The

sky The sky is an unobstructed view upward from the surface of the Earth. It includes the atmosphere and outer space. It may also be considered a place between the ground and outer space, thus distinct from outer space. In the field of astronomy, ...

often has important religious significance. Many religions, both polytheistic and

monotheistic Monotheism is the belief that there is only one deity, an all-supreme being that is universally referred to as God. Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Monotheism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford ...

, have

deities A deity or god is a supernatural being who is considered divine or sacred. The ''Oxford Dictionary of English'' defines deity as a god or goddess, or anything revered as divine. C. Scott Littleton defines a deity as "a being with powers greate ...

associated with the sky. The daytime sky deities are typically distinct from the nighttime ones.

Stith Thompson Stith Thompson (March 7, 1885 – January 10, 1976) was an American folklorist: he has been described as "America's most important folklorist". He is the "Thompson" of the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index, which indexes folktales by type, and the ...

's '' Motif-Index of Folk-Literature'' reflects this by separating the category of "Sky-god" (A210) from that of "Star-god" (A250). In mythology, nighttime gods are usually known as night deities and gods of stars simply as star gods. Both of these categories are included here since they relate to the sky. Luminary deities are included as well since the sun and moon are located in the sky. Some religions may also have a deity or personification of the day, distinct from the god of the day lit sky, to complement the deity or personification of the night. Daytime gods and nighttime gods are frequently deities of an " upper world" or "celestial world" opposed to the earth and a "

netherworld Netherworld (''nether'', ″beneath, lower″) may refer to: *Underworld, a region thought to be beneath the surface of the world in many religions and mythologies Film and television * ''Netherworld'' (film), a 1992 American horror film *''Nethe ...

" (gods of the underworld are sometimes called "chthonic" deities). Within Greek mythology, Uranus was the primordial sky god, who was ultimately succeeded by Zeus, who ruled the celestial realm atop Mount Olympus. In contrast to the celestial Olympians was the chthonic deity

Hades Hades (; grc-gre, ᾍδης, Háidēs; ), in the ancient Greek religion and myth, is the god of the dead and the king of the underworld, with which his name became synonymous. Hades was the eldest son of Cronus and Rhea, although this also ...

, who ruled the underworld, and Poseidon, who ruled the sea. Any masculine sky god is often also king of the gods, taking the position of patriarch within a

pantheon Pantheon may refer to: * Pantheon (religion), a set of gods belonging to a particular religion or tradition, and a temple or sacred building Arts and entertainment Comics *Pantheon (Marvel Comics), a fictional organization * ''Pantheon'' (Lone St ...

. Such king gods are collectively categorized as " sky father" deities, with a polarity between sky and earth often being expressed by pairing a "sky father" god with an "

earth mother A mother goddess is a goddess who represents a personified deification of motherhood, fertility goddess, fertility, creation, destruction, or the earth goddess who embodies the bounty of the earth or nature. When equated with the earth or the ...

" goddess (pairings of a sky ''mother'' with an earth ''father'' are less frequent). A main sky goddess is often the queen of the gods and may be an air/sky goddess in her own right, though she usually has other functions as well with "sky" not being her main. In antiquity, several sky goddesses in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Near East were called Queen of Heaven. Neopagans often apply it with impunity to sky goddesses from other regions who were never associated with the term historically. Gods may rule the sky as a pair (for example, ancient Semitic supreme god El and the fertility goddess Asherah whom he was most likely paired with). The following is a list of sky deities in various polytheistic traditions arranged mostly by language family, which is typically a better indicator of relatedness than geography.

Speakers of Indo-European languages

Proto-Indo-European

* Dyeus, the chief sky father of the Proto-Indo-European religion * Hausos, dawn goddess and daughter of Dyeus * Menot, moon god * Seul, sun goddess

Albanian

* Perendi, god of the light, sky and heaven * Zojz, god of the sky and lightning

Baltic

Auštaras The list of Lithuanian gods is reconstructed based on scarce written sources and late folklore. Lithuania converted to Christianity in 1387, but elements of Lithuanian mythology survived into the 19th century. The earliest written sources, author ...

, the god of the northeast wind *

Dievs Lithuanian Dievas, Latvian Dievs, Latgalian Dīvs, Old Prussian Dìews, Yotvingian Deivas was the primordial supreme god in the Baltic mythology and one of the most important deities together with Perkūnas and he was brother of Potrimpo. He ...

, the god of the day-lit sky and the chief god in Latvian mythology * Vejopatis, the god of the wind who guards the divine realm of Dausos

Celtic

Latobius Latobius was a sky and mountain Celtic god worshipped by the people of Noricum (modern Austria and Slovenia). During ancient Roman times he was equated with aspects of Jupiter and Mars. Votive inscriptions for ''Mars Latobius''Duval, Paul-Marie. "C ...

, sky and mountain god equated with the Greek gods Zeus and Ares * Nuada, god of the sky, wind, and war * Sulis, goddess of the hot springs at Bath; probably originally the pan-Celtic sun goddess * Ambisagrus, Cisalpine god of rain, sky and hail equated to the Roman god Jupiter

English

* Nuit, goddess of "Infinite Space and Infinite Stars" in Thelema

Germanic

* Dagr, personification of day * Eostre, spring and fertility goddess; originally the Germanic dawn goddess * Mēnô, the moon *

Nótt In Norse mythology, Nótt (Old Norse: , "night"Orchard (1997:120).) is night personified. In both the ''Poetic Edda'', compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the ''Prose Edda'', composed in the 13th century, Nótt is li ...

, personification of night * Sōwilō, the sun * Teiwaz, early Germanic sky god, also the god of law, justice, and the thing (assembly)

Greek

* Aether, primeval god of the upper air * Astraeus, dusk god * Eos, dawn goddess *

Helios In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, Helios (; grc, , , Sun; Homeric Greek: ) is the deity, god and personification of the Sun (Solar deity). His name is also Latinized as Helius, and he is often given the epithets Hyper ...

, personification of the sun * Hemera, primordial goddess of day *

Hera In ancient Greek religion, Hera (; grc-gre, Ἥρα, Hḗrā; grc, Ἥρη, Hḗrē, label=none in Ionic and Homeric Greek) is the goddess of marriage, women and family, and the protector of women during childbirth. In Greek mythology, she ...

, goddess of the air, marriage, women, women's fertility, childbirth, heirs, kings, and empires * Iris, goddess of the rainbow and messenger of Hera * Nephele, cloud nymph in Hera's likeness *

Nyx Nyx (; , , "Night") is the Greek goddess and personification of night. A shadowy figure, Nyx stood at or near the beginning of creation and mothered other personified deities, such as Hypnos (Sleep) and Thanatos (Death), with Erebus (Darknes ...

, primordial goddess of night * Selene, personification of the moon * Uranus, primeval god of the sky * Apollo, god of the sun, archery, prophecy, medicine, plagues... * Zeus, king of the gods, ruler of Mount Olympus, god of the sky, weather, law, order, and civilization

Hindu

* Aditi, celestial mother of the gods * Chandra, god of the moon * Dyaus Pita, sky father *

Indra Indra (; Sanskrit: इन्द्र) is the king of the devas (god-like deities) and Svarga (heaven) in Hindu mythology. He is associated with the sky, lightning, weather, thunder, storms, rains, river flows, and war. volumes/ref> I ...

, king of the gods, associated with weather * Ratri, goddess of night * Saranyu, goddess of clouds *

Surya Surya (; sa, सूर्य, ) is the sun as well as the solar deity in Hinduism. He is traditionally one of the major five deities in the Smarta tradition, all of whom are considered as equivalent deities in the Panchayatana puja and a m ...

, god of the sun * Ushas, goddess of dawn

Iranian

* Asmān, god of sky * Māh, god of the moon * Ohrmazd, sky father, the Great God * Tīštar, god of Sirius star and Rainfall. * Xwarxšēd, god of the sun * Uša, goddess of dawn

Roman

* Aurora, dawn goddess * Caelus, personification of the sky, equivalent to the Greek Uranus *

Juno Juno commonly refers to: *Juno (mythology), the Roman goddess of marriage and queen of the gods *Juno (film), ''Juno'' (film), 2007 Juno may also refer to: Arts, entertainment and media Fictional characters *Juno, in the film ''Jenny, Juno'' *Ju ...

, goddess of the sky, queen of the gods, and Jupiter's wife, equivalent to the Greek

* Jupiter, king of heaven and god of the sky and weather, equivalent to the Greek Zeus * Luna, moon goddess * Nox, Roman version of Nyx, night goddess and mother of Discordia *

Sol Sol or SOL may refer to: Astronomy * The Sun Currency * SOL Project, a currency project in France * French sol, or sou * Argentine sol * Bolivian sol, the currency of Bolivia from 1827 to 1864 * Peruvian sol, introduced in 1991 * Peruvian sol ( ...

, sun god *

Summanus Summanus ( lat, Summānus) was the god of nocturnal thunder in ancient Roman religion, as counterposed to Jupiter, the god of diurnal (daylight) thunder. His precise nature was unclear even to Ovid. Pliny thought that he was of Etruscan origin, ...

, god of nocturnal thunder/lightning

Slavic

Dazhbog Dazhbog (russian: Дажьбо́г, Дажбог), alternatively Daždźbok ( be, Даждзьбог), Dažbog, Dazhdbog, Dajbog, Daybog, Dabog, Dazibogu, or Dadzbóg, was one of the major gods of Slavic mythology, most likely a solar deity and p ...

(or Svarog), god of the Sun *

Khors Khors, Хорсъ is a Slavic god of uncertain functions mentioned since the 12th century. Generally interpreted as a sun god, sometimes as a moon god. The meaning of the theonym is also unknown: most often his name has been combined with th ...

, god of the Moon *

Stribog Stribog is a god in Slavic mythology found in three East Slavic sources, whose cult may also have existed in Poland. The sources do not inform about the functions of the god, but nowadays he is most often interpreted as a wind deity who distribut ...

, god of the winds, sky, and air * Perun, god of the thunderstorms, lightning and sky. *

Triglav Triglav (; german: Terglau; it, Tricorno), with an elevation of , is the highest mountain in Slovenia and the highest peak of the Julian Alps. The mountain is the pre-eminent symbol of the Slovene nation. It is the centrepiece of Triglav Natio ...

, a triple god whose three heads represent sky, earth, and underworld * Zorya, goddess of dawn

Thracian and Phrygian

Sabazios Sabazios ( grc, Σαβάζιος, translit=Sabázios, ''Savázios''; alternatively, ''Sabadios'') is the horseman and sky father god of the Phrygians and Thracians. Though the Greeks interpreted Phrygian Sabazios as both Zeus and Dionysus, rep ...

, sky father

Speakers of Afro-Asiatic languages

Ancient Egyptian

Amun Amun (; also ''Amon'', ''Ammon'', ''Amen''; egy, jmn, reconstructed as (Old Egyptian and early Middle Egyptian) → (later Middle Egyptian) → (Late Egyptian), cop, Ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ, Amoun) romanized: ʾmn) was a major ancient Egyptian ...

, god of creation and the wind * Anhur, originally a foreign war god who became associated with the air god, Shu * Hathor, originally a sky goddess *

Horus Horus or Heru, Hor, Har in Ancient Egyptian, is one of the most significant ancient Egyptian deities who served many functions, most notably as god of kingship and the sky. He was worshipped from at least the late prehistoric Egypt until the P ...

, god of the sun, sky, kings, and war * Khonsu, moon god * Mehet-Weret, goddess of the sky *

Nut Nut often refers to: * Nut (fruit), fruit composed of a hard shell and a seed, or a collective noun for dry and edible fruits or seeds * Nut (hardware), fastener used with a bolt Nut or Nuts may also refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Com ...

, goddess of the sky * Ra, god of the sun * Shu, god of the air * Thoth, originally a moon god, later became a writing/knowledge god and the scribe of the other gods

Berber

* Achamán, Guanche creator and sky god *

Achuhucanac Achuhucanac is the rain god in Guanche religion in Tenerife, identified with the Supreme God (Achamán). Its name comes from: ašu_hu_kanak Guanche language Guanche is an extinct language that was spoken by the Guanches of the Canary Islands unti ...

, Guanche rain god, associated with the sky god Achamán

Semitic

* Asherah, sky goddess and consort of El; after the rise of Yahweh, she may have become Yahweh's consort before being demonized and the Israelite religion going monotheistic *

Baalshamin Baalshamin ( arc, ܒܥܠ ܫܡܝܢ ''Baʿal Šāmīn'' or ''Bʿel Šmīn'' Blit. "Lord of Heaven ), also called Baal Shamem ( phn, 𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤔𐤌𐤌 ''Baʿl Šāmēm'') and Baal Shamaim ( he, ''Baʿal Šāmayīm''), was a Northwest Semit ...

, "Lord of the Heavens" (c.f. Armenian

Barsamin Barsamin (Բարսամին, Barshamin Բարշամին) was a weather or sky god among the pre-Christian Armenians. He is probably derived from the Semitic god Baal Shamin Baalshamin ( arc, ܒܥܠ ܫܡܝܢ ''Baʿal Šāmīn'' or ''Bʿel Šmīn'' ...

) * El (god), original sky god and sky father of the Semitic speakers (replaced by Yahweh among Israelites) * Yahweh, deity whose origin is unclear, but rose to prominence among the Israelites, was conflated with El, and became the sole god among them; the Bible heavily associates him with the sky

Speakers of Uralic languages

Finnic

Ilmari Ilmari is a Finnish male given name. It is a short form of Ilmarinen, a mythological smith in the Kalevala. Notable people with the name include: * Ilmari Aalto (1891–1934), Finnish painter * Ilmari Auer (1879–1965), Finnish politician *Ilmar ...

, godlike smith-hero and creator of the sky. * Ilmatar, virgin spirit of the air * Ukko, supreme god of sky, weather, thunder, crops (harvest) and other natural things. *

Perkele Perkele () is a Finnish word meaning "evil spirit" and a popular Finnish profanity, used similarly to English " god damn", although it is considered much more profane. It is most likely the most internationally known Finnish curse word. Origins T ...

, associated with Ukko by some researchers. A name for Devil in Finnish. *

Taara Taara (variations of the name include Tooru, Tharapita and Tarapitha), also known as Uku or Jumal, is a prominent god in Estonian mythology, with a strong resemblance to the Finnish Ukko and the Germanic Thor. History The Chronicle of Henry of ...

Oeselian Oeselians ( la, Oesel, , sv, Ösel, da, Øsel, fi, Saarenmaa) is a term historically applied before the Northern Crusades up to the 13th century to people who were living on the island of Saaremaa or Oesel as it was known back then, an island ...

chief god of thunder and the sky

Mari

* Kugu Jumo, chief god of the sky, creator of the world, associated with a duck * Tõlze, god of the moon * Piambar, daughter of the sky * Shudyr-Shamich, god of the stars * Uzhara, god of the dawn

Mordvin

* Värde-Škaj,

Mokshan Mokshan (russian: Мокша́н) is an urban locality (a work settlement) and the administrative center of Mokshansky District of Penza Oblast, Russia. Population: 10,710 (1900). History It was established in 1566 as a fort to protect the c ...

supreme god of the sky * Niškepaz, Erzyan supreme god of the sky * Kovava, Mokshan goddess of the moon

Permic

* Inmar, Udmurt god of the heavens * Jenmar, Komi sky and chief god, creator of the world, associated with the moose

Sami

* Horagalles, Sami god of the sky, thunder and lightning, the rainbow, weather, oceans, lakes, human life, health and well-being. * Mano, god of the moon

Samoyedic

* Num, god of the sky

Ugric

* Num-Toorum-Aś, Ob-Ugric supreme god and ruler of the kingdom of the sky in the north

Chinese

* Yu Huang Dadi-

Jade Emperor The Jade Emperor or Yudi ( or , ') in Chinese culture, traditional religions and myth is one of the representations of the first god ( '). In Daoist theology he is the assistant of Yuanshi Tianzun, who is one of the Three Pure Ones, the three ...

(center) * Ziwei Dadi- polestar emperor (north) * Changsheng Dadi-longevity emperor (south) * Qinghua Dadi-azure-illustrious emperor (east) * Taiji Tianhuang Dadi-ultimate heaven emperor (west) *

Chang'e Chang'e ( ; , alternatively rendered as Chang-Er or Ch‘ang-o), originally known as Heng'e, is the Chinese goddess of the Moon. She is the subject of several legends in Chinese mythology, most of which incorporate several of the following elem ...

, moon goddess who lives with the moon rabbit * Shang Di, the celestial emperor * Tien Heaven, * Xihe (deity), sun goddess *

Zhinü Zhinü is the goddess of weaving and the star Vega in Chinese mythology. She was the youngest of seven daughters of the Jade Emperor. It is believed that she weaved her father’s royal robes out of the clouds. She is identified as the star Vega ...

, weaver of the clouds and possible dawn goddess Twenty Four Sky Emperors (Tiandi 天帝) * Six Tiandi of the North ** 1. Bìfàn Xuánwú Tiandi ** 2. Bìkōng Zhēnjì Tiandi ** 3. Bìluó Yuánshǐ Tiandi ** 4. Bìgě Chéngkāi Tiandi ** 5. Bìyàn Zhūjǐng Tiandi ** 6. Bìhóng Xūkuàng Tiandi * Six Tiandi of the South ** 7. Bìzhēn Dòngyáng Tiandi ** 8. Bìyáo Jiànggōng Tiandi ** 9. Bìxiá Míngsù Tiandi ** 10. Bìwú Yàodòng Tiandi ** 11. Bìyùn Shǐtú Tiandi ** 12. Bìhào Zhēngxū Tiandi * Six Tiandi of the West ** 13. Bìshén Zhàozhì Tiandi ** 14. Bìchōng Zǐyào Tiandi ** 15. Bìgě Fànkōng Tiandi ** 16. Bìdòng Xiáyáng Tiandi ** 17. Bìhuá Kāilì Tiandi ** 18. Bìfàn Míngyáo Tiandi * Six Tiandi of the North ** 19. Bìguāng Hánhuá Tiandi ** 20. Bìyè Zhùyán Tiandi ** 21. Bìdān Huáqì Tiandi ** 22. Bìkuò Címíng Tiandi ** 23. Bìlà Gēyīn Tiandi ** 24. Bìxū Níngyáng Tiandi Twenty Eight Sky Emperors (Tiandi 天帝) * Seven Tiandi of the East ** 1. Tàimíng Hùzhēn Tiandi ** 2. Juéfàn Tàilíng Tiandi ** 3. Húyuè Cuìxiù Tiandi ** 4. Zǐdān Míngchǔ Tiandi ** 5. Dòngxiá Yùzhēn Tiandi ** 6. Kōngxuán Lìshǔ Tiandi ** 7. Qiáotōng Zhūpǔ Tiandi * Seven Tiandi of the South ** 8. Yányú Zhēngshǐ Tiandi ** 9. Jīngwéi Xiāomíng Tiandi ** 10. Qìngfú Zīshàn Tiandi ** 11. Suíwén Xīdù Tiandi ** 12. Chángjī Lèwán Tiandi ** 13. Qíhuá Bùróng Tiandi ** 14. Gāolíng Dàiwú Tiandi * Seven Tiandi of the West ** 15. Zhōuyú Píngwú Tiandi ** 16. Jǐngyán Tàizhēn Tiandi ** 17. Lǜjǐng Shǔchén Tiandi ** 18. Niúluó Pǔshì Tiandi ** 19. Dìngliáng Huìzōng Tiandi ** 20. Zhàolíng Sūjì Tiandi ** 21. Jiǔwēi Dònghuáng Tiandi * Seven Tiandi of the North ** 22. Dìshū Guāngjìng Tiandi ** 23. Zǐyí Jìhuā Tiandi ** 24. Zhìdìng Yǔnlǐ Tiandi ** 25. Guāngfàn Jiùzhì Tiandi ** 26. Hǔ口 Zhēngbù Tiandi ** 27. Bàyān Wúyuán Tiandi ** 28. Dàomíng Húnxìng Tiandi Thirty Two Sky Emperors (Tiandi 天帝) * Eight Tiandi of the East ** 1. Tàihuáng Huángzēng Tiandi ** 2. Tàimíng Yùwán Tiandi ** 3. Qīngmíng Hétóng Tiandi ** 4. Xuántāi Píngyù Tiandi ** 5. Yuánmíng Wénjǔ Tiandi ** 6. Qīyào Móyí Tiandi ** 7. Xūwú Yuèhéng Tiandi ** 8. Tàijí Méngyì Tiandi * Eight Tiandi of the South ** 9. Chìmíng Héyáng Tiandi ** 10. Xuánmíng Gōnghuá Tiandi ** 11. Yàomíng Zōngpiāo Tiandi ** 12. Zhúlà Huángjiā Tiandi ** 13. Xūmíng Tángyào Tiandi ** 14. Guànmíng Duānjìng Tiandi ** 15. Xuánmíng Gōngqìng Tiandi ** 16. Tàihuàn Jíyáo Tiandi * Eight Tiandi of the West ** 17. Yuánzǎi Kǒngshēng Tiandi ** 18. Tàiān Huángyá Tiandi ** 19. Xiǎndìng Jífēng Tiandi ** 20. Shǐhuáng Xiàománg Tiandi ** 21. Tàihuáng Wēngchóng Tiandi ** 22. Wúsī Jiāngyóu Tiandi ** 23. Shǎngshé Ruǎnlè Tiandi ** 24. Wújí Tánshì Tiandi * Eight Tiandi of the North ** 25. Hàotíng Xiāodù Tiandi ** 26. Yuāntōng Yuándòng Tiandi ** 27. Hànchǒng Miàochéng Tiandi ** 28. Xiùlè Jīnshǎng Tiandi ** 29. Wúshàng Chángróng Tiandi ** 30. Yùlóng Téngshèng Tiandi ** 31. Lóngbiàn Fàndù Tiandi ** 32.Píngyù Jiǎyì Tiandi Sixty Four Sky Emperors (Tiandi 天帝) * Sixteen Tiandi of the East ** 1. Wǎnkōng Míngfàn Tiandi ** 2. Zǐyuán Bàwú Tiandi ** 3. Yānjǐng Yùxū Tiandi ** 4. Chōngzhēng Dòngjí Tiandi ** 5. Míngbiàn Yuánhuáng Tiandi ** 6. Lǐchóng Yuānxū Tiandi ** 7. Jiàozhēn Quánzhòng Tiandi ** 8. Qīngwēi Huángyǔ Tiandi ** 9. Jiùmíng wàngshì Tiandi ** 10. Yuèfǔ Wènshí Tiandi ** 11. Qìlíng Zhāopǔ Tiandi ** 12. Xuánxū Guāngfàn Tiandi ** 13. Shǎngjí Sìzhǒng Tiandi ** 14. Yìhuā Zhēngzhèn Tiandi ** 15. Gūshì Bāfàn Tiandi ** 16. Jiǔyán Yùdìng Tiandi * Sixteen Tiandi of the South ** 17. Dānmó Yìhuā Tiandi ** 18. Dòujiàn Xūyú Tiandi ** 19. Dìguāng Wújì Tiandi ** 20. Zhūlíng Yàoguāng Tiandi ** 21. Zǐjǐng Duànbái Tiandi ** 22. Jiàngxiān Táiyuán Tiandi ** 23. Shuǎngzhì Xièshēn Tiandi ** 24. Yùjiāng Sīchán Tiandi ** 25. Gūhóu Lìzhēn Tiandi ** 26. Gǔxuán Dàoyòng Tiandi ** 27. Lǐbù Míngwēi Tiandi ** 28. Shénlú Chāngyìng Tiandi ** 29. Dùzhēng Kèzōng Tiandi ** 30. Dàhuǒ Chìyī Tiandi ** 31. Qīngdì Dòngyáo Tiandi ** 32. Xuánchéng Bǎihuā Tiandi * Sixteen Tiandi of the West ** 33. Jīnlí Guāngqǐ Tiandi ** 34. Jíhuáng Xuányùn Tiandi ** 35. Zhōuyán Jìngpíng Tiandi ** 36. Bǎosòng Róngzī Tiandi ** 37. Qìngzhēn Měiyuán Tiandi ** 38. Zhàiwú Shénsì Tiandi ** 39. Gāojiàng Zhìhuá Tiandi ** 40. Dàoqī Yánjì Tiandi ** 41. Tónglì Dàochú Tiandi ** 42. Dǐngshén Huàwēi Tiandi ** 43. Tàiān Shùnjí Tiandi ** 44. Qióngxī Yàoxiān Tiandi ** 45. Zǐdū Yuèguǎng Tiandi ** 46. Cuīkāng Jiéshí Tiandi ** 47. Jìngbì Làmáng Tiandi ** 48. Pǔhǎi Dòngjī Tiandi * Sixteen Tiandi of the North ** 49. Yúsì Tǒngzhēn Tiandi ** 50. Hǔjiā Pīfāng Tiandi ** 51. Qiúyuān Làyú Tiandi ** 52. Jīnbái Zhēngjì Tiandi ** 53. Huánglì Kǒngxiū Tiandi ** 54. Yáoshū Jīnglíng Tiandi ** 55. Shényín Xiāodū Tiandi ** 56. Qìngzhāo Yuèfú Tiandi ** 57. Chēnmíng Chúkǔ Tiandi ** 58. Fēngxìn Kǎofú Tiandi ** 59. Zhèngrù Bàobù Tiandi ** 60. Gěnglěi Lìquán Tiandi ** 61. Guǐchǔ Shǐlè Tiandi ** 62. Língfù Hǎilún Tiandi ** 63. Shǎngjí Xiāotán Tiandi ** 64. Bìcháng Dòngyuán Tiandi

Burmese

* Akathaso, the spirits of the sky

Meitei/Sanamahism

* Sidaba Mapu, the sky god and the Supreme Deity * Salailen (Soraren), father sky who help humans to build a civilisation *

Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi ) , deity_of = Queen of Heaven , member_of = Lairembis and Umang Lais , image = CHINGPHULON KONTHOUSU.jpg , alt = , caption = "Chingphulon Konthousu", the birth name of the goddess Tampha, written in archaic M ...

, queen of heaven *

Korouhanba ) , deity_of = God of the sun, sky and heaven , member_of = , image = Sun symbol yellow.svg , alt = , caption = , other_names = Kolouhanpa, Numit, Taohuireng, Taodanba, Ngantureng , hiro = , Old_N ...

, sky and sun god * Nongshaba, celestial dragon lion *

Nongthang Leima Nongthang Leima ( mni, ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯃ) is the goddess of seduction, thunder and lightning in Meitei mythology and Meitei religion, religion. She was created by Atingkok (or Salailen) to attract Pakhangba, Haraba (Pakhangba). She ma ...

, thunder and lightning goddess *

Pakhangba Pakhangba ( mni, , omp, ) is a primordial deity, often represented in the form of a dragon, in Meitei mythology and religion. He is depicted in the heraldry of Manipur kingdom, which originated in ''paphal'' ( mni, ), the mythical illust ...

, celestial dragon god * Taoroinai, heavenly dragon god * Sajik (Arietis) * Thaba (Musca) *

Thangching Thangching or Thangjing is a primordial deity in Meitei mythology and religion of Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur). He is the ruling deity of the Moirang dynasty of Ancient Moirang. He rules supreme on the banks of the landlocked sea, Lo ...

, ancestral God descended from the heaven * Khongjom Nubi (Pleiades) * Apaknga (Lunar mansions) * Sachung Telheiba (A Orionis) * Likla Saphaba (Orion) * Chingcharoibi (G Geminorum) * Chungshennubi (Cancer)

Korean

* Hwanin, sky god * Hwanung, son of Hwanin

The Americas

Lakota

*Anpao wichapi, the Morning Star spirit, bringer of knowledge and new beginnings *Han, the spirit of night, representative of ignorance *Hanbli Gleska, the Spotted Eagle spirit, usually regarded as Wakan Thanka *Hanwi, the moon spirit of knowledge, feminine power, sometimes considered to be the wife of Wi *Mahgpia Oyate, the Cloud People, also known as the Wichapi Oyate (Star People) *

Wohpe In Lakota mythology, Wóȟpe (less correctly spelled "Wohpe") is a spirit of peace, the daughter of Wi and the Moon, Haŋhépi-Wi. She is the wife of the south wind. When she visited the Earth, she gave the Lakota people a pipe as a symbol of pea ...

, the spirit of meteors or falling stars (often confused with Fallen Star), also the spirit of beauty, love, wishes, dreams, and prophecy *

Wakinyan Wakíŋyaŋ is a Lakota word for "thunder." It also may be a portmanteau word which associates "wahka" ("sacred") and "kinyan" ("wings"). The word is usually translated as "Thunder Spirits", "Thunder Beings," or " Thunder Birds". Heyokas, that ...

, thunder spirit usually taking the form of a bird * Wi, the sun spirit responsible for bringing light and wisdom to the Lakota oyate *Wichapi oyate, the Star People, each having respective powers however they usually represent knowledge to some degree *Wichapi Hinhpaya, the Fallen Star, the son of Wichapi owáŋžila and Tapun Sa Win *Wichapi owáŋžila, the Resting Star or

Polaris Polaris is a star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Minor. It is designated α Ursae Minoris ( Latinized to ''Alpha Ursae Minoris'') and is commonly called the North Star or Pole Star. With an apparent magnitude that ...

, the widower of Tapun Sa Win (Red Cheeked Woman)

Incan

Virococha Viracocha is the great creator deity in the pre-Inca and Inca mythology in the Andes region of South America. Full name and some spelling alternatives are Wiracocha, Apu Qun Tiqsi Wiraqutra, and Con-Tici (also spelled Kon-Tiki, the source of the ...

, sky god

Inuit

Anguta Anguta is the father of the sea goddess Sedna in the Inuit religion. In certain myths of the Greenlandic Inuit, Anguta (also called "His Father," Anigut, or Aguta) is considered the creator god and is the supreme being among Inuit. In other myth ...

, sky father and psychopomp * Ataksak, goddess of the sky * Negafook, god of weather systems *

Torngarsuk In the Inuit religion, Torngarsuk (or Torngasak) is a sky god, one of the more important deities in the Inuit pantheon. He is said to be the leader of the Tornat, a group of protective gods. Torngarsuk is listed as a demon or spirit in the ''D ...

, god of the sky

Iroquoian

Atahensic Atahensic is an Iroquois sky goddess. Atahensic is associated with marriage, childbirth, and feminine affairs in general.Douglas M. George-kanentiio (1995).''Skywoman: Legends of the Iroquois.'' Clear Light Books According to legend, at the time ...

, Iroquois sky goddess who fell to Earth at the time of creation

Mayan

* Cabaguil, god of the sky * Hunab Ku, sky father *

Tzacol In Maya mythology, Tzacol or Tzakol was a sky god and one of the creator deities who participated in the last two attempts at creating human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized ...

, sky god and creator deity

Puebloans

* Ápoyan Ta'chu, sky father in Zuni mythology

Taíno mythology

* Yaya, supreme god in Taíno mythology

Speakers of Uto-Aztecan languages

* Citlalincue, goddess of the Milky Way * Cipactonal, god of the daytime * Oxomoco, goddess of nighttime * Centzonmimixcoa, 400 gods of the northern stars * Centzonhuitznahua, 400 gods of the southern stars * Coyolxauhqui, goddess of the moon * Meztli, goddess of the moon * Tonatiuh, god of the sun *

Tianquiztli High visibility of the star cluster Pleiades in the night sky and its position along the ecliptic (which approximates to the solar system's common planetary plane) has given it importance in many cultures, ancient and modern. Its heliacal rising, ...

, star goddesses (see the Pleiades) * Citlaltonac, god of male stars * Citlalmina, goddess of female stars * Citlaxonecuilli, goddess of Ursa Major *

Eototo Eototo is a Wuya, one of the major kachina deities of the Hopi people and the personification of nature. He is the protagonist of the Powamu ritual. He is a chief and "father" of the katsinas,Hopi The Hopi are a Native American ethnic group who primarily live on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona, United States. As of the 2010 census, there are 19,338 Hopi in the country. The Hopi Tribe is a sovereign nation within the Unite ...

head kachina and sky father

Voodoo

* Badessy, Vodou loa associated with the sky

Sub-Saharan Africa

Mulungu Mulungu is a common name of the creator deity in a number of Bantu languages and cultures over East, Central and Southern Africa.Gonzales, cap. 3 This includes Yao, Nyamwezi, Shambaa, Kamba, Sukuma, Rufiji, Turu, Ameru and Kikuyu. In tr ...

, Nyamwezi creator and sky god *

Nyame Onyame, Nyankopon (Onyankapon) and Odomankoma are the trinity of the supreme god of the Akan people of Ghana, who is most commonly known as Nyame. His name means "He who knows and sees everything" and "omniscient, omnipotent sky deity" in the Ak ...

, Akan supreme deity, god of the sky * Olorun, Yoruba supreme deity, god of the sky and heaven * Shango,

Yoruba The Yoruba people (, , ) are a West African ethnic group that mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. The areas of these countries primarily inhabited by Yoruba are often collectively referred to as Yorubaland. The Yoruba constitute ...

sky father and thunder god * Umvelinqangi, Zulu sky god * Xamaba, creator and sky god of the Heikum of South Africa *

Denka Deng, also known as Denka, is a sky, rain, and fertility god in Dinka mythology for the Dinka people of Sudan and South Sudan. He is the son of the goddess Abuk.Lynch, Patricia Ann, ''African Mythology A to Z'', Infobase Publishing (2004), p. 29,( ...

, Dinka god of sky, rain and fertility * Khonvoum, supreme creator god and sky father of Mbuti

Pygmies In anthropology, pygmy peoples are ethnic groups whose average height is unusually short. The term pygmyism is used to describe the phenotype of endemic short stature (as opposed to disproportionate dwarfism occurring in isolated cases in a pop ...

Utixo Utixo or Tiqua was a god of the Khoi (the native pastoralist people of Southwestern Africa). Utixo was a benevolent deity who lived in the sky, sending rain for the crops, and speaking with thunder. Utixo is sometimes translated as ''wounded kne ...

, Khoikhoi sky god

Australian

Altjira The Dreaming, also referred to as Dreamtime, is a term devised by early anthropologists to refer to a religio-cultural worldview attributed to Australian Aboriginal beliefs. It was originally used by Francis Gillen, quickly adopted by his col ...

Arrernte Arrernte (also spelt Aranda, etc.) is a descriptor related to a group of Aboriginal Australian peoples from Central Australia. It may refer to: * Arrernte (area), land controlled by the Arrernte Council (?) * Arrernte people, Aboriginal Australi ...

creator and sky god * Baiame, southeast Australian creator and sky god * Bila (sun), cannibalistic sun goddess * Binbeal, god of rainbows *

Bunjil Bunjil, also spelt Bundjil, is a creator deity, culture hero and ancestral being, often depicted as a wedge-tailed eagle in Australian Aboriginal mythology of some of the Aboriginal peoples of Victoria. Creation stories In the Kulin nation ...

Kulin Kulin may refer to: Places *Kulin, Western Australia, a small town in Australia ** Shire of Kulin, a local government area *Kulin, Iran, a village near Tehran *Kulin, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, a village in south-west Poland *Kulin, Kuyavian-Pome ...

creator and sky god *

Daramulum In Aboriginal cultures of south-east Australia, Daramulum (variations: Darhumulan, Daramulan, Dhurramoolun or Dharramaalan) (“one legged”, from dharra 'leg, thigh' + maal 'one' + -an suffix) is a sky hero associated with Baiame, and an emu-w ...

, one-legged emu sky god *

Numakulla In Australian aboriginal mythology, the Numakulla (or Numbakulla) were two sky gods who created all life on Earth, including humans, from the Inapertwa In Aboriginal mythology (specifically: Arrernte), the Inapertwa are the simple, ancestral ...

, a pair of creator and sky gods * Rainbow Serpent, creator god in many Aboriginal cultures associated with water, rain, and rainbows, though it also has a chthonic connection

Filipino

*llanit: a group of Isnag sky dwellers who are helpful harvest spiritsVanoverbergh, M. (1941). The Isneg Farmer. Catholic Anthropologist Conference. Vol. III, No. 4.

Malagasy

* Zanahary, sky deity of Madagascar

Māori

* Ao, god of light and the sky * Ranginui, sky father * Tāwhaki Being of thunder and lightning * Tāwhirimātea God of weather, storms, thunder and lightning *

Tane-rore In Maori mythology, Tane-Rore is the personification of shimmering air as he performs a ''haka'' for his mother Hine-raumati. Family Tama-nui-te-ra had two wives, Hine-takurua and Hine-raumati. The child of Tama-nui-te-ra and Hine-raumati, Tane ...

, personification of shimmering air * Te Uira Personification of lightning * Whaitiri Female Personification of Thunder *

Uenuku Uenuku (or Uenuku-Kōpako, also given to some who are named after him) is an atua of rainbows and a prominent ancestor in Māori tradition. Māori believed that the rainbow's appearance represented an omen, and one kind of yearly offering made ...

, god of rainbows

Other Pacific Islands

Abeguwo Abeguwo is a goddess of Melanesian mythology in the area of Melanesia and New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surroundin ...

, Melanesian sky goddess * Amai-te-rangi, sky demon of Mangaia *

Atua I Kafika In the mythology of Tikopia Tikopia is a high island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It forms a part of the Melanesian nation state of Solomon Islands but is culturally Polynesian. The first Europeans arrived on 22 April 1606 as part of the Spa ...

, supreme sky god of Polynesia * Ira, Polynesian sky goddess *

Laufakana'a In the Polynesian mythology of Tonga, Laufakanaa (speak to silence; i.e.: command he windsto calm down) was a primordial creator god his home was Ata. In Tongan cosmogony, the sky and the sea, and the land of Pulotu (the dark underworld, the home ...

, Tongan creator god and sky father * Tangaloa, Tongan sky god

Vietnamese

Ông Trời Ông Trời (Chữ Nôm: 翁𡗶; "Old Man Sky/Heaven" / "Grandfather Sky/Heaven") commonly referred to as Trời (𡗶; "Sky/Heaven"); Ông Thiên (翁天); also called Ngọc Hoàng Thượng Đế ( Chữ Hán: 玉皇上帝; "Highest Deity the ...

, sky god in Vietnamese indigenous religion * Mẫu Cửu Trùng Thiên, she is the daughter of Ông Trời, the sister of the Mẫu Thượng Thiên, Mặt Trời, Mặt Trăng and also a goddess who rules the sky *

Mẫu Thượng Thiên Mẫu Thượng Thiên (Chữ Hán: 母上天) or Mẫu Đệ Nhất (母第一) is one of the four heavenly mothers in the Four Palaces in Vietnamese folk religion.Hy V. Luong ''Tradition, Revolution, and Market Economy in a North Vietnamese Villa ...

, she is the daughter of Ông Trời and also one of the rulers of the sky * Pháp Vân, cloud goddess * Thần Mặt Trời, goddess of the sun, daughter of Ông Trời * Thần Mặt Trăng, goddess of the moon, daughter of Ông Trời * Hằng Nga, the goddess who lives on the moon with uncle Cuội and Moon Rabbit

Hurrian

* Hepit, goddess of the sky * Teshub, god of the sky and storms

Japanese

Amaterasu Amaterasu, also known as Amaterasu Ōmikami () or Ōhirume no Muchi no Kami (), is the goddess of the sun in Japanese mythology. One of the major deities (''kami'') of Shinto, she is also portrayed in Japan's earliest literary texts, the ''Kojik ...

, goddess of the sun and the universe, ancestor of the emperors of Japan, and the most important deity in Shintoism * Amenominakanushi, heavenly ancestral god *

Izanagi Izanagi (イザナギ/伊邪那岐/伊弉諾) or Izanaki (イザナキ), formally known as , is the creator deity (''kami are the deities, divinities, spirits, phenomena or "holy powers", that are venerated in the Shinto religion. They can b ...

, creator of Japan and sky father * Izanami, creator goddess of Japan with her husband; starts off as a sky goddess, but after she dies becomes a death/underworld/chthonic goddess *

Marici Marici may refer to: * Marici (Ligures), a Ligurian people of Gallia Transpadana * Marici (Buddhism), Buddhist deity * Marichi, masculine Sanskrit term for one of the Saptarshis * See also * Marich (disambiguation) {{Disambig ...

, Buddhist goddess of the heavens * Tsukuyomi, god of the moon and brother of Amaterasu

Thai

* Phaya Thaen ( th, พญาแถน,) the sky personified with a rank equivalent to

marquess A marquess (; french: marquis ), es, marqués, pt, marquês. is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman wi ...

(Thai Phraya,) the

protagonist A protagonist () is the main character of a story. The protagonist makes key decisions that affect the plot, primarily influencing the story and propelling it forward, and is often the character who faces the most significant obstacles. If a st ...

in a Rocket Festival

Turkic and Mongolic

Tengri Tengri ( zh, 騰格里; otk, 𐰚𐰇𐰚:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃, Kök Teŋri/Teŋiri, lit=Blue Heaven; Old Uyghur: ''tängri''; Middle Turkic: تآنغرِ; ky, теңир; tr, Tanrı; az, Tanrı; bg, Тангра; Proto-Turkic *''teŋri / * ...

, god of the sky *

Ülgen Bai-Ülgen or Ülgen (Old Turkic: Bey Ülgen; also spelled Bai-Ulgen, Bai-Ülgen, Bay-Ulgan, Bay-Ulgen, or Bay-Ülgen; Khakas, Shor and alt, Ӱлген; mn, Үлгэн; russian: Ульге́нь) is a Turkic and Mongolian creator-deity, usu ...

* Kayra

Etruscan

* Ani, primordial god of the sky identified with the Greek Uranus and Roman Caelus * Tinia, god of the sky

Sumerian

* Anshar, god of the sky *

Anu Anu ( akk, , from wikt:𒀭#Sumerian, 𒀭 ''an'' “Sky”, “Heaven”) or Anum, originally An ( sux, ), was the sky father, divine personification of the sky, king of the gods, and ancestor of many of the list of Mesopotamian deities, dei ...

, king of the gods, associated with the sky, heaven, and constellations *

Enlil Enlil, , "Lord f theWind" later known as Elil, is an ancient Mesopotamian god associated with wind, air, earth, and storms. He is first attested as the chief deity of the Sumerian pantheon, but he was later worshipped by the Akkadians, Bab ...

, god of breath, air, and wind * Utu, god of the sun

References

{{List of mythological figures by region Mythological archetypes

Sky deities The sky often has important religious significance. Many religions, both polytheistic and monotheistic, have deities associated with the sky. The daytime sky deities are typically distinct from the nighttime ones. Stith Thompson's ''Motif-In ...