The Codex Manesse (also or Pariser Handschrift) is a (a German term for a

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has ...

containing songs) which is the single most comprehensive source of

Middle High German Middle High German (MHG; or ; , shortened as ''Mhdt.'' or ''Mhd.'') is the term for the form of High German, High German language, German spoken in the High Middle Ages. It is conventionally dated between 1050 and 1350, developing from Old High ...

'' Minnesang'' poetry. It was written and

illustrated An illustration is a decoration, interpretation, or visual explanation of a text, concept, or process, designed for integration in print and digitally published media, such as posters, flyers, magazines, books, teaching materials, animations, vi ...

between when the main part was completed, and with the addenda. The codex was produced in

Zürich Zurich (; ) is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich. , the municipality had 448,664 inhabitants. The ...

(

Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...

), for the Manesse family. The manuscript is "the most beautifully illumined German manuscript in centuries"; its 137 miniatures are a series of "portraits" depicting each poet. It is currently housed in the

Heidelberg University Library The Heidelberg University Library (, International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations, ISIL DE-16) is the central library of the Heidelberg University. Together with the 83 decentralized libraries of the faculties and ins ...

. In 2023, Codex Manesse was admitted to UNESCO's

Memory of the World UNESCO's Memory of the World (MoW) Programme is an international initiative to safeguard the documentary heritage of humanity against collective amnesia, neglect, decay over time and climatic conditions, as well as deliberate destruction. It ca ...

The Codex Manesse is an anthology of the works of a total of about 135 minnesingers of the mid 12th to early 14th century. For each poet, a portrait is shown, followed by the text of their works. The entries are ordered approximately by the social status of the poets, starting with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, Kings

Conradin Conrad III (25 March 1252 – 29 October 1268), called ''the Younger'' or ''the Boy'', but usually known by the diminutive Conradin (, ), was the last direct heir of the House of Hohenstaufen. He was Duke of Swabia (1254–1268) and nominal King ...

and Wenceslaus II, down through dukes, counts and knights, to the commoners. Most of the poems are '' Minnesang'', but there are also other genres, including fables and Spruchdichtung (didactic poems). The oldest poets represented in the manuscript had been dead for more than a century at the time of its compilations, while others were contemporaries, the latest even late additions of poems written during the early 14th century. In the portraits, some of the nobles are shown in full armour in their heraldic colors and devices (therefore with their faces hidden), often shown as taking part in a

joust Jousting is a medieval and renaissance martial game or hastilude between two combatants either on horse or on foot. The joust became an iconic characteristic of the knight in Romantic medievalism. The term is derived from Old French , ultim ...

, or sometimes in single combat with sword and shield, and sometimes in actual battle. Some images are motivated by the biography of the person depicted, but some designs just draw their motif from the poet's name (thus, Dietmar is shown riding a mule, since his name can be interpreted as meaning ''people's horse''), while others draw on imagery from their lyrics ( Walther von der Vogelweide is shown in a thoughtful pose which exactly matches the description of himself in one of his most famous songs).

List of poets

#6r:

Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI (German language, German: ''Heinrich VI.''; November 1165 – 28 September 1197), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1169 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death. From 1194 he was ...

(1165–1197) #7r:

(1252–1268) #8r: ' (not the name of a singer, but an epic poem, dated to the first half of the 13th century) #10r: King

Wenceslaus II of Bohemia Wenceslaus II Přemyslid (; ; 27 SeptemberK. Charvátová, ''Václav II. Král český a polský'', Prague 2007, p. 18. 1271 – 21 June 1305) was King of Bohemia (1278–1305), Duke of Cracow (1291–1305), and King of Poland (1296–130 ...

(Wenceslaus II, King of Bohemia and Poland, 1271–1305) #11v: Duke Henryk IV Probus of Breslau (1258–1290) #13r: Margrave Otto von Brandenburg (Otto IV, 1266–1308) #14v: Margrave Heinrich von Meißen (Henry III, 1215–1288) #17r: Henry I, Count of Anhalt (–1252) #18r: John I, Duke of Brabant (1252/1253–1294) #20r: Count (either Rudolf II, died 1192, or his nephew Rudolf I, died 1258) #22v: Count Kraft von Toggenburg (probably Kraft III of Toggenburg, died 1339) #24r: Count Konrad von Kirchberg (either Konrad II, fl. 1275–1326, or his cousin Konrad III, 1281–1315) #26r: Count (probably Friedrich II, died 1237) #27r: Count Otto von Botenlauben (died 1244) #29r: Margrave of (either Diepold V von Vohburg, fl. 1205–1225, or his son , died 1256). #30r: Herr Heinrich von Veldeke (died after 1184) #32v: Herr Gottfried von Neifen (died 1279) #42r: Count

Albrecht von Haigerloch Albrecht II (or Albert II) of Hohenberg-Rotenburg (c. 1235 – 17 April 1298) was Count of Hohenberg and Haigerloch and imperial governor of Lower Swabia. He was a member of the house of Zollern-Hohenberg, a branch of the Swabian House of Hohenzol ...

, count of Hohenberg (died 1298) #43v: Count Wernher von Homberg (died 1320) #46v: Herr (died 1331) #48v: Brother (fl. 1309) #52r: Herr Walther von Klingen (fl. 1240–1280s) #54r: Herr Rudolf von Rotenburg (fl. 1287) #59v: Herr Heinrich von Sax (probably Henry II, 1235–1289) #61v: Herr (fl. 1284–1305) #63r: Der von Kürenberg (12th century) #64r: Herr Dietmar von Aist (fl. 1140–1160s) #66v: Der von Gliers (perhaps Wilhelm von Gliers, fl. 1267–1317) #69r: Herr Wernher von Teufen (fl. 1220) #70v: Herr (either Henry II, fl. 1250s, or his son Henry III, died 1294) #71v: Herr Kristan von Hamle (probably an author of 13th-century

Thuringia Thuringia (; officially the Free State of Thuringia, ) is one of Germany, Germany's 16 States of Germany, states. With 2.1 million people, it is 12th-largest by population, and with 16,171 square kilometers, it is 11th-largest in area. Er ...

, otherwise unknown) #73r: Herr Ulrich von Gutenburg (fl. 1170s) #75v: Herr (fl. 1223–1263, a Dominican friar, prior at Eichstätt and later at Augsburg) #76v: Herr Heinrich von Morungen (fl. 1210s) #82v: Der (either Walther I, fl. 1230–1240s, or one of his sons, Walther II or ) #84v: Schenk Ulrich von Winterstetten (fl. 1250–1270s) #98r: Herr Reinmar der Alte (fl. late 12th century) #110r: Herr (fl. 1220–1230s) #113v: Herr Hesso von Reinach (1234–1275/76) #115r: Der (fl. early 13th century) #116v: Herr Friedrich von Hausen (died after 1188) #119v: Burgrave von Rietenburg (either Henry IV fl. 1174–1184, or Otto III, fl. 1154–1185) #120v: Herr Meinloh von Sevelingen (mid-12th century) #122r: Herr (f 1170s) #124r: Herr Walther von der Vogelweide ) #146r: Herr (fl. 1221–1254) #149v: Herr

Wolfram von Eschenbach Wolfram von Eschenbach (; – ) was a German knight, poet and composer, regarded as one of the greatest epic poets of medieval German literature. As a Minnesinger, he also wrote lyric poetry. Life Little is known of Wolfram's life. Ther ...

(c. 1170 – c. 1220) #151r: Von Singenberg, Seneschal of

St Gallen St. Gallen is a Swiss city and the capital of the canton of St. Gallen. It evolved from the hermitage of Saint Gall, founded in the 7th century. Today, it is a large urban agglomeration (with around 167,000 inhabitants in 2019) and rep ...

(probably , fl. 1220s) #158r: Der von Sachsendorf (unknown; possibly mentioned by Ulrich von Lichtenstein as serving Frederick II of Austria) #160v: (unknown, perhaps from Clemency, Luxembourg) #162v: Herr Wilhelm von Heinzenburg (probably William III, fl. 1264–1292) #164v: Herr (fl. 1218) #166v: Herr Walther von Metze (died before 1276, otherwise unknown) #169v: Herr Rubin (unknown, mid-13th century) #178r: Herr

Bernger von Horheim Bernger von Horheim was a Rhenish Minnesänger of the late twelfth century. He wrote in the tradition of courtly love and was influenced by Friedrich von Hausen. Bernger may originate from Horrheim in Vaihingen an der Enz. Another possibili ...

(late 12th century) #179v: Der von Johansdorf (Albrecht, fl. 1172–1209) #181v: Herr Engelhardt von Adelnburg (either fl. 1200 or 1220s, perhaps father and son of the same name) #182v: Herr Bligger von Steinach (probably Bligger II, fl. late 12th to early 13th century) #183v: Herr Wachsmut von Mühlhausen (fl. 1267) #184v: Herr

Hartmann von Aue Hartmann von Aue, also known as Hartmann von Ouwe, (born ''c.'' 1160–70, died ''c.'' 1210–20) was a German knight and poet. With his works including '' Erec'', '' Iwein'', '' Gregorius'', and '' Der arme Heinrich'', he introduced the Arthu ...

() #188r: Herr Reinmar von Brennenberg (fl. 1270s) #190v: Johann von Ringgenberg (probably Johann I, 1291–1350) #192v: Albrecht Marschall von Rapperswil (fl. c. 1280) #194r: Herr Otto vom Turne (of

Lucerne Lucerne ( ) or Luzern ()Other languages: ; ; ; . is a city in central Switzerland, in the Languages of Switzerland, German-speaking portion of the country. Lucerne is the capital of the canton of Lucerne and part of the Lucerne (district), di ...

, a late addition, fl. after 1300) #197v: Herr Goesli von Ehenhein (of Strasbourg; otherwise unknown) #201r: Der von Wildonie (probably Herrand II, married to a daughter of Ulrich of Lichtenstein) #202v: Von Suonegge (probably Konrad von Suonegge, fl. 1220–1230s) #204r: Von Scharpfenberg (of Ratschach, mid-13th century) #205r: Herr Konrad, der Schenk von Landeck (of

Thurgau Thurgau (; ; ; ), anglicized as Thurgovia, and formally as the Canton of Thurgau, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of five districts. Its capital is Frauenfeld. Thurgau is part of Eastern Switzerland. I ...

, 1271–1306) #213r: "Der Winsbeke" (purported author of the accompanying father-son didactic poem; it is unclear whether Winsbeke is a historical or a fictional character) #217r: "Die Winsbekin" (purported author of the accompanying mother-daughter didactic poem; it is unclear whether Winsbekin is a historical or a fictional character) #219v: "Klingsor of

Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...

" (fictional character introducing the '' Sängerkrieg'' poem) #226v: Kristan von Luppin of

(fl. 1290s) #228r: Herr (early 14th century) #229v: Der Düring (an unidentified

n poet, late 13th century) #231r: Winli (an unidentified Alemannic poet, ) #237r: Herr Ulrich von Liechtenstein (–1275) #247v: Von Munegiur (given name Ulrich, otherwise unknown) #248v: Von Raute (given name Hartwig, fl. , otherwise unknown) #249v: Herr Konrad von Altstetten (perhaps a mayor of St Gallen, attested 1320–1327) #251r: Herr Bruno von Hornberg (probably Bruno II, fl. 1275–1310) #252r: Herr Hug von Werbenwag (fl. mid 13th century, probably died after 1292) #253v: Der Püller (Konrad "the Apulian" von Hohenburg, probably participated in a campaign of Rudolph I against

Ottokar II of Bohemia Ottokar II (; , in Městec Králové, Bohemia – 26 August 1278, in Dürnkrut, Austria, Dürnkrut, Lower Austria), the Iron and Golden King, was a member of the Přemyslid dynasty who reigned as King of Bohemia from 1253 until his death in 1278 ...

in 1278) #255r: Von Trostberg (an unidentified member of either of an Argovian or a Tyrolian family of '' ministeriales'') #256v: Hartmann von Starkenberg (of Werdenberg-Sargans, either Hartmann I, fl. 1250s, or his son Hartmann II, fl. 1270s) #257v: Von Stadegge (Rudolph II, one of the leading

Styria Styria ( ; ; ; ) is an Austrian Federal states of Austria, state in the southeast of the country. With an area of approximately , Styria is Austria's second largest state, after Lower Austria. It is bordered to the south by Slovenia, and cloc ...

n minnesingers, fl. 1230–1250s) #258v: Herr Brunwart von Augheim (late 13th century) #261r: Von Stamheim (unidentified; fl. c. 1240s) #262v: Herr Goeli (of

Baden Baden (; ) is a historical territory in southern Germany. In earlier times it was considered to be on both sides of the Upper Rhine, but since the Napoleonic Wars, it has been considered only East of the Rhine. History The margraves of Ba ...

, 13th century) #264r: Der Tannhäuser (of Thannhausen, fl. 1240–1260s; depicted as a member of the

Teutonic Order The Teutonic Order is a religious order (Catholic), Catholic religious institution founded as a military order (religious society), military society in Acre, Israel, Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Order of Brothers of the German House of Sa ...

) #271r: Von Buchheim (2nd half of 13th century) #273r: Herr Neidhart (born in Lower Bavaria) #281v:

Meister ''Meister'' () means 'master' in German (as in master craftsman, or as an honorific title such as Meister Eckhart). The word is akin to master and maestro. In sports, ''Meister'' is used for the current national, European or world champion ...

Heinrich Teschler (of

, 2nd half of 13th century, patronized by Rüdiger Manesse) #285r: Rost, Kirchherr zu

Sarnen Sarnen is a small List of towns in Switzerland, historic town, a Municipalities of Switzerland, municipality, and the capital of the canton of Obwalden situated on the northern shores of Lake Sarnen () in Switzerland. It has a population of just ov ...

(in

between 1313 and 1330 Presumed to have participated in the production of the codex as a scribe) #290r: Der Hardegger (probably ''Henricus de Hardegge'', of Rebstein, fl. 1230–1270s) #292v: Der Schulmeister von Eßlingen (late 13th century) #295r: Walther von

Breisach Breisach am Rhein (, ; formerly Alt-Breisach, , in contrast to " New Breisach"; Low Alemannic: ''Alt-Brisach''), commonly known as Breisach, is a town with approximately 16,500 inhabitants, situated along the Rhine in the Rhine Valley, in the di ...

(without portrait) #299r: Von Wissenlo (probably Wiesloch; unidentified) #300r: Von Wengen (Burchard, fl. 1230–1270s, member of a family of ministeriales of the

counts of Toggenburg The counts of Toggenburg (''Grafen von Toggenburg'') ruled the Toggenburg region of today's canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and adjacent areas during the 13th to 15th centuries. A baronial family of Toggenburg is mentioned in the 11th and 1 ...

) #302r: Herr Pfeffel (unidentified, mid 12th century) #303r: Der Taler (perhaps Leuthold von Tal, near Rheineck, fl. 1250) #305r: Der tugendhafte Schreiber ("The Virtuous Scribe"; unidentified, appears as a character in the '' Sängerkrieg'') #308v: Steinmar (perhaps Berthold Steinmar von

Klingnau Klingnau is a municipalities of Switzerland, municipality in the district of Zurzach (district), Zurzach in the Cantons of Switzerland, canton of Aargau in Switzerland. History Klingnau is first mentioned in 1239 as ''Chlingenowe''. Ulrich of K ...

, fl. 2nd half of 13th century) #311r: Herr Alram von Gresten (unidentified, perhaps of Gresten in Lower Austria) #312r: Herr Reinmar der Fiedler (unidentified, fl. mid 13th century) #313r: Herr Hawart (perhaps Hawardus de Holzwane, in 1258 canon at Augsburg) #314v: Herr Günther von dem Vorste (unidentified) #316v: Herr Friedrich der Knecht (unidentified, his poems are in Austro-Bavarian dialect, first half of the 13th century; the portrait shows Friedrich as a knight abducting a damsel on horseback while fighting off pursuers) #318r: Der Burggraf von Regensburg (probably Heinrich III von Stevening und Rietenburg, fl. 1126–1177) #319r: Herr Niune (unidentified; probably not a poet but the owner of a songbook used as a source in this section) #320v: Herr Geltar (unidentified; the poems are dated to between 1230 and 1250, perhaps from Lower Austria) #321v: Herr Dietmar der Setzer (unidentified; the portrait shows unmounted combat with sword and

heater shield The heater shield or heater-shaped shield is a form of Middle Ages, European medieval shield, developing from the early medieval kite shield in the late 12th century in response to the declining importance of the shield in combat thanks to impr ...

) #323r: Herr Reinmar von Zweter (fl. 1230s) #339r: Der Junge Meißner (unidentified; the poems are in Central German dialect) #342r: Der Alte Meißner (without portrait) #342v: Von Obernburg (unidentified; probably mid 13th century, of Obernburg near

Celje Celje (, , ) is the List of cities and towns in Slovenia, third-largest city in Slovenia. It is a regional center of the traditional Slovenian region of Styria (Slovenia), Styria and the administrative seat of the City Municipality of Celje. Th ...

) #344v: Bruder Wernher (unidentified; mid 13th century) #349r: Der Marner (probably ''marinaere'' "the mariner"; unidentified, but mentioned by Meister Rumslant below) #355r: Süßkind, der Jude von Trimberg (unidentified, 2nd half of the 13th century) #358r: (isolated anonymous poem) #359r: Von Buwenburg (Baumburg near Hundersingen, probably Ulrich von Buwenburg, fl. 1260) #361r: Heinrich von Dettingen (well documented during 1236–1300; of a family of ministeriales of Reichenau abbey) #362r: Rudolf der Schreiber (unidentified) #364r: Meister Gottfried von Straßburg (died ) #371r: Meister

Johannes Hadlaub Johannes Hadlaub (fl. 1300, d. before 1340) was one of the Minnesingers whose works are recorded in ''Codex Manesse''. He was a citizen of Zürich Zurich (; ) is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the cap ...

(of

, fl. 1300, possibly the redactor of the codex) #381r: ("Rainbow", an unidentified Alemannic poet, depicted as a smith) #383r: Meister Konrad von Würzburg (died 1287) #394r: Kunz von Rosenheim (unidentified, perhaps not a poet but the owner of a songbook used as a source) #395r: Rubin von Rüdeger (unidentified) #396r: Der Kol von Nüssen (unidentified, perhaps of Neunzen near

Zwettl Zwettl (; Central Bavarian: ''Zwedl''; Czech: ''Světlá'') is a town and district capital of the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is chiefly known as the location of Zwettl Abbey, first mentioned in October 1139. History The name origina ...

; the poems date to the 1230s or 1240s) #397v: Der Dürner (unidentified, perhaps of Mengen, Swabia) #399r: Meister Heinrich Frauenlob (Heinrich von Meißen, born c. 1250) #407r: Meister Friedrich von Sonnenburg (unidentified; poems date to the 3rd quarter of the 13th century) #410r: Meister Sigeher (fl. 1250–1260s; perhaps identical with a ''Sicherius iuculator'' active in

Metz Metz ( , , , then ) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle (river), Moselle and the Seille (Moselle), Seille rivers. Metz is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Moselle (department), Moselle Departments ...

, possibly a Tyrolian) #412r: Der wilde Alexander (an unidentified Alemannic poet of the late 13th century) #413v: Meister Rumslant (fl. late 13th century, of Northern Germany) #415v: Spervogel ("Sparrow"; recorded under this nickname are poems by two separate authors, with floruits in the mid and the late 12th century) #418r: Boppe (of Bonndorf, died 1320; from 1276 to 1305 serving as reeve of the count of Nellenburg) #422r: Der Litschauer (unidentified) #423v: Der Kanzler ("The Chancellor", 2nd half of the 13th century, possibly Alemannic)

Manuscript history

The compilation of the codex was patronized by the Manesse family of

, presumably by Rüdiger II Manesse (born before 1252, died after 1304). The house of Manesse declined in the late 14th century, selling their castle in 1393. The fate of the codex during the 15th century is unknown, but by the 1590s it had passed into possession of baron Johann Philipp of Hohensax (two of whose forebears are portrayed in the codex, on foll. 48v and 59v). In 1604, Melchior Goldast published excerpts of its didactic texts. After 1657 it was in the French royal library, from which it passed to the

Bibliothèque Nationale A library is a collection of books, and possibly other materials and media, that is accessible for use by its members and members of allied institutions. Libraries provide physical (hard copies) or digital (soft copies) materials, and may be a p ...

, where the manuscript was studied by

Jacob Grimm Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863), also known as Ludwig Karl, was a German author, linguist, philologist, jurist, and folklorist. He formulated Grimm's law of linguistics, and was the co-author of the ''Deutsch ...

in 1815. In 1888, after long bargaining, it was sold to the Bibliotheca Palatina of

Heidelberg Heidelberg (; ; ) is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, fifth-largest city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, and with a population of about 163,000, of which roughly a quarter consists of studen ...

, following a public subscription headed by

William I William I may refer to: Kings * William the Conqueror (–1087), also known as William I, King of England * William I of Sicily (died 1166) * William I of Scotland (died 1214), known as William the Lion * William I of the Netherlands and Luxembour ...

and

Otto von Bismarck Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (; born ''Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck''; 1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898) was a German statesman and diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany and served as ...

. The first critical editions of the ''Codex Manesse'' appeared in the early nineteenth century. The codex is frequently referred to by Minnesang scholars and in editions simply by the abbreviation ''C'', introduced by Karl Lachmann, who used ''A'' and ''B'' for the two main earlier Minnesang codices (the '' Kleine Heidelberger Liederhandschrift'' and the '' Weingartner Liederhandschrift'' respectively). Two leaves of a 15th-century copy of the manuscript, called the ''Troßsche Fragment'' (''Tross Fragment''), which were held in the

Berlin State Library The Berlin State Library (; officially abbreviated as ''SBB'', colloquially ''Stabi'') is a universal library in Berlin, Germany, and a property of the German public cultural organization the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation (). Founded in ...

but went missing in 1945, are now in the

Jagiellonian Library The Jagiellonian Library (, popular nickname ''Jagiellonka'') is the library of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and with almost 6.7 million volumes, one of the largest libraries in Poland, serving as a public library, university library an ...

Kraków , officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ...

(Berol. mgq 1146).

Modern reception

The possibility that the compiler was the ''

Minnesinger (; "love song") was a tradition of German lyric- and song-writing that flourished in the Middle High German period (12th to 14th centuries). The name derives from '' minne'', the Middle High German word for love, as that was ''Minnesangs m ...

provided the subject of a poetic novella, ''Hadlaub'' (in the ''Züricher Novellen'', 1878), by Gottfried Keller.

Gallery

Image:Codex Manesse 127r.jpg, Folio 127r: Works of Walther von der Vogelweide Image:Codex Manesse Walther von der Vogelweide.jpg, Folio 124r: Walther von der Vogelweide Image:Konradin.jpg, King Conrad the Young Image:Codex Manesse Johann von Brabant.jpg, Duke John I. of Brabant Image:Codex Manesse ausgestellt in der Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg.jpg, ''Codex Manesse'', Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg

References

Sources

* Walter Koschorreck and Wilfried Werner, editors, ''Kommentar zum Faksimile des Codex Manesse: Die grosse Heidelberger Liederhandschrift'' (Kassel: Ganymed) 1981. Commentary to the facsimile edition, with essays by Wilfried Werner, Ewald Vetter, Walter Koschorreck, Hugo Kuhn, Max Wehrli and Ewald Jammers. * ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 1911

External links

Complete facsimile
{{Authority control 1304 books 14th-century manuscripts 14th-century poetry Poetry anthologies Middle High German literature Middle High German manuscripts Minnesang Literary illuminated manuscripts German anthologies Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor