Cape Rosier is a cape on the south central coast of the U.S. state of Maine, extending into the Atlantic Ocean. The peninsula reaches south and westward from the mainland into

Penobscot Bay Penobscot Bay (french: Baie de Penobscot) is an inlet of the Gulf of Maine and Atlantic Ocean in south central Maine. The bay originates from the mouth of Maine's Penobscot River, downriver from Belfast, Maine, Belfast. Penobscot Bay has many ...

. It constitutes the western part of the town of Brooksville, in Hancock County, cut off from the rest of the town at a narrow neck where Orcutt Harbor extends from Eggemoggin Reach northward, and nearly reaches Smith Cove on the north side of the cape. To the west, it forms a part of the estuary of the

Penobscot River The Penobscot River (Abenaki: ''Pαnawάhpskewtəkʷ'') is a U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map, accessed June 22, 2011 river in the U.S. state of Maine. Including the river's We ...

. The head of the cape is at 44°18'43.2"N 68°49'36.6"W. One of Brooksville's four unincorporated villages, Harborside, is located on the northwest coast of the cape. To the north of the peninsula, across the water, is Castine, to its west is Islesboro and beyond it the Camden Hills. On land, it lies about southwest of the county seat at Ellsworth. To the south of the cape are several small islands, including Spectacle, Pond, Hog and Western, and to the southeast is Deer Isle.

Geology and ecology

The Maine coastal landscape was created by

glacier ice Ice is water frozen into a solid state, typically forming at or below temperatures of 0 degrees Celsius or Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaqu ...

and is geologically young, having been covered in ice sheets a mile thick during the last ice age. The land has not yet fully adjusted to the melting of those ice sheets about 11,000 years ago, when which caused drainage networks to form coastal rivers and basins, with the rivers meeting raw

bedrock In geology, bedrock is solid Rock (geology), rock that lies under loose material (regolith) within the crust (geology), crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet. Definition Bedrock is the solid rock that underlies looser surface mater ...

or glacially deposited gravel ridges (

eskers An esker, eskar, eschar, or os, sometimes called an ''asar'', ''osar'', or ''serpent kame'', is a long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel, examples of which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North Ameri ...

and moraines). Ore deposits of zinc and copper, among other minerals, occur on Cape Rosier. The rockbed of the Cape and adjacent mainland is composed of "a series of volcanics,

rhyolitic Rhyolite ( ) is the most silica-rich of volcanic rocks. It is generally glassy or fine-grained (aphanitic) in texture, but may be porphyritic, containing larger mineral crystals (phenocrysts) in an otherwise fine-grained groundmass. The mineral ...

and andesitic flows, agglomerates, and

pyroclastics Pyroclastic rocks (derived from the el, πῦρ, links=no, meaning fire; and , meaning broken) are clastic rocks composed of rock fragments produced and ejected by explosive volcanic eruptions. The individual rock fragments are known as pyroc ...

" intruded by diorite. Goose Falls is one of just a few "reversing"

falls Falls may refer to: Places * Waterfalls or rapids * Falls, North Carolina, USA * Falls, West Virginia, USA Other uses * The ropes or wires, fed through davits, that are used to secure and lower a ship's lifeboats. * Falls (surname) * The sepa ...

on the

East Coast East Coast may refer to: Entertainment * East Coast hip hop, a subgenre of hip hop * East Coast (ASAP Ferg song), "East Coast" (ASAP Ferg song), 2017 * East Coast (Saves the Day song), "East Coast" (Saves the Day song), 2004 * East Coast FM, a ra ...

—all of them in Maine—where rivers flow forward and backward twice a day, with the changing

tides Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon (and to a much lesser extent, the Sun) and are also caused by the Earth and Moon orbiting one another. Tide tables can ...

. These tidal falls form where freshwater rivers or bays meet the sea at a narrow passageway, and are a relatively rare phenomenon that requires the bedrock geology, channel width and depth to be "just right to produce a significant height difference on a rising or falling tide." At low tide Goose Pond drains into Penobscot Bay through a cleft in a bedrock outcrop, while at high tide the falls flood back through the crevice into the pond. The glaciers formed land that is a highly productive wild blueberry ('' Vaccinium angustifolium'') habitat. Humans have long cultivated blueberries in the region, and its fruit and foliage are eaten by Cape Rosier's black bears, raccoons,

fox Foxes are small to medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. They have a flattened skull, upright, triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or ''brush''). Twelve sp ...

es, white-tailed deer and

birds Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweigh ...

. The low-bush blueberry's leaves also serve as hosts for

caterpillar Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths). As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder Sym ...

larvae for several moth species. Cape Rosier beach

The forests of Cape Rosier and the nearby islands are dominated by spruces and firs. The northeastern part of the Maine is classified in the Downeast Coast ecoregion (a subset of Acadian Plains and Hills) by the

Environmental Protection Agency A biophysical environment is a biotic and abiotic surrounding of an organism or population, and consequently includes the factors that have an influence in their survival, development, and evolution. A biophysical environment can vary in scale f ...

. Most of the shoreline consists of bluffs, along with

salt marshes A salt marsh or saltmarsh, also known as a coastal salt marsh or a tidal marsh, is a coastal ecosystem in the upper coastal intertidal zone between land and open saltwater or brackish water that is regularly flooded by the tides. It is dominated ...

and tidal flats. Roughly 99% of Cape Rosier's coastal bluffs are stable according to observations for the Maine Geological Survey . The beaches are in coves, mainly rocky at high tide, with some becoming mud flats at low tide. The cape is home to many seasonal and year-round birds, including shorebirds, songbirds, and birds of prey. Among them are

bald eagle The bald eagle (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'') is a bird of prey found in North America. A sea eagle, it has two known subspecies and forms a species pair with the white-tailed eagle (''Haliaeetus albicilla''), which occupies the same niche as ...

s, ospreys,

kestrels The term kestrel (from french: crécerelle, derivative from , i.e. ratchet) is the common name given to several species of predatory birds from the falcon genus ''Falco''. Kestrels are most easily distinguished by their typical hunting behaviour ...

, and several species of

hawks Hawks are birds of prey of the family Accipitridae. They are widely distributed and are found on all continents except Antarctica. * The subfamily Accipitrinae includes goshawks, sparrowhawks, sharp-shinned hawks and others. This subfamily a ...

. Barred owls and pileated woodpeckers also live on the cape. Common songbirds include phoebes, nuthatches,

black-capped chickadees The black-capped chickadee (''Poecile atricapillus'') is a small, non-migratory, North American songbird that lives in deciduous and mixed forests. It is a passerine bird in the tit family, the Paridae. It is the state bird of Massachusetts and ...

, and

robins Robins may refer to: Places United States *Robins, Iowa, a small city * Robins, Ohio, an unincorporated community * Robins Township, Fall River County, South Dakota *Robins Island, of the coast of New York state *Robins Air Force Base, Georgia *Ro ...

. Bank swallows nest on nearby Western Island. On the water,

terns Terns are seabirds in the family Laridae that have a worldwide distribution and are normally found near the sea, rivers, or wetlands. Terns are treated as a subgroup of the family Laridae which includes gulls and skimmers and consists of e ...

, gulls, and cormorants are abundant, and

bufflehead The bufflehead (''Bucephala albeola'') is a small sea duck of the genus ''Bucephala'', the goldeneyes. This species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'' as ''Anas albeola''. The genus na ...

black guillemot The black guillemot or tystie (''Cepphus grylle'') is a medium-sized seabird of the Alcidae family, native throughout northern Atlantic coasts and eastern North American coasts. It is resident in much of its range, but large populations from the ...

s, loons, kingfishers and

mergansers ''Mergus'' is the genus of the typical mergansers , fish-eating ducks in the subfamily Anatinae. The genus name is a Latin word used by Pliny the Elder and other Roman authors to refer to an unspecified waterbird. The common merganser (''Merg ...

are also seen regularly. Islands off the cape are important nesting sites for gulls, eiders, and

Seals Seals may refer to: * Pinniped, a diverse group of semi-aquatic marine mammals, many of which are commonly called seals, particularly: ** Earless seal, or "true seal" ** Fur seal * Seal (emblem), a device to impress an emblem, used as a means of a ...

and

porpoises Porpoises are a group of fully aquatic marine mammals, all of which are classified under the family Phocoenidae, parvorder Odontoceti (toothed whales). Although similar in appearance to dolphins, they are more closely related to narwhals an ...

live in the waters surrounding the cape, along with sea creatures like clams, mussels,

lobster Lobsters are a family (biology), family (Nephropidae, Synonym (taxonomy), synonym Homaridae) of marine crustaceans. They have long bodies with muscular tails and live in crevices or burrows on the sea floor. Three of their five pairs of legs ...

, crabs,

starfish Starfish or sea stars are star-shaped echinoderms belonging to the class Asteroidea (). Common usage frequently finds these names being also applied to ophiuroids, which are correctly referred to as brittle stars or basket stars. Starfish ...

sea urchins Sea urchins () are spiny, globular echinoderms in the class Echinoidea. About 950 species of sea urchin live on the seabed of every ocean and inhabit every depth zone from the intertidal seashore down to . The spherical, hard shells (tests) of ...

, and horseshoe crabs.

Climate

The climate is classified as humid continental ( Köppen: Dfb), with warm and summers, and long, cold and snowy winters. Its warmest and driest months are July and August, and coldest are January and February. Precipitation is relatively evenly distributed year-round. Prevailing winds come from the south in summer and from the northwest in winter. According to a 1942 report by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, seasonal temperatures averaged 65 °F in summer and 22 °F in winter, with records of 95 °F and -25 °F. Comparing to the 1991-2020 averages, winter temperatures have increased by 2 °F (to an average of 24 °F), but the average summer temperature remained the same. Annual precipitation has also increased. The 1942 report noted an average of , compared to a recent average of . Cumulative snowfall occasionally reaches several feet deep. The tidal range (the difference in sea level from low to high tide) can be as much as 14 feet. The highest tides are in winter, especially during nor'easters. Sea level is rising due to global warming such as land ice melt, changes in ocean currents, thermal expansion of sea water, and changes in the land's saturation of water. From 1950 to 2016, sea level rose by in Maine. The rate of sea level rise is accelerating; scientists estimate an inch increase every six to eight years.

History of settlement

Indigenous peoples are thought to have inhabited the region around Cape Rosier for as long as 11,000 years. People living on the coast ate seafood such as clams, mussels, and fish, and may have hunted marine mammals such as seals. They also gathered and processed bird eggs, berries, nuts, and roots. Ancient remains of campsites dating back millennia have been found on Penobscot Bay's shores and islands. Archaeological finds include 2,000-year-old artifacts on Hog Island and Pond Island, off the south coast of Cape Rosier, and midden heaps (shell piles) indicating the importance of shellfish as sustenance. Based on archaeological evidence from the nearby

Blue Hill peninsula Blue is one of the three primary colours in the RYB colour model (traditional colour theory), as well as in the RGB (additive) colour model. It lies between violet and cyan on the spectrum of visible light. The eye perceives blue when obse ...

, the area's inhabitants as of the 12th century were part of a trade network extending far north and south along the Atlantic coast.

Penobscot peoples

The land has historically been the home of the Penobscot, an Eastern Abenaki-speaking tribe belonging to the Wabanaki Confederacy. The Penobscot ( Abenaki: ''Pαnawάhpskewi'') people are today one of five federally- and state-recognized tribes in Maine, with about 2,300 enrolled members. Traditionally, Penobscot and other coastal peoples hunted, fished, and grew crops like maize (corn), squash, and climbing beans. Birch bark canoes (made from a single piece of bark from white birches) were once a primary mode of transportation along the coast for people of the Wabanaki Confederacy nations. Basket weaving, traditionally a task done by women, was for practical use, but after the 16th century Penobscot women also wove "fancy baskets" for trade with Europeans. Baskets are woven with sweet grass, brown ash, and birch bark, species that grow in Maine wetlands but are currently threatened by habitat destruction and the decimation of ash forests by the emerald ash borer. It is disputed whether or not Vikings came as far south as Maine in their travels to North America from Greenland, although it is known that they encountered indigenous people on the coast in the 11th or 12th century. A Norse coin was found at the Goddard archaeological site about 12 miles from Cape Rosier, but its

provenance Provenance (from the French ''provenir'', 'to come from/forth') is the chronology of the ownership, custody or location of a historical object. The term was originally mostly used in relation to works of art but is now used in similar senses i ...

is disputed. Scholars believe it was brought to the area through trade with people further north on the coast, rather than indicating the presence of Norse explorers. More likely, Penobscot peoples began to encounter Europeans in the 16th century. Although few if any people of Penobscot origin have lived on Cape Rosier in recent times, Algonquian-origin names are known. Cape Rosier was called Moosikatchik, which is translated as "a moose's rump", for a moosecalf killed by

Glooscap Glooscap (variant forms and spellings ''Gluskabe'', ''Glooskap'', ''Gluskabi'', ''Kluscap'', ''Kloskomba'', or ''Gluskab'') is a legendary figure of the Wabanaki peoples, native peoples located in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine and Atlantic Ca ...

. One historian noted that place names of Algonquian language origin in Hancock and Washington counties "frequently suggest great struggles. For example, a submerged vein of white quartz off Cape Rosier is said to resemble water-soaked moose entrails. Called Oolaghesee or "the entrails," it is supposedly the remains of a moose calf killed in ancient times by the legendary ... hero Glooscap."

English colonists

Early recorded contact between Penobscot peoples and

English colonists The colonial history of the United States covers the history of European colonization of North America from the early 17th century until the incorporation of the Thirteen Colonies into the United States after the American Revolutionary War, ...

took place in 1605.Drake, Samuel Adams. ''The Pine-tree Coast'', (Estes & Lauriat, 1890), 218. Cape Rosier (formerly also Cape Rozier) was named for James Rosier, an English priest and member of a colonial expedition to the

region. According to an 1886 history, :" Martin Pring and Captain Weymouth, the English explorers, sailed along its shores in 1603 and 1605. ... There is a tradition that Rosier, the historian of Weymouth's expedition, explored Deer Island thoroughfare, making a halt at the bold promontory in Brooksville, known as Cape Rosier. They found the county occupied by a tribe of

Indians Indian or Indians may refer to: Peoples South Asia * Indian people, people of Indian nationality, or people who have an Indian ancestor ** Non-resident Indian, a citizen of India who has temporarily emigrated to another country * South Asia ...

, who with those on

Passamaquoddy The Passamaquoddy ( Maliseet-Passamaquoddy: ''Peskotomuhkati'') are a Native American/First Nations people who live in northeastern North America. Their traditional homeland, Peskotomuhkatik'','' straddles the Canadian province of New Brunswick ...

waters, were noted for their long journeys in canoes..." A report of the voyage, written by James Rosier was published soon after the Englishmen returned from their expedition, bringing with them five captives from the Penobscot region. Rosier's pamphlet described the physical resources available to settlers on the islands and coast of Maine (harbors, rivers, soil, trees, wild fruit and vegetables, and so forth). Rosier wrote that

Monhegan Monhegan () is an island in the Gulf of Maine located in Lincoln County, Maine, United States. A plantation, a minor civil division in the state of Maine falling between unincorporated area and a town, it is located about off the mainland. Th ...

was "woody, growen with Firre, Birch, Oke and Beech, as farre as we say along the shore; and so likely to be within. On the verge grow Gooseberries, Strawberries, Wild pease, and Wilde rose bushes." French colonists claimed the territory now eastern Maine, and in 1613 built Fort Pentagouet fort at what is now Castine, lying across the

Bagaduce River The Bagaduce River is a tidal river in the Hancock County, Maine that empties into Penobscot Bay near the town of Castine. From the confluence of Black Brook and the outflow of Walker Pond (), the river runs about U.S. Geological Survey. Nationa ...

just north of Cape Rosier. The settlement was an important French trading post for fur, timber, and fishing, and served as the capital of Acadia from 1670 to 1674.; Buckner and Ried (Eds). ''The Atlantic Region to Confederation.'' University of Toronto Press. 1994. p. 71; John Faragher. Great and Nobel Scheme. 2005. p. 68 The town changed hands many times among French, English and Dutch colonists over the course of the 17th century. Most who settled on Cape Rosier in the 1700s were of English descent, and most were farmers or fishermen, along with boatbuilders, some of them employed across the water in Castine, Maine. In the 1800s, farmers from the Cape grazed their sheep on nearby islands, including Hog and Western Island, the latter of which is not known to have ever had sustained inhabitation. Western and Pond Islands were also used to hunt

sandpipers Sandpipers are a large family, Scolopacidae, of waders. They include many species called sandpipers, as well as those called by names such as curlew and snipe. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. ...

, which were then abundant, for sport. Weir fishing was also a common activity around the cape and islands, and is the origin of the name of Weir Cove. In the mid- to late-1800s, vacationers in Castine took a ferry across the mouth of the Bagaduce River for day excursions around the cape.

Modern history and economy

Presently there is a census-designated place at the unincorporated village of Harborside. The town of Brooksville has a total population of under 1,000 people, with a much smaller number living on Cape Rosier itself. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, the population of the Harborside zip code area was 201. Almost all residents of the town are White, especially of English, Scots-Irish, and French origin, as is true of much of the Maine population. Many members of the Penobscot and other indigenous peoples of Maine live on state reservations, such as the Penobscot Indian Island Reservation. Around the era of the mining frenzy in the Western United States, in 1880 a copper vein was found near Goose Falls, a tidal estuary a quarter-mile southwest of Harborside (at 44° 21' N., 68° 48.5' W.). It is said that a clam digger at Goose Pond discovered zinc-copper sulfide ore deposits at low tide. The mine at Goose Falls produced 10,000 tons of crude ore between July 1881 and September 1883, containing 20% zinc, 3% copper and some lead. The ore was hand-sorted and about 3,000 tons were shipped from the site. However, the operation closed down in 1887 and the mine was abandoned, remaining inoperative for about half a century thereafter. The U.S. Bureau of Mines investigated the site for re-opening in 1942, when the demand for metals was high due to World War II. Investigators in the 1940s and 1950s determined that the ore contained zinc, copper, lead, arsenic, and cadmium. The Maine Legislature passed laws that permitted two dams to be constructed in 1967, which made it possible to drain the Goose Pond estuary for open pit mining. Intensive mining from 1968 to 1972 left the cove severely contaminated, and in 1972 the Callahan Mining Corporation ended operations. The mine was designated a

Superfund Superfund is a United States federal environmental remediation program established by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). The program is administered by the United States Environmental Pro ...

site in 2001, under a

federal Federal or foederal (archaic) may refer to: Politics General *Federal monarchy, a federation of monarchies *Federation, or ''Federal state'' (federal system), a type of government characterized by both a central (federal) government and states or ...

environmental remediation Environmental remediation deals with the removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water. Remedial action is generally subject to an array of regulatory requirements, and may al ...

program to clean up highly polluted tracts of land managed by the

EPA The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an independent executive agency of the United States federal government tasked with environmental protection matters. President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA on July 9, 1970; it be ...

. Today, the former pit mine is flooded, submerged within the Goose Pond estuary; and the remediation process remains ongoing. Cape Rosier was home to Helen Nearing and her husband Scott Nearing, pioneers of environmentalism, vegetarianism, and organic farming who built a homestead and farmed on the cape in the mid-20th century. In 1954, the couple published ''Living the Good Life'', a book widely read and influential among young Americans of the 1960s and 1970s back-to-the-land movement. Like others on Cape Rosier, the Nearings cultivated

blueberries Blueberries are a widely distributed and widespread group of perennial flowering plants with blue or purple berries. They are classified in the section ''Cyanococcus'' within the genus ''Vaccinium''. ''Vaccinium'' also includes cranberries, bi ...

as a

cash crop A cash crop or profit crop is an Agriculture, agricultural crop which is grown to sell for profit. It is typically purchased by parties separate from a farm. The term is used to differentiate marketed crops from staple crop (or "subsistence crop") ...

Eliot Coleman Eliot Coleman (born 1938) is an American farmer, author, agricultural researcher and educator, and proponent of organic farming. He wrote ''The New Organic Grower''. He served for two years as Executive Director of the International Federation of ...

, another well-known proponent and innovator in

sustainable Specific definitions of sustainability are difficult to agree on and have varied in the literature and over time. The concept of sustainability can be used to guide decisions at the global, national, and individual levels (e.g. sustainable livin ...

organic Organic may refer to: * Organic, of or relating to an organism, a living entity * Organic, of or relating to an anatomical organ Chemistry * Organic matter, matter that has come from a once-living organism, is capable of decay or is the product ...

methods for small farms and an agriculture researcher, operates a farm that produces year-round vegetable crops using minimally heated

greenhouses A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse, or, if with sufficient heating, a hothouse) is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown.These s ...

and polytunnels.

Lobster Lobsters are a family (biology), family (Nephropidae, Synonym (taxonomy), synonym Homaridae) of marine crustaceans. They have long bodies with muscular tails and live in crevices or burrows on the sea floor. Three of their five pairs of legs ...

have historically been abundant in the waters around Cape Rosier. Lobster fishing has long been an important commercial activity and source of income for residents. Tourism has been a source of income for the Cape's inhabitants, particularly as a summer destination for vacationers and seasonal residents, since the late 19th century. There is a nature preserve at Holbrook Island Sanctuary State Park containing several coastal ecosystems, including upland forest and meadows, ponds, wetland marshes, and rocky coastline. The park is managed by the Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry. The land is open for hiking, kayaking, and fishing, with of trails and several beaches where visitors can swim. At Bakeman Beach, on the southern coast of the cape, the Town of Brooksville acquired property in 2020, with cooperation from the

Maine Coast Heritage Trust The Maine Coast Heritage Trust is a nonprofit land conservation organization. Its conservation partner is the Maine Land Trust Network, which is one of its programs. Formation In 1969, Margaret Rockefeller learned from the staff at Acadia Nation ...

, to provide permanent public access to the shore.

Demographics

The U.S. Census collects data for towns and for zip codes. There are about 200 inhabitants within the Harborside zip code (04642) as of 2020, up from 123 in the 2010 census. Harborside's tabulation area encompasses the cape to the west of Holbrook Island Sanctuary and the end of Weir Cove, as of 2020. The rest of the Cape's population is enumerated in the Brooksville zip code, so cannot be broken down into Cape and non-Cape inhabitants. The summer population is considerably higher. Among the Harborside residents, the age distribution skews exceptionally high compared to the United States or Maine population overall: more than half the population is 65 years old and above. The population is also highly educated: almost two-thirds have a college degree, among adults aged 25 and above.

Notes

References

{{reflist, refs= {{cite web , title = Brooksville's Bakeman Beach has Public Access Guaranteed , date = January 28, 2020 , url = https://www.mcht.org/story/brooksvilles-bakeman-beach-has-public-access-guaranteed , access-date = 2024-01-10 , website = Maine Coast Heritage Trust {{cite book , last = Bernie , first = D. J. , year = 1993 , title = Prehistoric Subsistence on the Southern New England Coast: The Records from Narragansett Bay , location = New York, NY , publisher = Academic Press , pages = 3–7, 147–148 {{cite web, url=http://www.penobscotriver.org/content/4060/Birch_Bark_Canoe/, title=Penobscot River Restoration Project - Birch Bark Canoe, website=www.penobscotriver.org, date=25 September 2013, access-date=5 July 2017, archive-date=8 March 2012, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308112505/http://www.penobscotriver.org/content/4060/Birch_Bark_Canoe/, url-status=dead {{cite web , title = Checklist of Our Birds , publisher = Friends of Holbrook Island Sanctuary State Park , url = https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61f16978c05ed23a7dd7ffe2/t/6234d7b28b18011734a2d8f8/1647630259579/FOHIS+Bird+Checklist+2019.pdf , access-date = 2023-12-28 {{cite web , year=2003 , title=Coastal Bluffs - Cape Rosier Quadrangle , publisher=Maine Geological Survey , url=https://digitalmaine.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1346&context=mgs_maps , access-date = 2024-01-11 {{cite web , url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maine-state , title=Maine - People , website=Encyclopædia Britannica, date=13 January 2024 {{cite web , title = Brooksville History , website = Town of Brooksville, Maine , access-date = 2023-12-28 , url = https://www.brooksvillemaine.org/history-of-brooksville {{cite report, vauthors=((Levin, S. B.)), ((Sanford, R. S.)) , year=1948 , title=Investigation of the Cape Rosier Zinc-Copper-Lead Mine, Hancock County, Maine , url = https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1291&context=mainehistory , access-date = 2024-01-13 {{cite book , date= 1936 , title=Traditions and Records of Brooksville, Maine , publisher=Merrill & Webber Company {{cite web , title=Callahan Mining Corp Site Profile , url=https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0101028 , website= United States Environmental Protection Agency , access-date=January 12, 2020 {{Cite book , last = Wheeler , first = George Augustus , title = Castine, past and present: the ancient settlement of Pentagöet and the modern town , date = 1896 , publisher = Boston, Rockwell , url = https://archive.org/details/castinepastprese00wheeuoft/page/n189/mode/2up , pages = 95–97 {{cite web , website = U.S. Census Bureau , title = Total Population of ZCTA 04642 , url = https://www.census.gov/search-results.html?q=population+04642&page=1&stateGeo=none&searchtype=web&cssp=SERP&_charset_=UTF-8 , access-date = 2024-01-10 {{cite web , website = U.S. Census Bureau , title = Total Population of ZCTA 04642 , url = https://data.census.gov/profile/ZCTA5_04642?g=860XX00US04642 , access-date = 2024-01-12 {{Cite book , last=Coleman , first=Eliot , others=Illustrated by Sheri Amsel. Foreword by Paul Hawken. , year=1989 , edition=1st , title=The New Organic Grower: A Master's Manual of Tools and Techniques for the Home and Market Gardener , series=A Gardener's Supply Book , publisher=

Chelsea Green Publishing Chelsea Green Publishing is an American publishing company which specialises in non-fiction books on progressive politics and sustainable living. Based in Vermont, it has published over 400 books since it was founded in 1984, and now releases betw ...

, location= Vermont, USA , isbn=0930031229 , url=https://archive.org/details/neworganicgrower0000cole , url-access=registration , ol=2189029M {{cite book , last = Coolidge , first = Austin J., author2=John B. Mansfield , title = A History and Description of New England, publisher = A.J. Coolidge , year = 1859, location = Boston, Massachusetts, pages
87
��90, url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ {{cite web , url=http://www.maine.gov/holbrookisland , title=Holbrook Island Sanctuary , publisher=Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry , accessdate=August 20, 2014 {{cite web , url=http://www.maine.gov/dacf/parks/camping/pdf/outdoorsmini.pdf , title=State Parks, State Historic Sites and Public Reserved Lands , publisher=Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry , date=September 2016 , accessdate=July 20, 2017 {{cite journal , title = "This Long Looked For Event": Retrieving Early Contact History from Penobscot Oral Traditions , last = Kolodny , first = Annette , journal = Native American and Indigenous Studies , volume = 2 , issue = 1 , date = Spring 2015 , pages = 90–123 , doi = 10.5749/natiindistudj.2.1.0090 , s2cid = 163516932 , url = https://doi.org/10.5749/natiindistudj.2.1.0090 {{cite web , title = Penobscot Indian Nation , website = US Environmental Protection Agency , access-date = 2012-08-30 , url = http://www.epa.gov/region1/govt/tribes/penobscotindiannation.html {{cite web , title = Brooksville , website = Maine Encyclopedia , date = 3 October 2011 , url = https://maineanencyclopedia.com/brooksville , access-date = 2023-12-28 Level III and IV Ecoregions of the Continental United States
epa.go {{cite book , last = Varney , first = George J. , section = Hancock County, Maine , title = Gazetteer of the State of Maine , location = Boston , publisher = Russell , date = 1886 {{cite book , author = Nearing and Nearing , title = The Good Life , pages = 223–224 {{Cite book , last=Gratwick , first=Harry , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHZ0CQAAQBAJ&q=Cornwall+County,+Province+of+New+York+maine&pg=PT11 , title=Hidden History of Maine , date=April 10, 2010 , publisher=Arcadia Publishing , isbn=978-1-61423-134-9 , language=en {{cite book, last=Haviland, first=William, title=Canoe Indians of Down East Maine, publisher=The History Press, year=2012, isbn=9781609496654, pages=45–46 {{cite web , website = Maine Coast Heritage Trust , title = MCHT Featured Preserve - Pond Island, Penobscot Bay , url = http://www.mcht.org/newsletters/pdf/13_mcht_8295_spring_nl_out.pdf , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150210234449/http://www.mcht.org/newsletters/pdf/13_mcht_8295_spring_nl_out.pdf , access-date = 2024-01-10, archive-date = 2015-02-10 {{cite book , last1 = McLane , first1 = Charles B. , last2 = McLane , first2 = Carol Evarts , title = Islands of the Mid-Maine Coast: Penobscot and Blue Hill bays , date = 1982 , publisher = Kennebec River Press , url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rQohAQAAMAAJ&q=rosier , page = 163, isbn = 978-0-933858-01-5 {{Cite web, last=Scanlon, first=Matthew, date=1994, title=Helen Nearing Interview - Modern Homesteading, url=https://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/helen-nearing-zmaz94jjzraw, archive-url=, archive-date=, access-date=2020-12-30, website=Mother Earth News {{Cite book , author = National Research Council , title= Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future , year = 2012 , location = Washington, DC , publisher = The National Academies Press , doi = 10.17226/13389 , chapter = Ch. 3 Contributions to Global Sea-Level Rise , isbn= 978-0-309-25594-3 , url = https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13389/chapter/5 , access-date = 2024-01-12 {{cite journal , journal = The New York Times , title = New Farmers Find Their Footing , date = August 17, 2011 , page = 23 , last = Bittman , first = Mark {{Cite web , url= https://ncei-normals-mapper.rcc-acis.org/, title= Gridded NCEI Normals Mapper, access-date = 2024-01-11 , publisher= National Centers for Environmental Information {{NRISref, version=2010a, refnum=79000132 {{cite web, title=Culture , website = Penobscot Nation , url = https://www.penobscotnation.org/departments/cultural-historic-preservation/historic-preservation/women-in-penobscot-history , access-date=5 July 2017 {{Cite book , last=Prins , first=Harald , title=Asticou's Island Domain: Wabanaki Peoples at Mount Desert Island 1500-2000, date=December 2007, publisher=National Park Service, location=Boston, Massachusetts{{rp, 83–84 {{cite journal , last1=Read , first1=A.J. , last2=Hohn , first2=A.A. , title=Life in the fast lane: the life history of harbour porpoises from the Gulf of Maine , journal=Marine Mammal Science , date=1995 , volume=11 , issue=4 , pages=423–440, doi=10.1111/j.1748-7692.1995.tb00667.x, bibcode=1995MMamS..11..423R {{cite news , title = At Isle au Haut Again , page = 2 , newspaper = The Republican Journal , date = August 13, 1896 , url = https://digitalmaine.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=rj_1896 , access-date = 2024-01-10 , quote = Look in what direction you may there is something picturesque or attractive to be seen—wooded islands, or rocky, barren ones fringed with white surges, the bold outlines of Cape Rozier, the gleam of distant sails, the passing steamers; and at night, the twinkling lights of Castine reflected on the placid waters. {{cite news , title = Yachts and Boats , newspaper = The Republican Journal , date = August 22, 1897 , url = https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230117173.pdf , access-date = 2024-01-10 , quote = A party went on a blueberrying trip Sunday in the cat-boat Inca, to Cape Rozier. They got very few berries, and in the fog they went up river to Fort Point instead of into Belfast Bay. When they learned their whereabouts two of the party landed and walked home, a distance of fourteen miles. The others returned in the boat and arrived home nearly as soon as the pedestrians. {{cite news , title = Editorial , newspaper = The Republican Journal , date = July 27, 1899 , url = https://digitalmaine.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=rj_1899 , access-date = 2024-01-10 , quote = There are other points on the Reach, around Cape Rozier, in Northport, and, indeed, all along the Maine coast, equally adapted for a summer colony. {{cite web , date = 2016-09-01 , title = Experience the Rare Wonder of Maine's Reversing Falls , website = University of Maine , url = https://seagrant.umaine.edu/2016/09/01/experience-the-rare-wonder-of-maines-reversing-falls/ , access-date = 2023-12-28 {{cite book , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEiZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 , title=Family Friendly Hikes in Maine , first=Aislinn , last=Sarnacki , publisher=Down East Books , year=2017 , pages=94–99 , isbn=9781608935857 , accessdate=July 20, 2017 {{cite web , title = Maine's Sea Level Is Rising - And Initial Solutions Will Cost Over $100 Million , website = Sea Level Rise.org , url = https://sealevelrise.org/states/maine , access-date = 2024-01-12 {{Cite web , title=The History of Vegetarianism & The Good Life - IVU - International Vegetarian Union , url=https://ivu.org/19-ivu/vegetarian-history/2294-the-history-of-vegetarianism-the-good-life.html , access-date=2023-08-15 , website=ivu.org {{Cite web, url=https://www.pressherald.com/2016/03/30/vegetarian-kitchen-maine-back-to-the-land-leader-helen-nearings-cookbook-makes-meatless-eating-simple/, title=Maine back-to-the-land leader Helen Nearing's cookbook makes meatless eating simple, last=Kamila, first=Avery Yale, date=2016-03-30, website=Portland Press Herald, access-date=2020-04-15 ''The Wabanakis of Maine and the Maritimes''.

American Friends Service Committee The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) is a Religious Society of Friends (''Quaker'') founded organization working for peace and social justice in the United States and around the world. AFSC was founded in 1917 as a combined effort by Am ...

, 1989. {{Cite web, url=https://www.nps.gov/acad/learn/historyculture/wabanaki.htm, title=The Wabanaki: People of the Dawnland - Acadia National Park (U.S. National Park Service), website=www.nps.gov, language=en, access-date=2017-03-31 {{cite book , chapter = Rosier's Relation of George Weymouth's 1605 Voyage , editor = Ronald F. Banks , year = 1969 , title = A History of Maine: A Collection of Readings on the History of Maine 1600 - 1974 , edition = Third , publisher = Davistown Museum , url = http://www.davistownmuseum.org/InfoRosiersRelation.html , access-date =2009-10-20 {{Cite web , title=Geological History and Climate Change {{! Wild Blueberry Heritage Center , url=https://wildblueberryheritagecenter.org/geological-history-and-climate-change/ , access-date=2022-11-30 , language=en-US

External links

History of Brooksville, Maine
Penobscot Bay Landforms of Hancock County, Maine Peninsulas of Maine Birdwatching sites in the United States Brooksville, Maine