Dublin (; ,
or ) is the capital and largest city of
Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the
River Liffey, it is in the
province of
Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the
Wicklow Mountains range. At the
2016 census
Sixteen or 16 may refer to:
*16 (number), the natural number following 15 and preceding 17
*one of the years 16 BC, AD 16, 1916, 2016
Films
* ''Pathinaaru'' or ''Sixteen'', a 2010 Tamil film
* ''Sixteen'' (1943 film), a 1943 Argentine film dir ...
it had a population of 1,173,179, while the preliminary results of the
2022 census recorded that
County Dublin as a whole had a population of 1,450,701, and that the population of the
Greater Dublin Area was over 2 million, or roughly 40% of the Republic of Ireland's total population.
A settlement was established in the area by the
Gaels during or before the 7th century,
followed by the
Vikings. As the
Kingdom of Dublin grew, it became Ireland's principal settlement by the 12th century
Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland.
The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest in the
British Empire and sixth largest in
Western Europe after the
Acts of Union in 1800. Following independence in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the
Irish Free State,
renamed Ireland in 1937.
Dublin is a centre for education, arts and culture, administration and industry. , the city was listed by the
Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) as a
global city, with a ranking of "Alpha minus", which places it as one of the top thirty cities in the world.
Etymology
The name ''Dublin'' derives from the Irish word ''Duibhlinn'', early
Classical Irish
Classical Gaelic or Classical Irish () was a shared literary form of Gaelic that was in use by poets in Scotland and Ireland from the 13th century to the 18th century.
Although the first written signs of Scottish Gaelic having diverged from Iri ...
/, from (, , ) meaning "black, dark", and () "pool", referring to a dark tidal pool. This tidal pool was located where the
River Poddle entered the
Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of
Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is ''Duibhlinn'', and Irish rhymes from County Dublin show that in Dublin
Leinster Irish it was pronounced ''Duílinn'' . The original pronunciation is preserved in the names for the city in other languages such as
Old English
Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Anglo ...
,
Old Norse , modern
Icelandic and modern
Manx
Manx (; formerly sometimes spelled Manks) is an adjective (and derived noun) describing things or people related to the Isle of Man:
* Manx people
**Manx surnames
* Isle of Man
It may also refer to:
Languages
* Manx language, also known as Manx ...
as well as
Welsh
Welsh may refer to:
Related to Wales
* Welsh, referring or related to Wales
* Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Wales
* Welsh people
People
* Welsh (surname)
* Sometimes used as a synonym for the ancient Britons (Celtic peop ...
and
Breton
Breton most often refers to:
*anything associated with Brittany, and generally
** Breton people
** Breton language, a Southwestern Brittonic Celtic language of the Indo-European language family, spoken in Brittany
** Breton (horse), a breed
**Ga ...
. Other localities in Ireland also bear the name ''Duibhlinn'', variously anglicised as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the
Gaelic script wrote ''bh'' with a
dot over the ''b'', rendering Duḃlinn or Duiḃlinn. Those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as ''Dublin''. Variations on the name are also found in traditionally Gaelic-speaking areas of
Scotland (
Gàidhealtachd, cognate with Irish
Gaeltacht), such as ''An Linne Dhubh'' ("the black pool"), which is part of
Loch Linnhe
Loch Linnhe () is a sea loch on the west coast of Scotland. The part upstream of Corran is known in Gaelic as (the black pool, originally known as Loch Abar), and downstream as (the salty pool). The name ''Linnhe'' is derived from the Gaelic w ...
.
It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as ''Duibhlinn'', from which ''Dyflin'' took its name. Beginning in the 9th and 10th centuries, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The Viking settlement of about 841, ''Dyflin'', and a Gaelic settlement, Áth Cliath ("ford of hurdles") further up river, at the present-day
Father Mathew Bridge
Father Mathew Bridge () is a road bridge spanning the River Liffey in Dublin, Ireland which joins Merchants Quay to Church Street and the north quays. It occupies the approximate site of the original, and for many years the only, Bridge of Dubli ...
(also known as Dublin Bridge), at the bottom of Church Street. ', meaning "town of the hurdled
ford", is the common name for the city in modern Irish. ' is a place name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. ' was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, currently occupied by
Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church
Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church is a Roman Catholic church in Dublin, Ireland maintained by the Carmelite order. The church is noted for having the relics of Saint Valentine, which were donated to the church in the 19th century by Pope Gre ...
. There are other towns of the same name, such as ''Àth Cliath'' in
East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is anglicised as
Hurlford
Hurlford (Scottish Gaelic: ''Baile Àtha Cliath'') is a village in East Ayrshire, Scotland. It has a population of 4,968. Hurlford's former names include Whirlford and Hurdleford. The village was named Whirlford as a result of a ford crossing ...
. The city is also referred to as ' and ' in Irish, particularly when spoken. These are contracted versions of '.
History
The area of
Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times, fish traps discovered from excavations during the construction of the
Convention Centre Dublin
The Convention Centre Dublin () is a convention centre in the Dublin Docklands, Ireland. The Convention centre overlooks the River Liffey at Spencer Dock. It was designed by the Irish-born American architect Kevin Roche. Construction started i ...
indicate human habitation as far back as 6,000 years ago while further traps were also discovered closer to the old settlement of the city of Dublin on the south quays near
St. James's Gate
St. James's Gate, located off the south quays of Dublin, on James's Street, was the western entrance to the city during the Middle Ages. During this time the gate was the traditional starting point for the Camino pilgrimage from Dublin to Santiag ...
which also indicate
mesolithic
The Mesolithic (Greek: μέσος, ''mesos'' 'middle' + λίθος, ''lithos'' 'stone') or Middle Stone Age is the Old World archaeological period between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic. The term Epipaleolithic is often used synonymous ...
human activity.
The writings of
Ptolemy (the Greco-Roman astronomer and
cartographer
Cartography (; from grc, χάρτης , "papyrus, sheet of paper, map"; and , "write") is the study and practice of making and using maps. Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an im ...
) in about 140 CE provide possibly the earliest reference to a settlement in Dublin. He called it ''
Eblana
Eblana () is an ancient Irish settlement that appears in the ''Geographia'' of Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy), the Greek astronomer and cartographer, around the year 140 AD. It was traditionally believed by scholars to refer to the same site as ...
polis'' ( grc-gre, Ἔβλανα πόλις).
![Dublin - Father Mathew Bridge - 110508 182542](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Dublin_-_Father_Mathew_Bridge_-_110508_182542.jpg)
Dublin celebrated its 'official' millennium in 1988, meaning the Irish government recognised 988 as the year in which the city was settled and that this first settlement would later become the city of Dublin.
It is now thought the Viking settlement of about 841 was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as ''Duibhlinn'', from which ''Dyflin'' took its name. Evidence indicating that Anglo-Saxons occupied Dublin before the Vikings arrived in 841 has been found in an archaeological dig in Temple Bar.
Beginning in the 9th and 10th centuries, there were two settlements which later became the modern Dublin. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the
River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as
Wood Quay
Wood Quay () is a riverside area of Dublin that was a site of Viking settlement. It is now the location of the Dublin City Council offices.
Location
The site is bounded on the north side by Wood Quay on the River Liffey, on the west by Win ...
. The Dubhlinn was a pool on the lowest stretch of the Poddle, where ships used to moor. This pool was finally fully infilled during the early 18th century, as the city grew. The Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the
Chester Beatty Library within
Dublin Castle. ''
Táin Bó Cuailgne'' ("The Cattle Raid of Cooley") refers to ''Dublind rissa ratter Áth Cliath'', meaning "Dublin, which is called Ath Cliath".
Middle Ages
In 841, the
Vikings established a fortified base in Dublin. The town grew into a substantial commercial center under
Olaf Guthfrithson in the mid-to-late 10th century and, despite a number of attacks by the native Irish, it remained largely under Viking control until the
Norman invasion of Ireland was launched from Wales in 1169.
It was upon the death of
Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn in early 1166 that
Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair,
King of Connacht, proceeded to Dublin and was inaugurated ''King of Ireland'' without opposition.
According to some historians, part of the city's early economic growth is attributed to a trade in slaves.
Slavery in Ireland and Dublin reached its pinnacle in the 9th and 10th centuries. Prisoners from slave raids and kidnappings, which captured men, women and children, brought revenue to the Gaelic Irish Sea raiders, as well as to the Vikings who had initiated the practice. The victims came from
Wales, England, Normandy and beyond.
The King of Leinster,
Diarmait Mac Murchada, after his exile by Ruaidhrí, enlisted the help of
Strongbow, the Earl of Pembroke, to conquer Dublin. Following Mac Murrough's death, Strongbow declared himself King of Leinster after gaining control of the city. In response to Strongbow's successful invasion, King
Henry II of England affirmed his ultimate sovereignty by mounting a larger invasion in 1171 and pronounced himself Lord of Ireland.
Around this time, the ''county of the City of Dublin'' was established along with certain liberties adjacent to the city proper. This continued down to 1840 when the
barony Barony may refer to:
* Barony, the peerage, office of, or territory held by a baron
* Barony, the title and land held in fealty by a feudal baron
* Barony (county division), a type of administrative or geographical division in parts of the British ...
of Dublin City was separated from the
barony of Dublin. Since 2001, both baronies have been redesignated as the ''City of Dublin''.
Dublin Castle, which became the centre of Anglo-Norman power in Ireland, was founded in 1204 as a major defensive work on the orders of King
John of England. Following the appointment of the first
Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1229, the city expanded and had a population of 8,000 by the end of the 13th century. Dublin prospered as a trade centre, despite an attempt by King
Robert I of Scotland
Robert I (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (Scottish Gaelic: ''Raibeart an Bruis''), was King of Scots from 1306 to his death in 1329. One of the most renowned warriors of his generation, Robert eventuall ...
to capture the city in 1317.
It remained a relatively small walled medieval town during the 14th century and was under constant threat from the surrounding native clans. In 1348, the
Black Death
The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causi ...
, a lethal plague which had ravaged Europe, took hold in Dublin and killed thousands over the following decade.
![Dublin in 1610 - reprint of 1896](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Dublin_in_1610_-_reprint_of_1896.jpg)
Dublin was the heart of the area known as
the Pale, a narrow strip of English settlement along the eastern coast, under the control of the
English Crown
This list of kings and reigning queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, who initially ruled Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which later made up modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo-Sax ...
. The
Tudor conquest of Ireland in the 16th century spelt a new era for Dublin, with the city enjoying a renewed prominence as the centre of administrative rule in an Ireland where English control and settlement had become much more extensive. Determined to make Dublin a Protestant city, Queen
Elizabeth I of England established
Trinity College Trinity College may refer to:
Australia
* Trinity Anglican College, an Anglican coeducational primary and secondary school in , New South Wales
* Trinity Catholic College, Auburn, a coeducational school in the inner-western suburbs of Sydney, New ...
in 1592 as a solely Protestant university and ordered that the Catholic
St. Patrick's and
Christ Church cathedrals be converted to the Protestant church. The earliest map of the city of Dublin dates from 1610, and was by
John Speed
John Speed (1551 or 1552 – 28 July 1629) was an English cartographer, chronologer and historian of Cheshire origins.S. Bendall, 'Speed, John (1551/2–1629), historian and cartographer', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (OUP 2004/ ...
.
The city had a population of 21,000 in 1640 before a plague in 1649–51 wiped out almost half of the inhabitants. However, the city prospered again soon after as a result of the wool and linen trade with England, and reached a population of over 50,000 in 1700. By 1698 the manufacture of wool employed 12,000 people.
Early modern
![Henrietta Street, Dublin D1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Henrietta_Street%2C_Dublin_D1.jpg)
As the city continued to prosper during the 18th century,
Georgian Dublin became, for a short period, the second largest city of the
British Empire and the fifth largest city in Europe, with the population exceeding 130,000. While some medieval streets and layouts (including the areas around
Temple Bar, Aungier Street, Capel Street and Thomas Street) were less affected by the wave of Georgian reconstruction, much of Dublin's architecture and layout dates from this period.
Dublin grew even more dramatically during the 18th century, with the construction of many new districts and buildings, such as
Merrion Square
Merrion Square () is a Georgian garden square on the southside of Dublin city centre.
History
The square was laid out in 1752 by the estate of Viscount FitzWilliam and was largely complete by the beginning of the 19th century. The demand for ...
,
Parliament House
Parliament House may refer to:
Australia
* Parliament House, Canberra, Parliament of Australia
* Parliament House, Adelaide, Parliament of South Australia
* Parliament House, Brisbane, Parliament of Queensland
* Parliament House, Darwin, Parliame ...
and the
Royal Exchange. The
Wide Streets Commission was established in 1757 at the request of
Dublin Corporation to govern architectural standards on the layout of streets, bridges and buildings. In 1759, the
Guinness brewery was founded; and would eventually grow to become the largest brewery in the world and the largest employer in Dublin. During the 1700s, linen was not subject to the same trade restrictions with England as wool, and became the most important Irish export. Over 1.5 million yards of linen was exported from Ireland in 1710, rising to almost 19 million yards by 1779.
Late modern and contemporary
![General Post Office Dublin 20060803](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg)
Dublin suffered a period of political and economic decline during the 19th century following the
Acts of Union 1800, under which the seat of government was transferred to the
Westminster Parliament in London. The city played no major role in the
Industrial Revolution, but remained the centre of administration and a transport hub for most of the island. Ireland had no significant sources of coal, the fuel of the time, and Dublin was not a centre of ship manufacturing, the other main driver of industrial development in Britain and Ireland.
Belfast developed faster than Dublin during this period on a mixture of international trade, factory-based linen cloth production and shipbuilding.
By 1814, the population of Dublin was 175,319 as counted under the Population Act, making the population of Dublin higher than all other towns in England bar London.
The
Easter Rising
The Easter Rising ( ga, Éirí Amach na Cásca), also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week in April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans against British rule in Ireland with the a ...
of 1916, the
Irish War of Independence
The Irish War of Independence () or Anglo-Irish War was a guerrilla war fought in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army (IRA, the army of the Irish Republic) and British forces: the British Army, along with the quasi-mil ...
, and the subsequent
Irish Civil War
The Irish Civil War ( ga, Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann; 28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) was a conflict that followed the Irish War of Independence and accompanied the establishment of the Irish Free State, an entity independent from the United ...
resulted in a significant amount of physical destruction in central Dublin. The
Government of the Irish Free State rebuilt the city centre and located the new parliament, the
Oireachtas
The Oireachtas (, ), sometimes referred to as Oireachtas Éireann, is the Bicameralism, bicameral parliament of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. The Oireachtas consists of:
*The President of Ireland
*The bicameralism, two houses of the Oireachtas ...
, in
Leinster House. Since the beginning of
Norman
Norman or Normans may refer to:
Ethnic and cultural identity
* The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries
** People or things connected with the Norm ...
rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities:
Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541),
Kingdom of Ireland
The Kingdom of Ireland ( ga, label=Classical Irish, an Ríoghacht Éireann; ga, label=Modern Irish, an Ríocht Éireann, ) was a monarchy on the island of Ireland that was a client state of England and then of Great Britain. It existed from ...
(1541–1800), as part of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), and the
Irish Republic (1919–1922). Following the
partition of Ireland in 1922, it became the capital of the
Irish Free State (1922–1937) and now is the capital of Ireland. One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the
Garden of Remembrance.
Dublin was also a victim of the Northern Irish
Troubles, although during this 30-year conflict, violence mainly occurred within Northern Ireland. A Loyalist paramilitary group, the
Ulster Volunteer Force, bombed the city during this time – notably in an atrocity known as the
Dublin and Monaghan bombings in which 34 people died, mainly in central Dublin.
Large parts of Georgian Dublin were demolished or substantially redeveloped in the mid-20th century during a boom in office building. After this boom, the recessions of the 1970s and 1980s slowed down the pace of building. Cumulatively, this led to a large decline in the number of people living in the centre of the city, and by 1985 the city had approximately 150 acres of derelict land which had been earmarked for development and of office space.
Since 1997, the landscape of Dublin has changed. The city was at the forefront of Ireland's economic expansion during the
Celtic Tiger period, with private sector and state development of housing, transport and business. Following an economic decline during the Great Recession, Dublin has rebounded and has close to full employment,
but has a significant problem with housing supply in both the city and surrounds.
Government
Local
Dublin City Council is a
unicameral assembly of 63 members elected every five years from
local electoral areas. It is presided over by the
Lord Mayor, who is elected for a yearly term and resides in Dublin's
Mansion House. Council meetings occur at
Dublin City Hall
The City Hall, Dublin (), originally the Royal Exchange, is a civic building in Dublin, Ireland. It was built between 1769 and 1779, to the designs of architect Thomas Cooley, and is a notable example of 18th-century architecture in the city. ...
, while most of its administrative activities are based in the Civic Offices on
Wood Quay
Wood Quay () is a riverside area of Dublin that was a site of Viking settlement. It is now the location of the Dublin City Council offices.
Location
The site is bounded on the north side by Wood Quay on the River Liffey, on the west by Win ...
. The party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats assigns committee members, introduces policies, and proposes the Lord Mayor. The Council passes an annual budget for spending on areas such as housing, traffic management, refuse, drainage, and planning. The Dublin City Manager is responsible for implementing City Council decisions but also has considerable executive power.
National
![20130810 dublin214](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/20130810_dublin214.JPG)
As the capital city, Dublin is the seat of the national parliament of Ireland, the
Oireachtas
The Oireachtas (, ), sometimes referred to as Oireachtas Éireann, is the Bicameralism, bicameral parliament of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. The Oireachtas consists of:
*The President of Ireland
*The bicameralism, two houses of the Oireachtas ...
. It is composed of the
President of Ireland,
Dáil Éireann
Dáil Éireann ( , ; ) is the lower house, and principal chamber, of the Oireachtas (Irish legislature), which also includes the President of Ireland and Seanad Éireann (the upper house).Article 15.1.2º of the Constitution of Ireland read ...
as the house of representatives, and
Seanad Éireann as the upper house. The President resides in
Áras an Uachtaráin in
Phoenix Park, while both houses of the Oireachtas meet in
Leinster House, a former ducal residence on
Kildare Street
Kildare Street () is a street in Dublin, Ireland.
Location
Kildare Street is close to the principal shopping area of Grafton Street and Dawson Street, to which it is joined by Molesworth Street. Trinity College lies at the north end of the ...
. It has been the home of the Irish parliament since the foundation of the
Irish Free State in 1922. The old
Irish Houses of Parliament of the
Kingdom of Ireland
The Kingdom of Ireland ( ga, label=Classical Irish, an Ríoghacht Éireann; ga, label=Modern Irish, an Ríocht Éireann, ) was a monarchy on the island of Ireland that was a client state of England and then of Great Britain. It existed from ...
, which dissolved in 1801, are located in
College Green College Green or The College Green may refer to:
* College Green, Adelaide outdoor venue at the University of Adelaide
* College Green, Bristol, England
* College Green (Dartmouth College), New Hampshire, primarily known as "the Green"
* College ...
.
Government Buildings house the
Department of the Taoiseach, the Council Chamber, the Department of Finance and the
Office of the Attorney General
In most common law jurisdictions, the attorney general or attorney-general (sometimes abbreviated AG or Atty.-Gen) is the main legal advisor to the government. The plural is attorneys general.
In some jurisdictions, attorneys general also have exec ...
. It consists of a main building (completed 1911) with two wings (completed 1921). It was designed by Thomas Manley Dean and Sir
Aston Webb as the
Royal College of Science. The
First Dáil originally met in the
Mansion House in 1919. The Irish Free State government took over the two wings of the building to serve as a temporary home for some ministries, while the central building became the College of Technology until 1989. Although both it and Leinster House were intended to be temporary locations, they became the permanent homes of parliament from then on.
For elections to
Dáil Éireann
Dáil Éireann ( , ; ) is the lower house, and principal chamber, of the Oireachtas (Irish legislature), which also includes the President of Ireland and Seanad Éireann (the upper house).Article 15.1.2º of the Constitution of Ireland read ...
, there are five constituencies that are wholly or predominantly in the Dublin City area:
Dublin Central
Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2016 cen ...
(4 seats),
Dublin Bay North
Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2016 cen ...
(5 seats),
Dublin North-West (3 seats),
Dublin South-Central (4 seats) and
Dublin Bay South (4 seats). Twenty TDs are elected in total. The constituency of
Dublin West
Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2016 cens ...
(4 seats) is partially in Dublin City, but predominantly in
Fingal
Fingal ( ; ) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Leinster and is part of the Eastern and Midland Region. It is one of three successor counties to County Dublin, which was disestablished for administrative purposes in 1994. ...
.
At the
2020 general election
The following elections were scheduled to occur in 2020. The International Foundation for Electoral Systems maintains a comprehensive list of upcoming elections on its E-Guide Platform. The National Democratic Institute also maintains a calend ...
, the Dublin city area elected 5
Sinn Féin, 3
Fine Gael, 3
Fianna Fáil, 3
Green Party
A green party is a formally organized political party based on the principles of green politics, such as social justice, environmentalism and nonviolence.
Greens believe that these issues are inherently related to one another as a foundation ...
, 3
Social Democrats, 1
Right to Change
Right to Change (also written Right2Change) is a minor political party in Ireland. It was founded in May 2020 by Joan Collins TD. Collins was elected as an Independents 4 Change TD in the 2020 general election.
A left-wing party, Collins has ...
, 1
Solidarity–People Before Profit
People Before Profit/Solidarity ( ga, Pobal Roimh Bhrabús/Dlúthphairtíocht, PBPS, PBP/S, or S-PBP) is a left-wing electoral alliance in the Republic of Ireland. It was formed by members of two socialist political parties in the Republic of I ...
and 1
Labour
Labour or labor may refer to:
* Childbirth, the delivery of a baby
* Labour (human activity), or work
** Manual labour, physical work
** Wage labour, a socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer
** Organized labour and the labour ...
TDs.
Geography
City boundaries
From 1842, the boundaries of the city were comprehended by the
baronies Barony may refer to:
* Barony, the peerage, office of, or territory held by a baron
* Barony, the title and land held in fealty by a feudal baron
* Barony (county division), a type of administrative or geographical division in parts of the British ...
of Dublin City and the barony of
Dublin. Over time, the city has absorbed area previously administered as part of County Dublin (now the three counties of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin), with a change in 1985 also returning area to the county.
Landscape
![Dublin SPOT 1023](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Dublin_SPOT_1023.jpg)
Dublin is situated at the mouth of the
River Liffey and encompasses a land area of approximately in east-central Ireland. It is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range and sub range of the
Wicklow Mountains, to the south and surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west.
Watercourses
The River Liffey divides the city in two, between the Northside and the Southside. The Liffey bends at
Leixlip from a northeasterly route to a predominantly eastward direction, and this point also marks the transition to urban development from more agricultural land usage.
The city itself was founded where the
River Poddle met the Liffey, and the early Viking settlement was also facilitated by the small Stein or Steyne River, the larger Camac
and the Bradogue,
in particular.
Two secondary rivers further divide the city: the
River Tolka, running southeast into Dublin Bay, and the
River Dodder running northeast to near the mouth of the Liffey, and these and the Liffey have multiple tributaries. A number of lesser rivers and streams also flow to the sea within the suburban parts of the city.
Two canals – the
Grand Canal on the southside and the
Royal Canal
The Royal Canal ( ga, An Chanáil Ríoga) is a canal originally built for freight and passenger transportation from Dublin to Longford in Ireland. It is one of two canals from Dublin to the River Shannon and was built in direct competition ...
on the northside – ring the inner city on their way from the west and the
River Shannon
The River Shannon ( ga, Abhainn na Sionainne, ', '), at in length, is the longest river in the British Isles. It drains the Shannon River Basin, which has an area of , – approximately one fifth of the area of the island of Ireland.
The Shan ...
.
Cultural divide
A north–south division once, to some extent, traditionally existed, with the River Liffey as the divider.
The southside was, in recent times, generally seen as being more affluent and genteel than the northside.
There have also been some social divisions evident between the coastal suburbs in the east of the city, and the newer developments further to the west.
In some tourism and real-estate marketing contexts, inner Dublin is sometimes divided into a number of quarters or districts.
These include the Medieval Quarter (in the area of
Dublin Castle,
Christ Church and
St Patrick's Cathedral and the old city walls), the Georgian Quarter (including the area around St Stephen's Green, Trinity College, and
Merrion Square
Merrion Square () is a Georgian garden square on the southside of Dublin city centre.
History
The square was laid out in 1752 by the estate of Viscount FitzWilliam and was largely complete by the beginning of the 19th century. The demand for ...
), the Docklands Quarter (around the
Dublin Docklands and
Silicon Docks
Silicon Docks is a nickname for the area in Dublin, Ireland around Grand Canal Dock, stretching to the IFSC, city centre east, and city centre south near the Grand Canal. The nickname makes reference to Silicon Valley, and was adopted because o ...
), the Cultural Quarter (around
Temple Bar), and Creative Quarter (between South William Street and George's Street).
Climate
Similar to much of the rest of northwestern Europe, Dublin experiences a
maritime climate (
''Cfb'') with mild-warm summers, cool winters, and a lack of temperature extremes. At
Merrion Square
Merrion Square () is a Georgian garden square on the southside of Dublin city centre.
History
The square was laid out in 1752 by the estate of Viscount FitzWilliam and was largely complete by the beginning of the 19th century. The demand for ...
, the coldest month is February, with an average minimum temperature of , and the warmest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of . Due to the
urban heat island effect, Dublin city has the warmest summertime nights in Ireland. The average minimum temperature at Merrion Square in July is , and the lowest July temperature ever recorded at the station was on 3 July 1974.
Dublin's sheltered location on the east coast makes it the driest place in Ireland, receiving only about half the rainfall of the west coast.
Ringsend in the south of the city records the lowest rainfall in the country, with an average annual precipitation of , with the average annual precipitation in the city centre being . The main precipitation in winter is rain; however snow showers do occur between November and March. Hail is more common than snow. The city experiences long summer days and short winter days. Strong Atlantic winds are most common in autumn. These winds can affect Dublin, but due to its easterly location, it is least affected compared to other parts of the country. However, in winter, easterly winds render the city colder and more prone to snow showers.
In the 20th century, smog and air-pollution were an issue in the city, precipitating a ban on bituminous fuels across Dublin.
The ban was implemented in 1990 to address black smoke concentrations, that had been linked to cardiovascular and respiratory deaths in residents. Since the ban, non-trauma death rates, respiratory death rates and cardiovascular death rates have declined – by an estimated 350 deaths annually.
Places of interest
Landmarks
Dublin has many landmarks and monuments dating back hundreds of years. One of the oldest is
Dublin Castle, which was first founded as a major defensive work on the orders of England's
King John King John may refer to:
Rulers
* John, King of England (1166–1216)
* John I of Jerusalem (c. 1170–1237)
* John Balliol, King of Scotland (c. 1249–1314)
* John I of France (15–20 November 1316)
* John II of France (1319–1364)
* John I o ...
in 1204, shortly after the
Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169, when it was commanded that a castle be built with strong walls and good ditches for the defence of the city, the administration of justice, and the protection of the King's treasure.
Largely complete by 1230, the castle was of typical Norman courtyard design, with a central square without a
keep
A keep (from the Middle English ''kype'') is a type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European nobility. Scholars have debated the scope of the word ''keep'', but usually consider it to refer to large towers in c ...
, bounded on all sides by tall defensive walls and protected at each corner by a circular tower. Sited to the south-east of Norman Dublin, the castle formed one corner of the outer perimeter of the city, using the
River Poddle as a natural means of defence.
![O'Connell Street Dublin & Jim Larkin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/O%27Connell_Street_Dublin_%26_Jim_Larkin.JPG)
One of Dublin's newest monuments is the
Spire of Dublin, officially entitled the "Monument of Light." It is a conical spire made of stainless steel, located on
O'Connell Street where it meets Henry Street and North Earl Street. It replaces
Nelson's Pillar
Nelson's Pillar (also known as the Nelson Pillar or simply the Pillar) was a large granite column capped by a statue of Horatio Nelson, built in the centre of what was then Sackville Street (later renamed O'Connell Street) in Dublin, Ireland. ...
and is intended to mark Dublin's place in the 21st century. The spire was designed by
Ian Ritchie Architects, who sought an "Elegant and dynamic simplicity bridging art and technology". The base of the monument is lit and the top is illuminated to provide a beacon in the night sky across the city.
The Old Library of
Trinity College Dublin, holding the
Book of Kells
The Book of Kells ( la, Codex Cenannensis; ga, Leabhar Cheanannais; Dublin, Trinity College Library, MS A. I. 8 sometimes known as the Book of Columba) is an illuminated manuscript Gospel book in Latin, containing the four Gospels of the New ...
, is one of the city's most visited sites. The Book of Kells is an illustrated manuscript created by Irish monks circa 800 AD. The
Ha'penny Bridge
The Ha'penny Bridge ( ; , or ''Droichead na Life''), known later for a time as the ''Penny Ha'penny Bridge'', and officially the Liffey Bridge, is a pedestrian bridge built in May 1816 over the River Liffey in Dublin, Ireland. Made of cast i ...
, an iron footbridge over the River Liffey, is one of the most photographed sights in Dublin and is considered to be one of Dublin's most iconic landmarks.
Other landmarks and monuments include
Christ Church Cathedral and
St Patrick's Cathedral, the
Mansion House, the
Molly Malone statue, the complex of buildings around Leinster House, including part of the
National Museum of Ireland
The National Museum of Ireland ( ga, Ard-Mhúsaem na hÉireann) is Ireland's leading museum institution, with a strong emphasis on national and some international archaeology, Irish history, Irish art, culture, and natural history. It has thre ...
and the
National Library of Ireland,
The Custom House
The Custom House ( ga, Teach an Chustaim) is a neoclassical 18th century building in Dublin, Ireland which houses the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage. It is located on the north bank of the River Liffey, on Custom House Qua ...
and
Áras an Uachtaráin. Other sights include the
Anna Livia monument. The
Poolbeg Towers are also landmark features of Dublin, and visible from various spots around the city.
Parks
![Dublin Stephen's Green-44 edit](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Dublin_Stephen%27s_Green-44_edit.jpg)
There are many green-spaces around the city, and Dublin City Council manages over of parks. Public parks include the
Phoenix Park,
Herbert Park
Herbert Park () is the name of a road and a public park in Ballsbridge, Dublin.
History
The land used for the park was given to the city by the Sidney Herbert, 14th Earl of Pembroke, 14th Earl of Pembroke whose family name was Herbert family, ...
,
St Stephen's Green
St Stephen's Green () is a garden square and public park located in the city centre of Dublin, Ireland. The current landscape of the park was designed by William Sheppard. It was officially re-opened to the public on Tuesday, 27 July 1880 by L ...
,
Saint Anne's Park
Saint Anne's Park ( ga, Páirc Naomh Áine) is a public park situated between Raheny and Clontarf, suburbs on the northside of Dublin, Ireland. It is owned and managed by Dublin City Council.
The park, the second largest municipal park in Dub ...
and
Bull Island. The Phoenix Park is about west of the city centre, north of the
River Liffey. Its perimeter wall encloses , making it one of the largest walled city parks in Europe. It includes large areas of grassland and tree-lined avenues, and since the 17th century has been home to a herd of wild
fallow deer. The residence of the
President of Ireland (Áras an Uachtaráin), which was built in 1751, is located in the park. The park is also home to
Dublin Zoo,
Ashtown Castle
Ashtown Castle (Irish: ''Caisleán Bhaile an Ásaigh'') is a tower house in the Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland.
It was found hidden within the walls of a much larger and more recent Georgian building, the Under Secretary's Lodge also known a ...
, and the official residence of the
United States Ambassador. Music concerts are also sometimes held in the park.
St Stephen's Green is adjacent to one of Dublin's main shopping streets,
Grafton Street, and to
a shopping centre named after it, while on its surrounding streets are the offices of a number of public bodies.
Saint Anne's Park
Saint Anne's Park ( ga, Páirc Naomh Áine) is a public park situated between Raheny and Clontarf, suburbs on the northside of Dublin, Ireland. It is owned and managed by Dublin City Council.
The park, the second largest municipal park in Dub ...
is a public park and recreational facility, shared between
Raheny
Raheny () is a northern suburb of Dublin, Ireland, halfway from the city centre to Howth. It is centred on a historic settlement, first documented in 570 CE ( Mervyn Archdall). The district shares Dublin's two largest municipal parks, Saint Anne ...
and
Clontarf, both suburbs on the Northside. The park, the second largest municipal park in Dublin, is part of a former estate assembled by members of the
Guinness family, beginning with
Benjamin Lee Guinness in 1835 (the largest municipal park is nearby (North)
Bull Island, also shared between Clontarf and Raheny), featuring a 5 km beach.
Economy
![The Ulster Bank Group HQ, George's Quay Plaza - geograph](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/The_Ulster_Bank_Group_HQ%2C_George%27s_Quay_Plaza_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1743476.jpg)
The Dublin region is the economic centre of Ireland, and was at the forefront of the country's economic expansion during the
Celtic Tiger period. In 2009, Dublin was listed as the fourth richest city in the world by
purchasing power and 10th richest by personal income. According to ''Mercer's 2011 Worldwide Cost of Living Survey'', Dublin is the 13th most expensive city in the
European Union (down from 10th in 2010) and the 58th most expensive place to live in the world (down from 42nd in 2010). , approximately 874,400 people were employed in the Greater Dublin Area. Around 60% of people who are employed in Ireland's financial, ICT, and professional sectors are located in this area.
A number of Dublin's traditional industries, such as food processing, textile manufacturing, brewing, and distilling have gradually declined, although
Guinness
Guinness () is an Irish dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. James's Gate, Dublin, Ireland, in 1759. It is one of the most successful alcohol brands worldwide, brewed in almost 50 countries, and available in ove ...
has been brewed at the
St. James's Gate Brewery
St. James's Gate Brewery is a brewery founded in 1759 in Dublin, Ireland, by Arthur Guinness. The company is now a part of Diageo, a company formed from the merger of Guinness and Grand Metropolitan in 1997. The main product of the brewery is ...
since 1759. Economic improvements in the 1990s attracted a number of global pharmaceutical, information and communications technology companies to the city and
Greater Dublin Area. Companies such as
Microsoft,
Google,
Amazon,
eBay,
PayPal,
Yahoo!,
Facebook,
Twitter,
Accenture
Accenture plc is an Irish-American professional services company based in Dublin, specializing in information technology (IT) services and consulting. A ''Fortune'' Global 500 company, it reported revenues of $61.6 billion in 2022. Accentur ...
,
TikTok and
Pfizer now have European headquarters and/or operational bases in the city, with several located in enterprise clusters like the
Digital Hub and
Silicon Docks
Silicon Docks is a nickname for the area in Dublin, Ireland around Grand Canal Dock, stretching to the IFSC, city centre east, and city centre south near the Grand Canal. The nickname makes reference to Silicon Valley, and was adopted because o ...
. The presence of these companies has driven economic expansion in the city and led to Dublin sometimes being referred to as the "Tech Capital of Europe".
Financial services have also become important to the city since the establishment of Dublin's
International Financial Services Centre in 1987. More than 500 operations are approved to trade under the IFSC programme. The centre is host to half of the world's top 50 banks and to half of the top 20 insurance companies. Many international firms have established major headquarters in the city, such as
Citibank
Citibank, N. A. (N. A. stands for " National Association") is the primary U.S. banking subsidiary of financial services multinational Citigroup. Citibank was founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, and later became First National City ...
. The
Irish Stock Exchange
Euronext Dublin (formerly The Irish Stock Exchange, ISE; ga, Stocmhalartán na hÉireann) is Ireland's main stock exchange, and has been in existence since 1793.
The Euronext Dublin lists debt and fund securities and is used as a European g ...
(ISEQ),
Internet Neutral Exchange
Internet Neutral Exchange (INEX) is an Internet exchange located in the Republic of Ireland, operating three VLANs at points of presence in Dublin at Equinix DB1 - Citywest, BT - Citywest, Equinix DB2 (Formerly Data Electronics) - Kilcarbery Park, ...
(INEX) and Irish Enterprise Exchange (IEX) are also located in Dublin. Dublin has been positioned as one of the main cities vying to host Financial Services companies hoping to retain access to the Eurozone after
Brexit. The Celtic Tiger also led to a temporary boom in construction, with large redevelopment projects in the
Dublin Docklands and
Spencer Dock. Completed projects include the
Convention Centre, the
3Arena
The 3Arena (originally The O2) is an indoor amphitheatre located at North Wall Quay in the Dublin Docklands in Dublin, Ireland. The venue opened as The O2 on 16 December 2008. It was built on the site of the former Point Theatre, a smaller music ...
, and the
Bord Gáis Energy Theatre.
In the second quarter of 2018, Dublin touched its lowest unemployment rate in a decade, when it fell down to 5.7% as reported by the Dublin Economic Monitor.
Transport
Road
![DublinM50](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/DublinM50.png)
The road network in Ireland is primarily focused on Dublin. The
M50 motorway, a semi-
ring road
A ring road (also known as circular road, beltline, beltway, circumferential (high)way, loop, bypass or orbital) is a road or a series of connected roads encircling a town, city, or country. The most common purpose of a ring road is to assist i ...
which runs around the south, west and north of the city, connects important national primary routes to the rest of the country. In 2008, the
West-Link
The West-Link ( ga, Droichead an Nascbhóthair Thiar) is a toll bridge (actually twin bridges) on the M50 motorway to the west of Dublin, Ireland, operated by Emovis (trading as eFlow) for Transport Infrastructure Ireland.
History
Plans wer ...
toll bridge was replaced by the
eFlow
eFlow is the tolling brand name of the M50 motorway tolling operation managed by Irish company Turas Mobility Services (a subsidiary of a French global organization called VINCI Concessions) on behalf of Transport Infrastructure Ireland. The ...
barrier-free tolling system, with a three-tiered charge system based on electronic tags and car pre-registration.
The first phase of a proposed eastern bypass for the city is the
Dublin Port Tunnel, which officially opened in 2006 to mainly cater for heavy vehicles. The tunnel connects
Dublin Port and the
M1 motorway close to Dublin Airport. The city is also surrounded by an inner and outer orbital route. The inner orbital route runs approximately around the heart of the Georgian city and the outer orbital route runs primarily along the natural circle formed by Dublin's two canals, the
Grand Canal and the
Royal Canal
The Royal Canal ( ga, An Chanáil Ríoga) is a canal originally built for freight and passenger transportation from Dublin to Longford in Ireland. It is one of two canals from Dublin to the River Shannon and was built in direct competition ...
, as well as the North and South Circular Roads.
The 2016
TomTom Traffic Index ranked Dublin the 15th most congested city in the world and the 7th most congested in Europe.
Bus
Dublin is served by a network of nearly 200 bus routes which cover the city and suburbs. The majority of these are provided by
Dublin Bus, with a modest number having been transferred to Go Ahead Ireland in 2018. A number of smaller companies also operate. Fares are generally calculated on a stage system based on distance travelled. There are several different levels of fares, which apply on most services. A "Real Time Passenger Information" system was introduced at Dublin Bus bus stops in 2012 in which signs relay display the projected time of the next buses' arrival based on its GPS position. The
National Transport Authority is responsible for integration of bus and rail services in Dublin and has been involved in introducing a pre-paid smart card, called a
Leap card, which can be used on all of Dublin's public transport services.
Cycling
The 2011 Census showed that 5.9 percent of commuters in Dublin cycled. A 2013 report by Dublin City Council on traffic flows crossing the canals in and out of the city found that just under 10% of all traffic was made up of cyclists, representing an increase of 14.1% over 2012 and an 87.2% increase over 2006 levels and is attributed to measures, such as, the Dublinbikes bike rental scheme, the provision of cycle lanes, public awareness campaigns to promote cycling and the introduction of the 30 km/h city centre speed limit.
Dublin City Council began installing cycle lanes and tracks throughout the city in the 1990s, and the city had over of specific on- and off-road tracks for cyclists. In 2011, the city was ranked 9th of major world cities on the ''Copenhagenize Index of Bicycle-Friendly Cities''. The same index showed a fall to 15th in 2015, and Dublin was outside the top 20 in 2017.
Dublinbikes is a
self-service bicycle rental scheme which has been in operation in Dublin since 2009. Sponsored by
JCDecaux and
Just Eat, the scheme consists of hundreds of unisex bicycles stationed at 44 terminals throughout the city centre. Users must make a subscription for either an annual Long Term Hire Card or purchase a three-day ticket. , Dublinbikes had over 66,000 long-term subscribers making over 2 million journeys per year.
Rail
Heuston and
Connolly stations are the two main railway termini in Dublin. Operated by
Iarnród Éireann
Iarnród Éireann () or Irish Rail, is the operator of the national railway network of Ireland. Established on 2 February 1987, it is a subsidiary of Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ). It operates all internal InterCity, Commuter, DART and fr ...
, the
Dublin Suburban Rail network consists of five railway lines serving the Greater Dublin Area and commuter towns such as
Drogheda
Drogheda ( , ; , meaning "bridge at the ford") is an industrial and port town in County Louth on the east coast of Ireland, north of Dublin. It is located on the Dublin–Belfast corridor on the east coast of Ireland, mostly in County Louth ...
and
Dundalk in County Louth, Gorey in
County Wexford
County Wexford ( ga, Contae Loch Garman) is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Southern Region. Named after the town of Wexford, it was based on the historic Gaelic territory of Hy Kinsella (''Uí Ceinns ...
, and extending as far as
Portlaoise
Portlaoise ( ), or Port Laoise (), is the county town of County Laois, Ireland. It is located in the Midland Region, Ireland, South Midlands in the province of Leinster. The 2016 census shows that the town's population increased by 9.5% to 22,050 ...
and once a day,
Newry. One of the five lines is the electrified
Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) line, which runs primarily along the coast of Dublin, comprising 31 stations, from
Malahide and
Howth southwards as far as
Greystones in County Wicklow.
Commuter rail operates on the other four lines using Irish Rail
diesel multiple unit
A diesel multiple unit or DMU is a multiple-unit train powered by on-board diesel engines. A DMU requires no separate locomotive, as the engines are incorporated into one or more of the carriages. Diesel-powered single-unit railcars are also ...
s. In 2013, passengers for DART and Dublin Suburban lines were 16 million and 11.7 million, respectively (around 75% of all Irish Rail passengers).
Dublin once had an extensive system of
trams but this was largely phased out by 1949. A new
light rail system, often described as a tram system, the
Luas, was launched in 2004, and is run by
Transdev Ireland (under contract from
Transport Infrastructure Ireland), carrying over 34 million passengers annually.
The network consists of two interconnecting lines; the
Red Line links the
Docklands and city centre with the south-western suburbs of Tallaght and Saggart, while the
Green Line
Green Line may refer to:
Places Military and political
* Green Line (France), the German occupation line in France during World War II
* Green Line (Israel), the 1949 armistice line established between Israel and its neighbours
** City Line ( ...
connects northern inner city suburbs and the main city centre with suburbs to the south of the city including Sandyford and Brides Glen. Together these lines comprise a total 67 stations and of track.
Construction of a 6 km extension to the Green Line, bringing it into the north of the city, commenced in June 2013 and was opened for passenger travel on 9 December 2017.
A
metro
Metro, short for metropolitan, may refer to:
Geography
* Metro (city), a city in Indonesia
* A metropolitan area, the populated region including and surrounding an urban center
Public transport
* Rapid transit, a passenger railway in an urba ...
service is proposed under the name of
Metrolink, and planned to run from Dublin's
northside
Northside or North Side may refer to:
Music
* Northside (band), a musical group from Manchester, England
* NorthSide, an American record label
* NorthSide Festival (Denmark), a music festival in Aarhus, Denmark
* "Norf Norf", a 2015 song by Vinc ...
to
Sandyford via
Dublin Airport and
St. Stephen's Green
St Stephen's Green () is a garden square and public park located in the city centre of Dublin, Ireland. The current landscape of the park was designed by William Sheppard. It was officially re-opened to the public on Tuesday, 27 July 1880 by Lo ...
.
Rail and ferry
Dublin Connolly is connected by bus to
Dublin Port and ferries run by
Irish Ferries and
Stena Line
Stena Line is a Swedish shipping line company and one of the largest ferry operators in the world. It services Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Latvia, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Sweden. Stena Line is a major unit of Ste ...
to
Holyhead
Holyhead (,; cy, Caergybi , "Cybi's fort") is the largest town and a community in the county of Isle of Anglesey, Wales, with a population of 13,659 at the 2011 census. Holyhead is on Holy Island, bounded by the Irish Sea to the north, and is ...
for connecting trains on the
North Wales Coast Line
The North Wales Coast Line ( cy, Llinell Arfordir Gogledd Cymru), also known as the North Wales Main Line ( cy, Prif Linell Gogledd Cymru or cy, label=none, Prif Linell y Gogledd), is a major railway line in the north of Wales and Cheshire, ...
to
Chester
Chester is a cathedral city and the county town of Cheshire, England. It is located on the River Dee, close to the English–Welsh border. With a population of 79,645 in 2011,"2011 Census results: People and Population Profile: Chester Loca ...
,
Crewe
Crewe () is a railway town and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East in Cheshire, England. The Crewe built-up area had a total population of 75,556 in 2011, which also covers parts of the adjacent civil parishes of Willaston ...
and
London Euston.
Dublin Connolly to Dublin Port can be reached via
Amiens Street, Dublin
Amiens Street is a road in Dublin, Ireland, that runs from Memorial Road to North Strand.
History
The road was known as The Strand in the early 18th century. It was renamed after John Stratford, 1st Earl of Aldborough (Viscount Amiens) in 187 ...
into
Store Street
Store Street ( ga, Sráid an Stórais) is a short street in Dublin, Ireland, running from Amiens Street at right angles to Beresford Place.
History
The street derived its name from the many store and warehouses that dominated the area due ...
or by Luas via
Busáras where
Dublin Bus operates services to the Ferry Terminal.
Air
Dublin Airport
Dublin Airport (owned and operated by
DAA) is located north of Dublin city, near
Swords
A sword is a cutting and/or thrusting weapon.
Sword, Swords, or The Sword may also refer to:
Places
* Swords, Dublin, a large suburban town in the Irish capital
* Swords, Georgia, a community in the United States
* Sword Beach, code name for ...
in the administrative county of
Fingal
Fingal ( ; ) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Leinster and is part of the Eastern and Midland Region. It is one of three successor counties to County Dublin, which was disestablished for administrative purposes in 1994. ...
. The headquarters of Ireland's flag carrier
Aer Lingus and regional airline
CityJet are located there, and those of low-cost carrier
Ryanair
Ryanair is an Irish ultra low-cost carrier founded in 1984. It is headquartered in Swords, Dublin, Ireland and has its primary operational bases at Dublin and London Stansted airports. It forms the largest part of the Ryanair Holdings family ...
nearby. The airport offers a short and medium-haul network, domestic services to regional airports in Ireland, and long-haul services to the United States, Canada, the Middle East and Hong Kong. Dublin Airport is the 11th busiest in the European Union, and by far the busiest airport on the island of Ireland.
In 2014, Dublin Airport was the 18th busiest airport in Europe, serving over 21 million passengers. By 2016 this increased to 27.9 million passengers passing through the airport, establishing an all-time record supported by growth in both short- and long-haul networks.
In 2015 and 2016, transatlantic traffic grew, with 158 summer flights a week to North America, making it the sixth largest European hub for that route over the year. Transatlantic traffic was also the fastest-growing segment of the market for the airport in 2016, in which a 16% increase from 2015 brought the yearly number of passengers travelling between Dublin and North America to 2.9 million.
From 2010 to 2016, Dublin Airport saw an increase of nearly 9.5 million passengers in its annual traffic,
as the number of commercial aircraft movements has similarly followed a growth trend from 163,703 in 2013 to 191,233 in 2015.
Other air transport
Dublin is also served by
Weston Airport and other small facilities, by a range of helicopter operators, and the military and some State services use
Casement Aerodrome
Casement Aerodrome ( ga, Aeradróm Mhic Easmainn) or Baldonnel Aerodrome is a military airbase to the southwest of Dublin, Ireland situated off the N7 main road route to the south and south west. It is the headquarters and the sole airfield of ...
nearby.
Education
Dublin is the largest centre of education in Ireland, and is home to four universities and a number of other higher education institutions. It was the European Capital of Science in 2012.
![Long Room Interior, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland - Diliff](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg)
The
University of Dublin
The University of Dublin ( ga, Ollscoil Átha Cliath), corporately designated the Chancellor, Doctors and Masters of the University of Dublin, is a university located in Dublin, Ireland. It is the degree-awarding body for Trinity College Dubl ...
is the oldest university in Ireland, dating from the 16th century, and is located in the city centre. Its sole constituent college,
Trinity College Trinity College may refer to:
Australia
* Trinity Anglican College, an Anglican coeducational primary and secondary school in , New South Wales
* Trinity Catholic College, Auburn, a coeducational school in the inner-western suburbs of Sydney, New ...
(TCD), was established by
Royal Charter in 1592 under
Elizabeth I. It was closed to Roman Catholics until 1793, and the
Catholic hierarchy then banned Roman Catholics from attending until 1970. It is situated in the city centre, on College Green, and has over 18,000 students.
The
National University of Ireland
The National University of Ireland (NUI) ( ga, Ollscoil na hÉireann) is a federal university system of ''constituent universities'' (previously called ''university college, constituent colleges'') and ''recognised colleges'' set up under t ...
(NUI) has its seat in Dublin, which is also the location of the associated ''constituent university'' of
University College Dublin (UCD), which has over 30,000 students. Founded in 1854, it is now the largest university in Ireland. UCD's main campus is at Belfield, about from the city centre, in the southeastern suburbs.
As of 2019, Dublin's principal, and Ireland's largest, institution for technological education and research,
Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT), with origins in 1887, has merged with two major suburban third level institutions,
Institute of Technology, Tallaght and
Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown, to form
Technological University Dublin, Ireland's second largest university by student population. The new university offers a wide range of courses in areas include engineering, architecture, the sciences, health, journalism, digital media, hospitality, business, art and design, music and the humanities programmes, and has three long-term campuses, at
Grangegorman
Grangegorman () is an inner suburb on the northside of Dublin city, Ireland. The area is administered by Dublin City Council. It was best known for decades as the location of St Brendan's Hospital, which was the main psychiatric hospital ser ...
, Tallaght and Blanchardstown.
Dublin City University (DCU), formerly the
National Institute for Higher Education (NIHE) Dublin, offers courses in business, engineering, science, communication courses, languages and primary education. It has around 16,000 students, and its main campus is located about from the city centre, in the northern suburbs. Aside from the main Glasnevin Campus, the Drumcondra campuses includes the former
St. Patrick's College of Education, Drumcondra
St Patrick's College ( ga, Coláiste Phádraig), often known as St Pat's, was a third level institution in Ireland, the leading function of which was as the country's largest primary teacher training college, which had at one time up to 2,000 s ...
now also hosting students from the nearby
Mater Dei Institute of Education and students from the
Church of Ireland College of Education at the DCU Campus at
All Hallows College.
The
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) is a medical professional and educational institution, which is also known as RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ireland's first private university. It was established in 1784 ...
(RCSI) conducts a medical school which is both a university (since 2019) and a recognised college of the NUI, and is situated at
St. Stephen's Green
St Stephen's Green () is a garden square and public park located in the city centre of Dublin, Ireland. The current landscape of the park was designed by William Sheppard. It was officially re-opened to the public on Tuesday, 27 July 1880 by Lo ...
in the city centre; there are also large medical schools within UCD and Trinity College. The
National College of Art and Design (NCAD) provides education and research in art, design and media. The
National College of Ireland (NCI) is also based in Dublin, as well as the
Economic and Social Research Institute, a social science research institute, on
Sir John Rogerson's Quay, and the
Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
The
Institute of International and European Affairs is also in Dublin.
Dublin Business School (DBS) is Ireland's largest private third level institution with over 9,000 students located on Aungier Street, and
Griffith College Dublin has its main facility in Portobello. There are also smaller specialised colleges, including
The Gaiety School of Acting. The Irish public administration and management training centre has its base in Dublin, the Institute of Public Administration provides a range of undergraduate and post graduate awards via the National University of Ireland and in some instances, Queen's University Belfast.
Dublin is also home to the
Royal Irish Academy
The Royal Irish Academy (RIA; ga, Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann), based in Dublin, is an academic body that promotes study in the sciences, humanities and social sciences. It is Ireland's premier List of Irish learned societies, learned socie ...
, membership of which is considered Ireland's highest academic honour.
The suburban town of Dún Laoghaire is home to the
Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology (IADT), which supports training and research in art, design, business, psychology and media technology. Dublin joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2019.
Demographics
The City of Dublin is the area administered by
Dublin City Council. The term "Dublin" is also used to the traditional
County Dublin (the Dublin Region), which includes the city and the counties of
Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown
Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown ( ga, Dún Laoghaire–Ráth an Dúin) is a Counties of Ireland, county in Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is part of the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster and the Eastern and Midland Region. It is one of three s ...
,
Fingal
Fingal ( ; ) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Leinster and is part of the Eastern and Midland Region. It is one of three successor counties to County Dublin, which was disestablished for administrative purposes in 1994. ...
and
South Dublin
, image_map = Island of Ireland location map South Dublin.svg
, map_caption = Inset showing South Dublin (darkest green in inset) within Dublin Region (lighter green)
, area_total_km2 ...
. The population of the city of Dublin was 554,554 in the 2016 census,
while the population of the urban area was 1,173,179. The County Dublin population was 1,273,069 and that of the
Greater Dublin Area 1,904,806. The area's population is expanding rapidly, and it was estimated by the
Central Statistics Office that it would reach 2.1 million by 2020.
After World War Two, Italians were by far the largest immigrant group in both Dublin and Ireland and became synonymous with the catering and restaurant landscape. Since the late 1990s, Dublin has experienced a significant level of net immigration, with the greatest numbers coming from the European Union, especially the United Kingdom, Poland and Lithuania. There is also immigration from outside Europe, including from Brazil, India, the Philippines, China and Nigeria. Dublin is home to a greater proportion of newer arrivals than any other part of the country. Sixty percent of Ireland's Asian population lives in Dublin. Over 15% of Dublin's population was foreign-born in 2006.
The capital attracts the largest proportion of non-Catholic migrants from other countries. Increased secularisation in Ireland has prompted a drop in regular Catholic church attendance in Dublin from over 90 percent in the mid-1970s down to 14 percent according to a 2011 survey and less than 2% in some areas
According to the 2016 census, the population of Dublin was 86.2% white (including 862,381 white Irish
2.5%
One half ( : halves) is the irreducible fraction resulting from dividing one by two or the fraction resulting from dividing any number by its double. Multiplication by one half is equivalent to division by two, or "halving"; conversely, ...
132,846 other white
3.2%
3 is a number, numeral, and glyph.
3, three, or III may also refer to:
* AD 3, the third year of the AD era
* 3 BC, the third year before the AD era
* March, the third month
Books
* '' Three of Them'' (Russian: ', literally, "three"), a 1901 ...
and 5,092
.5%
One half ( : halves) is the irreducible fraction resulting from dividing one by two or the fraction resulting from dividing any number by its double. Multiplication by one half is equivalent to division by two, or "halving"; conversely, di ...
white
Irish traveller), 2% black (23,892), and 4.6% Asian (46,626). Additionally, 2.7% (27,412) are from other ethnic or cultural background, while 4.9% (49,092) did not state their ethnicity. In terms of religion, 68.2% identified as Catholic, 12.7% as other stated religions, with 19.1% having no religion or no religion stated.
, there were 1,367 families within the Dublin region living in homeless accommodation or other emergency housing.
Culture
The arts
Dublin has a significant literary history, and produced many literary figures, including
Nobel laureates
The Nobel Prizes ( sv, Nobelpriset, no, Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make ou ...
William Butler Yeats,
George Bernard Shaw and
Samuel Beckett
Samuel Barclay Beckett (; 13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish novelist, dramatist, short story writer, theatre director, poet, and literary translator. His literary and theatrical work features bleak, impersonal and tragicomic expe ...
. Other influential writers and playwrights include
Oscar Wilde
Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of the most popular playwrights in London in the early 1890s. He is ...
,
Jonathan Swift and the creator of
Dracula
''Dracula'' is a novel by Bram Stoker, published in 1897. As an epistolary novel, the narrative is related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist, but opens with solicitor Jonathan Harker taking ...
,
Bram Stoker
Abraham Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912) was an Irish author who is celebrated for his 1897 Gothic horror novel '' Dracula''. During his lifetime, he was better known as the personal assistant of actor Sir Henry Irving and busine ...
. It is also the location of key and notable works of
James Joyce, including ''
Ulysses
Ulysses is one form of the Roman name for Odysseus, a hero in ancient Greek literature.
Ulysses may also refer to:
People
* Ulysses (given name), including a list of people with this name
Places in the United States
* Ulysses, Kansas
* Ulysse ...
'', which is set in Dublin and includes much topical detail. ''
Dubliners'' is a collection of short stories by Joyce about incidents and typical characters of the city during the early 20th century. Other renowned writers include
J. M. Synge
Edmund John Millington Synge (; 16 April 1871 – 24 March 1909) was an Irish playwright, poet, writer, collector of folklore, and a key figure in the Irish Literary Revival. His best known play ''The Playboy of the Western World'' was poorly r ...
,
Seán O'Casey,
Brendan Behan,
Maeve Binchy,
John Banville
William John Banville (born 8 December 1945) is an Irish novelist, short story writer, adapter of dramas and screenwriter. Though he has been described as "the heir to Proust, via Nabokov", Banville himself maintains that W. B. Yeats and Henry J ...
and
Roddy Doyle. Ireland's biggest libraries and literary museums are found in Dublin, including the
National Print Museum of Ireland
The National Print Museum in Beggar's Bush, Dublin, Ireland, collects, and exhibits a representative selection of printing equipment, and samples of print, and fosters associated skills of the printing craft in Ireland. It was opened in 1996.
M ...
and
National Library of Ireland. In July 2010, Dublin was named as a UNESCO
City of Literature, joining
Edinburgh,
Melbourne and
Iowa City
Iowa City, offically the City of Iowa City is a city in Johnson County, Iowa, United States. It is the home of the University of Iowa and county seat of Johnson County, at the center of the Iowa City Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the time ...
with the permanent title.
Handel
George Frideric (or Frederick) Handel (; baptised , ; 23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was a German-British Baroque composer well known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, concerti grossi, and organ concertos. Handel received his training i ...
's oratorio
Messiah was first performed at
Neal's Music Hall, in
Fishamble Street
Fishamble Street (; ) is a street in Dublin, Ireland within the old city walls.
Location
The street joins Wood Quay at the Fish Slip near Fyan's Castle. It originally ran from Castle Street to Essex Quay until the creation of Lord Edward Stre ...
, on 13 April
1742
Events
January–March
* January 9 – Robert Walpole is made Earl of Orford, and resigns as First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, effectively ending his period as Prime Minister of Great Britain. On his for ...
.
There are several theatres within the city centre, and various well-known actors have emerged from the Dublin theatrical scene, including
Noel Purcell,
Michael Gambon
Sir Michael John Gambon (; born 19 October 1940) is an Irish-English actor. Regarded as one of Ireland and Britain's most distinguished actors, he is known for his work on stage and screen. Gambon started his acting career with Laurence Olivi ...
,
Brendan Gleeson,
Stephen Rea
Stephen Rea ( ; born 31 October 1946) is an Irish film and stage actor. Rea has appeared in films such as ''V for Vendetta'', ''Michael Collins'', ''Interview with the Vampire'' and ''Breakfast on Pluto''. Rea was nominated for the Academy Award ...
,
Colin Farrell,
Colm Meaney
Colm J. Meaney (; ga, Colm Ó Maonaigh; born 30 May 1953) is an Irish actor known for playing Miles O'Brien in '' Star Trek: The Next Generation'' (1987–1994) and '' Star Trek: Deep Space Nine'' (1993–1999). He has guest-starred on many T ...
and
Gabriel Byrne. The best known theatres include the
Gaiety
Gaiety or Gayety may refer to:
* Gaiety (mood), the state of being happy
* Gaiety Theatre (disambiguation)
* ''USS Gayety (AM-239'', former name of the ship ''BRP Magat Salamat (PS-20)''
See also
*Gaiety Girls
Gaiety Girls were the chorus girl ...
,
Abbey,
Olympia
The name Olympia may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Film
* ''Olympia'' (1938 film), by Leni Riefenstahl, documenting the Berlin-hosted Olympic Games
* ''Olympia'' (1998 film), about a Mexican soap opera star who pursues a career as an athlet ...
,
Gate
A gate or gateway is a point of entry to or from a space enclosed by walls. The word derived from old Norse "gat" meaning road or path; But other terms include ''yett and port''. The concept originally referred to the gap or hole in the wall ...
, and
Grand Canal. The Gaiety specialises in musical and operatic productions, and also opens its doors after the evening theatre production to host a variety of live music, dancing, and films. The Abbey was founded in 1904 by a group that included
Yeats with the aim of promoting indigenous literary talent. It went on to provide a breakthrough for some of the city's most famous writers, such as
Synge, Yeats himself and George Bernard Shaw. The Gate was founded in 1928 to promote European and American Avant Garde works. The Grand Canal Theatre is a newer 2,111 capacity theatre which opened in 2010 in the
Grand Canal Dock area.
Apart from being the focus of the country's literature and theatre, Dublin is also the focal point for much of
Irish art and the Irish artistic scene. The
Book of Kells
The Book of Kells ( la, Codex Cenannensis; ga, Leabhar Cheanannais; Dublin, Trinity College Library, MS A. I. 8 sometimes known as the Book of Columba) is an illuminated manuscript Gospel book in Latin, containing the four Gospels of the New ...
, a world-famous manuscript produced by Celtic monks in AD 800 and an example of
Insular art
Insular art, also known as Hiberno-Saxon art, was produced in the post-Roman era of Great Britain and Ireland. The term derives from ''insula'', the Latin term for "island"; in this period Britain and Ireland shared a largely common style dif ...
, is on display in
Trinity College Trinity College may refer to:
Australia
* Trinity Anglican College, an Anglican coeducational primary and secondary school in , New South Wales
* Trinity Catholic College, Auburn, a coeducational school in the inner-western suburbs of Sydney, New ...
. The
Chester Beatty Library houses a collection of manuscripts, miniature paintings, prints, drawings, rare books and
decorative art
]
The decorative arts are arts or crafts whose object is the design and manufacture of objects that are both beautiful and functional. It includes most of the arts making objects for the interiors of buildings, and interior design, but not usual ...
s assembled by American mining millionaire (and honorary Irish citizen)
Sir Alfred Chester Beatty
Sir Alfred Chester Beatty (7 February 1875 – 19 January 1968)Seanad 1985: "Chester Beatty died at the Princess Grace Clinic, Monte Carlo, on 19 January 1968, .. (some sources give this as 20 January). was an American-British mining magnate, p ...
(1875–1968). The collections date from 2700 BCE onwards and are drawn from Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe.
![Image Floor Mosaic of City Hall of Dublin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Image_Floor_Mosaic_of_City_Hall_of_Dublin.jpg)
In addition public
art galleries are found across the city and are free to visit, including the
Irish Museum of Modern Art, the
National Gallery, the
Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery,
the Douglas Hyde Gallery
The Douglas Hyde Gallery is a publicly funded contemporary art
Contemporary art is the art of today, produced in the second half of the 20th century or in the 21st century. Contemporary artists work in a globally influenced, culturally diver ...
, the
Project Arts Centre
Project Arts Centre is a multidisciplinary arts centre based in Temple Bar, Dublin, which hosts visual arts, theatre, dance, music, and performance.
History
Project Arts Centre was founded by Jim FitzGerald and Colm O'Briain in 1967 after a thr ...
and the exhibition space of the
Royal Hibernian Academy. Private galleries in Dublin include Green on Red Gallery,
Kerlin Gallery
Kerlin Gallery is a contemporary commercial art gallery in Dublin, Ireland.
History
Originally opened in 1988, the gallery's current space was designed in 1994 by architect John Pawson. It is located in central Dublin and has 3,600 square feet ...
, Kevin Kavanagh Gallery and Mother's Tankstation.
Three branches of the
National Museum of Ireland
The National Museum of Ireland ( ga, Ard-Mhúsaem na hÉireann) is Ireland's leading museum institution, with a strong emphasis on national and some international archaeology, Irish history, Irish art, culture, and natural history. It has thre ...
are located in Dublin:
Archaeology in
Kildare Street
Kildare Street () is a street in Dublin, Ireland.
Location
Kildare Street is close to the principal shopping area of Grafton Street and Dawson Street, to which it is joined by Molesworth Street. Trinity College lies at the north end of the ...
,
Decorative Arts and History in
Collins Barracks
Collins Barracks ( ga, Dún Uí Choileáin) is a former military barracks in the Arbour Hill area of Dublin, Ireland. The buildings now house the National Museum of Ireland – Decorative Arts and History.
Previously housing both British Arm ...
and
Natural History in
Merrion Street. Dublin is home to the
National College of Art and Design, which dates from 1746, and
Dublin Institute of Design
Dublin Design Institute (DDI) ga, Institiúid Dearadh Átha Cliathis the longest-established specialised design private third level (higher education) college in Ireland.
About Dublin Design Institute
Established in 1991, Dublin Design Inst ...
, founded in 1991.
Dublinia
Dublinia is a historical recreation (or living history) museum and visitor attraction in Dublin, Ireland, focusing on the Viking and Medieval history of the city. Dublinia is located in a part of Dublin's Christ Church Cathedral, known as the S ...
is a
living history attraction showcasing the Viking and Medieval history of the city.
Dublin has long had an 'underground' arts scene, with Temple Bar hosting artists in the 1980s, and spaces such as the Project Arts Centre acting as a hub for collectives and new exhibitions. ''
The Guardian'' noted that Dublin's independent and underground arts flourished during the economic recession of c.2010. Dublin also has many dramatic, musical and operatic companies, including Festival Productions, Lyric Opera Productions, the Pioneers' Musical & Dramatic Society,
Rathmines and Rathgar Musical Society {{Use dmy dates, date=April 2022
Rathmines and Rathgar Musical Society, known as the R&R, is an amateur musical society founded in 1913 in the Rathmines and Rathgar, area of Dublin. They have hosted performances in venues such as the Gaiety Theatre, ...
, the Glasnevin Musical Society, Third Day Chorale, Second Age Theatre Company,
Irish National Opera
The Irish National Opera was created from a merger of the Opera Theatre Company (OTC) and Wide Open Opera in 2017 and launched in January 2018. The new entity continues the tradition of the former Opera Ireland (), Ireland's first permanent natio ...
.
Dublin was shortlisted to be
World Design Capital The World Design Capital (WDC) is a city promotion project by the World Design Organization (formerly named the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design )to recognize and award accomplishments made by cities around the world in the fi ...
2014.
Taoiseach Enda Kenny was quoted to say that Dublin "would be an ideal candidate to host the World Design Capital in 2014".
In October 2021, Dublin was shortlisted for the
European Commission's 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with
Bordeaux,
Copenhagen,
Florence,
Ljubljana,
Palma de Mallorca
Palma (; ; also known as ''Palma de Mallorca'', officially between 1983–88, 2006–08, and 2012–16) is the capital and largest city of the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain. It is situate ...
and
Valencia.
Entertainment
Dublin has a vibrant nightlife and is reputedly one of Europe's most youthful cities, with an estimate of 50% of citizens being younger than 25.
There are many pubs across the city centre, with the area around
St. Stephen's Green
St Stephen's Green () is a garden square and public park located in the city centre of Dublin, Ireland. The current landscape of the park was designed by William Sheppard. It was officially re-opened to the public on Tuesday, 27 July 1880 by Lo ...
and
Grafton Street, especially Harcourt Street, Camden Street, Wexford Street and Leeson Street, the location of many nightclubs and pubs.
![Temple Bar Dublin at Night](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Temple_Bar_Dublin_at_Night.jpg)
The best known area for nightlife is
Temple Bar, south of the River Liffey. The area has become popular among tourists, including
stag
Deer or true deer are hoofed ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups of deer are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the elk (wapiti), the red deer, and the fallow deer; and the Capreolinae, including the reindeer ...
and
hen parties from the UK. It was developed as Dublin's cultural quarter and does retain this spirit as a centre for small arts productions, photographic and artists' studios, and in the form of street performers and small music venues; however, it has been criticised as overpriced, false and dirty by Lonely Planet. The areas around Leeson Street, Harcourt Street, South William Street and Camden/George's Street are popular nightlife spots for locals.
Music
Live music is played on streets and at venues throughout Dublin, and the city has produced several musicians and groups of international success, including
The Dubliners,
Thin Lizzy,
The Boomtown Rats,
U2,
The Script
The Script are an Irish rock band formed in 2001 in Dublin, consisting of lead vocalist and keyboardist Danny O'Donoghue, lead guitarist Mark Sheehan, and drummer Glen Power. The band moved to London after signing to Sony Label Group imprint ...
,
Sinéad O'Connor
Shuhada Sadaqat (born Sinéad Marie Bernadette O'Connor on 8 December 1966; ) is an Irish singer-songwriter. Her debut album, ''The Lion and the Cobra'', was released in 1987 and charted internationally. Her second album, ''I Do Not Want What ...
,
Boyzone,
Kodaline,
Fontaines D.C.
Fontaines D.C. are an Irish post-punk band formed in Dublin in 2017. The band consists of Grian Chatten (vocals), Carlos O'Connell (guitar), Conor Curley (guitar), Conor Deegan III (bass), and Tom Coll (drums).
After meeting while attending mu ...
and
Westlife. Dublin has several mid-range venues that host live music throughout the week, including
Whelans and
Vicar Street. The
3Arena
The 3Arena (originally The O2) is an indoor amphitheatre located at North Wall Quay in the Dublin Docklands in Dublin, Ireland. The venue opened as The O2 on 16 December 2008. It was built on the site of the former Point Theatre, a smaller music ...
venue in the
Dublin Docklands plays host to visiting global performers.
Shopping
![Grafton St, Dublin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Grafton_St%2C_Dublin.jpg)
Dublin city centre is a popular shopping destination for both locals and tourists. The city has numerous shopping districts, particularly around
Grafton Street and
Henry Street. The city centre is also the location of large department stores, including
Arnotts Arnotts can refer to;
* Arnott's Biscuits, an Australian biscuit and salted snack food company
* Arnotts (Ireland), a department store in Dublin, Ireland
* Arnotts (Scotland)
Arnotts was a department store in Glasgow, Scotland. It became part o ...
,
Brown Thomas and (prior to its 2015 closure)
Clerys.
While the city has seen the loss of some traditional market sites,
Moore Street
Moore Street (; ) is a street in central Dublin, Ireland, off Henry Street, one of Ireland's main shopping streets. The famous Moore Street open-air fruit and vegetable market is Dublin's oldest food market. The market there is a famous landm ...
remains one of the city's oldest trading districts. There has also been some growth in local farmers' markets and other markets. In 2007,
Dublin Food Co-op
Dublin Food Co-operative Society Limited is a consumer co-operative founded in 1983 and based in Kilmainham, Dublin, with a focus on organic and wholefood products.Murtagh, Aisling and Ward, Prof. Michael Food Democracy in Practice: a case s ...
relocated to a warehouse in
The Liberties
The Liberties (Irish: ''Na Saoirsí'' or occasionally ''Na Libirtí'') is an area in central Dublin, Ireland, located in the southwest of the inner city. Formed from various areas of special manorial jurisdiction, separate from the main city g ...
area, where it is home to market and community events. Suburban Dublin has several modern retail centres, including
Dundrum Town Centre,
Blanchardstown Centre,
the Square in
Tallaght,
Liffey Valley Shopping Centre in
Clondalkin,
Omni Shopping Centre
Omni Park is a large shopping centre and retail park in the Republic of Ireland. Located in Santry, in the north of Dublin close to the M50 motorway. It comprises over of retail space in 86 retail units over 2 floors of an indoor shopping mal ...
in
Santry,
Nutgrove Shopping Centre
Nutgrove Shopping Centre is one of two shopping centres located in Rathfarnham, a southern suburb of Dublin. The centre was built on part of the old Lamb's Jam orchards.
The first drive-through restaurant (a McDonald's drive-thru) in Europe op ...
in
Rathfarnham,
Northside Shopping Centre
Northside Shopping Centre is a shopping centre located in Coolock, a suburban area in Dublin's Northside. One of the earliest shopping centres in Ireland, it was built in 1970 and is the only one with a swimming pool. It has been expanded and r ...
in
Coolock and
Swords Pavilions in
Swords
A sword is a cutting and/or thrusting weapon.
Sword, Swords, or The Sword may also refer to:
Places
* Swords, Dublin, a large suburban town in the Irish capital
* Swords, Georgia, a community in the United States
* Sword Beach, code name for ...
.
Media
Dublin is the centre of both media and communications in Ireland, with many newspapers, radio stations, television stations and telephone companies based there.
RTÉ
(RTÉ) (; Irish language, Irish for "Radio & Television of Ireland") is the Public broadcaster, national broadcaster of Republic of Ireland, Ireland headquartered in Dublin. It both produces and broadcasts programmes on RTÉ Television, telev ...
is Ireland's national state broadcaster, and is based in
Donnybrook
Donnybrook may refer to:
Places Australia
* Donnybrook, Queensland, Australia
* Donnybrook, Western Australia
* Donnybrook, Victoria, Australia
** Donnybrook railway station, Victoria, Australia
Canada
* Donnybrook, Ontario, a former village in ...
.
Fair City is RTÉ's soap opera, located in the fictional Dublin suburb of ''Carraigstown''.
Virgin Media Television,
eir Sport,
MTV Ireland
MTV is a British pay television channel focusing on reality TV and music programming operated by Paramount Networks UK & Australia.
The channel launched as part of MTV Networks Europe localisation strategy in 1997. MTV UK (previously MTV UK & ...
and
Sky News
Sky News is a British free-to-air television news channel and organisation. Sky News is distributed via an English-language radio news service, and through online channels. It is owned by Sky Group, a division of Comcast. John Ryley is the hea ...
are also based in the city. The headquarters of
An Post
(; literally 'The Post') is the state-owned provider of postal services in Ireland. An Post provides a "universal postal service" to all parts of the country as a member of the Universal Postal Union. Services provided include letter post, p ...
and telecommunications companies such as
Eir, as well as mobile operators
Vodafone and
3 are all located there. Dublin is also the headquarters of national newspapers such as ''
The Irish Times'' and ''
Irish Independent
The ''Irish Independent'' is an Irish daily newspaper and online publication which is owned by Independent News & Media (INM), a subsidiary of Mediahuis.
The newspaper version often includes glossy magazines.
Traditionally a broadsheet new ...
'', as well as local newspapers such as ''
The Evening Herald''.
As well as being home to
RTÉ Radio, Dublin also hosts the national radio networks
Today FM and
Newstalk, and local stations. Commercial radio stations based in the city include
4fm
Ireland's Classic Hits Radio is an Irish independent multi-region radio station based in Dublin, and broadcasting to that city as well as Cork, Limerick, Galway, County Clare, County Wicklow, County Kildare, County Meath. It can also be picked ...
(94.9
MHz),
Dublin's 98FM (98.1 MHz),
Radio Nova 100FM (100.3 MHz),
Q102 Q102 may refer to:
* Quran 102, the 102nd chapter of the Islamic Holy book Transportation
* Q102 (New York City bus)
Radio stations
* Q102 (Pirate Station) in London, United Kingdom; the precursor to XFM London
* Q102.9 in Derry, Northern Irelan ...
(102.2 MHz),
SPIN 1038 (103.8 MHz),
FM104 (104.4 MHz),
Sunshine 106.8
''Sunshine 106.8'' is an easy listening radio station, based in Dublin, Ireland. It is licensed by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI) as a commercial FM broadcaster in the Dublin area. The station broadcasts on 106.8 MHz from Thr ...
(106.8 MHz). There are also numerous community and special interest stations, including
Dublin City FM
103.2 Dublin City FM (''Previously: Anna Livia FM and Dublin City Anna Livia FM'') is an Independent Local Radio station in Dublin, Ireland, operated by Dublin Public Service Radio Association Ltd, under a sound broadcasting contract from the ...
(103.2 MHz),
Dublin South FM
Dublin South FM is a Community Radio station for South Dublin, which broadcasts seven days a week from 11am to 11pm on 93.9 FM, and broadcasts 24 hours a day on digital.
The station is operated by a democratic co-operative, Dublin South FM ...
(93.9 MHz),
Liffey Sound FM
Liffey Sound FM is a not-for-profit community radio station broadcasting to the suburban town of Lucan, County Dublin and its environs, broadcasting on the frequency 96.4 MHz. The station is operated by Liffey Sound Communications Co-Opera ...
(96.4 MHz),
Near FM (90.3 MHz), and
Raidió Na Life (106.4 MHz).
Sport
GAA
Croke Park
Croke Park ( ga, Páirc an Chrócaigh, ) is a Gaelic games stadium in Dublin, Ireland. Named after Archbishop Thomas Croke, it is referred to as Croker by GAA fans and locals. It serves as both the principal national stadium of Ireland and he ...
is the largest sport stadium in Ireland. The headquarters of the
Gaelic Athletic Association, it has a capacity of 82,300. It is the third-largest stadium in Europe after
Nou Camp in Barcelona and
Wembley Stadium in London. It hosts the premier
Gaelic football
Gaelic football ( ga, Peil Ghaelach; short name '), commonly known as simply Gaelic, GAA or Football is an Irish team sport. It is played between two teams of 15 players on a rectangular grass pitch. The objective of the sport is to score by kic ...
and
hurling
Hurling ( ga, iománaíocht, ') is an outdoor team game of ancient Gaelic Irish origin, played by men. One of Ireland's native Gaelic games, it shares a number of features with Gaelic football, such as the field and goals, the number of p ...
games,
international rules football and irregularly other sporting and non-sporting events including concerts. Muhammad Ali fought there in 1972 and it played host to the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2003 Special Olympics. It also has conference and banqueting facilities. There is a GAA Museum there and tours of the stadium are offered, including a rooftop walk of the stadium. During the redevelopment of
Lansdowne Road, Croke Park played host to the
Irish Rugby Union Team
The Ireland national rugby union team is the men's representative national team for the island of Ireland in rugby union. The team represents both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Ireland competes in the annual Six Nations Champi ...
and
Republic of Ireland national football team
, FIFA Trigramme = IRL
, Name = Republic of Ireland
, Association = Football Association of Ireland (FAI)
, Confederation = UEFA (Europe)
, website fai.ie, Coach = Stephen Kenny (foot ...
as well as hosting the
Heineken Cup
The European Rugby Champions Cup (known as the Heineken Champions Cup for sponsorship reasons) is an annual rugby union tournament organised by European Professional Club Rugby (EPCR). It is the top-tier competition for clubs who compete in a pre ...
rugby
2008–09 semi-final between Munster and Leinster which set a world record attendance for a club rugby match. The
Dublin GAA
The Dublin County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) ( ga, Cumann Luthchleas Gael Coiste Contae Átha Cliath) or Dublin GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in the Dublin Regi ...
team plays most of their home league hurling games at
Parnell Park.
Rugby Union
IRFU Stadium Lansdowne Road was laid out in 1874. This was the venue for home games of both the Irish Rugby Union Team and the Republic of Ireland national football team. A joint venture between the
Irish Rugby Football Union
The Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) ( ga, Cumann Rugbaí na hÉireann) is the body managing rugby union in the island of Ireland (both Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland). The IRFU has its head office at 10/12 Lansdowne Road and home ...
, the
FAI and the Government, saw it redeveloped into a new state-of-the-art 50,000 seat
Aviva Stadium, which opened in May 2010. Aviva Stadium hosted the
2011 UEFA Europa League Final
The 2011 UEFA Europa League Final was the final match of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League, the 40th season of Europe's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the second season since it was renamed from UEFA Cup to UEFA Europa Le ...
.
Rugby union team
Leinster Rugby
Leinster Rugby ( ga, Rugbaí Laighean) is one of the four professional provincial rugby union teams from the island of Ireland and the most successful Irish team domestically. They compete in the United Rugby Championship and the European Rugby ...
play their competitive home games in the
RDS Arena & the
Aviva Stadium while
Donnybrook Stadium hosts their friendlies and A games, Ireland A and Women, Leinster Schools and Youths and the home club games of
All Ireland League clubs
Old Wesley and
Bective Rangers
Bective Rangers Football Club is a rugby union club in Dublin, Ireland founded in 1881.
The Club is affiliated to the Leinster Branch of the Irish Rugby Football Union and play in Division 1A of the Leinster League.
The club plays its games a ...
.
County Dublin is home for 13 of the senior rugby union clubs in Ireland including 5 of the 10 sides in the top division 1A.
Association football
County Dublin is home to six
League of Ireland association football (soccer) clubs;
Bohemians F.C.
Bohemian Football Club ( ga, an Cumann Peile Bóihéamach), more commonly referred to as Bohemians or Bohs, is a professional football club from Dublin, Ireland. Bohemians compete in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland, and are the ...
,
Shamrock Rovers
Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( ga, Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght, South Dublin. The club's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most su ...
,
St Patrick's Athletic
St Patrick's Athletic Football Club ( ga, Cumann Peile Lúthchleas Phádraig Naofa) is a professional Irish association football club based in Inchicore, Dublin, that plays in the Irish Premier Division. Founded in May 1929, they played origin ...
,
University College Dublin,
Shelbourne and
Cabinteely. The first Irish side to reach the group stages of a European competition (
2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage
This article details the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League group stage.
The group stage featured 48 teams: the 38 winners of the play-off round, and the 10 losing teams from the Champions League play-off round.
The teams were drawn into twelve gr ...
) are
Shamrock Rovers
Shamrock Rovers Football Club ( ga, Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige) is an Irish association football club based in Tallaght, South Dublin. The club's senior team competes in the League of Ireland Premier Division and it is the most su ...
, who play at
Tallaght Stadium in
South Dublin
, image_map = Island of Ireland location map South Dublin.svg
, map_caption = Inset showing South Dublin (darkest green in inset) within Dublin Region (lighter green)
, area_total_km2 ...
.
Bohemian F.C play at
Dalymount Park, the oldest football stadium in the country, and home ground for the
Ireland football team from 1904 to the 1970s.
St Patrick's Athletic
St Patrick's Athletic Football Club ( ga, Cumann Peile Lúthchleas Phádraig Naofa) is a professional Irish association football club based in Inchicore, Dublin, that plays in the Irish Premier Division. Founded in May 1929, they played origin ...
play at
Richmond Park;
University College Dublin at the
UCD Bowl in
Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown
Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown ( ga, Dún Laoghaire–Ráth an Dúin) is a Counties of Ireland, county in Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is part of the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster and the Eastern and Midland Region. It is one of three s ...
; and
Shelbourne at
Tolka Park. Tolka Park, Dalymount Park, UCD Bowl and Tallaght Stadium, along with the
Carlisle Grounds in
Bray, hosted all Group 3 games in the intermediary round of the
2011 UEFA Regions' Cup
The 2011 UEFA Regions' Cup was the seventh edition of the UEFA Regions' Cup. The final tournament phase was held in Portugal, in the city of Braga. The cup was won by the hosts of the tournament, Braga, who beat Leinster & Munster from the Republic ...
.
Cricket
Dublin has two
ODI cricket grounds in
Castle Avenue
Castle Avenue Cricket Ground, also known as Clontarf Cricket Club Ground, is a cricket ground in the suburb of Clontarf, Dublin, Ireland. It is one of two grounds of Clontarf Cricket Club, the other being at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, a ...
(Clontarf Cricket Club) and
Malahide Cricket Club Ground
Malahide Cricket Club Ground or The Village is a cricket ground in Malahide, Ireland situated in the Lady Acre field of Malahide Castle grounds. The ground is owned by the Malahide Cricket Club. The ground has been developed to a capacity of 11, ...
.
College Park has Test status and played host to Ireland's first Test cricket match, a women's match against Pakistan in 2000. The men's Irish cricket team also played their first
Test match against
Pakistan at Malahide Cricket Club Ground during 2018.
Leinster Lightning play their home
inter-provincial matches in Dublin at College Park.
Other
The
Dublin Marathon has been run since 1980 at the end of October. The
Women's Mini Marathon has been run since 1983 on the first Monday in June, which is also a bank holiday in Ireland. It is said to be the largest all female event of its kind in the world. The
Great Ireland Run
The Great Ireland Run is an annual 10-kilometre road running competition which is held in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland in mid-April. It is part of the Great Run series of athletics competitions. It is sponsored by SPAR and features both an elite ...
takes place in Dublin's Phoenix Park in mid-April.
The Dublin area hosts
greyhound racing
Greyhound racing is an organized, competitive sport in which greyhounds are raced around a track. There are two forms of greyhound racing, track racing (normally around an oval track) and coursing; the latter is now banned in most countries. Tra ...
at
Shelbourne Park
Shelbourne Park is a greyhound racing stadium in the south Dublin inner city suburb of Ringsend.
Greyhound Racing
Opening
The plans to open a greyhound track in Dublin were drawn up by Paddy O’Donoghue, Jerry Collins, Patsy McAlinden and Jim ...
and
horse racing
Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport, typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys (or sometimes driven without riders) over a set distance for competition. It is one of the most ancient of all sports, as its basic p ...
at
Leopardstown. The Dublin Horse Show takes place at the
RDS, which hosted the
Show Jumping World Championships
The World Show Jumping Championships, or the show jumping competition at the FEI World Equestrian Games, was started in 1953, with individual competition. In 1978 Team competitions began, and men and women began competing against one another. From ...
in 1982. The national boxing arena is located in
The National Stadium on the
South Circular Road. The
National Basketball Arena
National Basketball Arena, also known as Tallaght Arena, is an indoor sporting arena located in Tymon Park, Tallaght, South Dublin, adjacent to the M50 motorway. The capacity of the arena is 2,500 people and it opened in January 1993. It is u ...
is located in Tallaght, is the home of the
Irish basketball team, the venue for the basketball league finals, and has also hosted boxing and wrestling events.
The National Aquatic Centre
The National Aquatic Centre (NAC) ( ga, Ionad Náisiúnta Uisce) is an indoor aquatics facility in Blanchardstown, Fingal, Ireland. The State-owned complex houses a 50-metre swimming pool with an associated diving pool, an aquapark and leisure ...
in
Blanchardstown is Ireland's largest indoor water leisure facility. There are also
Gaelic Handball
Gaelic handball (known in Ireland simply as handball; ga, liathróid láimhe) is a sport where players hit a ball with a hand or fist against a wall in such a way as to make a shot the opposition cannot return, and that may be played with two ( ...
, hockey and athletics stadia, most notably Morton Stadium in
Santry, which held the athletics events of the
2003 Special Olympics
)
, Nations participating = 166
, Athletes participating =
, Events = 23 sports
, Opening ceremony =
, Closing ceremony =
, Officially opened by = Mary McAleese and Nelson Mandela
, Torch Lighter ...
.
Cuisine
As of the 2018 Michelin Guide, five Dublin restaurants shared six Michelin stars – including Restaurant Patrick Guilbaud with two. Irish-born Kevin Thornton (chef), Kevin Thornton was awarded two Michelin stars in 2001 – though his restaurant, Thornton's Restaurant, Thornton's, closed in 2016. The
Dublin Institute of Technology commenced a bachelor's degree in culinary skills in 1999.
Historically, Irish coffee houses and cafes were associated with those working in media.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, with the growth of apartment living in the city, Dublin's cafés attracted younger patrons looking for an informal gathering place and an ad hoc office.
Cafés became more popular in the city, and Irish-owned coffee chains like Java Republic, Insomnia, and O'Brien's Sandwich Bars now compete internationally. In 2008, Irish barista Stephen Morrissey won the title of World Barista Champion.
Irish language
Dublin was traditionally a city of two languages, English and Irish language, Irish, a situation found also in the area around it, The Pale. The Irish of County Dublin represented the easternmost extension of a broad central dialect area which stretched between Leinster and Connacht, but had its own local characteristics. It may also have been influenced by the east Ulster dialect of County Meath and County Louth to the north.
In the words of a 16th-century English administrator, William Gerard (1518–1581): "All Englishe, and the most part with delight, even in Dublin, speak Irishe". The Normans in Ireland, Old English historian Richard Stanihurst (1547–1618) wrote as follows: "When their posteritie became not altogither so warie in keeping, as their ancestors were valiant in conquering, the Irish language was free dennized in the English Pale: this canker tooke such deep root, as the bodie that before was whole and sound, was by little and little festered, and in manner wholly putrified".
English authorities of the Cromwellian period accepted the fact that Irish was widely spoken in the city and its surrounds. In 1655 several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656 a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to preach in Irish at Bride's parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at
Drogheda
Drogheda ( , ; , meaning "bridge at the ford") is an industrial and port town in County Louth on the east coast of Ireland, north of Dublin. It is located on the Dublin–Belfast corridor on the east coast of Ireland, mostly in County Louth ...
and Athy. In 1657 the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken".
In early 18th century Dublin, Irish was the language of a group of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain. Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century. There were still native Irish speakers in County Dublin at the time of the 1851 census.
Though the number of Irish speakers declined throughout Ireland in the 19th century, the end of the century saw a Gaelic revival, centred in Dublin and accompanied by renewed literary activity. This was the harbinger of a steady renewal of urban Irish, though with new characteristics of its own.
Dublin now has many thousands of habitual Irish speakers, with the 2016 census showing that daily speakers (outside the education system) numbered 14,903. They form part of an urban Irish-speaking cohort which is generally better-educated than monoglot English speakers.
The Dublin Irish-speaking cohort is supported by a number of Irish-medium schools. There are 12,950 students in the Dublin region attending 34 gaelscoileanna (Irish-language primary schools) and 10 Gaelcholáiste, gaelcholáistí (Irish-language secondary schools).
Two Irish language radio stations,
Raidió Na Life and RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta, have studios in the city, and the online station Raidió Rí-Rá broadcasts from studios in the city. A number of Irish language agencies are also located in the capital. Conradh na Gaeilge offers language classes, has a book shop and is a meeting place for different groups. The closest Gaeltacht to Dublin is the County Meath
Gaeltacht of Ráth Cairn and Baile Ghib which is away.
International relations
Dublin city council has an International Relations Unit, established in 2007. It works on hosting of international delegations, staff exchanges, international promotion of the city, twinning and partnerships, work with multi-city organisations such as Eurocities, economic partnerships and advice to other Council units.
Twin and partner cities
Dublin is Twin towns and sister cities, twinned with four places:
The city also has "friendship" or "co-operation agreements" with a number of other cities: Moscow (2009−) and St Petersburg (2010−) in Russia and Guadalajara in Mexico (2013−),
and has previously proposed an agreement with Rio de Janeiro also.
Previous agreements have included those with Mexico City (2014−2018), Tbilisi in Georgia (2014−2017) and Wuhan in China (2016−2019).
See also
*Dublin English
*List of people from Dublin
*List of subdivisions of County Dublin
References
Sources
*
Further reading
* John Flynn and Jerry Kelleher, ''Dublin Journeys in America'' (High Table Publishing, 2003)
* Pat Liddy, ''Dublin A Celebration: From the 1st to the 21st century'' (Dublin City Council, 2000)
* Maurice Craig (historian), Maurice Craig, ''The Architecture of Ireland from the Earliest Times to 1880'' (Batsford, Paperback edition 1989)
* Frank McDonald (journalist), Frank McDonald, ''Saving the City: How to Halt the Destruction of Dublin'' (Tomar Publishing, 1989)
* Edward McParland, ''Public Architecture in Ireland 1680–1760'' (Yale University Press, 2001)
External links
Dublin City Councilnbsp;– Official website of the local authority for Dublin
Dublin Tourist Boardnbsp;– Official tourism site
Dublin UNESCO City of Literature official siteDublin Historic Maps, Boundaries & an OSM Miscellany
{{Authority control
Dublin (city),
841 establishments
Capitals in Europe
Cities in the Republic of Ireland
County towns in the Republic of Ireland
Leinster
Local government areas of the Republic of Ireland
Populated coastal places in the Republic of Ireland
Port cities and towns of the Irish Sea
Staple ports
Viking Age populated places
Populated places established in the 9th century
9th-century establishments in Ireland
Tourism regions of the island of Ireland