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N.º UIC: 9094 110 1449-3 (Takargo Rail)
The English Electric Company Limited (EE) was a British industrial manufacturer formed after the
Armistice of 11 November 1918, armistice of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
by amalgamating five businesses which, during the war, had been making munitions, armaments and aeroplanes.
It initially specialised in industrial
electric motor
An electric motor is an Electric machine, electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a Electromagneti ...
s and
transformer
A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer' ...
s,
railway locomotive
A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. If a locomotive is capable of carrying a payload, it is usually rather referred to as a multiple unit, motor coach, railcar or power car; the u ...
s and
traction equipment,
diesel motors and
steam turbine
A steam turbine is a machine that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by Charles Parsons in 1884. Fabrication of a modern steam turbin ...
s. Its activities were later expanded to include
consumer electronics
Consumer electronics or home electronics are electronic (analog or digital) equipment intended for everyday use, typically in private homes. Consumer electronics include devices used for entertainment, communications and recreation. Usually r ...
, nuclear reactors,
guided missile
In military terminology, a missile is a guided airborne ranged weapon capable of self-propelled flight usually by a jet engine or rocket motor. Missiles are thus also called guided missiles or guided rockets (when a previously unguided rocket ...
s,
military aircraft
A military aircraft is any fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft that is operated by a legal or insurrectionary armed service of any type. Military aircraft can be either combat or non-combat:
* Combat aircraft are designed to destroy enemy equipm ...
and
mainframe computer
A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron, is a computer used primarily by large organizations for critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterpris ...
s.
Two English Electric aircraft designs became landmarks in British aeronautical engineering; the
Canberra
Canberra ( )
is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The ci ...
and the
Lightning
Lightning is a naturally occurring electrostatic discharge during which two electric charge, electrically charged regions, both in the atmosphere or with one on the land, ground, temporarily neutralize themselves, causing the instantaneous ...
. In 1960, English Electric Aircraft (40%) merged with
Vickers
Vickers was a British engineering company that existed from 1828 until 1999. It was formed in Sheffield as a steel foundry by Edward Vickers and his father-in-law, and soon became famous for casting church bells. The company went public in 18 ...
(40%) and
Bristol
Bristol () is a city, ceremonial county and unitary authority in England. Situated on the River Avon, it is bordered by the ceremonial counties of Gloucestershire to the north and Somerset to the south. Bristol is the most populous city in ...
(20%) to form
British Aircraft Corporation.
In 1968 English Electric's operations were merged with
GEC's, the combined business employing more than 250,000 people.
Foundation
Aiming to turn their employees and other assets to peaceful productive purposes, the owners of a series of businesses decided to merge them forming The English Electric Company Limited in December 1918.
[City Notes. ''The Times'', Wednesday, 1 January 1919; pg. 13; Issue 41986]
Components
English Electric was formed to acquire ownership of:
*
Coventry Ordnance Works
Coventry Ordnance Works was a British manufacturer of heavy guns particularly naval artillery jointly owned by Cammell Laird & Co of Sheffield and Birkenhead, Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Govan, Glasgow and John Brown & Compa ...
of
Coventry
Coventry ( or ) is a City status in the United Kingdom, city in the West Midlands (county), West Midlands, England. It is on the River Sherbourne. Coventry has been a large settlement for centuries, although it was not founded and given its ...
, which retained a separate identity, and their ordnance works at
Scotstoun which was later sold to
Harland and Wolff
Harland & Wolff is a British shipbuilding company based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It specialises in ship repair, shipbuilding and offshore construction. Harland & Wolff is famous for having built the majority of the ocean liners for the W ...
in April 1920.
*
Phoenix Dynamo Manufacturing Company of
Bradford
Bradford is a city and the administrative centre of the City of Bradford district in West Yorkshire, England. The city is in the Pennines' eastern foothills on the banks of the Bradford Beck. Bradford had a population of 349,561 at the 2011 ...
*
Dick, Kerr & Co. of
Preston founded 1880 and its subsidiaries:
**
United Electric Car Company
The United Electric Car Company was a tramcar manufacturer from 1905 to 1917 in Preston, Lancashire, England.
History
The Electric Railway and Tramway Carriage Works was formed in 1897 registered on 25 April 1898 to acquire works at Preston, ...
of
Preston
**
Willans & Robinson
Willans & Robinson Limited manufacturing engineers of Thames Ditton, Surrey. Later, from 1896, at Victoria Works, Rugby, Warwickshire, England. They were manufacturers of stationary reciprocating steam engines then steam turbines, Diesel motors and ...
of
Rugby
Rugby may refer to:
Sport
* Rugby football in many forms:
** Rugby league: 13 players per side
*** Masters Rugby League
*** Mod league
*** Rugby league nines
*** Rugby league sevens
*** Touch (sport)
*** Wheelchair rugby league
** Rugby union: 1 ...
which retained a separate identity—not wholly owned.
The owners of the component companies took up the shares in English Electric.
[
]
Planned activities of the combined businesses
John Pybus was appointed managing director in March 1921 and chairman in April 1926. Initially J H Mansell of Coventry Ordnance Works, John Pybus of Phoenix Dynamo Manufacturing and W Rutherford of Dick, Kerr were joint managing directors.[Prospectus, English Electric Company, Limited. ''The Times'', Wednesday, 16 July 1919; pg. 18; Issue 42153]
The five previously independent major operations under their control had these principal capabilities:
* Coventry Ordnance Works: the plant was built for the production of heavy armaments but was suitable for the manufacture of large generating units[
* Phoenix Dynamo Works: during the war production was shells and aeroplanes but by July 1919 had been returned to electric motors][
* Dick, Kerr and United Electric Car: special war work][ munitions, aeroplanes and metallic filament lamps, prior to the war locomotives and tram cars
* Willans & Robinson: made steam turbines, condensers and diesel motors, there was a foundry][
Together these businesses covered the whole field of electrical machinery from the smallest fan motor to the largest turbo-generator.][
In November 1919, English Electric bought the ]Stafford
Stafford () is a market town and the county town of Staffordshire, in the West Midlands region of England. It lies about north of Wolverhampton, south of Stoke-on-Trent and northwest of Birmingham. The town had a population of 70,145 in t ...
works of Siemens Brothers Dynamo Works Ltd. In 1931 Stafford became English Electric's centre.[
However, there was no post-war boom in electrical generation. Though English Electric products were indeed in heavy demand, potential buyers were unable to raise the necessary capital funds. In 1922, a drastic reorganisation of the works was carried through and that managed to halve overheads. The Coventry Ordnance Works was practically closed down. Cables, lamps and wireless equipment were then in buoyant demand, but that would have been a new field for the company to enter. English Electric's business was in heavy electrical and mechanical plant. Both the 1926 general strike and the miners strike caused heavy losses. In 1929 part of the Coventry Ordnance Works was sold and the pattern shop at Preston, neither of which was required.
By the end of 1929, it was clear the only solution to English Electric's financial difficulties was a financial restructure. The restructure acknowledged the loss of much of the shareholders' capital and brought in new capital to re-equip with new plant and machinery. In the event, an American syndicate fronted by Lazard Brothers and Co. bankers came up with the new capital, but left control in the hands of the previous shareholders.
In June 1930, four fresh directors were appointed, filling four new vacancies.
Ten days later, there was a formal announcement of an American arrangement. "English Electric, with works at Preston, Stafford, Rugby, Bradford and Coventry, had entered into a comprehensive arrangement" with Westinghouse Electric International Company of New York and ]Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
The Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company founded in 1886 by George Westinghouse. It was originally named "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company" and was renamed "Westinghouse Electric Corporation" in ...
of East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA, whereby there would be an exchange of technical information between the two organisations on steam turbines and electrical apparatus. It was made clear that this technical and manufacturing link did not carry with it any control from America. In recognition of the exchange arrangement, Westinghouse had offered to provide further capital, which would be less than 10% of the total, including that new capital organised earlier by Lazard Brothers.
George Nelson
Seven weeks later the chairman, Lionel Hichens
William Lionel Hichens (1874–1940) was a British industrialist, chairman of Cammell Laird from 1910.
Early life
He was the second, posthumously-born son of John Ley Hichens, army surgeon, and his wife, Catherine Bacchus (1843–1924), and was k ...
, who had temporarily replaced John Pybus in 1927, retired at the end of July 1930 and was replaced by Sir Holberry Mensforth as a director and as chairman. It was then announced that George H. Nelson had been appointed to the board and would take up the position of managing director early in October. Mensforth had been taken away from his position as general manager of American Westinghouse Trafford Park Manchester, where George Nelson had been his apprentice, in 1919 by the Minister of Transport. The minister had given Mensforth the responsibility of easing the transition of the nation's munitions businesses back into peacetime industry. It was Mensforth who had arranged the technical exchange agreement and extra capital with Westinghouse. They began to reorganise.
Relocations
The main base of the company's operation was moved from London to Stafford including the sales departments, general and factory accounts and the principal executives previously in London. The managing director was to divide his time between the various works but would be mainly in Stafford or in London[The English Electric Company. ''The Times'', Friday, 17 April 1931; pg. 21; Issue 45799]
On 30 December 1930 the engineering shops at Preston closed leaving the following distribution:[
*Preston: specialists in high-tension direct-current railway electrification, rolling stock and trolley buses ''Dick, Kerr''
*Stafford: medium-sized electrical plant, transformers and switchgear and (from Preston) large turbo-alternator work ''Siemens''
*Rugby: prime movers, steam turbines and condensing plant, Fullagar and Diesel engines and (from Preston) water turbine plant ''Willans & Robinson''
*Bradford: small motors and control gear and (from Preston) traction motor and traction control work ''Phoenix''
*Coventry: engineers small tools (stopped in 1931), zed fuse (cartridge type) transferred to Stafford in 1931 ''C.O.W.''
]
Radiators and cookers
Manufacture of domestic apparatus got underway at both Stafford and Bradford during 1931. They were followed in 1934 by a range of household meters of various kinds. In the same report to shareholders, the chairman pointed out that every day 330 more homes adopted electricity for heating cooking and lighting and between 1929 and 1935 the production of electricity in Britain had increased by 70 per cent.
Recovery
1933 proved to be the first of four years of real achievement. At the beginning of July 1933, Mensforth stepped down and George Nelson took up the post of chairman. Nelson remained managing director. Mensforth kept a seat on the board from which he later retired at the end of 1936.
English Electric's recovery was noted by commentators as remarkable. During 1936, past preference dividends had been brought up to date: they were English Electric's first dividend since a 1924 dividend on ordinary shares. The balance sheet at the end of 1936 showed liquidity was in a strong position and the chairman told shareholders that the rate of production in the factories for the last three months of the year was double the rate of production in the first three months.
During 1938, the first dividend was paid on ordinary shares since 1924.
In the summer of 1938, a large display advertisement confidently declared:
World War II
Airframes
:The first steps to strengthen the Royal Air Force had been taken in May 1935 and English Electric was brought into the scheme for making airframes working in conjunction with Handley Page
Handley Page Limited was a British aerospace manufacturer. Founded by Frederick Handley Page (later Sir Frederick) in 1909, it was the United Kingdom's first publicly traded aircraft manufacturing company. It went into voluntary liquidation a ...
. The chairman reported to shareholders that though both Dick, Kerr and Phoenix were involved in the aircraft business during and shortly after the previous war the problems had so changed they were now completely new to the company. He also noted as he ended his address that the demand for domestic appliances including cookers, breakfast cookers, washing machines and water heaters was growing progressively.
:The Preston works without subcontracting made more than 3,000 Hampden and Halifax aircraft.[War achievements, English Electric Company. ''The Times'', Friday, 2 March 1945; pg. 9; Issue 50081][From Tramcars To Bombers. ''The Times'', Monday, 9 April 1945; pg. 2; Issue 50112]
Aero engines
:In December 1942, English Electric bought the ordinary shares of D. Napier & Son Limited. Mr H G Nelson, son of English Electric chairman George H Nelson, was appointed managing director.
:Napier's Sabre
A sabre ( French: sabʁ or saber in American English) is a type of backsword with a curved blade associated with the light cavalry of the early modern and Napoleonic periods. Originally associated with Central European cavalry such as th ...
engines were used in Typhoon
A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere. This region is referred to as the Northwestern Pacific Basin, and is the most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth, accounting for a ...
and Tempest
Tempest is a synonym for a storm.
'' The Tempest'' is a play by William Shakespeare.
Tempest or The Tempest may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment Films
* ''The Tempest'' (1908 film), a British silent film
* ''The Tempest'' (1911 film), a ...
aircraft and Lion
The lion (''Panthera leo'') is a large Felidae, cat of the genus ''Panthera'' native to Africa and India. It has a muscular, broad-chested body; short, rounded head; round ears; and a hairy tuft at the end of its tail. It is sexually dimorphi ...
engines in Motor Torpedo Boats[
Tanks, locomotives, submarines, ships, power generation
:The Stafford works made thousands of ]Covenanter
Covenanters ( gd, Cùmhnantaich) were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who supported a Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and the primacy of its leaders in religious affairs. The name is derived from ''Covenan ...
, Centaur
A centaur ( ; grc, κένταυρος, kéntauros; ), or occasionally hippocentaur, is a creature from Greek mythology with the upper body of a human and the lower body and legs of a horse.
Centaurs are thought of in many Greek myths as being ...
and Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Ki ...
tanks as well as precision instruments for aircraft, electric propulsion and electrical equipment.
The Rugby works made Diesel engines for ships, submarines and locomotives, steam turbines for ships and turbo-alternator sets for power stations.
Bradford made electric generators for ships' auxiliaries and a wide variety of other naval and aviation material.[
]
Employees
:In April 1945, English Electric employed 25,000 persons in its four main works.[ Subsequently the chairman revealed that the peak employment number during wartime had been 45,000 when including Napier's people. ]C. P. Snow
Charles Percy Snow, Baron Snow, (15 October 1905 – 1 July 1980) was an English novelist and physical chemist who also served in several important positions in the British Civil Service and briefly in the UK government.''The Columbia Encyclope ...
was appointed director of scientific personnel in 1944. Later he was physicist-director, a position he held until 1964.
de Havilland Vampire
:In September 1945, details were released of the Vampire jet, the fastest British aircraft, which could exceed 500mph by a considerable margin. The aircraft was built by English Electric at its Preston works, the Frank Halford
Major Frank Bernard Halford CBE FRAeS (7 March 1894 – 16 April 1955) was an English aircraft engine designer. He is best known for the series of de Havilland Gipsy engines, widely used by light aircraft in the 1920s and 30s.
Career
Educat ...
designed Goblin
A goblin is a small, grotesque, monstrous creature that appears in the folklore of multiple European cultures. First attested in stories from the Middle Ages, they are ascribed conflicting abilities, temperaments, and appearances depending on ...
jet engine, the world's most powerful, by de Havilland
The de Havilland Aircraft Company Limited () was a British aviation manufacturer established in late 1920 by Geoffrey de Havilland at Stag Lane Aerodrome Edgware on the outskirts of north London. Operations were later moved to Hatfield in H ...
in London.
Peacetime
Trams
From 1912 to 1924, United Electric and English Electric (with assistance from Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock
Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock was a Hong Kong dockyard, once among the largest in Asia.
History
Founded in 1866 by Douglas Lapraik and Thomas Sutherland, the Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock Company (known as Hong Kong Kowloon and Whampoa Dock Compa ...
) supplied second- and third-series tramcars for Hong Kong Tramways
Hong Kong Tramways (HKT) is a narrow-gauge tram system in Hong Kong. Owned and operated by RATP Dev Transdev Asia, the tramway runs on Hong Kong Island between Kennedy Town and Shau Kei Wan, with a branch circulating through Happy Valley.
...
. These cars were eventually retired from 1924 to 1930 as the fourth Generation cars were being introduced.
Railways
In 1923, English Electric supplied the EO electric locomotives for the New Zealand Railways for use between Arthurs Pass
Arthur's Pass, previously called Camping Flat then Bealey Flats, and for some time officially Arthurs Pass, is a township in the Southern Alps of the South Island of New Zealand, located in the Selwyn district. It is a popular base for explori ...
and Otira, in the Southern Alps
The Southern Alps (; officially Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana) is a mountain range extending along much of the length of New Zealand's South Island, reaching its greatest elevations near the range's western side. The name "Southern ...
. Between 1924 and 1926, they delivered nine box-cab electric (B+B) locomotives to the Harbour Commissioners of Montreal (later the National Harbours Board); later they were transferred to Canadian National Railways
The Canadian National Railway Company (french: Compagnie des chemins de fer nationaux du Canada) is a Canadian Class I railroad, Class I freight railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, which serves Canada and the Midwestern United States, M ...
, where four of them ran until 1995. In 1927, English Electric delivered 20 electric motor cars for Warsaw's Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa
Warsaw Commuter Railway ( pl, Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa, WKD) is a light rail commuter line in Poland's capital city of Warsaw. The line, together with its two branches, links Warsaw with the municipalities of Michałowice, Pruszków, Brwinów ...
. During the 1930s, equipment was supplied for the electrification of the Southern Railway system, reinforcing EE's position in the traction market, and it continued to provide traction motors to them for many years.
In 1936, production of diesel locomotive
A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine. Several types of diesel locomotives have been developed, differing mainly in the means by which mechanical power is conveyed to the driving whee ...
s began in the former tramworks in Preston. Between the late 1930s and the 1950s, English Electric supplied electric multiple unit
An electric multiple unit or EMU is a multiple-unit train consisting of self-propelled carriages using electricity as the motive power. An EMU requires no separate locomotive, as electric traction motors are incorporated within one or a numbe ...
trains for the electrified network in and around Wellington
Wellington ( mi, Te Whanganui-a-Tara or ) is the capital city of New Zealand. It is located at the south-western tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Remutaka Range. Wellington is the second-largest city in New Zealand by me ...
, New Zealand. Between 1951 and 1959, English Electric supplied the National Coal Board
The National Coal Board (NCB) was the statutory corporation created to run the nationalised coal mining industry in the United Kingdom. Set up under the Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946, it took over the United Kingdom's collieries on "v ...
with five 51-ton, 400 hp electric shunting locomotives for use on the former Harton Coal Company System at South Shields
South Shields () is a coastal town in South Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, England. It is on the south bank of the mouth of the River Tyne. Historically, it was known in Roman times as Arbeia, and as Caer Urfa by Early Middle Ages. According to the 20 ...
(which had been electrified by Siemens in 1908) to supplement the existing fleet of ten ageing Siemens and AEG
Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AG (AEG; ) was a German producer of electrical equipment founded in Berlin as the ''Deutsche Edison-Gesellschaft für angewandte Elektricität'' in 1883 by Emil Rathenau. During the Second World War, AEG ...
locomotives. English Electric took over Vulcan Foundry
The Vulcan Foundry Limited was an English locomotive builder sited at Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire (now Merseyside).
History
The Vulcan Foundry opened in 1832, as Charles Tayleur and Company to produce girders for bridges, switches, crossi ...
and Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns
Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns Ltd (RSH) was a locomotive builder with works in North East England.
History
The company was formed in September 1937 when Robert Stephenson and Company, which was based in Darlington, took over the locomotive ...
, both with substantial railway engineering pedigrees, in 1955.
English Electric produced nearly 1000 diesel and electric locomotives, of nine different classes, for British Rail as part of the Modernisation Plan in the 1950s and 1960s. Most of these classes of locomotive gave long service to British Rail and its successor train operating companies, some still being active well into the 21st century.
Aviation
Both Dick, Kerr & Co. and the Phoenix Dynamo Manufacturing Company built aircraft in the First World War, including flying boat
A flying boat is a type of fixed-winged seaplane with a hull, allowing it to land on water. It differs from a floatplane in that a flying boat's fuselage is purpose-designed for floatation and contains a hull, while floatplanes rely on fusela ...
s designed by the Seaplane Experimental Station
The Seaplane Experimental Station, formerly RNAS Felixstowe, was a British aircraft design unit during the early part of the 20th century.
Creation
During June 1912, surveys began for a suitable site for a base for Naval hydro-aeroplanes, with ...
at Felixstowe
Felixstowe ( ) is a port town in Suffolk, England. The estimated population in 2017 was 24,521. The Port of Felixstowe is the largest container port in the United Kingdom. Felixstowe is approximately 116km (72 miles) northeast of London.
His ...
, 62 Short Type 184
The Short Admiralty Type 184, often called the Short 225 after the power rating of the engine first fitted, was a British two-seat reconnaissance, bombing and torpedo carrying folding-wing seaplane designed by Horace Short of Short Brothers. It ...
and 6 Short Bombers designed by Short Brothers
Short Brothers plc, usually referred to as Shorts or Short, is an aerospace company based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Shorts was founded in 1908 in London, and was the first company in the world to make production aeroplanes. It was particu ...
. Aircraft manufacture under the English Electric name began in Bradford in 1922 with the Wren but lasted only until 1926 after the last Kingston flying boat was built.
With War in Europe looming, English Electric was instructed by the Air Ministry
The Air Ministry was a department of the Government of the United Kingdom with the responsibility of managing the affairs of the Royal Air Force, that existed from 1918 to 1964. It was under the political authority of the Secretary of State ...
to construct a "shadow factory" at Samlesbury Aerodrome
Samlesbury Aerodrome is a disused airfield at Balderstone near Samlesbury and Blackburn in Ribble Valley district of Lancashire. The aerodrome is owned by defence company BAE Systems which uses the site for the manufactured of several differ ...
in Lancashire to build Handley Page Hampden
The Handley Page HP.52 Hampden is a British twin-engine medium bomber that was operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was part of the trio of large twin-engine bombers procured for the RAF, joining the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley and Vickers ...
bombers. Starting with Flight Shed Number 1, the first Hampden built by English Electric made its maiden flight on 22 February 1940 and, by 1942, 770 Hampdens had been delivered – more than half of all the Hampdens produced. In 1940, a second factory was built on the site and the runway was extended to allow for construction of the Handley Page Halifax
The Handley Page Halifax is a British Royal Air Force (RAF) four-engined heavy bomber of the Second World War. It was developed by Handley Page to the same specification as the contemporary twin-engine Avro Manchester.
The Halifax has its or ...
four-engined heavy bomber to begin. By 1945, five main hangars and three runways had been built at the site, which was also home to No. 9 Group RAF. By the end of the war, over 2,000 Halifaxes had been built and flown from Samlesbury.
In 1942, English Electric took over D. Napier & Son, an aero-engine manufacturer. Along with the shadow factory, this helped to re-establish the company's aeronautical engineering division. Post-war, English Electric invested heavily in this sector, moving design and experimental facilities to the former RAF Warton
W, or w, is the twenty-third and fourth-to-last letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. It represents a consonant, but in some languages it r ...
near Preston in 1947. This investment led to major successes with the Lightning
Lightning is a naturally occurring electrostatic discharge during which two electric charge, electrically charged regions, both in the atmosphere or with one on the land, ground, temporarily neutralize themselves, causing the instantaneous ...
and Canberra
Canberra ( )
is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The ci ...
, the latter serving in a multitude of roles from 1951 until mid-2006 with the Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and ...
.
At the end of the war, English Electric started production under licence of the second British jet fighter, the de Havilland Vampire
The de Havilland Vampire is a British jet fighter which was developed and manufactured by the de Havilland, de Havilland Aircraft Company. It was the second jet fighter to be operated by the Royal Air Force, RAF, after the Gloster Meteor, and ...
, with 1,300 plus built at Samlesbury
Samlesbury () is a village and civil parish in South Ribble, Lancashire, England. Samlesbury Hall, a historic house, is in the village, as is Samlesbury Aerodrome and a large modern brewery owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev. The population at the ...
. Their own design work took off after the Second World War under W. E. W. Petter, formerly of Westland Aircraft
Westland Aircraft was a British aircraft manufacturer located in Yeovil, Somerset. Formed as a separate company by separation from Petters Limited just before the start of the Second World War, Westland had been building aircraft since 1915. D ...
. Although English Electric produced only two aircraft designs before their activities became part of BAC, the design team put forward suggestions for many Air Ministry projects.
The aircraft division was formed into the subsidiary English Electric Aviation Ltd. in 1958, becoming a founding constituent of the new British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) in 1960; English Electric having a 40% stake in the latter company. The guided weapons division was added to BAC in 1963.
Industrial Electronics
The Industrial Electronics Division was established at Stafford. One of the products produced at this branch was the ''Igniscope'', a revolutionary design of ignition tester for petrol engines. This was invented by Napiers and supplied as Type UED for military use during World War 2. After the war, it was marketed commercially as type ZWA.
Mergers, acquisitions and demise
In 1946, English Electric took over the Marconi Company
The Marconi Company was a British telecommunications and engineering company that did business under that name from 1963 to 1987. Its roots were in the Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company founded by Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi in 1897 ...
, a foray into the domestic consumer electronic market. English Electric tried to take over one of the other major British electrical companies, the General Electric Company (GEC), in 1960 and, in 1963, English Electric and J. Lyons and Co. formed a jointly owned company – English Electric LEO Company – to manufacture the LEO computer developed by Lyons.
English Electric took over Lyons' half-stake in 1964 and merged it with Marconi's computer interests to form English Electric Leo Marconi (English Electric LM). The latter was merged with Elliott Automation
Elliott Brothers (London) Ltd was an early computer company of the 1950s–60s in the United Kingdom. It traced its descent from a firm of instrument makers founded by William Elliott (instrument maker), William Elliott (1780 or 1781-1853) in ...
and International Computers and Tabulators
International Computers and Tabulators or ICT was a British computer manufacturer, formed in 1959 by a merger of the British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM) and Powers-Samas. In 1963 it acquired the business computer divisions of Ferranti. It ...
(ICT) to form International Computers Limited (ICL) in 1967. In 1968 GEC, recently merged with Associated Electrical Industries (AEI), merged with English Electric; the former being the dominant partner, the English Electric name was then lost.
Some products
Electrical machinery
Complete electrification
Electrification is the process of powering by electricity and, in many contexts, the introduction of such power by changing over from an earlier power source.
The broad meaning of the term, such as in the history of technology, economic histor ...
schemes
* Polish State Railways
(''PKP S.A.''; en, Polish State Railways, Inc.) is the dominant Rail transport operations, railway operator in Poland.
The company was founded when the former state-owned enterprise was divided into several units based on the need for separati ...
* London Post Office Railway
The Post Office Railway, is a narrow gauge, driverless underground railway in London that was built by the Post Office with assistance from the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, to transport mail between sorting offices. Inspire ...
, London Post Office Railway 1927 Stock and London Post Office Railway 1962 Stock
* Wellington N.Z. suburban railway system
Steam turbines
* Munmorah Power Station
Munmorah Power Station is a demolished coal-fired power station with four 350 MW English Electric steam driven turbo-alternators for a combined capacity of 1,400 MW. The station was located near Doyalson, on the shores of Lake Munmorah, New ...
* Churchill-class submarine
The three Repeat ''Valiant''-class submarines, sometimes known as the ''Churchill'' class,Hool, Jack, and Nutter, Keith, ''Damned Un-English Machines, a history of Barrow-built submarines'', pub Tempus, 2003, page 177. were nuclear-powered flee ...
s
* St. Laurent-class destroyers - originally by licensee John Inglis and Company
John Inglis and Company was a Canadian manufacturing firm which made weapons for the United Kingdom and British Commonwealth military forces during the World War II era, then later became a major appliance manufacturer. Whirlpool Corporation acq ...
)
* Restigouche-class destroyer
The ''Restigouche''-class destroyer was a class of seven destroyer escorts that served the Royal Canadian Navy and later the Canadian Forces from the late-1950s to the late-1990s. All seven vessels in the class were named after rivers in Canada.
...
s
* Hinkley Point A nuclear power station
Hinkley Point A nuclear power station is a Magnox nuclear power station undergoing decommissioning. It is located on a site in Somerset on the Bristol Channel coast, west of the River Parrett estuary. The ongoing decommissioning process is b ...
, Hartlepool Nuclear Power Station
Hartlepool nuclear power station is a nuclear power station situated on the northern bank of the mouth of the River Tees, south of Hartlepool in County Durham, North East England.
The station has a net electrical output of 1,185megawatts, ...
, Wylfa Nuclear Power Station
Wylfa nuclear power station ( cy, Atomfa'r Wylfa) is a Magnox nuclear power station undergoing decommissioning. Wylfa is situated west of Cemaes Bay on the island of Anglesey, off the northwestern coast of Wales. Construction of the two 490MW ...
, Sizewell nuclear power stations
The Sizewell nuclear site consists of two nuclear power stations, one of which is still operational, located near the small fishing village of Sizewell in Suffolk, England. Sizewell A, with two Magnox reactors, is now in the process of being dec ...
Water turbines
* Queen Elizabeth Power Station
Queen Elizabeth Power Station is a natural gas-fired station owned by SaskPower, located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The station was called the South Saskatchewan River Generating Station but renamed the Queen Elizabeth Power Station at t ...
Oil engines
Generators
* Ultimo Power Station
The Ultimo Power Station, or Ultimo Powerhouse, was an electricity generating plant located in the inner-city Sydney suburb of Ultimo, New South Wales.
Commissioned in 1899, it was the first major power station in Sydney and was originally built ...
* Tallawarra Power Station
* Monowai Power Station
* White Bay Power Station
The White Bay Power Station is a heritage listed former coal-fired power station on a site in White Bay, in the suburb of Rozelle, from Sydney in New South Wales, Australia.
The remains of the plant can be clearly seen at the western end of ...
* Blyth Power Station
Switchgear, transformers, rectifiers
* Drax power station
*HVDC Kingsnorth
HVDC Kingsnorth was a high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission system connecting Kingsnorth in Kent to two sites in London. It was at one time the only application of the technology of high voltage direct current transmission for the suppl ...
* Nelson River DC Transmission System
Electric motors
* British Porpoise-class submarine
The ''Porpoise'' class was an eight-boat class of diesel-electric submarines operated by the Royal Navy. This class was originally designated patrol submarines, then attack. They were the first conventional British submarines to be built after ...
Electric and Diesel-electric traction equipment
* Blackpool tramway, English Electric Balloon tram
* New Zealand Railways Department
The New Zealand Railways Department, NZR or NZGR (New Zealand Government Railways) and often known as the "Railways", was a government department charged with owning and maintaining New Zealand's railway infrastructure and operating the railway ...
see Diesel Traction Group (NZ)
The Diesel Traction Group (DTG) is the Christchurch-based operator of a fleet of ex-New Zealand Railways Department diesel-electric locomotives. The fleet represents a full collection of New Zealand locomotive classes built by the English Elect ...
Marine Propulsion equipment
* Oberon-class submarine
The ''Oberon'' class was a ship class of 27 British-designed submarines operated by five different nations. They were designed as a direct follow-on from the ''Porpoise'' class: physical dimensions were the same, but stronger materials were us ...
s
* HMAS Oxley (S 57)
HMAS ''Oxley'' (S 57) was an ''Oberon'' class submarine of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).
Design and construction
The ''Oberon'' class was based heavily on the preceding ''Porpoise'' class of submarines, with changes made to improve the v ...
, HMAS Orion
HMAS ''Orion'' (S 61) was an Oberon class, ''Oberon'' class submarine of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). One of six submarines ordered by the RAN during the 1960s, ''Orion'', named after the Orion (constellation), constellation in a break from s ...
* GMV Aranui
GMV ''Aranui'' was a roll-on/roll-off train ferry operating across the Cook Strait between 1965 and 1984.
History
Government Motor Vessel (GMV) ''Aranui'' was built in 1965 for the New Zealand Railways Department for the service between the North ...
Domestic appliances
Military equipment
Aircraft
* English Electric P.5 Phoenix "Cork" (1918)[Flight 13 March 1924]
* Wren (1923)
*Ayr
Ayr (; sco, Ayr; gd, Inbhir Àir, "Mouth of the River Ayr") is a town situated on the southwest coast of Scotland. It is the administrative centre of the South Ayrshire Subdivisions of Scotland, council area and the historic Shires of Scotlan ...
(1923)
* Kingston (1924)
*Canberra
Canberra ( )
is the capital city of Australia. Founded following the federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The ci ...
(1949)
* English Electric P1A (Lightning prototype)
*Lightning
Lightning is a naturally occurring electrostatic discharge during which two electric charge, electrically charged regions, both in the atmosphere or with one on the land, ground, temporarily neutralize themselves, causing the instantaneous ...
(1954)
* English Electric P.10 (unbuilt supersonic bomber to OR.330/R.156).[Chris Gibson ''Vulcan's Hammer'' p35]
/ref>
Manned spacecraft
*MUSTARD
Mustard may refer to:
Food and plants
* Mustard (condiment), a paste or sauce made from mustard seeds used as a condiment
* Mustard plant, one of several plants, having seeds that are used for the condiment
** Mustard seed, seeds of the mustard p ...
Guided weapons
*Thunderbird
Thunderbird, thunder bird or thunderbirds may refer to:
* Thunderbird (mythology), a legendary creature in certain North American indigenous peoples' history and culture
* Ford Thunderbird, a car
Birds
* Dromornithidae, extinct flightless birds ...
(1959) – surface-to-air missile
A surface-to-air missile (SAM), also known as a ground-to-air missile (GTAM) or surface-to-air guided weapon (SAGW), is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of anti-aircraft syst ...
*Blue Water
Maritime geography is a collection of terms used by naval military units to loosely define three maritime regions: brown water, green water, and blue water.
Definitions
The elements of maritime geography are loosely defined and their meanings hav ...
(cancelled 1962) – short-range ballistic missile
A short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) is a ballistic missile with a range of about or less. In past and potential regional conflicts, these missiles have been and would be used because of the short distances between some countries and their relat ...
Tanks
* A13 Covenanter
*A33 Excelsior A33, A 33 or A-33 may refer to :
* Douglas A-33, a 1941 American ground-attack fighter aircraft
* Excelsior tank, A33 Excelsior British heavy tank prototype
* HLA-A33, a human serotype
* Samsung Galaxy A33 5G, an Android smartphone
and also :
* On ...
See also
*Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom
The aerospace industry of the United Kingdom is the second-largest national aerospace industry in the world (after the United States) and the largest in Europe by turnover, with a global market share of 17% in 2019. In 2020, the industry employe ...
Computers
*Luton Analogue Computing Engine
The Luton Analogue Computing Engine (LACE) was a code name for a military general purpose analogue computer, predominantly used for missile simulation.
It was developed in 1953-1956 by English Electric's Guided Missile Division in Luton, UK. Upon ...
*English Electric DEUCE
The DEUCE (''Digital Electronic Universal Computing Engine'') was one of the earliest British commercially available computers, built by English Electric from 1955. It was the production version of the Pilot ACE, itself a cut-down version of ...
(1955)
*English Electric KDN2
* English Electric KDF6
*English Electric KDF8
KDF8 was an early British computer built by English Electric as a version of the RCA 501. By producing a software-compatible system, the intention was to reduce time and cost to develop software. However, the lengthy process of developing manufa ...
*English Electric KDF9
KDF9 was an early British 48-bit computer designed and built by English Electric (which in 1968 was merged into International Computers Limited (ICL)). The first machine came into service in 1964 and the last of 29 machines was decommissioned ...
(1963)
*English Electric KDP10
*English Electric System 4
The English Electric (later ICL) System 4 was a mainframe computer announced in 1965. It was derived from the RCA Spectra 70 range, itself a variant of the IBM System 360
The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a family of mainframe computer syst ...
(1965) – the System 4–50 and System 4–70 were based on the RCA
The RCA Corporation was a major American electronics company, which was founded as the Radio Corporation of America in 1919. It was initially a patent trust owned by General Electric (GE), Westinghouse, AT&T Corporation and United Fruit Comp ...
Spectra 70 series, built under licence. The latter were almost the same as IBM System /360 range, differing only in their real-time facilities, with four processor states and multiple sets of general-purpose registers.
Railways and traction
Engines
*English Electric 6CSRKT diesel
*English Electric 6SRKT diesel
*English Electric 8SVT 1000 hp (fitted to Class 20)
*English Electric 8CSV 1050 hp (at 750 rev/min - Typically used for Generation)
*English Electric 12SVT 1470 hp (retro-fitted to Class 31)
*English Electric 12CSVT 1750 hp (fitted to Class 37)
*English Electric 12CSV
*English Electric 16SVT 2000 hp (Mk II version fitted to Class 40)
*English Electric 16CSVT 2700 hp (fitted to Class 50)
*The 3250 hp Ruston Paxman 16RK3CT fitted to the Class 56's was effectively an improved version of the Class 50 16CSVT power unit.
*Napier Deltic
The Napier Deltic engine is a British opposed-piston valveless, supercharged uniflow scavenged, two-stroke diesel engine used in marine and locomotive applications, designed and produced by D. Napier & Son. Unusually, the cylinders were disp ...
(Makers D. Napier and Son were an English Electric subsidiary company from 1942)
Locomotives and multiple units
*CGR class S1
Ceylon Government Railway Class S1 is a class of diesel multiple unit train-set built by English Electric for Ceylon Government Railway.
Description
These units arrived Ceylon, Now Sri Lanka in 1938. Three units were given the names ''Silver ...
* Ceylon Government Railway Class T1
* Indian locomotive class WCM-1
* Indian locomotive class WCM-2
* British Rail Class 08
* British Rail Class 09
*British Rail Class 11
The British Rail Class 11 was applied to a batch of diesel shunting locomotives built from April 1945 to December 1952, based on a similar earlier batch built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) between 1934 and 1936.
Overview ...
* British Rail Class 12
*British Rail Class 13
The British Rail Class 13 was a type of diesel-electric shunting locomotive. The type was designed in 1965 because of the need to provide more powerful shunters for the Tinsley Marshalling Yard. Because of Tinsley's status as a hump yard
A c ...
(modified Class 08 shunters semi-permanently coupled in pairs)
* English Electric Type 1 (British Rail Class 20)
* English Electric Type 2 (British Rail Class 23)
* English Electric Type 3 (British Rail Class 37)
* English Electric Type 4 (British Rail Class 40)
* English Electric Type 4 (British Rail Class 50)
* English Electric Type 5 (British Rail Class 55)
*British Rail Class 73
The British Rail Class 73 is a British electro-diesel locomotive. The type is unusual in that it can operate from the Southern Region's 650/750 V DC third-rail or an on-board diesel engine to allow it to operate on non-electrified routes. Thi ...
, components assembled by BR.
*British Rail Class 83
The British Rail Class 83 electric locomotives were built by English Electric at Vulcan Foundry, Newton-le-Willows as part of the West Coast Main Line electrification.
History Construction
Fifteen locomotives of British Rail Class 83 were bui ...
*British Rail Class 86
The British Rail Class 86 is a class of electric locomotives built during the 1960s. Developed as a 'standard' electric locomotive from earlier prototype models, one hundred of these locomotives were built from 1965 to 1966 to haul trains on t ...
*British Rail Class 487
The British Rail Class 487 electric multiple units were built by English Electric in 1940, for use on the Waterloo & City line.
Twelve motor carriages ( DMBSO), numbered 51–62, and sixteen trailers (TSO), numbered 71–86, were built. Trains ...
*British Rail D0226
D0226 and D0227 were two prototype diesel shunting locomotives built in 1956 by English Electric at its Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. They originally carried numbers D226 and D227, their Vu ...
* Diesel Prototype 1 or ''Deltic'' led to the Class 55
*British Rail DP2
DP2, meaning Development Prototype number 2, was a prototype Type 4 mainline diesel locomotive, built by English Electric in 1962. The engine and electronic systems trialled in DP2 formed the basis for the later , for which it was effectively ...
Class 55 body, re-engined with an E.E. 16csvt, led to the British Rail Class 50
* British Rail GT3 (gas turbine)
*CP Class 1400
The CP Class 1400 are a series of 67 diesel-electric locomotives built for the Portuguese Railways (CP) between 1967 and 1969. They have a top speed of 105 km/h.
They were ordered primarily to replace steam locomotives then still in use on CP ...
(Portugal)
*CP Class 1800
The Série 1800 was a class of 10 diesel-electric locomotives built for the Portuguese Railways (CP) in 1968. Designed and engineered by English Electric, they were closely modelled on the British Rail Class 50 locomotives but built for CP's a ...
(Portugal)
*JNR
The abbreviated JNR or , was the business entity that operated Japan's national railway network from 1949 to 1987.
Network Railways
As of June 1, 1949, the date of establishment of JNR, it operated of narrow gauge () railways in all 46 pre ...
ED17 electric locomotive
*JNR EF50 electric locomotive
The Enhanced Fujita scale (abbreviated as EF-Scale) rates tornado intensity based on the severity of the damage they cause. It is used in some countries, including the United States, Canada, China, and Mongolia.
The Enhanced Fujita scale repla ...
*Keretapi Tanah Melayu
Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) (Jawi: كريتاڤي تانه ملايو برحد) or Malayan Railways Limited is the main rail operator in Peninsular Malaysia. The railway system dates back to the British colonial era, when it was firs ...
Class 15 shunter
*Keretapi Tanah Melayu Class 20
*Keretapi Tanah Melayu Class 22
* MRWA G class
*Nigerian Class 1001
* NIR 1 Class
*NS 500 Class
The NS Class 600 were a class of 65 shunting locomotives built by English Electric in England between 1950–1957 for Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS). The first 10 were built at Dick, Kerr & Co, Preston and the remaining 55 at Vulcan Foundry, Newto ...
*NS 600 Class
The NS Class 600 were a class of 65 shunting locomotives built by English Electric in England between 1950–1957 for Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS). The first 10 were built at Dick, Kerr & Co, Preston and the remaining 55 at Vulcan Foundry, Newto ...
*New Zealand DE class locomotive
The New Zealand DE class locomotive is a New Zealand class of shunting diesel-electric locomotives. The New Zealand Railways intended to replace steam locomotives for shunting duties with this class. They are physically similar to the Tasma ...
* New Zealand Railways DF class (not to be confused with the DF class of 1979)
* New Zealand Railways DG class
* New Zealand Railways DI class
* DM/D class electric multiple units
* New Zealand Railways EC class
*NZR ED class
The NZR ED class locomotive was a type of electric locomotive used in Wellington, New Zealand. They were built by English Electric and the New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) between 1938 and 1940, and hauled mainly passenger trains on the Well ...
(one, with components for a further nine supplied to New Zealand Railways)
* New Zealand E class locomotive (1922)
* New Zealand Railways EO class
* New Zealand Railways EW class
*PKP class EU06
EU06 (also manufactured as AEI E) is a class of electric locomotives in service with the Polish state railway PKP.
Technical details
EU06 has driving cabs at both ends. The locomotives are equipped for multiple working which allows one driver ...
* PKP class EN80 (Electric Multiple Unit)
*Queensland Railways 1200 class
The 1200 class were a class of diesel locomotive built by English Electric, Bradford for Queensland Railways in 1953–1954.
History
The 1200 class were rostered to haul ''The Sunlander'' between Brisbane and Cairns, ''The Westlander'' between ...
* Queensland Railways 1250 class
*Queensland Railways 1270 class
The 1270 class were a class of diesel locomotive built by English Electric, Rocklea for Queensland Railways between 1964 and 1966.
History
The 1270 class was devised by English Electric engineer Stan Lyons, based on the body design of North ...
*Queensland Railways 1300 class
The 1300 class were a class of diesel locomotive built by English Electric, Rocklea for Queensland Rail between 1967 and 1972. They were later sold to AN Tasrail.
History
The 1300 class was an upgraded version of the 1270 class with more powe ...
*Queensland Railways 2350 class
The 2350 class were a class of diesel locomotive built by English Electric, Rocklea for Queensland Railways in 1973–1974. All were later sold to AN Tasrail.
History
The 2350 class was built for use on the Blackwater and Moura coal lines ...
* Queensland Railways 2370 class
* Rhodesia Railways class DE2
*Rhodesia Railways class DE3
Rhodesia (, ), officially from 1970 the Republic of Rhodesia, was an unrecognised state in Southern Africa from 1965 to 1979, equivalent in territory to modern Zimbabwe. Rhodesia was the ''de facto'' successor state to the British colony of So ...
*Tasmanian Government Railways X class
The X class is a class of diesel locomotives built by English Electric for the Tasmanian Government Railways between 1950 and 1952. They were the first class of diesel locomotive to enter mainline service on a Government-owned railway in Austral ...
*Tasmanian Government Railways Y class
The Y class is a class of diesel locomotives built by the Tasmanian Government Railways between 1961 and 1971.
History
The Y class were designed by English Electric and constructed by the Tasmanian Government Railways' Inveresk, Tasmania, Inver ...
(supplied parts local construction)
*Tasmanian Government Railways Z class
The Z class are a class of diesel locomotives built by English Electric Rocklea, Queensland, Rocklea for the Tasmanian Government Railways in 1973. They were a development of the WAGR RA class (diesel), WAGR RA class and were the last of a line o ...
*Tasmanian Government Railways Za class
The Za class are a class of diesel locomotives built by English Electric Rocklea for the Tasmanian Government Railways in 1973.
History
With the construction of a new line from Launceston to Bell Bay, Tasmanian Government Railways placed an o ...
*Victorian Railways L class (electric)
The Victorian Railways L class was a class of electric locomotives built by English Electric and operated by the Victorian Railways and later V/Line from 1953 until 1987 primarily on the Gippsland line. They were the only class of main line el ...
*Victorian Railways F class
The Victorian Railways F class locomotives were built in 1874 (the pattern engine), 1876–77 and 1879–80 by Beyer, Peacock & Company and the Phoenix Foundry in Ballarat as 2-4-0 tender locomotives. They were normally used on passenger train ...
* Western Australian Government Railways C class
*Western Australian Government Railways H class (diesel), Western Australian Government Railways H class
*Western Australian Government Railways K class (diesel), Western Australian Government Railways K class
*Western Australian Government Railways R class (diesel), Western Australian Government Railways R class
*Goldsworthy railway 1 class
*Goldsworthy railway 3 class
Several industrial diesel and electric locomotive types were also built for UK and export use.
References
External links
*, English Electric Traction advertisements and corporate brochures
*, English Electric locomotive images
*
{{Authority control
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Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
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Former defence companies of the United Kingdom
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Defunct engineering companies of England
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Manufacturing companies established in 1918
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