Kazan ( ; rus, Казань, p=kɐˈzanʲ; tt-Cyrl, Казан, ''Qazan'',
IPA:
">ɑzan is the
capital
Capital may refer to:
Common uses
* Capital city, a municipality of primary status
** List of national capital cities
* Capital letter, an upper-case letter Economics and social sciences
* Capital (economics), the durable produced goods used fo ...
and largest city of the
Republic of Tatarstan
The Republic of Tatarstan (russian: Республика Татарстан, Respublika Tatarstan, p=rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə tətɐrˈstan; tt-Cyrl, Татарстан Республикасы), or simply Tatarstan (russian: Татарстан, tt ...
in
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eight ...
. The city lies at the
confluence
In geography, a confluence (also: ''conflux'') occurs where two or more flowing bodies of water join to form a single channel. A confluence can occur in several configurations: at the point where a tributary joins a larger river (main stem); o ...
of the
Volga and the
Kazanka rivers, covering an area of , with a population of over 1.2 million residents,
up to roughly 1.6 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Kazan is the
fifth-largest city in Russia, and the
most populous city on the Volga, as well as the
Volga Federal District.
Kazan became the capital of the
Khanate of Kazan and was
conquered
Conquest is the act of military subjugation of an enemy by force of arms.
Military history provides many examples of conquest: the Roman conquest of Britain, the Mauryan conquest of Afghanistan and of vast areas of the Indian subcontinent, ...
by
Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century, becoming a part of Russia. The city was seized and largely destroyed during
Pugachev's Rebellion of 1773–1775, but was later rebuilt during the reign of
Catherine the Great
, en, Catherine Alexeievna Romanova, link=yes
, house =
, father = Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
, mother = Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp
, birth_date =
, birth_name = Princess Sophie of Anha ...
. In the following centuries, Kazan grew to become a major industrial, cultural and religious centre of Russia. In 1920, after the
Russian SFSR
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
became a part of the
Soviet Union, Kazan became the capital of the
Tatar ASSR
The Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (russian: Татарская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика; tt-Cyrl, Татарстан Автономияле Совет Соци� ...
. Following the
dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazan remained the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan.
Kazan is renowned for its vibrant mix of Tatar and Russian cultures. In 2015, 2.1 million tourists visited Kazan, and 1.5 million tourists visited the
Kazan Kremlin
The Kazan Kremlin (russian: Казанский кремль, Kazanskiy kreml; tt-Cyrl, Казан кирмәне) is the chief historic citadel of Russia, situated in the city of Kazan. It was built at the behest of Ivan the Terrible on the rui ...
, a
World Heritage Site. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the "Third Capital of Russia". In 2009 it was chosen as the "Sports capital of Russia",
[Komsomolskaya Pravda: Kazan – sports capital of Russia 14.12.2009](_blank)
and it still is referred to as such. Kazan hosted the
2013 Summer Universiade
The 2013 Summer Universiade, officially known as the XXVII Summer Universiade (russian: XXVII Летняя Универсиада), was held in the city of Kazan, Russia, the most northerly city ever to host a Summer Universiade. Over 10,400 un ...
, and was one of the host cities of the
2018 FIFA World Cup
The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's national Association football, football teams organized by FIFA. It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018, after the country was awa ...
.
Etymology
The term kazan means 'boiler' or 'cauldron' (
Russian
Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including:
*Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
* Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and p ...
: каза́н/
Tatar
The Tatars ()[Tatar]
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different : казан) in the
Tatar
The Tatars ()[Tatar]
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different and
Turkic languages. The origin of the city and its name is often described as follows: a sorcerer advised the
Bulgars
The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century. They became known as nomad ...
to build a city where, without any fire, a boiler dug into the ground would boil water. As a result, a similar place was founded on the shore of
Lake Kaban. One legend claims that the city was named after the river
Kazanka, which was named after the son of a Bulgar governor who dropped a copper cauldron into it.
History
Middle Ages
According to the official version adopted today, the city was founded more than 1,000 years ago. The estimated date of the urban settlement on the site of Kazan is 1004–1005 AD. The reason for this dating was found during excavations in the Kazan Kremlin – a Czech coin, dated by the Board of
St. Wenceslaus
Wenceslaus I ( cs, Václav ; c. 907 – 28 September 935 or 929), Wenceslas I or ''Václav the Good'' was the Duke ('' kníže'') of Bohemia from 921 until his death, probably in 935. According to the legend, he was assassinated by his younger ...
(presumably, coinage 929–930 years) and the earliest Czech coin, the remains of masonry and wooden city fence, handicrafts and utensils (Hungarian type lining, women's beads, etc.), as well as other artifacts with less obvious dating. According to official statements, experts from 20 cities of Russia and 22 countries of the world were involved in the study of findings related to the age of Kazan.
Kazan was a border post between
Volga Bulgaria and two
Finnic peoples
The Finnic or Fennic peoples, sometimes simply called Finns, are the nations who speak languages traditionally classified in the Finnic (now commonly '' Finno-Permic'') language family, and which are thought to have originated in the region of ...
—the
Mari and
Udmurt. Another vexatious question is where the citadel was built originally. Archaeological explorations have produced evidence of urban settlement in three parts of the modern city: in the
Kremlin; in Bişbalta at the site of the modern Zilantaw monastery; and near the
Qaban lake. The oldest of these seems to be the Kremlin.
After the
Mongols ravaged the Bolğar and Bilär territories in the 13th century, the surviving Bulgars recovered in numbers and a small number of
Kipchaks
The Kipchaks or Qipchaks, also known as Kipchak Turks or Polovtsians, were a Turkic nomadic people and confederation that existed in the Middle Ages, inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe. First mentioned in the 8th century as part of the Sec ...
were assimilated from which they adopted their language (the so-called Bulgarism), or Kipchaks and Bulgars mixed to create a modern Kazan-Tatar population. Some Tatars also went to Lithuania, brought by Vytautas the great. Kazan became the center of the Principality, which was dependent on The Golden Horde. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Kazan was growing, becoming an important trade and political center within The
Golden Horde. The growth of the city was also promoted by the successful geographical location at the intersection of major trade routes connecting East and West. During the same period, the minting of currency began with the indication of the place of minting—"Bulgar al-Jadid", that is, a New Bulgar.
In 1438, the Bulgar fortress Kazan (ISKE-Kazan) was captured by the ousted Golden Horde Khan
Ulugh Muhammad
Ulugh Muhammad (1405–1445; ; tt-Cyrl, Олуг Мөхәммәт, translit=Oluğ Möxəmmət; written as Ulanus by orientalists) was a medieval Tatar statesman, Gengisid, Khan of the Golden Horde (before 1436), ruler of Crimea (1437), and the ...
, who killed the local Prince Swan and moved the fortress to a modern place (according to Russian Chronicles). The city became the capital of the
Khanate of Kazan. The city Bazaar, Taş Ayaq (stone foot) has become the most important shopping center in the region, especially for furniture. Handicraft production also flourished, as the city gained a reputation for its leather and gold products, as well as the wealth of its palaces and mosques.
Kazan had trade relations with Moscow, Crimea, Turkey, and other regions.
Russian Tsardom period
As a result of the
siege of Kazan
The siege of Kazan in 1552 was the final battle of the Russo-Kazan Wars and led to the fall of the Khanate of Kazan. Conflict continued after the fall of Kazan, however, as rebel governments formed in Çalım and Mişätamaq, and a new kha ...
in 1552,
Tsar
Tsar ( or ), also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar'', is a title used by East Slavs, East and South Slavs, South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word ''Caesar (title), caesar'', which was intended to mean "emperor" i ...
Ivan the Terrible conquered the city.
Google translation: During the subsequent governorship of
Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky
Prince Alexander Borisovich Gorbatyi-Shuisky (Александр Борисович Горбатый-Шуйский) was probably the most celebrated and popular general of Ivan the Terrible. The town of Gorbatov in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast bears hi ...
, most of the Kazan's Tatar residents were forcibly Christianized or deported, the
Kerashen Tatars
Kryashens ( tt-Cyrl, керәшен(нәр), , russian: кряшены; sometimes called ''Baptised Tatars'' (russian: крещёные тата́ры)) are a sub-group of the Volga Tatars, frequently referred to as one of the minority ethnic gro ...
.
Mosques and palaces were ruined.
The surviving Tatar population was moved to a place away from the city and this place was forcibly settled by Russian farmers and soldiers.
Tatars in the Russian service were settled in the Tatar Bistäse settlement near the city's wall. Later Tatar merchants and handicraft masters also settled there. During this period, Kazan was largely destroyed as a result of several great fires. After one of them in 1579, the icon ''
Our Lady of Kazan
''Our Lady of Kazan'', also called ''Mother-of-God of Kazan'' (russian: Казанская Богоматерь, translit=Kazanskaya Bogomater'), is a holy icon of the highest stature within the Russian Orthodox Church, representing the Virgin Ma ...
'' was discovered in the city.
In the early 17th century, at the beginning of the
Time of Troubles in Russia, the Tsardom of Kazan declared independence under the leadership of voyvoda Nikanor Shulgin with the help of the Russian population, but this independence was suppressed by
Kuzma Minin
Kuzma (Kozma) Minin (; full name Kuzma Minich Zakhariev-Sukhoruky, born late 1570s - died 1616) was a Russian merchant from Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, who, together with Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, became a national hero for his role in defending t ...
in 1612.
Russian Empire period
In 1708, the Tsardom of Kazan was abolished, and Kazan became the seat of
Kazan Governorate. After
Peter the Great's visit, the city became a center of shipbuilding for the
Caspian fleet
Kaspiyskaya flotiliya
, image = Great emblem of the Caspian Flotilla.svg
, image_size = 150px
, caption = Great emblem of the Caspian Flotilla
, dates = No ...
. The major Russian poet
Gavrila Derzhavin
Gavriil (Gavrila) Romanovich Derzhavin ( rus, Гаврии́л (Гаври́ла) Рома́нович Держа́вин, p=ɡɐˈvrilə rɐˈmanəvʲɪtɕ dʲɪrˈʐavʲɪn, a=Gavrila Romanovich Dyerzhavin.ru.vorb.oga; 14 July 1743 – 20 ...
was born in Kazan in 1743, the son of a poor country squire of Tatar ancestry though himself having a thoroughly Russian identity.
Before the building of modern dams, low-lying areas were regularly flooded in April and May. Kazan suffered major fires in 1595, 1672, 1694, 1742, 1749, 1757, 1774, 1815, and 1842.
Kazan was
largely destroyed in 1774 as a result of the
Pugachev revolt (1774–1776), an uprising by border troops and peasants led by the
Don Cossack ataman
Ataman (variants: ''otaman'', ''wataman'', ''vataman''; Russian: атаман, uk, отаман) was a title of Cossack and haidamak leaders of various kinds. In the Russian Empire, the term was the official title of the supreme military commande ...
(Captain)
Yemelyan Pugachev
Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (russian: Емельян Иванович Пугачёв; c. 1742) was an ataman of the Yaik Cossacks who led a great popular insurrection during the reign of Catherine the Great. Pugachev claimed to be Catherine' ...
, but the city, formerly largely of timber construction, was soon afterwards rebuilt, using stone and according to a grid pattern plan, during the reign of
Catherine the Great
, en, Catherine Alexeievna Romanova, link=yes
, house =
, father = Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
, mother = Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp
, birth_date =
, birth_name = Princess Sophie of Anha ...
. Catherine also decreed that mosques could again be built in Kazan, the first being
Marjani Mosque Marjani may refer to:
* Marjani akritidu in Jesenik, Czechia
* Shihabetdin Marjani - 19th century Tatar theologian and historian
*A song in the movie Billu
''Billu'', previously known as ''Billu Barber'', is a 2009 Indian Hindi-language comedy ...
.
At the beginning of the 19th century
Kazan State University
Kazan (Volga region) Federal University (russian: Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет, tt-Cyrl, Казан (Идел буе) федераль университеты) is a public research uni ...
and printing press were founded by
Alexander I Alexander I may refer to:
* Alexander I of Macedon, king of Macedon 495–454 BC
* Alexander I of Epirus (370–331 BC), king of Epirus
* Pope Alexander I (died 115), early bishop of Rome
* Pope Alexander I of Alexandria (died 320s), patriarch of A ...
. It became an important center for
Oriental Studies
Oriental studies is the academic field that studies Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, peoples, history and archaeology. In recent years, the subject has often been turned into the newer terms of Middle Eastern studi ...
in Russia. The
Qur'an was first printed in Kazan in 1801. Kazan became an industrial center and peasants migrated there to join its industrial workforce. In 1875, a
horse tramway appeared; 1899 saw the installation of a
tramway. After the
Russian Revolution of 1905
The Russian Revolution of 1905,. also known as the First Russian Revolution,. occurred on 22 January 1905, and was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire. The mass unrest was directed again ...
, Tatars were allowed to revive Kazan as a Tatar cultural center. The first Tatar theater and the first Tatar newspaper appeared.
Soviet period
In 1917, Kazan became one of the
revolution centers. In 1918, Kazan was the capital of the
Idel-Ural State
The Idel-Ural State ( tt-Cyrl, Идел-Урал өлкәсе, , ), also known as the Volga-Ural State or Idel-Ural Republic, was a short-lived Tatar republic located in Kazan that claimed to unite Tatars, Bashkirs, Volga Germans, and the Chu ...
, which was suppressed by the
Bolshevist
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
government. In the
Kazan Operation
Kazan Operation was the Red Army's offensive (5–10 September 1918) against the Czechoslovak Legion and the People Army of Komuch during the Russian Civil War.
Background
Following the capture of Samara by the Czech Legion on 8 June, ...
of August 1918, it was briefly occupied by
Czechoslovak Legions
, image = Coat of arms of the Czechoslovak Legion.svg
, image_size = 200px
, alt =
, caption = Czechoslovak Legion coat of arms
, start_date ...
. In 1920, Kazan became the center of
.
After the
Treaty of Rapallo (1922) until 1933, the German and the Russian army operated together the
Kama tank school The Kama tank school (german: Panzerschule Kama) was a secret training school for tank commanders operated by the German ''Reichswehr'' near Kazan, Soviet Union. It operated from 1929 to 1933. The school was established in order to allow the German ...
in Kazan.
During
World War II, many industrial plants and factories to the west were relocated in Kazan, making the city a center of the
military industry
A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. It is typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with its members identifiable by their distinct ...
, producing
tanks and
planes. After the war Kazan consolidated as an industrial and scientific center. In 1979, the city's population reached one million.
Modern period
In the late 1980s and in the 1990s, after the
dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazan again became the center of
Tatar
The Tatars ()[Tatar]
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different culture and identity, and separatist tendencies intensified. With the return of capitalism, Kazan became one of the most important centers of the Russian Federation. The city went from 10th to 8th position in population ranking of Russian cities. In the early 2000s, the city earned the right to host both the
2013 Summer Universiade
The 2013 Summer Universiade, officially known as the XXVII Summer Universiade (russian: XXVII Летняя Универсиада), was held in the city of Kazan, Russia, the most northerly city ever to host a Summer Universiade. Over 10,400 un ...
and
2018 FIFA World Cup
The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's national Association football, football teams organized by FIFA. It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018, after the country was awa ...
.
Millennium of Kazan
Since 2000, the city has been undergoing a total renovation. The historical center—including the Kremlin—has been rebuilt, however a large number of the city's historical districts were completely demolished in the renovation. Kazan celebrated its millennium in 2005, after a city-organized historical commission settled on 1005 as the official year of the city's founding.
During the millennium celebrations, one of the largest mosque in Russia,
Qolsharif, was dedicated in the Kazan Kremlin, the holiest copy of
Our Lady of Kazan
''Our Lady of Kazan'', also called ''Mother-of-God of Kazan'' (russian: Казанская Богоматерь, translit=Kazanskaya Bogomater'), is a holy icon of the highest stature within the Russian Orthodox Church, representing the Virgin Ma ...
was returned to the city, the
Millennium Bridge was inaugurated that year, and the
Kazan Metro
The Kazan Metro (russian: Каза́нский метрополите́н; tt-Cyrl, Казан метросы) is a rapid-transit system that serves the city of Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia. The metro system was the seventh opened in Russia, and th ...
began operation. The government of the Russian Federation released the
.
In 2010, for the preparations to the 2013 Universiade, Kazan began even more renovation by modernizing its airport, fixing the streets, enhancing public transport, and adopting Russian, English, and Tatar languages in all transportation, large stores, and shopping centers.
Heraldry
The historical symbol of Kazan is the mythical dragon-like creature
Zilant
Zilant ( rus, Зилант; tt-Cyrl, җылан , translit=cılan/jılan, lit=snake) is a legendary creature, something between a dragon and a wyvern. Since 1730, it has been the official symbol of Kazan. This winged snake is mentioned in legends ...
, often mentioned in legends. For example, when numerous snakes and reptiles severely hampered the development of the city, the hunters went in search of the King of snakes and defeated him, according to another version, the residents of the city bought off the giant snake with gold, after which all the snakes left the city. Another legend says that the giant dragon-like serpent always guarded the Khan's treasures, and that it still protects the hidden wealth before the capture of the city in the secret caves. Historically, it is true that snakes were once numerous in the Kazan region, but then their number has decreased dramatically. The first official coat of arms of Kazan was approved on 18 October 1781 and was described as "black snake under the crown of gold, Kazan, red wings, white field". In 1926, the country introduced a ban on such heraldry. In the 1980s, the coat of arms of Kazan began to reappear, and in the 1990s Kazan Zilant in various styles began to appear in print media. Modern graphics of the emblem and flag appeared in 2005—in a silver field on the green earth a black dragon with red wings and tongue, with gold paws, claws and eyes, topped with a gold crown. The shield is crowned with a Kazan cap. According to the traditions of heraldry, the dragon symbolizes power, wisdom and invincibility, the earth—life and wealth, the crown-development, and the cap above the shield-the capital of the city.
Administrative and municipal status
Kazan is the
capital
Capital may refer to:
Common uses
* Capital city, a municipality of primary status
** List of national capital cities
* Capital letter, an upper-case letter Economics and social sciences
* Capital (economics), the durable produced goods used fo ...
of the republic. Within the
framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the
city of republic significance of Kazan—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the
districts
A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions o ...
.
[Order #01-02/9] As a
municipal division, the city of republic significance of Kazan is incorporated as Kazan Urban Okrug.
[Law #46-ZRT]
City divisions
Kazan is divided into seven districts:
Economy
Kazan is one of the largest industrial and financial centers of Russia, and a leading city of the
Volga economic region in construction and accumulated investment. The city's
gross regional product was 380 billion rubles in 2011.
Total banking capital of Kazan banks is third in Russia. The main industries of the city are: mechanical engineering, chemical, petrochemical, light and food industries. An innovative economy is represented by the largest IT-park in Russia which is one of the largest of its kind among Eastern European
science parks. Kazan ranks 174th (highest in Russia) in
Mercer
Mercer may refer to:
Business
* Mercer (car), a defunct American automobile manufacturer (1909–1925)
* Mercer (consulting firm), a large human resources consulting firm headquartered in New York City
* Mercer (occupation), a merchant or trade ...
's Worldwide Quality of Living Survey.
Investments
In 2011, city organisations and businesses attracted more than 87 billion rubles for economy and social sphere development. This was 44% more than in 2010. In 2014, businesses attracted 86 billion rubles. Most of them have been implemented in the real economy sector.
Because of the unstable economic situation within the country, there was a decrease of investment rates in 2015 and—according to the statistics of the first part of the year—it composed 51684.2 million rubles.
There are head offices of six companies that are in the top 500 in terms of revenues in Russia. The total area of city business centres is 330 thousand square metres.
Innovative economy in Kazan is represented by the biggest IT-park in Russia and also the biggest technical park in Europe. The only online platform for governmental trade except the Moscow one is operated in Kazan. During the post-Soviet period Kazan was the leader in terms of house construction in the Volga region, and now it holds the position and implements the Republican program of liquidation of dilapidated housing which was unique for Russia.
According to ''Forbes'', Kazan was ranked 15th among the "Best cities for business in Russia" of 2010. In 2012, Kazan ranked 6th in the quality of city environment rating, which was made by the Russian Federation Ministry of Regional Development, Russian Alliance of Engineers, Federal Construction Agency, Federal Service of Supervision of Consumer Protection and Welfare and Moscow Federal University.
Transportation
Bus
The first bus routes in Kazan came to use in 1925. The bus is the most popular type of public transport in Kazan: in 2016, it carried about 74% of passengers. As of 2017, there are about 62 bus routes in the city, with a total length of more than 1.2 thousand km. The total number of buses operating on city routes is 840. The movement of all buses is monitored using an automated control system based on satellite navigation. Any Internet user can track the movement of buses.
Kazan's bus system was totally renovated in 2007. 62 routes have an aggregate length of 1,981 km (1,231 mi). All 1,444 buses are colored red. Half of the buses are imported, produced by
Golden Dragon,
Higer
Higer Bus Company Limited, also known as Higer Bus, is a Chinese bus manufacturer based in Suzhou, Jiangsu province. It was established at the end of 1998. HIGER is China's leading exporter of buses and coaches, whose units are available in mo ...
,
MAZ,
Yutong
Yutong (officially Zhengzhou Yutong Group Co., Ltd.) is a Chinese manufacturer of commercial vehicles, especially electric buses, headquartered in Zhengzhou, Henan. Yutong also covers areas of construction machinery, real estate, and other inv ...
, and
Hyundai Hyundai is a South Korean industrial conglomerate (" chaebol"), which was restructured into the following groups:
* Hyundai Group, parts of the former conglomerate which have not been divested
** Hyundai Mobis, Korean car parts company
** Hyundai A ...
. Other buses are mostly Russian made
NefAZ
Neftekamsk Automotive Plant (''NEFAZ'', russian: Нефтекамский автозавод) is a Russian manufacturer of buses and machinery on KamAZ chassis located in Neftekamsk in Bashkortostan.
History
17 December 1970 the Council of Min ...
.
The fare is 36 rubles in cash, 31 rubles by credit card and by a special transport card (as of Jul 2022). On the routes, conductors are involved and, in addition to paying for cash (with a higher fare), there are general civil (with different tariff plans for replenishment, including time passes and an "electronic wallet"), as well as preferential electronic transport cards.
Tram
Kazan's tram system is one of the oldest tram systems in Russia, opened on 20 November 1899. The tram system in Kazan consists of eight operating routes, one of which is a historical excursion route between the railway station and river port. The daily output is 87 trams. Most of the tram lines are laid along the axis of the main streets, most of them on a dedicated track, fenced with side stones. The tram in the city center was largely removed in the 2000s due to the fight against traffic jams on narrow streets; some routes turned out to be unprofitable after the optimization of the transport scheme in 2006–2007.
In 2009–2020, the reconstruction of tram tracks on the main highways was carried out, as well as the construction of four new tram lines, which made it possible to launch circular tram routes No. 5/5a with an accelerated mode of movement in 2012-2020 along the sections of the Big Kazan Ring.
All trams are equipped with autoinformators, announcements in which are in three languages (Russian, Tatar, English), for this reason announcements are played for a very long time (up to one and a half minutes). The fare is 36 rubles in cash, 31 rubles for an electronic card (2022). On the routes, conductors are involved and, in addition to paying for cash (with a higher fare), there are general civil (with different tariff plans for replenishment, including time passes and an "electronic wallet"), as well as preferential electronic transport cards.
Trolleybus
Kazan's trolleybus system is one of the oldest in Russia. Operation opened on 27 November 1948. In recent years, it continues to develop: new lines were launched, built and planned, while some new trolleybus lines replaced the removed tram lines. Two trolleybus depots operate a fleet of over 200 trolleybuses, all of which are green, and serve 10 routes with a total length of . At the beginning of the XXI century, at the Kazan aircraft plant KAPO for the city, a major overhaul (CWR) of old trolleybuses was carried out.
The fare is 30 rubles in cash, 27 rubles by electronic card (2020). On the routes, conductors are involved and, in addition to paying for cash (with a higher fare), there are general civil (with different tariff plans for replenishment, including time passes and an "electronic wallet"), as well as preferential electronic transport cards.
All trolleybuses are monitored by an automated control system based on satellite navigation. Any Internet user can track the movement of trolleybuses.
Metro
A single-line
Kazan Metro
The Kazan Metro (russian: Каза́нский метрополите́н; tt-Cyrl, Казан метросы) is a rapid-transit system that serves the city of Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia. The metro system was the seventh opened in Russia, and th ...
(running north to south-east), opened on 27 August 2005, the first and only metro system built in a post-soviet state after the collapse of the USSR. As of 2020, the Kazan Metro now has eleven stations, and crosses the
Kazanka River
Kazanka (russian: Каза́нка; tt-Cyrl, Казансу, ''Qazansu'') is a river in the Russian Federation, a left tributary of the Volga. The Kazanka begins near the village of Bimeri in Arsk District and flows into the Kuybyshev Reservoi ...
.
Railways
Kazan is connected with
Moscow,
Ulyanovsk
Ulyanovsk, known until 1924 as Simbirsk, is a city and the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River east of Moscow. Population:
The city, founded as Simbirsk (), was the birthplace of Vladimir Lenin (born ...
,
Yoshkar-Ola and
Yekaterinburg by train.
The main railway station
Kazan–Passazhirskaya is located in the city centre and includes a main building (built in 1896), a commuter trains terminal, a ticket office building and some other technical buildings. The station serves 36 intercity trains, and more than eight million passengers per annum. The second terminus called "Kazan-2" is situated in the northern part of the city. Kazan also has 19 platforms for commuter trains.
In addition, within the city there are also 24 railway stations and stopping platforms.
Public transit
Payment is received in cash, by dedicated travel cards and by banking cards. One ride fee is 27 rubles in cash or by banking card and 25 rubles by travel card. There are various plans for different types of travel which reduce single ride fees. There are no zoning tariffs within the city.
Cycling
On 1 July 2013, the Veli'k bicycle sharing system was launched in Kazan. In total, the system includes seven self-service bicycle docking stations, and a total fleet of 100 bikes. The service is open to anyone from 16 years of age. There are three types of subscription – monthly, weekly and daily. During the season from late spring to mid-autumn, residents and guests of Kazan typically use the service more than 15,000 times.
In 2015, the first cycle routes on separate bike lanes were opened in the city centre; further expansion is planned throughout the city.
Waterways
Kazan's river port is one of the largest on the
Volga, thanks to the system of canals from which Kazan is sometimes called the "port of five seas".
The main building of the river station was built together with the new river port by the early 1960s and renovated in 2005. The station serves both passengers of intercity cruise ships and commuter boats (including high-speed fleet) – to the Kamsky Ustye, Tetyush, Bolgar, Pechishch, Sviyazhsk and Sadovaya. The daily passenger traffic in the summer period is up to 6 thousand people per day. In winter,
Pneumocushion boats are used, it goes from Kazan to Verkhny Uslon.
Highways
There are federal highway connections to
Moscow and
Ufa
Ufa ( ba, Өфө , Öfö; russian: Уфа́, r=Ufá, p=ʊˈfa) is the largest city and capital of Bashkortostan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Belaya and Ufa rivers, in the centre-north of Bashkortostan, on hills forming the ...
(
E-22),
Orenburg
Orenburg (russian: Оренбу́рг, ), formerly known as Chkalov (1938–1957), is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Ural River, southeast of Moscow. Orenburg is also very close to the border with Kazakhst ...
(R-239),
Ul'yanovsk
Ulyanovsk, known until 1924 as Simbirsk, is a city and the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River east of Moscow. Population:
The city, founded as Simbirsk (), was the birthplace of Vladimir Lenin (bor ...
(R-241) and Igra (R-242). There are also the R-175 federal highway and "Northern Europe – Western China" (in construction) route near the city.
There are five bridges across the Kazanka (Qazansu) river in the city, and one bridge connecting Kazan with the opposite bank of the Volga.
Intercity buses
There are two bus stations in Kazan—Central and Southern. Bus routes connect Kazan with all districts of Tatarstan,
Samara,
Ufa
Ufa ( ba, Өфө , Öfö; russian: Уфа́, r=Ufá, p=ʊˈfa) is the largest city and capital of Bashkortostan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Belaya and Ufa rivers, in the centre-north of Bashkortostan, on hills forming the ...
,
Tolyatti
Tolyatti ( rus, Толья́тти, p=tɐlʲˈjætʲ(ː)ɪ), also known as Togliatti, formerly known as Stavropol (1737–1964), is a city in Samara Oblast, Russia. It is the largest city in Russia which does not serve as the administrative center ...
,
Orenburg
Orenburg (russian: Оренбу́рг, ), formerly known as Chkalov (1938–1957), is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Ural River, southeast of Moscow. Orenburg is also very close to the border with Kazakhst ...
,
Ulyanovsk
Ulyanovsk, known until 1924 as Simbirsk, is a city and the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River east of Moscow. Population:
The city, founded as Simbirsk (), was the birthplace of Vladimir Lenin (born ...
,
Cheboksary
Cheboksary (; russian: Чебокса́ры, r=Cheboksáry, p=tɕɪbɐˈksarɨ; cv, Шупашкар, ''Şupaşkar'') is the capital city of Chuvashia, Russia and a port on the Volga River.
Geography
The city is located in the Volga Upland re ...
,
Sterlitamak
Sterlitamak ( rus, Стерлитама́к, p=stʲɪrlʲɪtɐˈmak; ba, Стәрлетамаҡ, translit=Stärletamaq; ) is the second largest city in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia, located on the left bank of the Belaya River (Kama' ...
,
Buzuluk,
Baki, and
Aktobe
Aktobe ( kz, Ақтөбе, Aqtöbe; russian: Актобе, Aktobe) is a city on the Ilek River in Kazakhstan. It is the administrative center of Aktobe Region. In 2020, it had a population of 500,757 people.
Aktobe is located in the west of Ka ...
. It is planned to build new stations in the East, West and North districts instead of Central for relieving city centre.
Kazan International Airport
Kazan International Airport
Kazan International Airport ( tt-Cyrl, Казан Халыкара Аэропорты, translit=Qazan Xalıqara Aeroportı, russian: Международный аэропорт Казань; IATA: KZN, ICAO: UWKD) is an airport in Russia, arou ...
is located from the city center. It is a hub for
UVT Aero
UVT Aero (russian: link=no, ЮВТ АЭРО) is Russian airline headquartered in Kazan. Its main base is Kazan International Airport.
History
On 8 July 2015 Tatarstan's Republic new airline UVT Aero was awarded with a license to carry out com ...
and
Kazan Air Enterprise
Kazan Air Enterprise is an airline based in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia. It operates air taxi services and aerial work. Its main base is Kazan International Airport
Kazan International Airport ( tt-Cyrl, Казан Халыкара Аэропо� ...
and hosts eleven air companies. The airport is connected with the city by bus route #97 and by a suburban train line.
There is also the
Kazan Borisoglebskoye
Borisoglebskoye airfield ( tt, Borisoglebskiy Hawa Alanı, italic=yes, russian: Аэродром Борисоглебское) is an experimental aviation airfield owned by Kazan Aircraft Production Association (Tupolev). Located in the north ...
airfield, home to
Kazan Aircraft Production Association, a major aircraft factory, famous in the past as "Aircraft Plant 22" ("22nd Zavod").
Adjacent to it lies a huge aircraft engines plant ("16th Zavod"). It produces versions of
Tupolev 204 and 214 aircraft. In the past an Ilyushin-62, four-engine Russian mainliner,
Tupolev-160 "Black Jack" supersonic strategic bomber and
Tu-22M tactic bomber were also produced here. Both these plants and adjacent workers' housing make a whole city district known as "Aviastroitelny" ("Aircraft Builders").
Demographics
Population
Population:
Kazan metropolitan area's population is 1.65 million.
Ethnicity
The city's population consists mostly of ethnic
Tatars (47.6%) and ethnic
Russians (48.6%). The other ethnicities are
Chuvash,
Mari,
Ukrainians,
Azerbaijanis
Azerbaijanis (; az, Azərbaycanlılar, ), Azeris ( az, Azərilər, ), or Azerbaijani Turks ( az, Azərbaycan Türkləri, ) are a Turkic people living mainly in northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan. They are the second-most nume ...
and
Jew
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
s.
Religion
Predominant faiths of Kazan city are
Islam and Eastern
Orthodox Christianity, with minority representation of
Roman Catholicism,
Protestantism,
Judaism, and the
Baháʼí Faith
The Baháʼí Faith is a religion founded in the 19th century that teaches the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people. Established by Baháʼu'lláh in the 19th century, it initially developed in Iran and parts of the ...
.
Languages
The most spoken language in Kazan is Russian, and the Tatar language is the second most spoken.
Geography
File:Kazan NASA.PNG, Satellite view
File:Night aerial view of Kazan, Russia (2007).jpg, Night aerial view of radial Kazan
Climate
Kazan has a
humid continental climate (
Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bernd Köppen (born 1951), German pianist and composer
* Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan
* Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author and ...
: ''Dfb'') with long, cold winters (colder than
Moscow), and warm, sunny summers. As a result of its far inland position, summers are extremely warm for its latitude and winters are quite cold compared to areas further west in
Europe.
The warmest month is July with daily mean temperature near , and the coldest month is January, with a daily mean of .
The city set its two hottest days on record during the
2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves
The 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves included severe heat waves that impacted most of the United States, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Hong Kong, North Africa and the European continent as a whole, along with parts of Canada, Russia, Indo ...
. Temperatures reached in the hottest days during that time.
Central Kazan
Kremlin
The city has a citadel (Russian: кремль, tr. kreml', or sometimes Tatar: ''kirman''), which was declared a
World Heritage Site in 2000. Major monuments in the Kremlin are the five-domed, six-columned Annunciation Cathedral (1561–62) and the mysterious, formerly leaning
Söyembikä Tower
Söyembikä Tower ( tt-Cyrl, Сөембикә манарасы; russian: Ба́шня Сююмбикэ́), also called the Khan's Mosque, is probably the most familiar landmark and architectural symbol of Kazan.
Once the highest structure of t ...
, named after the last queen of Kazan and regarded as the city's most conspicuous landmark.
Also of interest are the towers and walls, erected in the 16th and 17th centuries but later reconstructed; the
Qol-Şarif Mosque, which has been rebuilt inside the citadel; remains of the Saviour Monastery (a 16th-century cathedral demolished by the Bolsheviks) with the Spasskaya Tower; and the Governor's House (1843–53), designed by
Konstantin Thon, now the Palace of the
President
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
of
Tatarstan
The Republic of Tatarstan (russian: Республика Татарстан, Respublika Tatarstan, p=rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə tətɐrˈstan; tt-Cyrl, Татарстан Республикасы), or simply Tatarstan (russian: Татарстан, tt ...
.
Next door, the ornate baroque Sts-Peter-and-Paul's Cathedral on Qawi Nacmi Street and Marcani Mosque on Qayum Nasiri Street date back to the 18th century.
Towers
The Spasskaya Tower was built in two floors by 16th century Pskov architects Ivan Shiryai and Postnik Yakovlev. From the inside, the northern side of the fortress to the Spasskaya Tower adjoined the gate to Spasskaya Church, which has now merged with the tower. The typical Pskovian architectural elements of the facade face the main street of the Kremlin. At the end of the 17th century, instead of three tiers, the tower was built with two brick eight-sided tiers with a brick roof, getting its present, familiar appearance. Until 1917, the tower was crowned with the double-headed coat of arms of the Russian state. In the 18th century, a ringing clock was installed in the upper tier, and even earlier a large bell was moved from a small belfry (now lost, located on the castle wall on the left side of the tower). Until the middle of the 19th century, there was a moat with a stone bridge in front of the tower.
The South-Western Tower was built simultaneously with the Spasskaya tower by Pskov masters and is a classic example of the Pskov style of defensive structures.
The name of the Transfiguration Tower comes from the Transfiguration Monastery of the Savior, which was fenced from the north-west. The tower was also built by Pskov architects Postnik and Barma, but it was significantly rebuilt later, as it has strong traces of the architectural influence of the Moscow defensive architecture. The territory from the Transfiguration Tower to the Spasskaya pass was added to the old Khan's fortress by Pskov masters.
There are unnamed round brick towers, presumably built by Moscow architects in the 17th century.
The Tainitskaya Tower was built in its present form in the 1550s by Postnik Yakovlev. It was named after a secret source from which it was possible to take water during a siege. The entrance to the tower is in the form of a "knee", which increased the defense of the Kremlin. It replaced a tower from the time of the khanate, Nur Ali (in Russian transcription Muraleeva). The 22-year-old Tsar Ivan the Terrible entered the conquered city through the Nur Ali tower.
The North-Eastern Round Tower was demolished after the Pugachev's assault.
The Consistor Tower was built in brick by Moscow architects in the 17th century, its name was given in the 18th century from the Spiritual Consistory located near the tower in the Kremlin. Near the tower, archaeological excavations revealed the so-called Tezitsky (Arabic for "merchant") Moat, which went from the Consistor Tower to the Transfiguration. Archaeologist N. Kalinin and a number of scientists believed that the moat was the southern border of the Khan's fortress.
The Southeast Round Tower is an example of Pskov architecture of the 16th century.
Bistä, or Posad
Central Kazan is divided into two districts by the
Bolaq
The Bolaq ( tt-Cyrl, Болак, translit=Bolaq; russian: Булак, ''Bulak'') is a canal that once flowed from the northern part of Birge Kaban to Kazanka. Today it is an isolated channel in downtown Kazan.
The modern length of Bolaq is , an ...
canal and Lake
Qaban
The Kaban Lakes ( tt-Cyrl, Кабан күле; ) are a system of lakes in Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia that includes Nizhny (Blizhny) Kaban, Verkhny Kaban, and Sredny Kaban. With a combined area of , they comprise the biggest lake in Tatar ...
. The first district (Qazan Bistäse or Kazanskiy Posad), historically Russian, is situated on the hill, the second (İske Tatar Bistäse or Staro-Tatarskaya Sloboda), historically Tatar, is situated between the Bolaq and the Volga. Mosques, such as ''
Nurullah'', ''
Soltan'', ''
Bornay'', ''
Apanay'', ''
Äcem'', ''
Märcani'', ''
İske Taş
The İske Taş () or Iske Tash Mosque, also the Old Stone Mosque (via tt-Cyrl, Иске Таш мәчет, translit=İske Taş mäçet, russian: Старокаменная мечеть, мечеть Иске-Таш, ''Starokamennaya, Iske-Tash'') ...
'', ''Zäñgär'' are in the Tatar district. Churches, such as ''Blagoveschenskaya'', ''Varvarinskaya'', ''Nikol'skaya'', ''Tikhvinskaya'', are mostly in the Russian part of the city. The main city-centre streets are ''
Bauman Bauman is a surname. It may be a respelling of the German name Baumann, or it may be the Russian, Ashkenazi Jewish or Scandinavian spelling of the same name.
Notable people with the surname include:
* Christopher Bauman (1982–2005), American ...
'', ''
Kremlyovskaya'', ''Dzerzhinsky'', ''Tuqay'', ''
Puşkin'', ''Butlerov'', ''Gorkiy'', ''Karl Marx'' and ''Märcani''.
An old legend says that in 1552, before the Russian invasion, wealthy Tatars (''baylar'') hid gold and silver in Lake Qaban.
Wooden Kazan
In the beginning of the 1900s most of Central Kazan was covered by wooden buildings, usually consisting of two floors. There was a historical environment of Kazan citizens, but not the best place to live in. During the Republican program "The liquidation of ramshackle apartments" most of them (unlike other Russian cities), especially in Central Kazan, where the land is not cheap, were destroyed and their population was moved to new areas at the suburb of the city (Azino, Azino-2, Quartal 39). Nearly 100,000 citizens resettled by this programme.
Other major buildings
Another significant building in central Kazan is the former "Smolentzev and Shmelev" tea house and hotel, now the Shalyapin Palace Hotel. It is located at 7/80 Universitetskaya Street, at the corner of Universitetskaya and Bauman. A major landmark of late-19th and early-20th century commercial architecture, it consists of two portions. The original portion, built for a merchant named Usmanov in the 1860s, was bought by the inter-related families of Efim Smolentzev and Pavel and Nikolai Shmelev in 1899. They operated a store selling, among other things, tea. In 1910, the Smolentevs and Shmelevs constructed another portion, designed by architect Vasili Trifonov, and operated a hotel there. After the Russian Revolution, the building eventually became the Hotel Soviet and after 2000 it was heavily renovated to reopen as the Shalyapin Palace Hotel.
Национальный музей Республики Татарстан.JPG, The National Museum of Tatarstan
Minselhoz.jpg, Palace of agriculture
Architektura kazan.JPG, Pyramid concert hall
Kazan Circus 08-2016.jpg, Kazan circus
Театр Кукол (Puppet Theatre) - panoramio (2).jpg, Children's palace
Kazan church.jpg, Temple of All Religions
The Temple of All Religions (russian: Храм всех религий, tt-Cyrl, Барлык диннәр гыйбәдәтханәсе) or the Universal Temple (russian: Вселенский храм) is an architectural complex in the Staroye ...
Cityscape
Education and science
Primary and secondary education
Primary and secondary education system of Kazan includes:
* 282 nurseries, most of which are municipal
* 178 schools, 2 of which are private
* 28 vocational technical schools
* 15 colleges
* 10 special colleges
There are also 49 music schools, 43 sports school, and 10 fine-arts schools, including the
Kazan Art School founded in 1895.
Higher education
There are 44 institutes of higher education in Kazan, including 19 branches of universities from other cities. More than 140,000 students are educated in the city.
Kazan Federal University
Kazan (Volga region) Federal University (russian: Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет, tt-Cyrl, Казан (Идел буе) федераль университеты) is a public research uni ...
(founded in 1804) is third oldest university in
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eight ...
after
Saint Petersburg State University (1724) and
Moscow State University (1755). In 2009 KFU got Federal status as main university of
Volga Region.
Some other prominent universities are:
*
Kazan State Technical University – founded in 1932. In 2009 it got status of National university
*
Kazan State Medical University
Based primarily in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia, the Kazan State Medical University (KSMU) is a federal university made up of nine faculties.
The university got the license on 6 March 1994 by the State Committee of the Russian Federation of H ...
– founded in 1814 as a department within
Kazan State University
Kazan (Volga region) Federal University (russian: Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет, tt-Cyrl, Казан (Идел буе) федераль университеты) is a public research uni ...
*
Kazan State Technological University
Kazan National Research Technological University, KNRTU is an innovational scientific educational complex. The University comprises 15 academic and research institutes; runs over 100 Specialist, Bachelor's, Master's Degree
A master's degree (f ...
– founded in 1919 on the base of pre-existing vocational school
*
Kazan State Conservatory
Kazan ( ; rus, Казань, p=kɐˈzanʲ; tt-Cyrl, Казан, ''Qazan'', IPA: ɑzan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka rivers, covering an ...
– founded in 1945
* Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism founded in July 2010 in the framework of the XXVII World Summer Universiade Legacy. The branch, located in Naberezhnye Chelny, will proceed functioning.
Science
Kazan is a major scientific centre in Russia. Kazan formed a big number of scientific areas and schools (mathematical, chemical, medical, linguistic, geological, geobotanical, etc.). Scientific discoveries are a subject of special pride, including: the creation of non-Euclidean geometry (
Nikolai Lobachevsky
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ( rus, Никола́й Ива́нович Лобаче́вский, p=nʲikɐˈlaj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ ləbɐˈtɕɛfskʲɪj, a=Ru-Nikolai_Ivanovich_Lobachevsky.ogg; – ) was a Russian mathematician and geometer, ...
), the discovery of the chemical element
ruthenium
Ruthenium is a chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals ...
(
Karl Ernst Claus
Karl Ernst Claus (also Karl Klaus or Carl Claus, russian: Карл Ка́рлович Кла́ус, 22 January 1796 – 24 March 1864) was a German-Russian chemist and naturalist of Baltic German origin. Claus was a professor at Kazan State U ...
), the theory about the structure of organic compounds (
Aleksandr Butlerov
Alexander Mikhaylovich Butlerov (Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Бу́тлеров; 15 September 1828 – 17 August 1886) was a Russian chemist, one of the principal creators of the theory of chemical structure (1857–1861 ...
), the discovery of the electron paramagnetic resonance (
Yevgeny Zavoisky
Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky (russian: Евгений Константинович Завойский; September 28, 1907 – October 9, 1976) was a Soviet physicist known for discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance in 1944. He likely obse ...
) and acoustic paramagnetic resonance (Altshuler) and many others. The city hosts:
*
Kazan Science Centre of
Russian Academy of Sciences
The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; russian: Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across ...
, since 1945. It includes 5 academic institutions.
*
Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
The Republic of Tatarstan (russian: Республика Татарстан, Respublika Tatarstan, p=rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə tətɐrˈstan; tt-Cyrl, Татарстан Республикасы), or simply Tatarstan (russian: Татарстан, tt ...
, since 1991. It includes 7 local departments with 13 academic institutions (also, 21 organisations are under the guidance of TAS) and one branch in Ulyanovsk.
Public health
The year 1814 is considered to be an official year of the beginning of scientific medicine in Kazan. Exactly at that time University Hospital was open. In 1930 Faculty of Medicine is separated from the Kazan Federal University and holds a lot of specialized hospitals under its patronage. Nowadays Kazan becomes the largest public health center in Russia. 120 medical organisations are operated in the city. Kazan Interregional clinical-diagnostic center is the largest in Volga region in cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The largest hospital in Kazan is Republican Clinical Hospital.
Government and administration
Kazan City Duma
Kazan ( ; rus, Казань, p=kɐˈzanʲ; tt-Cyrl, Казан, ''Qazan'', IPA: ɑzan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka rivers, covering an ...
is a representative body of the city, elected every four years and holds its sessions in Kazan City Hall.
Executive committee is a municipal body of the executive organs. The committee's head is Denis Kalinkin.
Kazan hosts Tatarstan President's residence and administration (in Kremlin), Tatarstan's Cabinet of Ministers and Council of State (on Freedom square).
Communication
Agency works 84 post offices belonging to the branch of "Russian Post", UFPS "Tatarstan pochtasy". The official opening of the Kazan city telephone network took place on 27 (15) November 1888. At the moment, there are four operators of wired telephone in Kazan. The total capacity of the telephone network in Kazan is about 456,000 numbers. Services of IP-telephony operators in addition to the basic wired connection is also supported by the five companies. The city has six mobile operators (
Beeline
A bee line is an idiom for the shortest route or a straight line between two points (see "as the crow flies"): bee line, bee-line, or beeline may also refer to:
Brands and enterprises
* Beeline (brand), a telecommunications brand by VimpelCom L ...
,
MegaFon,
MTS,
Tele2 Russia,
Letai,
Yota
Yota (russian: Йота) is a Russian mobile phone brand and mobile broadband manufacturer. Yota is a trademark of Skartel LLC.
On 9 May 2012, Yota's WiMAX was replaced by its LTE network. In September 2012, 4G networks were launched in the ...
, and also operates virtual mobile operator "Mobile public communication"). By the number of Internet users—428 thousand people—Kazan takes the 4th place in Russia. According to the General Director of
Google Russia Vladimir Dolgov, Kazan is the largest center of information technology development, the level of Internet penetration is 75%, which is a record figure for Russia. Access to the World Wide Web in Kazan is provided by 15 operators. The most popular forms of Internet access are cable networks and ADSL. Previously popular Dial-up has almost lost its position, at the same time actively developing wireless technology Wi-Fi and Wi-Max. Scartel launched the first
LTE network in Russia.
On 30 August 2012 in Kazan, IT Park was held a launch ceremony for the fourth generation network (4G, LTE). LTE network in Kazan was launched by three operators – Scartel LLC (Yota trademark), MegaFon OJSC and MTS OJSC. On 27 June 2014, the LTE network of mobile operator Fly was launched.
Sports
Kazan now is one of the most developed cities in Russia in terms of sport. The city has hosted two
Bandy World Championships
The Bandy World Championship is a competition between bandy-playing nations' men's teams. The tournament is administrated by the Federation of International Bandy. It is distinct from the Bandy World Cup, a club competition, and from the Wome ...
, in 2005 and 2011, the World Summer Universiade 2013, the World Championship in fencing in 2014, the Aquatics Championship FINA 2015, 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2018 FIFA World Cup and other international competitions of various levels. In the future the city will hold the 2022 Special Olympics World Winter Games.
The city of Kazan is a leader in terms of winnings in various sports including its most popular sports teams.
Men's teams:
Notable athletes
*
Aliya Mustafina
Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina (russian: Алия Фархатовна Мустафина) is a Russian former artistic gymnast. With a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals, she is considered one of the most successf ...
, artistic gymnastics
*
Alexander Burmistrov
Alexander Olegovich Burmistrov (Russian: Александр Олегович Бурмистров, ; born 21 October 1991) is a Russian professional ice hockey centre currently playing for Metallurg Magnitogorsk of the Kontinental Hockey League ...
, hockey player
*
Viktor Kolotov, association football player
*
Ruslan Nigmatullin
Ruslan Karimovich Nigmatullin ( rus, Русла́н Кари́мович Нигмату́ллин, p=rʊˈslan kɐˈrʲiməvʲɪtɕ nʲɪɡmɐˈtulʲɪn, tt-Cyrl, Руслан Кәрим улы Нигъмәтуллин; born 7 October 1974 in K ...
, association football player
*
Denis Arkhipov
Denis Mikhailovich Arkhipov (russian: Денис Михайлович Архипов; born May 19, 1979) is a Russian former professional ice hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League with the Nashville Predators and Chicago Blackha ...
, hockey player
*
Svetlana Demina, sport shooter
*
Marat Safin, tennis player
*
Dinara Safina, tennis player
*
Alexander Fadeev, figure skater
*
Evgenia Tarasova, figure skater
*
Kamila Valieva
Kamila Valeryevna Valieva (russian: Камила Валерьевна Валиева; born 26 April 2006) is a Russian figure skater. She is the 2022 European champion, 2021 Rostelecom Cup champion, 2021 Skate Canada International champion, ...
, figure skater
*
Vasily Mosin
Vasily Alexandrovich Mosin (russian: Василий Александрович Мосин; born 9 May 1972, in Kazan) is a Russian sport shooter who specializes in the double trap.
At the 2004 Olympic Games he finished in nineteenth place in the ...
, sport shooter
Infrastructure
*
Kazan Arena
Ak Bars Arena ( rus, «Ак Барс Арена»}; tt-Cyrl, Ак Барс Арена, translit=Aq Bars Arena, formerly known as Kazan Arena ( rus, «Казань Арена»}; tt-Cyrl, Казан Арена)) is a stadium in Kazan, Russia. ...
– stadium with capacity 45,000, home ground for
FC Rubin
*
Central stadium – Olympic stadium, capacity 30,133. Ex-home ground for FC Rubin.
*
TatNeft Arena
TatNeft Arena ( ru: Татнефть-Арена) is an indoor sporting arena located in Kazan, Russia. The capacity of the arena is 10,000 and was opened in 2005. The arena is home to Ak Bars Kazan of the Kontinental Hockey League
The Konti ...
– indoor sporting arena, capacity 10,000. Home to
HSC Aq Bars
*
Basket-Hall – indoor sporting arena, capacity 7,000 (large hall) and 1,500 (small hall). Home to
BC UNICS
BC UNICS (russian: БК УНИКС) is a professional basketball club in Kazan, Russia, that plays in the VTB United League, and formerly played in the EuroLeague. On February 28, 2022, EuroLeague Basketball suspended the team because of the 20 ...
.
*
Kazan Volleyball Centre
The Volleyball Centre of Saint Petersburg (russian: Центр волейбола "Санкт-Петербург"), also known as Kazan Volleyball Centre, is a sports complex in Kazan, Russia. It's 13,000 square metres consists of two indoor arenas ...
, capacity 4,600. Home to
VC Zenit and WVC Dynamo-Kazan.
*
Raketa
Raketa ( rus, Ракета, p=rɐˈkʲɛtə, "Rocket") wristwatches, have been manufactured since 1961 by the Petrodvorets Watch Factory in Saint Petersburg. The Petrodvorets Watch Factory is Russia's oldest factory, founded by Peter the Great ...
and
Trudovye Rezervy
Trudovye Rezervy (russian: Трудовые резервы; English: Workforce/Labour Reserves) — one of the Voluntary Sports Societies of the USSR. It was to involve in physical culture and sports the students of the country's vocational schools ...
ice stadiums
Important events
*
2005 Bandy World Championship
The 2005 Bandy World Championship was played between 11 men's national bandy teams in Russia on 30 January-6 February 2005. Sweden became champions.
Squads
Group A
*
*
*
*
*
*
Premier tour
* 30 January
* 11.00 – 2–2 (6–4 after pena ...
* 2010
finswimming European championship
*
2011 European Weightlifting Championships
The 2011 European Weightlifting Championships was held in Kazan, Russia from 11 April to 17 April 2011. It was the 90th edition of the event, which was first staged in 1896.
Schedule
;MONDAY 11, APRIL
*10.00-11.30 Women / 48 kg / Group B
* ...
*
2011 Bandy World Championship
The 2011 Bandy World Championship was an edition of the top annual event in international men's bandy, held between January 23 and January 30, 2011, in Kazan, Russia.
11 countries participated in the 2011 championships: Finland, Kazakhstan, Norwa ...
*
2013 Summer Universiade
The 2013 Summer Universiade, officially known as the XXVII Summer Universiade (russian: XXVII Летняя Универсиада), was held in the city of Kazan, Russia, the most northerly city ever to host a Summer Universiade. Over 10,400 un ...
*
2014 European Badminton Championships
The 2014 European Badminton Championships were the 24th tournament of the European Badminton Championships. They were held in Kazan, Russia, from April 23 to April 27, 2014. The competitions were held in the Gymnastics Center.
Medalists
Men's ...
*
2015 World Aquatics Championships
The 16th FINA World Championships (russian: Чемпионат мира по водным видам спорта 2015), also Aquatics 2015, were held in Kazan, Russia from 24 July to 9 August 2015. Russia hosted this event for the first time. ...
* 2016 – 28th International Olympiad in Informatics
*
2016 European Judo Championships
The 2016 European Judo Championships were held in Kazan, Russia, between 21–24 April 2016.
Medal overview Men
Women
Medal table
References
External links
*
ResultsTeam results
{{European championships in 2016
Eu ...
*
2017 Red Bull Air Race World Championship
The 2017 Red Bull Air Race World Championship was the twelfth Red Bull Air Race World Championship series.
Aircraft and pilots Master Class
;Pilot changes
* Former champion Nigel Lamb retired from the sport following the final round of the ...
*
2017 FIFA Confederations Cup
The 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup was the 10th and final edition of the FIFA Confederations Cup, a quadrennial international men's football tournament organised by FIFA. It was held in Russia, from 17 June to 2 July 2017, as a prelude to the 201 ...
*
2018 Red Bull Air Race World Championship
The 2018 Red Bull Air Race World Championship was the thirteenth Red Bull Air Race World Championship series.
Aircraft and pilots Master Class
;Pilot changes
* Peter Podlunšek retired the master class pilot of Red Bull Air Race following th ...
*
2018 FIFA World Cup
The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's national Association football, football teams organized by FIFA. It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018, after the country was awa ...
* 2019 Candidates Tournament for the
Women's World Chess Championship 2020
* 2019
WorldSkills
WorldSkills organizes the world championships of vocational skills and is held every two years in different parts of the world. The organization, which also hosts conferences about vocational skills, describes itself as the global hub for skills.
...
Championship
*
2022 Special Olympics World Winter Games
International relations
Kazan is actively engaged in international activities. The city has foreign diplomatic, trade and cultural representations, the Kazan Kremlin and the Institute of culture of peace are under the auspices of
UNESCO, the city participates in partner movements, is a member of the world organizations of cities. The summit of the
CIS heads, the Summit of the world security services and other important forums, conferences and events of the world level were held in Kazan. The head of
China, the
US Secretary of State, about three dozen presidents and Prime Ministers of foreign States paid visits to the capital of the Republic, as to few other cities of the country. Renovated in 2005, the international airport provides flights to dozens of cities in different countries, including the largest airliners (class
Boeing 747
The Boeing 747 is a large, long-range wide-body aircraft, wide-body airliner designed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in the United States between 1968 and 2022.
After introducing the Boeing 707, 707 in October 1958, Pan Am w ...
), and is gradually being rebuilt into a potential hub for the Universiade 2013 and the World Cup 2018; international rail links from the city.
Branch offices of embassies
* Branch Office of the Embassy of
Belarus
Consulates
Five consulates general are found in Kazan.
* Consulate-General of
Iran
* Consulate-General of
Turkey
* Consulate-General of
Hungary
* Consulate-General of
Kazakhstan
* Consulate-General of
Turkmenistan
Visa centers
* Italian Visa Center in Kazan.
* Joint Visa Application Center of
European Union for:
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
Twin towns and sister cities
Kazan is
twinned with:
*
Al Minufiyah, Egypt, since 1997
*
Al Qalyubiyah (Egypt), since 2001
*
Ankara
Ankara ( , ; ), historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and over 5.7 million in Ankara Province, mak ...
(Turkey), since 2013
* Antalya (Turkey), since 2003
* Braunschweig (Germany), since 1988
* College Station, Texas, College Station, Texas, United States, since 1990
* Donetsk (Ukraine), since 2002
* Eskişehir (Turkey), since 1997
* Guangzhou (China), since 2012
* Hangzhou (China), since 2002
* Harare (Zimbabwe), since 2011
* Istanbul (Turkey), since 2002
* Nur-Sultan (Kazakhstan), since 2004
* Shenzhen (China), since 2012
* Tabriz (Iran), since 2009
Kazan has also partner relations with the following cities and regions:
* Almaty (Kazakhstan), since 1996
* Arkhangelsk (Russia), since 1999
* Astrakhan (Russia), since 1997
* Baku (Azerbaijan), since 2003
* Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan), since 1998
* Chelyabinsk (Russia), since 2002
* Chengdu (China), since 2015
* Evpatoria (Ukraine), since 1998
* Grozny (Russia), since 2012
* Gwangju (Korea), since 2013
* Ivanovo (Russia), since 1997
* Jūrmala (Latvia), since 2002
* Kabul (Afghanistan), since 2005
* Krasnoyarsk (Russia), since 2001
* Nizhny Novgorod (Russia), since 1997
*
Orenburg
Orenburg (russian: Оренбу́рг, ), formerly known as Chkalov (1938–1957), is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Ural River, southeast of Moscow. Orenburg is also very close to the border with Kazakhst ...
(Russia), since 2001
* Oryol (Russia), since 2010
*
Samara (Russia), since 1998
* Saratov (Russia), since 1999
* Shumen Province (Bulgaria), since 2003
* Tashkent (Uzbekistan), since 1998
* Tlemcen (Algeria), since 2011
* Tyumen (Russia), since 2013
*
Ufa
Ufa ( ba, Өфө , Öfö; russian: Уфа́, r=Ufá, p=ʊˈfa) is the largest city and capital of Bashkortostan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Belaya and Ufa rivers, in the centre-north of Bashkortostan, on hills forming the ...
(Russia), since 1999
* Ulan-Ude (Russia), since 2003
*
Ulyanovsk
Ulyanovsk, known until 1924 as Simbirsk, is a city and the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River east of Moscow. Population:
The city, founded as Simbirsk (), was the birthplace of Vladimir Lenin (born ...
(Russia), since 1998
* Urbino (Italy), since 2001
* Verona (Italy), since 2011
* Volgograd (Russia), since 2005
* Yaroslavl (Russia), since 2003
*
Yoshkar-Ola (Russia), since 2002
International organizations membership
* Organization of World Heritage Cities
* United Cities and Local Governments
* Twin Cities International Association
* Historic Cities International Association
* General Conference of Mayors for Peace
* Organisation of Islamic Capitals and Cities (observer)
* Metropolis
* International Assembly of capitals and large cities of CIS
Other organizations
* Alliance Française
* American Corner
Notable people
* Aida Garifullina, lyric soprano, the I-st prize winner at the Operalia competition in 2013, many performances at Mariinsky Theatre and Vienna State Opera, recording contract with Decca Records
* Venera Gimadieva, operatic soprano who has performed leading roles in major European opera houses
* Sofya Gulyak, pianist, only female winner of the Leeds International Piano Competition, Leeds Piano Competition, in 2009
* Dayana Kirillova, singer who represented Russia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, Russia at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2013, 2013
* Rashid Nezhmetdinov, International Master and five-time winner of the Russian Chess Championship
*
Kamila Valieva
Kamila Valeryevna Valieva (russian: Камила Валерьевна Валиева; born 26 April 2006) is a Russian figure skater. She is the 2022 European champion, 2021 Rostelecom Cup champion, 2021 Skate Canada International champion, ...
, figure skater
See also
*Arskoe Cemetery
*Kizichesky Monastery
*Russian Islamic University
*Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (Kazan)
References
Notes
Sources
*
*
*
Further reading
*
* .
*Edward Tracy Turnerelli, Kazan, the Ancient Capital of the Tartar Khans, 1854.
External links
Official website of Kazan
{{Authority control
Kazan,
11th-century establishments in Russia
11th-century establishments in Europe
Cities and towns in Tatarstan
Kazansky Uyezd
Populated places established in the 11th century
Populated places on the Volga