Biennale

Biennale (), Italian for "biennial" or "every other year", is any event that happens every two years. It is most commonly used within the art world to describe large-scale international contemporary art exhibitions. As such the term was popularised by Venice Biennale, which was first held in 1895. Since the 1990s, the terms "biennale" and "biennial" have been interchangeably used in a more generic way - to signify a large-scale international survey show of contemporary art that recurs at regular intervals but not necessarily biannual (such as triennials, Documenta, Skulptur Projekte Münster). The phrase has also been used for other artistic events, such as the "Biennale de Paris", "Kochi-Muziris Biennale", Berlinale (for the Berlin International Film Festival) and Viennale (for Vienna's international film festival).

Characteristics

According to author Federica Martini, what is at stake in contemporary biennales is the diplomatic/international relations potential as well as urban regeneration plans. Besides being mainly focused on the present (the "here and now" where the cultural event takes place and their effect of "spectacularisation of the everyday"), because of their site-specificity cultural events may refer back to, produce or frame the history of the site and communities' collective memory.

A strong and influent symbol of biennales and of large-scale international exhibitions in general is the Crystal Palace, the gigantic and futuristic London architecture that hosted the Great Exhibition in 1851. According to philosopher Peter Sloterdijk, the Crystal Palace is the first attempt to condense the representation of the world in a unitary exhibition space, where the main exhibit is society itself in an a-historical, spectacular condition. The Crystal Palace main motives were the affirmation of British economic and national leadership and the creation of moments of spectacle. In this respect, 19th century World fairs provided a visual crystallization of colonial culture and were, at the same time, forerunners of contemporary theme parks.

The Venice Biennale as an archetype

The Venice Biennale, a periodical large-scale cultural event founded in 1895, served as an archetype of the biennales. Meant to become a World Fair focused on contemporary art, the Venice Biennale used as a pretext the wedding anniversary of the Italian king and followed up to several national exhibitions organised after Italy unification in 1861. The Biennale immediately put forth issues of city marketing, cultural tourism and urban regeneration, as it was meant to reposition Venice on the international cultural map after the crisis due to the end of the Grand Tour model and the weakening of the Venetian school of painting. Furthermore, the Gardens where the Biennale takes place were an abandoned city area that needed to be re-functionalised. In cultural terms, the Biennale was meant to provide on a biennial basis a platform for discussing contemporary art practices that were not represented in fine arts museums at the time. The early Biennale model already included some key points that are still constitutive of large-scale international art exhibitions today: a mix of city marketing, internationalism, gentrification issues and destination culture, and the spectacular, large scale of the event.

Biennials after the 1990s

The situation of biennials has changed in the contemporary context: while at its origin in 1895 Venice was a unique cultural event, but since the 1990s hundreds of biennials have been organized across the globe. Given the ephemeral and irregular nature of some biennials, there is little consensus on the exact number of biennials in existence at any given time. Furthermore, while Venice was a unique agent in the presentation of contemporary art, since the 1960s several museums devoted to contemporary art are exhibiting the contemporary scene on a regular basis. Another point of difference concerns 19th century internationalism in the arts, that was brought into question by post-colonial debates and criticism of the contemporary art "ethnic marketing", and also challenged the Venetian and World Fair's national representation system. As a consequence of this, Eurocentric tendency to implode the whole word in an exhibition space, which characterises both the Crystal Palace and the Venice Biennale, is affected by the expansion of the artistic geographical map to scenes traditionally considered as marginal. The birth of the Havana Biennial in 1984 is widely considered an important counterpoint to the Venetian model for its prioritization of artists working in the Global South and curatorial rejection of the national pavilion model.

International biennales

In the term's most commonly used context of major recurrent art exhibitions:

* Adelaide Biennial of Australian Art, South Australia
* Asian Art Biennale, in Taichung, Taiwan (National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts)
* Athens Biennale, in Athens, Greece
* Bienal de Arte Paiz, in Guatemala City, Guatemala
* Arts in Marrakech (AiM) International Biennale (Arts in Marrakech Festival)
* Bamako Encounters, a biennale of photography in Mali
* Bat-Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism
* Beijing Biennale
* Berlin Biennale (contemporary art biennale, to be distinguished from Berlinale, which is a film festival)
* Bergen Assembly (triennial for contemporary art in Bergen, Norway)www.bergenassembly.no
* Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism\Architecture, in Shenzhen and Hong Kong, China
* Bienal de Arte de Ponce in Ponce, Puerto Rico
* Biënnale van België, Biennial of Belgium, Belgium
* BiennaleOnline Online biennial exhibition of contemporary art from the most promising emerging artists.
* Biennial of Hawaii Artists
* Biennale de la Biche, the smallest biennale in the world held at deserted island near Guadeloupe, French overseas region
* , in Shiga, Japan
* La Biennale de Montreal
* Biennale of Luanda : Pan-African Forum for the Culture of Peace, Angola
* Boom Festival, international music and culture festival in Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal
* Bucharest Biennale in Bucharest, Romania
* Bushwick Biennial, in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York
* Canakkale Biennial, in Canakkale, Turkey
* Cello Biennale, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
* Cerveira International Art Biennial, Vila Nova de Cerveira

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