resiliency features. * Reliance – A transactional file system with CRCs, created by Datalight. * Reliance Nitro – A tree-based transactional,

file system with CRCs, developed for high performance and reliability in embedded systems, from Datalight (Acquired by Tuxera in 2019). * VaultFS – dynamically configurable any*Data + any*Parity EC (erasure coding) targets for any file or directory tree with checksum on every chunk *

– Has checksums for all data; important metadata is always redundant, additional redundancy levels are user-configurable;

and transactional writing ensure metadata consistency; corrupted data can be automatically repaired if a redundant copy is available. Created by

for use on

10 and

OpenSolaris OpenSolaris () is a discontinued open-source computer operating system for SPARC and x86 based systems, created by Sun Microsystems and based on Solaris. Its development began in the mid 2000s and ended in 2010. OpenSolaris was developed as ...

, ported to

FreeBSD FreeBSD is a free-software Unix-like operating system descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). The first version was released in 1993 developed from 386BSD, one of the first fully functional and free Unix clones on affordable ...

7.0,

NetBSD NetBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system based on the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). It was the first open-source BSD descendant officially released after 386BSD was fork (software development), forked. It continues to ...

(as of August 2009),

and to FUSE (not to be confused with the two zFSes from

)

File systems optimized for flash memory, solid state media

Solid state media, such as

flash memory Flash memory is an Integrated circuit, electronic Non-volatile memory, non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of flash memory, NOR flash and NAND flash, are named for t ...

, are similar to disks in their interfaces, but have different problems. At low level, they require special handling such as

wear leveling Wear leveling (also written as wear levelling) is a technique Wear leveling techniques for flash memory systems. for prolonging the service life of some kinds of erasable computer storage media, such as flash memory, which is used in solid-state d ...

and different

error detection and correction In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunications, error detection and correction (EDAC) or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communi ...

algorithms. Typically a device such as a

solid-state drive A solid-state drive (SSD) is a type of solid-state storage device that uses integrated circuits to store data persistently. It is sometimes called semiconductor storage device, solid-state device, or solid-state disk. SSDs rely on non- ...

handles such operations internally and therefore a regular file system can be used. However, for certain specialized installations (embedded systems, industrial applications) a file system optimized for plain flash memory is advantageous. * 3FS – (Fire-Flyer File System) is a File System made by

DeepSeek Hangzhou DeepSeek Artificial Intelligence Basic Technology Research Co., Ltd., Trade name, doing business as DeepSeek, is a Chinese artificial intelligence company that develops large language models (LLMs). Based in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Deepse ...

designed for AI Training and Inference workloads. *

– Apple File System is a next-generation file system for Apple products. * CHFS – a

filesystem for

embedded system An embedded system is a specialized computer system—a combination of a computer processor, computer memory, and input/output peripheral devices—that has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electronic system. It is e ...

s optimised for raw flash media. *

exFAT exFAT (Extensible File Allocation Table) is a file system optimized for flash memory such as USB flash drives and SD cards, that was introduced by Microsoft in 2006. exFAT was proprietary until 28 August 2019, when Microsoft published its spe ...

–

proprietary system intended for flash cards (see also XCFiles, an exFAT implementation for Wind River

VxWorks VxWorks is a real-time operating system (or RTOS) developed as proprietary software by Wind River Systems, a subsidiary of Aptiv. First released in 1987, VxWorks is designed for use in embedded systems requiring real-time, Deterministic system, ...

and other embedded operating systems). * ExtremeFFS – internal filesystem for SSDs. * F2FS – Flash-Friendly File System. An open source Linux file system introduced by

Samsung Samsung Group (; stylised as SΛMSUNG) is a South Korean Multinational corporation, multinational manufacturing Conglomerate (company), conglomerate headquartered in the Samsung Town office complex in Seoul. The group consists of numerous a ...

in 2012. * FFS2 (presumably preceded by FFS1), one of the earliest flash file systems. Developed and patented by

in the early 1990s. *

JFFS The Journaling Flash File System (or JFFS) is a log-structured file system for use on NOR flash memory devices on the Linux operating system. It has been superseded by JFFS2. Design Flash memory (specifically NOR flash) must be erased prio ...

– original log structured Linux file system for NOR flash media. * JFFS2 – successor of JFFS, for NAND and

NOR flash Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of flash memory, NOR flash and NAND flash, are named for the NOR and NAND logic gates. Both use ...

. * LSFS – a

Log-structured file system A log-structured filesystem is a file system in which data and metadata are written sequentially to a circular buffer, called a log. The design was first proposed in 1988 by John K. Ousterhout and Fred Douglis and first implemented in 1992 by ...

with writable snapshots and inline data deduplication created by StarWind Software. Uses DRAM and flash to cache spinning disks. * LogFS – intended to replace JFFS2, better scalability. No longer under active development. *

– a log-structured file system for Linux with continuous snapshots. * Non-Volatile File System – the system for

introduced by Palm, Inc. *

– the "non-volatile memory accelerated" file system for persistent main memory. * OneFS – a filesystem utilized by Isilon. It supports selective placement of meta-data directly onto flash SSD.
Reliance Velocity
- a proprietary flash file system by Tuxera with high resilience (fail-safe technology) and built-in data integrity. This file system is best suited for embedded applications requiring heavy data workloads over long-term operations. Reliance Velocity can used for all block based media like

eMMC MultiMediaCard, officially abbreviated as MMC, is a memory card standard used for solid-state storage. Unveiled in 1997 by SanDisk and Siemens, MMC is based on a surface-contact low-pin-count serial interface using a single memory stack subst ...

, UFS, eSD,

SD card Secure Digital (SD) is a proprietary, non-volatile, flash memory card format developed by the SD Association (SDA). Owing to their compact size, SD cards have been widely adopted in a variety of portable consumer electronics, including dig ...

, CF card, and

SSD A solid-state drive (SSD) is a type of solid-state storage device that uses Integrated circuit, integrated circuits to store data persistence (computer science), persistently. It is sometimes called semiconductor storage device, solid-stat ...

. It is compatible for

, Android and QNX with portability to other embedded operating systems.
Reliance Edge
- a proprietary file system by Tuxera for resource-constrained embedded systems. It has built-in

data integrity Data integrity is the maintenance of, and the assurance of, data accuracy and consistency over its entire Information Lifecycle Management, life-cycle. It is a critical aspect to the design, implementation, and usage of any system that stores, proc ...

with

transactional technology and

deterministic Determinism is the metaphysical view that all events within the universe (or multiverse) can occur only in one possible way. Deterministic theories throughout the history of philosophy have developed from diverse and sometimes overlapping mo ...

operations. This file system can be used for block based media and is configurable for Small

POSIX The Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX; ) is a family of standards specified by the IEEE Computer Society for maintaining compatibility between operating systems. POSIX defines application programming interfaces (APIs), along with comm ...

, Full POSIX and can be ported to many

RTOS A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) for real-time computing applications that processes data and events that have critically defined time constraints. A RTOS is distinct from a time-sharing operating system, such as Unix ...

environments. Tuxera has a certified version of this file system calle
Reliance Assure
The source code of Reliance Assure is complaint to

MISRA C MISRA C is a set of software development guidelines for the C (programming language), C programming language developed by Motor Industry Software Reliability Association, The MISRA Consortium. Its aims are to facilitate code safety, Computer secur ...

and developed following the ASPICE framework. * Segger Microcontroller Systems emFile – filesystem for deeply embedded applications which supports both NAND and NOR flash. Wear leveling, fast read and write, and very low RAM usage. * SPIFFS – SPI Flash File System, a wear-leveling filesystem intended for small NOR flash devices. * TFAT – a transactional version of the FAT filesystem. *

TrueFFS M-Systems Ltd., (sometimes spelled msystems) was a Nasdaq-listed Israeli producer of flash memory storage products founded in 1989 by Dov Moran and Aryeh Mergi, based in Kfar Saba, Israel. They were best known for developing and patenting the fi ...

– internal file system for SSDs, implementing error correction, bad block re-mapping and wear-leveling. *

UBIFS UBIFS (UBI File System, more fully Unsorted Block Image File System) is a flash file system for unmanaged flash memory devices. UBIFS works on top of an UBI (unsorted block image) layer, which is itself on top of a memory technology device (M ...

– successor of JFFS2, optimized to utilize NAND and

. *

Write Anywhere File Layout The Write Anywhere File Layout (WAFL) is a proprietary file system that supports large, high-performance Redundant array of independent disks, RAID arrays, quick restarts without lengthy consistency checks in the event of a Crash (computing), c ...

(WAFL) – an internal file system utilized by

NetApp NetApp, Inc. is an American data infrastructure company that provides unified data storage, integrated data services, and cloud operations (CloudOps) solutions to enterprise customers. The company is based in San Jose, California. It has ranked ...

within their DataONTAP OS, originally optimized to use non-volatile DRAM. WAFL uses RAID-DP to protect against multiple disk failures and NVRAM for transaction log replays. *

YAFFS YAFFS (Yet Another Flash File System) is a file system designed and written by Charles Manning for the company Aleph One. YAFFS1 was the first version of this file system and was designed for the then-current NAND chips with 512 byte page size ...

– a log-structured file system designed for NAND flash, but also used with NOR flash.
LittleFS
– a little fail-safe filesystem designed for microcontrollers. * JesFS – Jo's embedded serial FileSystem. A very small footprint and robust filesystem, designed for very small microcontroller (16/32 bit). Open Source and licensed under GPL v3.

Record-oriented file systems

In record-oriented file systems files are stored as a collection of records. They are typically associated with

mainframe A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron, is a computer used primarily by large organizations for critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterpris ...

and

minicomputer A minicomputer, or colloquially mini, is a type of general-purpose computer mostly developed from the mid-1960s, built significantly smaller and sold at a much lower price than mainframe computers . By 21st century-standards however, a mini is ...

operating systems. Programs read and write whole records, rather than bytes or arbitrary byte ranges, and can seek to a record boundary but not within records. The more sophisticated record-oriented file systems have more in common with simple

database In computing, a database is an organized collection of data or a type of data store based on the use of a database management system (DBMS), the software that interacts with end users, applications, and the database itself to capture and a ...

s than with other file systems. *

CMS file system CMS may refer to: Computing * Call management system * CMS-2, a programming language implemented for and used by the United States Navy * Code Morphing Software, a technology used by Transmeta * Collection management system for a museum coll ...

– The native file system of the

Conversational Monitor System The Conversational Monitor System (CMS, originally Cambridge Monitor System) is a simple interactive single-user operating system. CMS was originally developed as part of IBM's CP/CMS operating system, which went into production use in 1967. ...

component of

VM/370 VM (often: VM/CMS) is a family of IBM virtual machine operating systems used on IBM mainframes System/370, System/390, zSeries, System z and compatible systems, including the Hercules emulator for personal computers. Design The heart of t ...

– early versions were record-oriented; support for "streams" was added later *

Michigan Terminal System The Michigan Terminal System (MTS) is one of the first time-sharing computer operating systems.. Created in 1967 at the University of Michigan for use on IBM System/360, IBM S/360-67, S/370 and compatible mainframe computers, it was developed and ...

(MTS) – provides "line files" where record lengths and line numbers are associated as metadata with each record in the file, lines can be added, replaced, updated with the same or different length records, and deleted anywhere in the file without the need to read and rewrite the entire file. *

OS4000 OS4000 is a proprietary operating system introduced by GEC Computers Limited in 1977 as the successor to GEC DOS, for its range of GEC 4000 series 16-bit, and later 32-bit, minicomputers. OS4000 was developed through to late 1990s, and has bee ...

for GEC's OS4000 operating system, on the

GEC 4000 series The GEC 4000 was a series of 16-bit, 16/32-bit minicomputers produced by GEC Computers, GEC Computers Ltd in the United Kingdom during the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. History GEC Computers was formed in 1968 as a business unit of the Gen ...

minicomputers * A

and

(and

) extension to support database-like file types ''random file'', ''direct file'', ''keyed file'' and ''sequential file'' in Digital Research

FlexOS FlexOS is a discontinued modular real-time multiuser multitasking operating system ( RTOS) designed for computer-integrated manufacturing, laboratory, retail and financial markets. Developed by Digital Research's Flexible Automation Business ...

, IBM 4680 OS and Toshiba

4690 OS 4690 Operating System (sometimes shortened to 4690 OS or 4690) is a specially designed point of sale (POS) operating system, originally sold by IBM. In 2012, IBM sold its retail business, including this product, to Toshiba, which assumed support. ...

.IBM. ''4690 OS Programming Guide Version 5.2'', IBM document SC30-4137-01, 2007-12-06

. The record size is stored on a file-by-file basis in Design of the FAT file system#DIR OFS 10h, special entries in the directory table.Caldera (1997). ''Caldera OpenDOS Machine Readable Source Kit 7.01''. The FDOS.EQU file in the machine readable source kit has equates for the corresponding directory entries. * Sequential access methods for IBM's

and

z/VSE VSEn (''Virtual Storage Extended'') is an operating system for IBM mainframe computers, the latest one in the DOS/360 lineage, which originated in 1965. It is less common than z/OS and is mostly used on smaller machines. DOS/VSE was introduced i ...

mainframe operating systems:

Basic Sequential Access Method In IBM mainframe operating systems, Basic sequential access method (BSAM) is an access method to read and write datasets sequentially. BSAM is available on OS/360, OS/VS2, MVS, z/OS, and related operating systems. BSAM is used for devices that a ...

(BSAM),

Basic Partitioned Access Method In IBM mainframe operating systems, basic partitioned access method (BPAM) is an access method for libraries, called partitioned datasets (PDSes) in IBM terminology. BPAM is used in OS/360, OS/VS2, MVS, z/OS, and others. A PDS consists of memb ...

(BPAM) and

Queued Sequential Access Method In IBM mainframe operating systems, Queued Sequential Access Method (QSAM) is an access method to read and write datasets sequentially. QSAM is available on OS/360, OS/VS2, MVS, z/OS, and related operating systems. QSAM is used both for devices ...

(QSAM); see

Access methods Access may refer to: Companies and organizations * ACCESS (Australia), an Australian youth network * Access (credit card), a former credit card in the United Kingdom * Access Co., a Japanese software company * Access International Advisors, a h ...

and

Data set (IBM mainframe) In the context of IBM mainframe computers in the S/360 line, a data set (IBM preferred) or dataset is a computer file having a record-oriented file, record organization. Use of this term began with, e.g., DOS/360, OS/360, and is still used by th ...

for more examples *

Pick Operating System The Pick Operating System, also known as the Pick System or simply Pick, is a demand-paged, multi-user, virtual memory, time-sharing computer operating system based around a MultiValue database. Pick is used primarily for business data processin ...

– A record-oriented filesystem and database that uses hash-coding to store data. * Shared File System (SFS) for IBM's VM *

Virtual Storage Access Method Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) is an IBM direct-access storage device (DASD) file storage access method, first used in the OS/VS1, OS/VS2 Release 1 (SVS) and Release 2 (MVS) operating systems, later used throughout the Multiple Virtual S ...

(VSAM) for IBM's

and

mainframe operating systems

Shared-disk file systems

Shared-disk file systems (also called ''shared-storage file systems'', SAN file system,

Clustered file system A clustered file system (CFS) is a file system which is shared by being simultaneously mounted on multiple servers. There are several approaches to clustering, most of which do not employ a clustered file system (only direct attached stora ...

or even ''cluster file systems'') are primarily used in a

storage area network A storage area network (SAN) or storage network is a computer network which provides access to consolidated, block device, block-level data storage. SANs are primarily used to access Computer data storage, data storage devices, such as disk ...

where all nodes directly access the

block storage In computing (specifically data transmission and data storage), a block, sometimes called a physical record, is a sequence of bytes or bits, usually containing some whole number of records, having a fixed length; a ''block size''. Data thus ...

where the file system is located. This makes it possible for nodes to fail without affecting access to the file system from the other nodes. Shared-disk file systems are normally used in a

high-availability cluster In computing, high-availability clusters (HA clusters) or fail-over clusters are groups of computers that support server applications that can be reliably utilized with a minimum amount of down-time. They operate by using high availability sof ...

together with storage on hardware

RAID RAID (; redundant array of inexpensive disks or redundant array of independent disks) is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple physical Computer data storage, data storage components into one or more logical units for th ...

. Shared-disk file systems normally do not scale over 64 or 128 nodes. Shared-disk file systems may be

symmetric Symmetry () in everyday life refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance. In mathematics, the term has a more precise definition and is usually used to refer to an object that is invariant under some transformations ...

where

metadata Metadata (or metainformation) is "data that provides information about other data", but not the content of the data itself, such as the text of a message or the image itself. There are many distinct types of metadata, including: * Descriptive ...

is distributed among the nodes or asymmetric with centralized

servers. *

CXFS The CXFS file system (Clustered XFS) is a proprietary shared disk file system designed by Silicon Graphics (SGI) specifically to be used in a storage area network (SAN) environment. A significant difference between CXFS and other shared disk file ...

(Clustered XFS) from

Silicon Graphics Silicon Graphics, Inc. (stylized as SiliconGraphics before 1999, later rebranded SGI, historically known as Silicon Graphics Computer Systems or SGCS) was an American high-performance computing manufacturer, producing computer hardware and soft ...

(SGI). Available for Linux, Mac, Windows, Solaris, AIX and IRIX. Asymmetric. * Dell Fluid File System (formerly ExaFS)

proprietary software Proprietary software is computer software, software that grants its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner a legal monopoly by modern copyright and intellectual property law to exclude the recipient from freely sharing t ...

sold by

Dell Dell Inc. is an American technology company that develops, sells, repairs, and supports personal computers (PCs), Server (computing), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals including printers and webcam ...

. Shared-disk system sold as an appliance providing distributed file systems to clients. Running on Intel based hardware serving NFS v2/v3, SMB/CIFS and AFP to

Windows Windows is a Product lining, product line of Proprietary software, proprietary graphical user interface, graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Microsoft. It is grouped into families and subfamilies that cater to particular sec ...

macOS macOS, previously OS X and originally Mac OS X, is a Unix, Unix-based operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc., Apple since 2001. It is the current operating system for Apple's Mac (computer), Mac computers. With ...

and other

UNIX Unix (, ; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multi-user computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, a ...

clients. * Blue Whale Clustered file system (BWFS) from Zhongke Blue Whale. Asymmetric. Available for

, and

. * SAN File System (SFS) from DataPlow. Available for Windows, Linux, Solaris, and macOS. Symmetric and Asymmetric. * EMC Celerra HighRoad from EMC. Available for Linux, AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Solaris and Windows. Asymmetric. *

VMScluster A VMScluster, originally known as a VAXcluster, is a computer cluster involving a group of computers running the OpenVMS operating system. Whereas tightly coupled multiprocessor systems run a single copy of the operating system, a VMScluster is l ...

s, released by DEC in 1983, now from HP. Symmetric. * GFS2 (''Global File System'') from

Red Hat Red Hat, Inc. (formerly Red Hat Software, Inc.) is an American software company that provides open source software products to enterprises and is a subsidiary of IBM. Founded in 1993, Red Hat has its corporate headquarters in Raleigh, North ...

. Available for Linux under GPL. Symmetric ( GDLM) or Asymmetric ( GULM). *

IBM General Parallel File System GPFS (General Parallel File System, brand name IBM Storage Scale and previously IBM Spectrum Scale) is a high-performance clustered file system software developed by IBM. It can be deployed in shared-disk or shared-nothing distributed parallel ...

(GPFS) Windows, Linux, AIX . Parallel *

Nasan The Nasan Clustered File System is a shared disk file system created by the company DataPlow. Nasan software enables high-speed access to shared files located on shared, storage area network (SAN)-attached storage devices by utilizing the high-pe ...

Clustered File System from DataPlow. Available for Linux and Solaris. Asymmetric. * Oracle ACFS from

. Available for Linux (

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a commercial Linux distribution developed by Red Hat. Red Hat Enterprise Linux is released in server versions for x86-64, Power ISA, ARM64, and IBM Z and a desktop version for x86-64. Fedora Linux and ...

5 and Oracle Enterprise Linux 5 only). Symmetric. * OCFS2 (''Oracle Cluster File System'') from

. Available for Linux under GPL. Symmetric. * QFS from

. Available for Linux (client only) and Solaris (metadata server and client). Asymmetric. * ScoutFS from Versity. Available for Linux under the GPL. Symmetric. *

StorNext File System StorNext File System (SNFS), colloquially referred to as StorNext is a shared disk file system made by Quantum Corporation. StorNext enables multiple Windows, Linux and Apple workstations to access shared block storage over a Fibre Channel netwo ...

from

Quantum In physics, a quantum (: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity (physical property) involved in an interaction. The fundamental notion that a property can be "quantized" is referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization". This me ...

. Asymmetric. Available for

and

. Interoperable with

Xsan Xsan () is Apple Inc.'s storage area network (SAN) or clustered file system for macOS. Xsan enables multiple Mac desktop and Xserve systems to access shared block storage over a Fibre Channel network. With the Xsan file system installed, these ...

. Formerly known as CVFS. * Veritas Storage Foundation from Symantec. Available for AIX, HP-UX, Linux and Solaris. Asymmetric. *

from

Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, in Silicon Valley. It is best known for its consumer electronics, software, and services. Founded in 1976 as Apple Comput ...

Available for macOS. Asymmetric. Interoperable with

. *

VMFS VMware VMFS (Virtual Machine File System) is VMware, Inc.'s clustered file system used by the company's flagship server virtualization suite, vSphere. It was developed to store virtual machine disk images, including snapshots. Multiple server ...

from VMware/

EMC Corporation EMC Corporation (stylized as EMC²) was an American multinational corporation headquartered in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, which sold data storage device, data storage, information security, virtualization, analytics, cloud computing and other pro ...

. Available for VMware ESX Server. Symmetric.

Distributed file systems

Distributed file system A clustered file system (CFS) is a file system which is shared by being simultaneously Mount (computing), mounted on multiple Server (computing), servers. There are several approaches to computer cluster, clustering, most of which do not emplo ...

s are also called network file systems. Many implementations have been made, they are location dependent and they have

access control lists In computer security, an access-control list (ACL) is a list of permissions associated with a system resource (object or facility). An ACL specifies which users or system processes are granted access to resources, as well as what operations are a ...

(ACLs), unless otherwise stated below. * 9P, the

and Inferno distributed file system protocol. One implementation is v9fs. No ACLs. *

Amazon S3 Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) is a service offered by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that provides object storage through a web service interface. Amazon S3 uses the same scalable storage infrastructure that Amazon.com uses to run its e-commerc ...

Andrew File System The Andrew File System (AFS) is a distributed file system which uses a set of trusted servers to present a homogeneous, location-transparent file name space to all the client workstations. It was developed by Carnegie Mellon University as part of ...

(AFS) is scalable and location independent, has a heavy client

cache Cache, caching, or caché may refer to: Science and technology * Cache (computing), a technique used in computer storage for easier data access * Cache (biology) or hoarding, a food storing behavior of animals * Cache (archaeology), artifacts p ...

and uses Kerberos for authentication. Implementations include the original from

(earlier

Transarc Transarc Corporation was a private Pittsburgh-based software company founded in 1989 by Jeffrey Eppinger, Michael L. Kazar, Alfred Spector, and Dean Thompson of Carnegie Mellon University. Transarc commercialized the Andrew File System (AFS), ...

), Arla and OpenAFS. * Avere Systems has AvereOS that creates a

NAS Nas (born 1973) is the stage name of American rapper Nasir Jones. Nas, NaS, or NAS may also refer to: Aviation * Nasair, a low-cost airline carrier and subsidiary based in Eritrea * National Air Services, an airline in Saudi Arabia ** Nas Air (S ...

protocol file system in object storage. * DCE Distributed File System ( DCE/DFS) from

(earlier

) is similar to AFS and focus on full

file system semantics and

high availability High availability (HA) is a characteristic of a system that aims to ensure an agreed level of operational performance, usually uptime, for a higher than normal period. There is now more dependence on these systems as a result of modernization ...

. Available for

and

under a

license. * File Access Listener (FAL) is an implementation of the Data Access Protocol (DAP) which is part of the

DECnet DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation. Originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers, it evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC ...

suite of

network protocols A communication protocol is a system of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information via any variation of a physical quantity. The protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics, and synchronization of ...

created by

. *

Magma Magma () is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed. Magma (sometimes colloquially but incorrectly referred to as ''lava'') is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and evidence of magmatism has also ...

, developed by Tx0. * MapR FS is a distributed high-performance file system that exhibits file, table and messaging APIs. *

Microsoft Office Groove Microsoft SharePoint Workspace (formerly Microsoft Office Groove) is a discontinued desktop application designed for document collaboration in teams with members who are regularly off-line or who do not share the same network security clearance. ...

shared workspace, used for DoHyki *

NetWare Core Protocol The NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) is a network protocol used in some products from Novell, Inc. It is usually associated with the client-server operating system Novell NetWare which originally supported primarily MS-DOS client stations, but later s ...

(NCP) from

Novell Novell, Inc. () was an American software and services company headquartered in Provo, Utah, that existed from 1980 until 2014. Its most significant product was the multi-platform network operating system known as NetWare. Novell technolog ...

is used in networks based on

. *

Network File System Network File System (NFS) is a distributed file system protocol originally developed by Sun Microsystems (Sun) in 1984, allowing a user on a client computer to access files over a computer network much like local storage is accessed. NFS, like ...

(NFS) originally from

is the standard in UNIX-based networks. NFS may use Kerberos authentication and a client

. *

Linked-OS provides distributed filesystem across OS4000 systems. * Self-certifying File System (SFS), a global network file system designed to securely allow access to file systems across separate administrative domains. *

Server Message Block Server Message Block (SMB) is a communication protocol used to share files, printers, serial ports, and miscellaneous communications between nodes on a network. On Microsoft Windows, the SMB implementation consists of two vaguely named Windows ...

(SMB) originally from

(but the most common version is modified heavily by

) is the standard in Windows-based networks. SMB is also known as ''Common Internet File System (CIFS)''. SMB may use Kerberos authentication. * VaultFS – parallel distributed clusterable file system for Linux/Unix by Swiss Vault

Distributed fault-tolerant file systems

Distributed

fault-tolerant Fault tolerance is the ability of a system to maintain proper operation despite failures or faults in one or more of its components. This capability is essential for high-availability, mission-critical, or even life-critical systems. Fault to ...

replication of data between nodes (between servers or servers/clients) for

and

offline In computer technology and telecommunications, online indicates a state of connectivity, and offline indicates a disconnected state. In modern terminology, this usually refers to an Internet connection, but (especially when expressed as "on li ...

(disconnected) operation. * Coda from

Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The institution was established in 1900 by Andrew Carnegie as the Carnegie Technical Schools. In 1912, it became the Carnegie Institu ...

focuses on bandwidth-adaptive operation (including disconnected operation) using a client-side cache for mobile computing. It is a descendant of AFS-2. It is available for

under the GPL. * Distributed File System (Microsoft), Distributed File System (Dfs) from

focuses on location transparency and

. Available for

under a

license. *

and

–

's filesystems for clustered storage, created by

. * InterMezzo (file system), InterMezzo from Cluster File Systems uses synchronization over HTTP. Available for

under GPL but no longer in development since the developers are working on Lustre (file system), Lustre. * LizardFS a networking, distributed file system based on MooseFS * Moose File System (MooseFS) is a networking, distributed file system. It spreads data over several physical locations (servers), which are visible to a user as one resource. Works on Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenSolaris and macOS. Master server and chunkservers can also run on Solaris and Windows with Cygwin. * Scality is a distributed fault-tolerant filesystem. * Tahoe-LAFS is an open source secure, decentralized, fault-tolerant filesystem utilizing encryption as the basis for a least-authority replicated design. * A

and

(and

) extension to support automatic file distribution across nodes with extra attributes like ''local'', ''mirror on update'', ''mirror on close'', ''compound on update'', ''compound on close'' in IBM 4680 OS and Toshiba

. The distribution attributes are stored on a file-by-file basis in Design of the FAT file system#DIR, special entries in the directory table.IBM (2003). ''Information about 4690 OS unique file distribution attributes'', IBM document R1001487, 2003-07-30. (): "[...] file types are stored in the "Reserved bits" portion of the PC-DOS file directory structure [...] only 4690 respects and preserves these attributes. Various non-4690 operating systems take different actions if these bits are turned on [...] when copying from a diskette created on a 4690 system. [...] PC-DOS and Windows 2000 Professional will copy the file without error and zero the bits. OS/2 [...] 1.2 [...] will refuse to copy the file unless [...] first run CHKDSK /F on the file. After [...] CHKDSK, it will copy the file and zero the bits. [...] when [...] copy [...] back to the 4690 system, [...] file will copy as a local file."IBM. ''4690 save and restore file distribution attributes''. IBM document R1000622, 2010-08-31 (). * OpenHarmony Distributed File System (HMDFS) used for Huawei's HarmonyOS with HarmonyOS NEXT base and OpenHarmony-based operating systems, alongside EulerOS, openEuler server OS that is a cross-device file access where devices can read and edit files on transparently when the two devices are connected to the same network with Access token manager. Multiple embedded devices connected to the network can automatically synchronise file data with the edge server. * VaultFS – parallel distributed clusterable filesystem using dynamically configurable any*Data + any*Parity EC (erasure coding) and dynamically tolerates bitrot, media & server failures

Distributed parallel file systems

Distributed Parallel computing, parallel file systems stripe data over multiple servers for high performance. They are normally used in high-performance computing, high-performance computing (HPC). Some of the distributed parallel file systems use an object storage device (OSD) (in Lustre called OST) for chunks of data together with centralized

servers. *BeeGFS is a hardware-independent parallel file system that features distributed metadata and striping of files across multiple targets, such as NVMe devices or logical volumes. *Lustre (file system), Lustre is an Open-source software, open-source high-performance distributed parallel file system for Linux, used on many of the largest computers in the world. *Parallel Virtual File System (PVFS, PVFS2, OrangeFS). Developed to store virtual system images, with a focus on non-shared writing optimizations. Available for

under GPL. * VaultFS – configurable any*Data + any*Parity EC (erasure coding) chunks are widely distributed on D+P disks across the cluster

Distributed parallel fault-tolerant file systems

Distributed file systems, which also are Parallel computing, parallel and fault tolerant, stripe and replicate data over multiple servers for high performance and to maintain

. Even if a server fails no data is lost. The file systems are used in both high-performance computing, high-performance computing (HPC) and

s. All file systems listed here focus on

, scalability and high performance unless otherwise stated below. In development: *

from

(not to be confused with

from

or the zFS file system provided with IBM's

operating system) focus on cooperative cache and distributed transactions and uses object storage devices. Under development and not freely available. *

/ANVIL by

* PNFS (Parallel NFS) – Clients available for

and

and back-ends from

, Panasas, EMC Highroad and

GPFS * CRFS, Coherent Remote File System (CRFS) – requires

* Elliptics, Parallel Optimized Host Message Exchange Layered File System (POHMELFS) and Distributed STorage (DST). POSIX compliant, added to Linux kernel 2.6.30

Peer-to-peer file systems

Some of these may be called cooperative storage cloud. * IBM Cloud Object Storage uses Cauchy Reed–Solomon information dispersal algorithms to separate data into unrecognizable slices and distribute them, via secure Internet connections, to multiple storage locations. * Scality is a distributed filesystem using the Chord (peer-to-peer), Chord peer-to-peer protocol. * IPFS InterPlanetary File System is p2p, worldwide distributed content-addressable, file-system. * VaultFS – fully peer-to-peer with distributed data & metadata, without separate Master or Failover nodes

Special-purpose file systems

* aufs an enhanced version of UnionFS stackable unification file system * AXFS (small footprint compressed read-only, with XIP) * Barracuda Networks, Barracuda WebDAV plug-in. Secure Network File Server for embedded devices. * Boot File System is used on UnixWare to store files necessary for its boot process. * CDfs - a Linux virtual file system that provides access to individual data and audio tracks on compact discs * Compact Disc File System (reading and writing of CDs; experimental) * CFS (Compact File Set file format), cfs (caching) * Cramfs (small footprint compressed read-only) * Davfs2 (WebDAV) * Freenet – Decentralized, censorship-resistant * FTPFS (FTP access) * GmailFS (Google Mail File System) * GridFS – GridFS is a specification for storing and retrieving files that exceed the BSON-document size limit of 16 MB for MongoDB. * lnfs (long names) * LTFS (Linear Tape File System for LTO and Enterprise tape) * MultiVersion File System, MVFS – MultiVersion File System, proprietary, used by IBM DevOps Code ClearCase.
Nexfs
Combines Block, File, Object and Cloud storage into a single pool of auto-tiering POSIX compatible storage. * OverlayFS – A union mount filesystem implementation for

. Used mainly by Docker (software), Docker for its image layers. * romfs * SquashFS (compressed read-only) * UMSDOS, UVFAT – FAT file systems extended to store permissions and metadata (and in the case of UVFAT, VFAT long file names), used for Linux * UnionFS – stackable unification file system, which can appear to merge the contents of several directories (branches), while keeping their physical content separate * VaultFS – can intermixably utilize SMR shingled magnetic recording disks to achieve the highest storage densities * Venti (software), Venti – Plan 9 de-duplicated storage used by

Pseudo file systems

* devfs – a virtual file system in Unix-like operating systems for managing device nodes on-the-fly * procfs – a pseudo-file system, used to access kernel information about processes * tmpfs – in-memory temporary file system (on Unix-like platforms) * sysfs – a virtual file system in Linux kernel, Linux holding information about buses, devices, firmware, filesystems, etc. * debugfs – a virtual file system in Linux kernel, Linux for accessing and controlling kernel debugging * configfs – a writable file system used to configure various kernel components of Linux kernel, Linux * sysctlfs – allow accessing sysctl nodes via a file system; available on

via PUFFS,

kernel via a 3rd-party module, and Linux kernel, Linux as a part of Linux procfs. * kernfs (BSD), kernfs – a file system found on some BSD systems (notably

) that provides access to some kernel state variables; similar to sysctlfs, Linux procfs and Linux sysfs. * WinFS - Uses a relational database to manage files * wikifs – a server application for Plan 9 from Bell Labs, Plan 9's virtual, wiki, file system

Compressed file systems

* VaultFS – auto background compression (writing) & decompression (reading) per file or directory: ten levels: 0 (uncompressed) ... 9 (maximal compression)

Encrypted file systems

* eCryptfs – a stacked cryptographic file system in the Linux kernel since 2.6.19 * EncFS, GPL Disk encryption software, Encrypted file system in user-space * Encrypting File System, EFS – an encrypted file system for

systems and

. An extension of

* VaultFS – optional & multiple encryption(s) per-file or directory tree, at rest and in motion *

, with encryption support.

File system interfaces

These are not really file systems; they allow access to file systems from an operating system standpoint. * FUSE (linux), FUSE (file system in userspace, like LUFS but better maintained) * LUFS (Linux userland file system – seems to be abandoned in favour of FUSE (linux), FUSE) * Pass-to-Userspace Framework File Fystem, PUFFS (Userspace filesystem for NetBSD, including a compatibility layer called librefuse for porting existing FUSE-based applications) * SSHFS, Secure Shell File System (SSHFS) – locally mount a remote directory on a server using only a secure shell login. * Virtual file system, VFS Virtual Filesystem

References

External links

File Systems
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of File Systems Computer file systems, * Computing-related lists, File systems

Disk file systems

File systems with built-in fault-tolerance

File systems optimized for flash memory, solid state media

Record-oriented file systems

Shared-disk file systems

Distributed file systems

Distributed fault-tolerant file systems

Distributed parallel file systems

Distributed parallel fault-tolerant file systems

Peer-to-peer file systems

Special-purpose file systems

Pseudo file systems

Compressed file systems

Encrypted file systems

File system interfaces

See also

References

External links