Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

aircraft and

aircraft engine An aircraft engine, often referred to as an aero engine, is the power component of an aircraft propulsion system. Most aircraft engines are either piston engines or gas turbines, although a few have been rocket powered and in recent years many ...

manufacturer. It was founded there in

Dessau Dessau is a town and former municipality in Germany at the confluence of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the '' Bundesland'' (Federal State) of Saxony-Anhalt. Since 1 July 2007, it has been part of the newly created municipality of Dessau-Roßlau ...

, Germany, in 1895 by Hugo Junkers, initially manufacturing boilers and

radiator Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating. The majority of radiators are constructed to function in cars, buildings, and electronics. A radiator is always a ...

s. During World War I and following the war, the company became famous for its pioneering all-metal aircraft. During World War II the company produced the German army's Luftwaffe planes, as well as

piston A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors, hydraulic cylinders and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tig ...

and

jet Jet, Jets, or The Jet(s) may refer to: Aerospace * Jet aircraft, an aircraft propelled by jet engines ** Jet airliner ** Jet engine ** Jet fuel * Jet Airways, an Indian airline * Wind Jet (ICAO: JET), an Italian airline * Journey to Enceladus a ...

aircraft engines, albeit in the absence of its founder, who had been removed by the Nazis in 1934.

History

Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R14718, Dessau, Junkers-Werke

Early inter-war period

In the immediate post-war era, Junkers used their J8 layout as the basis for the F-13, first flown on 25 June 1919 and certified airworthy in July of the same year. This four passenger monoplane was the world's first all-metal airliner. Of note, in addition to significant European sales, some twenty-five of these airplanes were delivered to North American customers under the Junkers-Larsen affiliate and were used primarily as airmail planes. The Treaty of Versailles signed only days after the F-13 flew, initially forbade any aircraft construction in Germany for several months. After that span of time, only the design of civilian aircraft was permitted to Germany. With a partial relocation of the Junkers firm to the Fili western suburb of Moscow, the Junkers firm was able to restart its aircraft manufacturing concern within the borders of the Soviet Union in 1922, the partly revitalized Junkers firm developed a series of progressively larger civil aircraft including the single-engined G.24 and three-engine G.31. Neither aircraft was a commercial success. With the expiration of treaty restrictions in 1926, Junkers introduced the Junkers W33 and Junkers W34 series, which did find significant commercial success via large production orders in passenger, freight hauling, and, somewhat later, military configurations. The W-33/W-34 series also set multiple aviation "firsts" including records for flight duration, flight distance, altitude, rocket assisted take-off and inflight refueling between 1926 and 1930. After previous study work, Junkers set up the ''Junkers Luftbild-Zentrale'' in

in 1924 to produce aerial photographs for various purposes. Eight years later, due to the financial difficulties of the parent company, this branch was separated and continued to operate as ''Bild-Flug'' for a year until it was taken over by its main competitor, ''Hansa Luftbild''. Junkers' produced a design study in 1924 for a visit to the United States. The study outlined a four-engined 80-passenger plane, incorporating a forward canard wing, as well as a main wing, both of which were fitted above twin pylons. Called the Junkers J.1000 Super Duck passenger seating was to be provided both in the main wing and the hull sections of the craft. This Junkers design, including a scale model, was intended to illustrate an aircraft capable of trans-Atlantic operations of 8 to 10 hours and was completely revolutionary for its day. It was in 1922 that American engineer William Bushnell Stout, and in 1924 that Soviet engineer Andrei Tupolev each adapted the Junkers corrugated duralumin airframe design technologies for their own initial examples of all-metal aircraft in their respective nations – for Stout, the

Stout ST The Stout ST was a twin-engine torpedo bomber built for the US Navy. It pioneered the American use of metal construction and the cantilever "thick wing" design concepts of German aeronautical engineer Hugo Junkers, themselves pioneered in the seco ...

twin-engined naval torpedo bomber prototype aircraft, and for Tupolev, the

Tupolev ANT-2 The ANT-2 was the first all-metal aircraft designed by the Tupolev design bureau. A small passenger plane, it could carry two passengers in a cabin behind the pilot. Background Andrei Tupolev saw the practicality of metal used in aircraft con ...

small passenger aircraft, who had the assistance of the Soviet government's TsAGI research center in achieving success with light-weight metal airframes. The basic principles outlined in this design were later introduced in the

Junkers G.38 The Junkers G.38 was a large German four-engined transport aircraft which first flew in 1929.EADS Two examples were constructed in Germany. Both aircraft flew as a commercial transport within Europe in the years leading up to World War II. Duri ...

, which was introduced and put into regular service by Deutsche Luft Hansa. At the time of its introduction, this four-engined transport was the largest landplane in the world carrying thirty-four passengers and seven crew members. The G.38 sat some of its passengers in the wing area outboard of the fuselage, the front of which was covered with windows. Also, in 1932, Junkers joint project with Maybach designed and built an aerodynamic car but found due to the depression that the market for high end luxury cars was saturated.

Financial troubles

Around 1931 the company suffered from a series of financial difficulties that led to the collapse of the group of companies. The existing shareholders pressured Hugo to leave the company. Hugo, however, was the patent holder on a wide variety of the technologies used in most of the existing Junkers designs, including many of their engines. A plan was started to solve both problems by "buying out" Hugo's engine patent portfolio and placing it into the hands of a new company, the Junkers Motoren-Patentstelle GmbH, which was eventually formed in November 1932. The new company would then license the technologies back to the various companies, most notably what was then Junkers Motorenbau (one of many "Jumo" companies). However, before Junkers actually transferred his patents to the Patentstelle, the collapse of the Junkers consortium was solved by the sale of the Junkers Thermo Technik GmbH to Robert Bosch, whose company still uses the brand name.

Adolf Dethmann Adolf Dethmann (born 3 December 1896, Neumünster; died 6 August 1979, Hamburg) was a German engineer, social scientist and communist activist and industrial manager. Adolf Dethmann was a son of Hans Peter Adolf Dethmann (born 20 February 1865 in ...

, a Communist activist and friend of Hugo, was appointed managing director. Junkers Flugzeug- und -Motorenwerke AG 1937

Post World War II

The Junkers company survived the Second World War and the formation of East Germany, and was reconstituted as Junkers GmbH and eventually merged into the MBB consortium (via joint venture Flugzeug-Union-Süd between

Heinkel Heinkel Flugzeugwerke () was a German aircraft manufacturing company founded by and named after Ernst Heinkel. It is noted for producing bomber aircraft for the Luftwaffe in World War II and for important contributions to high-speed flight, with ...

and

Messerschmitt Messerschmitt AG () was a German share-ownership limited, aircraft manufacturing corporation named after its chief designer Willy Messerschmitt from mid-July 1938 onwards, and known primarily for its World War II fighter aircraft, in partic ...

in 1958).

ended the joint venture in 1965 by acquiring control of JFM AG and absorbing it within

in 1967. Within West Germany, Junkers GmbH was engaged in research on the future of aerospace transportation during the fifties and early-1960s. During this period, Junkers employed the famous Austrian engineer and space travel theorist, Eugen Sänger, who in 1961 completed work for the design of an advanced orbital spacecraft at Junkers. Junkers GmbH was absorbed within MBB and the Junkers name disappeared in 1969.

Products

Aircraft

The Junkers firm's early aircraft were identified by the letter J for Junkers followed by an Arabic type number. From 1919 they introduced an additional sales designation using the same number but prefixed by a letter indicating the role of the aircraft: :A = Austauschflugzeug (suitable for either civil or military use) :EF = Entwurfsflugzeug (experimental aircraft) :F = Flugzeug (aircraft) :G = Großflugzeug (large aircraft) :H = aircraft built at Junkers' Moscow plant :K = Kampfflugzeug (bomber) :S = Spezial (special) :T = Schulflugzeug ( trainer aircraft) :W = Wasserflugzeug ( seaplane). Just once, the same number was used to identify two different completed types. This pair was the T 23 and G23, both also known as J 23. During World War I, machines in service used the regular Idflieg aircraft designation system to specify their design's purpose, also promoted by the Flugzeugmeisterei (Air Ministry), again a letter number system indicating role: :CL = two-seat ground attack :D = single-seat biplane scout, by 1918 used for all single seat scouts. :E = single-seat monoplane scout :J = two-seat armoured close support biplane. The best known and most confusing example is the Junkers J 4 armored-fuselage, all-metal

sesquiplane A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings stacked one above the other. The first powered, controlled aeroplane to fly, the Wright Flyer, used a biplane wing arrangement, as did many aircraft in the early years of aviation. While a ...

, known to the military as the Junkers J.I. The single letter company prefix was not replaced by the twin-letter Ju prefix until 1933. This RLM system – from the Third Reich's air ministry – applied to all German manufacturers; the first Junkers aircraft to receive a Ju number was the W 33, so retrospectively it became the Ju 33. However, earlier aircraft built in Moscow like the H 21 were often described by a Ju number, e.g. Ju 21.

* Junkers J 1, (no military designation) world's first-ever full metal-structure aircraft, 1915. * Junkers J 2, (no military designation) experimental all-metal single seater, designed as fighter, 1916. *

Junkers J 3 The Junkers J 3 was an all-metal single-seat experimental fighter aircraft. Design and development A major drawback of the previous J 1 and J 2 designs was the weight of their overall construction, which consisted of heavy iron sheets and pi ...

, mid-wing monoplane, cancelled before completion, first proposed corrugated-skin

duralumin Duralumin (also called duraluminum, duraluminium, duralum, dural(l)ium, or dural) is a trade name for one of the earliest types of age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The term is a combination of '' Dürener'' and ''aluminium''. Its use as a tra ...

design. *

Junkers J 4 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Ge ...

, (military J.I) armored-fuselage

full metal

close support aircraft Close may refer to: Music * Close (Kim Wilde album), ''Close'' (Kim Wilde album), 1988 * Close (Marvin Sapp album), ''Close'' (Marvin Sapp album), 2017 * Close (Sean Bonniwell album), ''Close'' (Sean Bonniwell album), 1969 * Close (Sub Focus song) ...

, 1917 *

Junkers J 5 The Junkers J 5 was a designation assigned to several fighter aircraft designs. Variants In early 1917, Junkers developed at least two cantilever wing monoplane fighter aircraft designs based on the J4. J 5I The first design, known as the ...

, unbuilt monoplane scout with engine behind pilot. *

Junkers J 6 The Junkers J 5 was a designation assigned to several fighter aircraft designs. Variants In early 1917, Junkers developed at least two cantilever wing monoplane fighter aircraft designs based on the J4. J 5I The first design, known as the J ...

, unbuilt parasol monoplane scout. *

Junkers J 7 The Junkers D.I (factory designation J 9) was a monoplane fighter aircraft produced in Germany late in World War I, significant for becoming the first all-metal fighter to enter service. The prototype, a private venture by Junkers named the J 7, ...

, prototype for J 9, 1917. *

Junkers J 8 The Junkers CL.I was a ground-attack aircraft developed in Germany during World War I. Its construction was undertaken by Junkers under the designation J 8 as proof of Hugo Junkers' belief in the monoplane, after his firm had been required by the ...

, twin-seat development of J 7, 1917. *

Junkers J 9 The Junkers D.I (factory designation J 9) was a monoplane fighter aircraft produced in Germany late in World War I, significant for becoming the first all-metal fighter to enter service. The prototype, a private venture by Junkers named the J 7, ...

, (military D.I) all-duralumin single-seat fighter, built in J.9/I and J.9/II (lengthened wingspan and rear fuselage) versions, 1918. * Junkers J 10, (military CL.I) all-duralumin monoplane close support aircraft, 1918. *

Junkers J 11 The Junkers CL.I was a ground-attack aircraft developed in Germany during World War I. Its construction was undertaken by Junkers under the designation J 8 as proof of Hugo Junkers' belief in the monoplane, after his firm had been required by ...

, (navy C3MG, military CLS.I)

floatplane A floatplane is a type of seaplane with one or more slender floats mounted under the fuselage to provide buoyancy. By contrast, a flying boat uses its fuselage for buoyancy. Either type of seaplane may also have landing gear suitable for land, ...

version of J 10, 1918. *

Junkers J 12 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, prototype four-seat airliner developed from the J 10, precursor of F.13, 1919. * Junkers F 13, passenger plane, 1919 originally J 13, sold as Junkers-Larsen in US, 1919. * Junkers JG1, large monoplane project, 1921. * Junkers J 15, precursor of J/K 16, 1920 * Junkers K 16, small single-engined passenger plane, alternatively known as J 16, 1922. * Junkers J 17, improved K 16, not built. *

Junkers J 18 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Ge ...

, navy survey aircraft, not built. * Junkers T 19, trainer and tourer, alternately known as J 19, 1922. * Junkers A 20, light transport, 1923. * Junkers J 21, also known as T 21 and H 21, reconnaissance aircraft for Red Army built in Russia, 1923. *

Junkers J 22 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, also known as H 22, for Red Army, fighter similar to J 21, 1922. *

Junkers T 23 The Junkers T 23 was a two-seat, single-engined experimental training aircraft, built in Germany in the early 1920s. It could be configured either as a parasol winged monoplane or as a biplane to compare handling characteristics. 4 were constru ...

, sports mono- or biplane, 1923. * Junkers G 23, 3-engined 10-seat airliner, 1923. *

Junkers G 24 The Junkers G 24 was a German three-engine, all-metal low-wing monoplane passenger aircraft manufactured by Junkers from 1925. Junkers F 24 was the designation for single-engine versions of the same aircraft. Design and development The increas ...

, enlarged G 23, 1925. *

Junkers F 24 The Junkers G 24 was a German three-engine, all-metal low-wing monoplane passenger aircraft manufactured by Junkers from 1925. Junkers F 24 was the designation for single-engine versions of the same aircraft. Design and development The increas ...

, single-engined development of G 23, 1928. *

Junkers A 25 Junkers A 35 was a two-seater cantilever monoplane, used for postal, training and military purposes. The aircraft was designed in the 1920s by Junkers in Germany and manufactured at Dessau and by AB Flygindustri in Limhamn, Sweden and convers ...

, A 20s re-engined with Junkers L2 engines, 1926. *

Junkers T 26 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Ge ...

, training and sports aircraft, 1925. * Junkers T 27, a re-engined T 26, 1925. * Junkers J 28, two-seat version of T.21, not built. *

Junkers J 29 The Junkers J 29 was a two-seat, single-engined Experimental aircraft, experimental Trainer (aircraft), training monoplane, built in Germany in 1925. Its significance is that it was the first aircraft to fly and test the Junkers Doppelflügel (dou ...

, sports monoplane, double wing development aircraft, 1925. * Junkers K 30, military version of G 24, 1930. * Junkers G 31, 15 seat airliner, 1926. *

Junkers A 32 The Junkers A 32 was a mail plane built in prototype form in Germany in the late 1920s, and later developed as a prototype reconnaissance-bomber under the designation K 39. The design was a conventional low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed t ...

, experimental monoplane, 1926. * Junkers W 33, single-engined light transport, (developed from F.13) 1926. Junkers aircraft Bremen

* Junkers W 34, single-engine light transport + reconnaissance (development of W33), 1933. * Junkers A 35, postal, training and military aircraft, 1926. *

Junkers S 36 The Junkers S 36 was a twin-engine mail plane developed in Germany in the late 1920s that was further developed in Sweden as a multi-role military aircraft, albeit unsuccessfully, under the designation K 37. The design itself was a low-wing canti ...

, twin-engined mail plane, 1927. *

Junkers K 37 The Junkers S 36 was a twin-engine mail plane developed in Germany in the late 1920s that was further developed in Sweden as a multi-role military aircraft, albeit unsuccessfully, under the designation K 37. The design itself was a low-wing canti ...

, military version of S 36, 1928. *

, four-engined commercial transport, world's largest landplane when built, 1929. *

Junkers K 39 The Junkers A 32 was a mail plane built in prototype form in Germany in the late 1920s, and later developed as a prototype reconnaissance-bomber under the designation K 39. The design was a conventional low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed t ...

, experimental reconnaissance-bomber (development of A 32), 1927. *

Junkers J 40 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, prototype large flying boat airliner (G.38 derived), 1926. * Junkers W 41, an F 24 re-engined with a Junkers Fo 4 diesel engine, 1928. *

Junkers R 42 The Junkers G 24 was a German three-engine, all-metal low-wing monoplane passenger aircraft manufactured by Junkers from 1925. Junkers F 24 was the designation for single-engine versions of the same aircraft. Design and development The increas ...

, designation for Swedish built K 30s. * Junkers K 43, reconnaissance monoplane, 1927. * Junkers J 44, prototype replacement for A 35, 1927. * Junkers K 45, a single Ju 52 converted to a torpedo bomber, 1932. * Junkers Ju 46, catapult mailplane derived from W 34. *

Junkers K 47 The Junkers K 47 was a two-seater fighter aircraft developed in Sweden by the Swedish subsidiary of the German firm Junkers during the late 1920s, a civil development of which was designated the A 48. Design and development Designed to meet a ...

, close support aircraft, prototype of K.48, 1927. * Junkers A 48, production dive bomber, 1928. *

Junkers Ju 49 The Junkers Ju 49 was a German aircraft designed to investigate high-altitude flight and the techniques of cabin pressurization. It was the world's second working pressurized aircraft, following the Engineering Division USD-9A which first flew i ...

, high altitude research aircraft, 1931. * Junkers A50, sports monoplane, 1929. * Junkers K 51, Ki-20 heavy bomber for Japan, c.1934. *

Junkers Ju 52 The Junkers Ju 52/3m (nicknamed ''Tante Ju'' ("Aunt Ju") and ''Iron Annie'') is a transport aircraft that was designed and manufactured by German aviation company Junkers. Development of the Ju 52 commenced during 1930, headed by German Aeros ...

, single-engined precursor to Ju 52/3m, 1930 * Junkers Ju 52/3m ''Tante Ju'' (Auntie Ju), passenger airliner and freighter, used as transport + bomber during World War II, 1932. * Junkers K 53, designation for Swedish built A 35's. * Junkers J 54, prototype replacement for A 35, 1929. * Junkers J 56, prototype replacement for K 16, 1930. *

Junkers J 58 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English language, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major Germany, German aircraft manufacturer, aircraft and aircraft engine ...

, prototype replacement for F 13 & W 34, 1929. *

Junkers Ju 60 The Junkers Ju 60 was a single engine airliner built in prototype form in Germany in the early 1930s. It was designed to meet a requirement issued by the '' Reichsverkehrsministerium'' (Reich Transport Ministry) for a German-built equivalent to ...

, low wing high speed airliner, 1932. * Junkers K 85, proposed torpedo bomber version of Ju 86 for Sweden, 1933. * Junkers Ju 85, prototype twin-engined bomber similar to Ju 86, not built. *

Junkers Ju 86 The Junkers Ju 86 was a German monoplane bomber and civilian airliner designed in the early 1930s, and employed by various air forces on both sides during World War II. The civilian model Ju 86B could carry ten passengers. Two were delivered to S ...

, twin-engined airliner, bomber + reconnaissance, 1934. *

Junkers Ju 87 The Junkers Ju 87 or Stuka (from ''Sturzkampfflugzeug'', "dive bomber") was a German dive bomber and ground-attack aircraft. Designed by Hermann Pohlmann, it first flew in 1935. The Ju 87 made its combat debut in 1937 with the Luftwaffe's Con ...

, ''Stuka'', dive-bomber, 1935. * Junkers Ju 88, bomber + reconnaissance + night-fighter. *

Junkers Ju 89 The Junkers Ju 89 was a heavy bomber designed for the ''Luftwaffe'' prior to World War II. Two prototypes were constructed, but the project was abandoned without the aircraft entering production. Elements of its design were incorporated into lat ...

, heavy transport, heavy bomber (prototype), 1936. * Junkers Ju 90, four-engined airliner, transport developed from Ju 89, 1937. *

Junkers Ju 160 The Junkers Ju 160 was a German single-engine, low-wing six-seat passenger transport aircraft developed from the Ju 60 and targeted at the same fast airliner market as the Heinkel He 70 and the Lockheed Model 9 Orion. The Deutsche Lufthansa fle ...

, low wing high speed airliner developed from Ju 60, 1934. * Junkers Ju 186, four-engined high-altitude prototype version of Ju 86, not built. *

Junkers Ju 187 The Junkers Ju 187 was a German projected dive bomber designed to replace the aging Junkers Ju 87 ''Stuka''. The Ju 187 was cancelled in 1943. Design By the time of the Battle of Britain the Junkers Ju 87 ''Stuka'' had proved very vulnerable ...

, close support aircraft project, cancelled after mock-up built. * Junkers Ju 188, ''Rächer'', bomber, 1941. * Junkers Ju 248, re-designation of Me 263. * Junkers Ju 252, transport developed from the EF 77, 1941. *

Junkers Ju 268 The Junkers Ju 268 was the un-manned bomber component of the Mistel V parasite bomber project designed in Germany during 1944. Development The Mistel V was a composite bomber comprising a Heinkel He 162A-2 piloted component and a specially d ...

, parasite bomber project, 1944. * Junkers Ju 286, six-engined high-altitude version of Ju 86, not built. * Junkers Ju 287, prototype jet-engined bomber with swept forward wings, 1945. * Junkers Ju 288, bomber (prototype), 1941. * Junkers Ju 290, transport, patrol, 1941. * Junkers Ju 322, ''Mammut'' (Mammoth), transport glider (prototype), 1941. * Junkers Ju 352, ''Herkules'' (Hercules), transport, 1944. * Junkers Ju 388, ''Störtebeker'', reconnaissance + night-fighter, 1943. * Junkers Ju 390, long-range bomber (''Amerika Bomber'') (prototype) developed from Ju 290, 1943. *

Junkers Ju 488 The Junkers Ju 488 was a proposed four-engined German heavy strategic bomber under development in World War II. It was based on the twin-engined Ju 188 series but with additional engines mounted on a new wing inner section. One prototype was begu ...

, proposed heavy bomber design. *

Junkers J 1000 The Junkers J.1000 was an exercise in aeronautical design produced by the Junkers company of Germany in the mid-1920s. No airplane was ever produced. The design was led by Otto Mader who was also responsible for such Junkers aircraft as the J.1 ...

, large flying-wing airliner, 1924.

Experimental

Junkers EFo 008 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

Junkers EFo 009 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English language, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major Germany, German aircraft manufacturer, aircraft and aircraft engine ...

, ''Hubjäger'' (Lift-Fighter), jet fighter project *

Junkers EFo 010 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English language, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major Germany, German aircraft manufacturer, aircraft and aircraft engine ...

Junkers EFo 011 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

Junkers EFo 012 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

Junkers EFo 015 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

Junkers EFo 017 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

* Junkers EFo 018 *

Junkers EFo 019 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

Junkers EFo 021 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, 40-passenger double-deck trans-Atlantic airliner project, 1938. *

Junkers EFo 043 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, glider transport or remote controlled glider bomb *

Junkers EF 017 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, design designation for A 32/K 39 * Junkers EF 024, design designation for A 48 *

Junkers EF 029 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, design designation for Ju 49 * Junkers EF 030, design designation for W41 (and possibly for Ju 52) * Junkers EF 031, design designation for A50 *

Junkers EF 034 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, four-seat traveling aircraft, "Luftlimousine" (flying limousine), 1929. *

Junkers EF 037 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Ge ...

, twin-engined military aircraft, 1930. *

Junkers EF 048 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Ge ...

, twin-engined multipurpose military aircraft developed from the K 37, 1933. *

Junkers EF 049 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, twin engine development of the Ju 52/1m, 1933. *

Junkers EF 050 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, VTOL design study, similar to the Fa 269 *

Junkers EF 052 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, K 85 design study *

Junkers EF 053 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English language, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major Germany, German aircraft manufacturer, aircraft and aircraft engine ...

, trans-Atlantic airliner project, later redesigned as the EF 100. * Junkers EF 055, Ju 287 design study *

Junkers EF 056 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, Ju 287 design study * Junkers EF 057, Ju 287 design study *

Junkers EF 058 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English language, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major Germany, German aircraft manufacturer, aircraft and aircraft engine ...

, Ju 287 design study * Junkers EF 059, Ju 88 design study *

JUnkers EF 060 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, early design for EF 127 and EF 128. * Junkers EF 061, high-altitude fighter + reconnaissance (prototype), 1936. *

Junkers EF 062 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, early EF 128 design study *

Junkers EF 063 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English language, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major Germany, German aircraft manufacturer, aircraft and aircraft engine ...

, early EF 128 design study * Junkers EF 065, possible early EF 082 design study, 1939. *

Junkers EF 072 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, early EF 077 design study * Junkers EF 073, design designation for Ju 288. * Junkers EF 077, design designation for Ju 252. *

Junkers EF 082 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, combat battle aircraft project. * Junkers EF 094, design designation for Ju 322. * Junkers EF 100, long-range maritime reconnaissance/bomber developed from the EF 053, 1940. * Junkers EF 101, a design for a carrier aircraft that carried one "parasite" plane. It had a range of 10564 miles, and carried twin propellers on each of its four engines. * Junkers EF 112, twin-boom ground attack aircraft project, 1942. *

Junkers EF 115 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Ge ...

, bomber project * Junkers EF 116, W-wing jet bomber project, 1943. * Junkers EF 122, four engine development of Ju 287. *

Junkers EF 125 The Junkers Ju 287 was an aerodynamic testbed built in Nazi Germany to develop the technology required for a multi-engine jet bomber. It was powered by four Junkers Jumo 004 engines, featured a novel forward-swept wing, and apart from the wing ...

, two-engine development of Ju 287, developed into the EF 140. * Junkers EF 126, 1944 pulse-jet fighter project, completed post-war in the USSR. *

Junkers EF 127 The Junkers EF 127 was a rocket powered fighter aircraft designed by the Third Reich as a part of the Emergency Fighter Program in the closing year of World War II. The project was codenamed "Walli". The EF 127 was a heavily redesigned version of t ...

, rocket powered version of EF 126. *

Junkers EF 128 The Junkers EF 128 was a project for a single-engine jet fighter, developed for the Emergency Fighter Program Luftwaffe design competition during the Second World War. The EF 128 was a tailless swept-wing design and was to have been powered by a ...

, jet fighter project * Junkers EF 130, four-engined flying wing bomber project, 1943. * Junkers EF 131, six-engine development of Ju 287, completed post-war in USSR. *

Junkers EF 132 The EF 132 was a planned jet bomber, under development for the ''Luftwaffe'' during World War II. It was the last aircraft project development undertaken by Junkers during the war, and was the culmination of the Ju 287 design started in 1942. D ...

, heavy bomber, partly built in USSR but not completed. * Junkers EF 135, development of EF 130 * Junkers EF 137, jet fighter design study, 1943. * Junkers EF 140, bomber/reconnaissance, forward sweep, completed post-war in USSR. * Junkers EF 150, bomber, largely Russian designed and completed post-war in USSR.

Aircraft engines

All Junkers diesel engines were two stroke,

opposed piston An opposed-piston engine is a piston engine in which each cylinder has a piston at both ends, and no cylinder head. Petrol and diesel opposed-piston engines have been used mostly in large-scale applications such as ships, military tanks, and ...

designs, an arrangement he invented in the early 1890s. It was intended to provide an alternative to

Nicholaus Otto Nicolaus August Otto (10 June 1832, Holzhausen an der Haide, Nassau – 26 January 1891, Cologne) was a German engineer who successfully developed the compressed charge internal combustion engine which ran on petroleum gas and led to the mode ...

's patented four stroke which would run on low grade fuels such as blast furnace waste gases. By 1896 Junkers engines were generating electrical power in steelworks.

Kay The name Kay is found both as a surname (see Kay (surname)) and as a given name. In English-speaking countries, it is usually a feminine name, often a short form of Katherine or one of its variants; but it is also used as a first name in its own ...

, p. 11; 257–278 * Junkers Fo2, horizontal, petrol, c.1923. * Junkers L1, petrol, c. 1924. * Junkers L2, petrol, 1925. * Junkers L5, enlarged L 2, petrol, 1925. * Junkers Fo3, diesel, 1926. *

Junkers L55 The Junkers L55 was Junkers' first V-12 engine, appearing in 1927 and based on a pair of six-cylinder L5s. In 1928 a supercharger was added. It was used in one or two Junkers aircraft in their early development but was replaced by the geared ...

, "double L5" (V12), petrol, 1927 *

Junkers L7 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, small version of L2, petrol; not flown. * Junkers Fo4, diesel, commercially called the Junkers SL1, 1928. *

Junkers L8 Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Germ ...

, petrol, geared, higher power development of L5, 1929. *

Junkers L88 The Junkers L88 was Junkers' first geared V-12 engine, appearing c.1930 and based on a pair of 6-cylinder L8s. In 1932 a supercharger was added. It was used in the first pressurised aircraft, the Junkers Ju 49 and, for a while, in the large G ...

, "double L8" (V12), petrol. *

Jumo 204 The Jumo 204 was an opposed-piston, inline, liquid-cooled 6-cylinder aircraft Diesel engine produced by the German manufacturer Junkers. It entered service in 1932. Later engines in the series, the Jumo 205, Jumo 206, Jumo 207 and Jumo 208, diffe ...

, development of the SL1, initially referred to as the Jumo 4, 1930. *

Jumo 205 The Jumo 205 aircraft engine was the most famous of a series of aircraft diesel engines produced by Junkers. The Jumo 204 first entered service in 1932. Later engines of this type comprised the experimental Jumo 206 and Jumo 208, with the Jumo 2 ...

, diesel, reduced displacement version of the Jumo 204, initially known as the Jumo 5, 1933. * Jumo 206, diesel, higher power version of 205, 1936. * Jumo 207, diesel, supercharged version of 205, 1939. * Jumo 208, diesel, c.1940 * Jumo 209, diesel, unbuilt development of 207/208 *

Jumo 210 The Jumo 210 was Junkers (Aircraft), Junkers Motoren's first production inverted V12 gasoline aircraft engine, first produced in the early 1930s. Depending on the version it produced between 610 and 730 metric horsepower, PS and can be considered ...

, initially known as L10, petrol inverted V12, c. 1932. * Jumo 211, petrol, inverted V12, enlarged variant of 210, 1936. * Jumo 212, petrol, projected inverted V24 with two Jumo 211 engines. *

Jumo 213 The Junkers Jumo 213 was a World War II-era V12 engine, V-12 liquid-cooled aircraft engine, a development of Junkers Motoren's earlier design, the Junkers Jumo 211, Jumo 211. The design added two features, a pressurized cooling system that requir ...

, petrol, inverted V12, smaller version of 211, 1940. * Jumo 218, diesel, unbuilt 12 cylinder version with two 208 engines. * Jumo 222, petrol, 24-cylinder, 6-bank radial, 1939. *

Jumo 223 The Junkers Jumo 223 was an experimental 24-cylinder aircraft engine based on the Junkers Jumo 205. Like the Jumo 205, it was an opposed piston two-stroke diesel engine. It had four banks of six cylinders in a rhomboid configuration, with four ...

, diesel, experimental 24 cylinder with four 207 engines arranged in a box shape. * Jumo 224, diesel, higher power version of 223, development continued in the Soviet Union. * Jumo 225, petrol, projected 36-cylinder, multi-bank radial developed from the 222. * Junkers 109-004, turbojet, 1940. * Junkers 109-012, turbojet, few completed by Soviets, 1946. * Junkers 109-022, turboprop, project completed by Soviets, 1950.

References

Cited sources

External links

* by Bernd Junkers, Hugo Junkers' grandson
Junkers Museum
in

, Germany
Hugo Junkers Homepage
* {{Authority control Dessau Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of Germany Companies involved in the Holocaust