Bifröst

In Norse mythology, Bifröst (), also called Bilröst, is a burning rainbow bridge that reaches between Midgard (Earth) and Asgard, the realm of the gods. The bridge is attested as ''Bilröst'' in the '' Poetic Edda''; compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and as ''Bifröst'' in the '' Prose Edda''; written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the poetry of skalds. Both the ''Poetic Edda'' and the ''Prose Edda'' alternately refer to the bridge as Ásbrú ( Old Norse " Æsir's bridge").Simek (2007:19).

According to the ''Prose Edda'', the bridge ends in heaven at Himinbjörg, the residence of the god Heimdall, who guards it from the jötnar. The bridge's destruction during Ragnarök by the forces of Muspell is foretold. Scholars have proposed that the bridge may have originally represented the Milky Way and have noted parallels between the bridge and another bridge in Norse mythology, Gjallarbrú.

Etymology

Scholar Andy Orchard suggests that ''Bifröst'' may mean "shimmering path." He notes that the first element of ''Bilröst''—''bil'' (meaning "a moment")—"suggests the fleeting nature of the rainbow," which he connects to the first element of ''Bifröst''—the Old Norse verb ''bifa'' (meaning "to shimmer" or "to shake")—noting that the element evokes notions of the "lustrous sheen" of the bridge.Orchard (1997:19). Austrian Germanist Rudolf Simek says that ''Bifröst'' either means "the swaying road to heaven" (also citing ''bifa'') or, if ''Bilröst'' is the original form of the two (which Simek says is likely), "the fleetingly glimpsed rainbow" (possibly connected to ''bil'', perhaps meaning "moment, weak point").Simek (2007:36–37).

Attestations

Two poems in the ''Poetic Edda'' and two books in the ''Prose Edda'' provide information about the bridge:

''Poetic Edda''

In the ''Poetic Edda'', the bridge is mentioned in the poems '' Grímnismál'' and '' Fáfnismál'', where it is referred to as ''Bilröst''. In one of two stanzas in the poem '' Grímnismál'' that mentions the bridge, Grímnir (the god Odin in disguise) provides the young Agnarr with cosmological knowledge, including that Bilröst is the best of bridges.Larrington (1999:44). Later in ''Grímnismál'', Grímnir notes that Asbrú "burns all with flames" and that, every day, the god Thor wades through the waters of Körmt and Örmt and the two Kerlaugar:

In ''Fáfnismál'', the dying wyrm Fafnir tells the hero Sigurd that, during the events of Ragnarök, bearing spears, gods will meet at Óskópnir. From there, the gods will cross Bilröst, which will break apart as they cross over it, causing their horses to dredge through an immense river.Larrington (1999:160).

''Prose Edda''

The bridge is mentioned in the ''Prose Edda'' books '' Gylfaginning'' and '' Skáldskaparmál'', where it is referred to as ''Bifröst''. In chapter 13 of ''Gylfaginning'', Gangleri (King Gylfi in disguise) asks the enthroned figure of High what way exists between heaven and earth. Laughing, High replies that the question isn't an intelligent one, and goes on to explain that the gods built a bridge from heaven and earth. He incredulously asks Gangleri if he has not heard the story before. High says that Gangleri must have seen it, and notes that Gangleri may call it a rainbow. High says that the bridge consists of three colors, has great strength, "and is built with art and skill to a greater extent than other constructions."Faulkes (1995:15).

High notes that, although the bridge is strong, it will break when " Muspell's lads" attempt to cross it, and their horses will have to make do with swimming over "great rivers." Gangleri says that it doesn't seem that the gods "built the bridge in good faith if it is liable to break, considering that they can do as they please." High responds that the gods do not deserve blame for the breaking of the bridge, for "there is nothing in this world that will be secure when Muspell's sons attack."

In chapter 15 of ''Gylfaginning'', Just-As-High says that Bifröst is also called ''Asbrú'', and that every day the gods ride their horses across it (with the exception of Thor, who instead wades through the boiling waters of the rivers Körmt and Örmt) to reach Urðarbrunnr, a holy well where the gods have their court. As a reference, Just-As-High quotes the second of the two stanzas in ''Grímnismál'' that mention the bridge (see above). Gangleri asks if fire burns over Bifröst. High says that the red in the bridge is burning fire, and, without it, the frost jotnar and mountain jotnar would "go up into heaven" if anyone who wanted could cross Bifröst. High adds that, in heaven, "there are many beautiful places" and that "everywhere there has divine protection around it."Faulkes (1995:17–18).

In chapter 17, High tells Gangleri that the location of Himinbjörg "stands at the edge of heaven where Bifrost reaches heaven."Faulkes (1995:20). While describing the god Heimdallr in chapter 27, High says that Heimdallr lives in Himinbjörg by Bifröst, and guards the bridge from mountain jotnar while sitting at the edge of heaven.Faulkes (1995:25). In chapter 34, High quotes the first of the two ''Grímnismál'' stanzas that mention the bridge.Faulkes (1995:34). In chapter 51, High foretells the events of Ragnarök. High says that, during Ragnarök, the sky will split open, and from the split will ride forth the "sons of Muspell". When the "sons of Muspell" ride over Bifröst it will break, "as was said above."Faulkes (1995:53).

In the ''Prose Edda'' book '' Skáldskaparmál'', the bridge receives a single mention. In chapter 16, a work by the 10th century skald Úlfr Uggason is provided, where Bifröst is referred to as "the powers' way."Faulkes (1995:77).

Theories

In his translation of the ''Prose Edda'', Henry Adams Bellows comments that the ''Grímnismál'' stanza mentioning Thor and the bridge stanza may mean that "Thor has to go on foot in the last days of the destruction, when the bridge is burning. Another interpretation, however, is that when Thor leaves the heavens (i.e., when a thunder-storm is over) the rainbow-bridge becomes hot in the sun."

John Lindow points to a parallel between Bifröst, which he notes is "a bridge between earth and heaven, or earth and the world of the gods", and the bridge Gjallarbrú, "a bridge between earth and the underworld, or earth and the world of the dead."Lindow (2002:81). Several scholars have proposed that Bifröst may represent the Milky Way.Lindow (2002:81) and Simek (2007:36).

Adaptations

In the final scene of Richard Wagner's 1869 opera '' Das Rheingold'', the god Froh summons a rainbow bridge, over which the gods cross to enter Valhalla.

The Bifröst appears in comic books associated with the Marvel Comics character Thor and in subsequent adaptations of those comic books. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe film '' Thor'', Jane Foster describes the Bifröst as an Einstein–Rosen bridge, which functions as a means of transportation across space in a short period of time.

The episode " The Bellero Shield" of the original ''The Outer Limits'' TV series features an alien known as the "bifrost alien" because he slides to Earth on a beam of light. In the show dialogue, some characters consider this beam to be similar to the bifrost of Norse mythology.

Notes

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bifrost
Locations in Norse mythology
Mythological bridges
Rainbows in culture